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Abstract
During the years 1992, 1993 and 1994, extensive field surveys of wheat and barley diseases were conducted in the Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP). A total of 299 wheat fields and 79 barley fields, representing the main growing areas, were checked systematically for fungal and viral diseases as well as for nematodes. The most frequently occurring disease of wheat was foot and root rot, and Fusarium spp. were the predominant pathogens isolated. In barley, the most frequently occurring disease was barley leaf stripe, followed by foot and root rot. Cochliobolus sativus was the main pathogen causing foot and root rot. The incidence of these wheat and barley diseases was around 10% in infested fields and this can be equated to the actual losses caused. Other foliar diseases of wheat encountered were leaf spot, septoria blotch, yellow, leaf and stem rusts, cereal cyst and seed gall nematodes, head and glume blotch, powdery and downy mildews, and tan spot. Other barley diseases found were scald, net blotch, powdery mildew, leaf and stem rusts, leaf spot, and cereal cyst nematode. Among bunts and smuts, loose smut of wheat was the most frequently occurring and at high incidence, up to 36% in some fields. Losses due to loose smut are equated to percentage incidence. Common bunt of wheat and covered smut of barley were also frequently observed. Flag smut of wheat was found in one location. Pathogens recorded for the first time on the CAP are Wojnovicia graminis causing root rot, Leptosphaeria nodorum causing septoria nodorum blotch, and Sclerophthora macrospora causing downy mildew. Among the viral diseases, barley yellow dwarf (PAV and RMV serotypes) was found at extremely low incidence (less than 1%); wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV) were only detected in specific regions and with very low incidence.
... Several studies investigated the distribution and occurrence of the barley stripe disease in Turkey. Mamluk et al. [9] surveyed 33 and 35 barley fields in 1992-1993 in the Central Anatolian Region and reported that barley stripe was the most common disease in the region and in some fields disease rate was 10%. Yıldırım et al. [10] examined 54 barley fields and found barley stripe disease in 10 barley fields in 1993 and 1994. ...
Barley is one of the most important crops in the world and Turkey. Barley stripe disease caused by Pyrenophora graminea which causes yield decreases in barley was reported in various regions of Turkey. Controlling the disease requires knowledge of disease distribution and an understanding of cultivar responses to the pathogen and variability in the pathogen populations. Genetic resistance is a sustainable and economic way to combat the disease. In this review, the distribution and occurrence of the disease in some parts of Turkey and studies about the resistance status of some genotypes are presented.
... 1999). Son yıllarda yapılan survey çalıĢmalarında farklı oranlarda olmak üzere buğday tarlalarının kara pas hastalığından etkilendiği belirlenmiĢtir (Mamluk et al. 1997, DüĢünceli ve ark. 1999, Özer 2005, Mert et al. 2007, 2011a. ...
Determination of the reactions of some wheat genotypes to different stem rust races Wheat is one of the most important energy and mineral sources for human and it provides nutrition for billions of people. Rust diseases are among the most important biotic stress factors limiting wheat production in Turkey. Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici affects wheat in high altitude areas where plant growth period is long. It was also reported from transitional zones and coastal areas of Turkey. The disease causes significant yield and quality losses of grain and straw under epidemic conditions. One of the most important control method of the disease is development and usage of resistant varieties. Determination of the reactions of resistant varieties against different races of stem rust fungus is important. In this study, the OBVD (Common Wheat Yield Trial) set which includes cultivars and advanced lines developed by agricultural research institutes governed by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy was tested against stem rust races in the seedling stage in 2009. There are 28 bread wheat genotypes and 10 durum wheat genotypes in this set. Each genotype was planted to 150ml pots and 7 seeds were planted to every pot. The wheat cultivar Little Club was used as the susceptible control. Inocula which belong to races TKTTC, RTKTF, and RTTTC were used in the resistance tests. These races were identified in Turkey previously and they were named based on North American nomenclature system. Three genotypes (1 bread and 2 durum wheat genotypes) were found as resistant while 23 genotypes were found as susceptible to these stem rust races. The other twelve genotypes had different reactions to three different races. Preliminary information related to resistance genes in resistant genotypes was also obtained.
... Davis is a foliar pathogen which causes scald of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a disease responsible for heavy crop losses (Brown et al., 1996;Meles et al., 2004). This pathogen is a serious problem for Syria, particularly in the northern and northeastern regions, which are characterized by temperate and humid climates (Mamluk et al., 1997;Yahyaoui, 2003). ...
SUMMARY The fungus Rhynchosporium secalis is the causal agent of barley scald disease. Sixty-three isolates of di- verse geographical origin within Syria were analyzed for pathogenicity and variability of genomic DNA through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The isolates were highly variable and 18 unique haplo- types were identified. A neighbour-joining diagram, based on Nei's genetic distances, showed that isolates formed three phylogenetic groups, and did not fall into clusters linked with geographical origin or pathogenici- ty, which suggests a regional dispersal of the fungus. However, most isolates with different pathogenicity lev- els were in the same clusters. The information obtained from this study is crucial for studying genetic variation in R. secalis and is important for future selection of iso- lates to develop durable barley scald resistance.
Using genetic diversity has made significant contribution to stripe rust resistance to improve wheat production. However, rapid evolution of the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), and emergence of virulent races can negatively affect the wheat genotypes with race-specific resistance gene(s). In this study, reactions of 130 bread wheat varieties, released from 1931 to 2014, were evaluated to recently emerged Pst races in Turkey, PSTr-6 and PSTr-23, at seedling and adult-plant stages. 65.4% and 67.7% of wheat varieties showed susceptible reaction to PSTr-6 and PSTr-23 at seedling stage, respectively. Moreover, coefficient of infection (CI) values generated by infection type (IT) and disease severity (DS) data demonstrated that PSTr-23 (59.78) was more virulent than PSTr-6 (57.93) at adult-plant stage. In addition to these, the presence of important yellow rust (Yr) genes in these varieties was investigated at molecular level. It was determined that the frequencies of three Yr genes, Yr5, Yr10 and Yr15, among these varieties were 1.5, 6.2 and 3.8%, respectively. However, none of them had Yr36 and only one variety had Yr5+Yr10 combination with frequency of 0.7%. In conclusion, most varieties have not these Yr genes and possess a moderately resistance/susceptible reaction to both races in general.
The virus of Barley yellow dwarf PAV Luteovirus has been figured out by using the detected plants, host range, transfer periods, and contagion by al min transferring insects and the tow serum tests Elisa and tissue – blot immunoassay TBIA.
The virus has been purified partially by using polyethylene glycol PEG at a molecule weight of 8000 Dalton.
The virus was purified totally by using the revers density hierarchy of the materials ammonium sulfate and sucrose with concentrations (15 % - 55% ) arranged in abdicable and
Progressive way consecutively. The virus preparation was harvested in a high level of activity and purity and the absorption rate for it reached at wavelength 260 / 280 nanometer to 1.53 -1.54 with the concentration of 41-50 ml/kg of infected soft tissues.
The antivirus serum was prepared with titer 1 /1024. The antibodies have been purified with a concentration of 5 milligram/ml at wavelength 280 nanometers by using a line of DEADE- Cellulose. The antibodies to rabbit blood were prepared in goats with an average of 4 injections from rabbit blood serum with Frond Agufent material (2:2 ) in the muscle of local goat. The produced antibodies purified with a concentration of 2.38milligram / ml, it connected to alkaline phosphate's enzyme and used inTBIA.
The results of the field's survey denoted the spread of BYDV in most of the barley and wheat fields in Iraq.It reached the highest level in the Northern provinces then the middle provinces then the southern provinces. Nineveh province exceeded all other provinces with the rates of (17.5, 24% ) (11.5, 14.4 ) for the crops of wheat and barley for the seasons 2002- 2003, 2003 – 2004 consecutively. It has been noticed the increased spread of the virus in the irrigated lands which are in the neighborhood of popcorn implanted fields.Also, it has been observed that the virus spread increased in barley more than wheat at the rates of 4.93% and 3.98 % consecutively, and the nonexistence of yellowness on the plants' leaves doesn’t imply always the virus infection does not exist also the results of field survey indicated that Nineveh province exceeded the other provinces in the increase of virus infection severity.There were two kinds of forms of disease external distribution symptoms in the infected fields represented by the appearance of random spots in most of the country provinces and the appearance of spoonful spots in Dihouk and Sulaymaniyah. The results referred to the existence of 4 kinds of transmission of BYDV - aphid insects distributed in the different country provinces. The species Macrosiphum avenae is found in the middle provinces and the species Schizaphis graminum is found in the middle and southern provinces.The species Rhopalosiphum maidis found in most provinces, and the species R. padi is found in the middle provinces.Nineveh province occupied the highest degree in moss ad scale where it reached 1-5 in 11 and 8 fields among 33 and 36 fields have been surveyed in the selected samples in the start of April during the seasons 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 consecutively. Also, it has been noticed the increase in insects quantity to 25 insects per plant at the high humidity and high agricultural densities areas, besides the too much existence of the secondary families of aphid- insects before and after the implantation of wheat and barley crops. An ejective proportion has been discovered between the spread of insects quantity relatively on one side and the density of grass on the other side and the rate and severity of virus infection.
11 kinds of grass appeared consenting BYDV infection before, after, and during the season of wheat and barley crops growth. The wild oat Avena fatua was superior, with an infection rate of 66.7 %, then the wild barley plant Hordeum glaucum which rated at 56.8%. Also, a presence of virus in the popcorn plants has been recorded Zea mays rated at 66.7 %which is not different from the rate of oat plant infection. Also, it has been observed that 6 kinds of these grasses carry the virus without showing the symptoms of the disease. It has been shown through the field survey that the increase in spread and severity of disease and density of aphid insects and secondary families of the virus are more in the rainy seasons 2002- 2003 than the dry seasons ( less rain ) 2003 -2004.
The results of a study to the sensitivity showed the overcome of wheat type Ebba 99 and barley type Arrifat to the other types . This superiority appears in reduction of infection rate, degree of disease symptoms, increase in plants height and predict yield index PYI which reached ( 16.70, 16.70 ) % and ( 3.0, 3.3 ) degree and ( 93.70, 88.07 )cm and ( 100.79, 97.52 ). Also, the values of absorption of ELISA test on a wave length of 450nm to the extraction of the roots of the above 2 types reduced to 0.02, 0.03 consecutively in comparison with other types which indicates the low concentration of virus in those 2 types.
The immunity test results TBIA showed the slow down of virus movements in both of the above types, where it took from the virus 26 and 24 days to move from the infection area to the crown area in the above-mentioned types consecutively, which represent their strong bare to a virus.
The results of using induced factors of resistance to virus BYDV referred to the occurrence of growth increase in virus-infected types of wheat and barley and to all stages of treatments addition. The impact rates distributed among the treatments like the following :
A- Plant height: the treatment with Bacteria Azospirillum Arakanese came first, then with bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens pf then Gaberialic acid GA.
B- Chlorophyll quantity :the treatment with P. fluorescens came first,then treatment with a lactic fluid of coconut, then the organic compound sea force.
C- Weight of 1000 seeds: Treatment with P. fluorescens bacteria came first, then treatment with organic compound sea force then treatment with a lactic fluid of coconut.
D- Disease scale degree:Treatment with P. fluorescens bacteria came first, treatment with a lactic fluid of coconut, then treatment with organic compound sea force.
Also, the results showed the high response of the barley crop in comparison with the wheat crop for the above treatments. the treatments before and after infection overcame first from another treatment.
New compounds appeared in wheat plants class Ebba 99 with RF = 0.214 and 0.850 and 0.242 and 0.300. These included bacteria P. fluorescence dynasty, Lactic fluid of coconut, Bel and Alsa insecticides, and the organic compound C Force consecutively. But the plants treated with propolis resinate and bacteria A.irakense have not been motivated to produce any compound .
New compounds appeared in Barley planet-class Arafat with RF =0.200, 0.143, 0.329 , 0.329,0.172 for treatment with bacteria P. fluorescence, lactic fluid of coconut, Bill and Elsa insecticides, and propolis resinate consecutively, while some compounds appeared in treatment with C force with RF = 0.143and 0.715. But no compound appearance was observed in treatment with A.irakense bacteria.
The extracted and motivated compounds in the wheat crop which have amino acids nature have been reduced from disease scale degree in the case of treatment before infection for wheat and barley crops consecutively.
The field experiments results of season 2002-2003 referred to the superiority, of fighting aphid insects which transfer virus BYDV by Wide insecticide and fighting thin leaves grass in and around experiments fields with Clear insecticide , over other treatments. The impact of implanting dates was more noticeable on the 1st date than the 2nd date.
And the impact of Ebba 99 class was higher than Arifat class ,where the plants height , Chlorophyll quantity ,disease scale degree , leaves distance and crop quantity for the classes Ebba 99 and Arifat reached (97.98 and 91.07) cm and (59.00 , 58.81 )microgram /cm2 and(1.4,1.0)degree and (46.79 ,46.37 )cm2 and (6.252, 5.591)t.h -1 consecutively for the 1st date. And reached (92.14, 99.04 )cm and(59.10 ,59.15 ) microgram / cm2 and (1.4 ,1.0 ) degree and ( 46 .90 , 46 .50 ) cm2 and ( 6.370 , 5.630 ) T.H -1 .
The grass density was recognized in its high average during the season 2002- 2003, then the season 2003 -2004. The density of wild oat and barley were superior to other types of grass.
This alerts the risk of the existence and spread of these grass plants as subfamilies to BYDV, where it has been noticed through field survey the existence of a correlation between grass density and its morphological resemblance to wheat and barley plants and its average of virus infection.
The technique of using Clear herbicide and Wide aphid insecticide simultaneously affected verbally in reducing the quantitative density of aphid insects which transfer the virus,to degree (1.1,1.0 ) degree from Mossad scale for wheat and barley crops,for the 1st and 2nd dates consecutively. But the kind of classes didn't affect the quantitative density of aphid insects.
The treatment with P.fluorscens motivated Ebba class and Arafat class to reduce the effect of BYDV in the field during the season 2002-2003, effect in increasing height of plants and chlorophyll quantity (101.00, 103.33) cm ,(59.14,58.37) microgram /cm-1 consecutively.It also consecutively lowered the disease scale degree (1.0 ,1.4 ) degree and increased PYI ( 114.06,111.80 ) for Ebba and Arafat.
The complete treatment of wheat and barley plants in the field during (2003-2004) with Clear
,Wide and Alsa pesticide and bacteria strain P .fluorscens pf -5 dynasty together ,gave a verbal effect in increasing height of plants in average of (115.42 ,113.46 )cm and chlorophyll quantity( 60.98 ,61.18 ) microgram /cm-1 .It also lowered the percentage of virus infection to 40.00 ,33.34 % and disease scale degree (0.4,0 ) degree and increase in celery crops ( 7.257 ,6.806 ) ton .h -1 for wheat class Ebba and barley class Arafat consecutively.
GİRİŞ Buğday insan beslenmesinde kullanılan kültür bitkileri arasında dünyada ekiliş ve üretim bakımından ilk sırada yer alan bir bitkidir. Buğday kültürünün tüm dünyada yaygın oluşunun başlıca nedenleri; geniş çeşit zenginliği, hayvan beslenmesi ve endüstride yaygın olarak kullanılması ve geniş ekolojilere adapte olabilmesidir. Bu nedenle, buğday diğer kültür bitkilerine oranla daha geniş adaptasyon alanları bulabilmiş, ekvatordan kutuplara ve alçak ovalardan yüksek yaylalara kadar geniş alanlara yayılabilmiştir. Yüksek nem, verimli toprak isteyen buğday çeşitlerinin yanında, verimliliği düşük topraklarda yetişebilen buğday çeşitleri de vardır. Dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık % 35'inin temel besini olan buğday, tüm dünyada besinlerden alınan kalorinin % 20'sini sağlamaktadır [1]. Türkiye'de, 2010 yılı verilerine göre buğday ekim alanı 8.1 milyon hektar, üretim 19.6 milyon ton ve ortalama verim ise 244 kg dekardır [2]. Adana, Mersin, Hatay ve Osmaniye illerinden oluşan Çukurova Bölgesinin buğday ekim alanı 499.499 ha; üretim 1.613.304 ton; verim ise 323 kg dekardır [2]. Buğday ülkemiz için en stratejik ürünlerden birisi olup geniş üretim kitlelerini ilgilendirmektedir. Pas hastalıkları da buğday verim ve kalitesini etkileyen en önemli biyotik faktörler olarak önem taşımaktadır. Braun ve Saari [3] Gerek 79 çeşidinde %13,5 ürün kaybının olduğunu, iklim koşullarının hastalık gelişimine uygun olduğu durumda bu artışın % 26,5' tan daha yüksek olabileceğini belirtmişlerdir. Çukurova' da 1995 yılında ortaya çıkan sarı pas epidemisi son yılarda en yüksek verim kaybına yol açan epidemi olmuştur. Yağış miktarının yüksek olması ve buğday yetiştirilen alanlarda baskın olarak tek çeşit Seri 82'nin yetiştirilmesi zararın büyük miktarlarda olmasına neden olmuştur. Adana' da 1994 yılında ortalama verim 3860 kg/ha iken, epideminin olduğu 1995 yılında 2950
The present research was conducted to determine the reactions of 200 pure lines selected from bread wheat landraces collected from 18 provinces and seven regions of Turkey against bunt disease ( Tilletia foetida ) under field conditions for 3 years. Bunt disease reactions of pure lines were assessed based on the infected spike/total spike ratio. For visually assessed materials, the GGE-biplot method, where G = genotype effect and GE = genotype-by-environment effect, was used to group the reactions against bunt disease. Fifty-nine pure lines showed high resistance (with infection rates ranging from 0.1 to 10%); 24 in the moderate resistance (with infection rates ranging from 10.1 to 25%); 75 in the moderate susceptibility (with infection rates ranging from 25.1 to 45%); 38 in the susceptibility (with infection rates ranging from 45.1 to 70%) and finally four in the highly susceptibility (with infection rates of >70.1%). PC1 and PC2 of the GGE-biplot graph created over the years explained 76.49% of the total variation. The GGE-biplot graph provided efficient identification of resistant genotypes. The lowest PC1 values and PC2 values close to 0.0 explained the resistance of pure line to bunt disease best. The resistance of pure lines to bunt disease over the biplot decreased from the first section through the last section. Based on the results of present study, 19 pure lines (located within the first circle of the biplot graph) were selected for resistance breeding programmes against the diseases.
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