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Dark marketing: Ghost in the machine or skeleton in the cupboard?
Abstract
Purpose
Dark marketing is the “the application or adaptation of marketing principles and practices to domains of death, destruction and the ostensibly reprehensible”. This paper examines the nature, character and extent of dark marketing, noting that it is made manifest in manifold shapes and forms.
Design/methodology/approach
Primarily a conceptual paper, this article includes several mini case studies – exemplars, rather – of dark marketing's many and varied expressions.
Findings
The paper considers the scale and scope of dark marketing, and endeavours to classify both. Dark marketing is discernible at micro, meso and macro scales. Its scope consists of four shades or degrees of darkness, entitled light dark marketing, slight dark marketing, quite dark marketing and night dark marketing. An evolutionary trend in the direction of darkness is also noted.
Research limitations/implications
The paper is a think piece, not an empirical analysis. It is, therefore, a first step rather than a definitive statement.
Practical implications
Practitioners and academics are inclined to regard marketing in a positive light, as a force for the good. Crusading journalists and certain social scientists see it as the spawn of the devil. This article argues that the dark and light aspects of marketing are inextricably intertwined.
Originality/value
The paper provides food for thought, a markedly different way of thinking about marketing and its place in the world.
... The promotion or marketing of places associated with death and suffering is sometimes addressed in passing (or within broader discussions of the supply side of dark tourism or thanatourism), but is rarely a central research focus. Moreover, the academic discipline of marketing has paid scant attention to dark tourism (although see Brown, McDonagh, & Shultz, 2012). This lacuna is surprising, since sites of death or suffering are like any other tourist attraction in that they "must be packaged, promoted, priced and positioned" (Brown et al., 2012, p. 198). ...
... The reluctance to investigate marketing issues in the context of dark tourism and thanatourism may reflect the extensive debate in the early stage of research about the commodification of places of death for tourism. In a context where the marketing of dark places may be regarded as inappropriate, unseemly or exploitative (Brown et al., 2012) researchers appear to have avoided the topic. The few studies that have addressed the marketing of dark sites or attractions mostly take the form of case study research but, with a few exceptions (Brown et al., 2012;MacCarthy, 2016), there has been little application of concepts, models or theories from marketing studies/science to dark sites. ...
... In a context where the marketing of dark places may be regarded as inappropriate, unseemly or exploitative (Brown et al., 2012) researchers appear to have avoided the topic. The few studies that have addressed the marketing of dark sites or attractions mostly take the form of case study research but, with a few exceptions (Brown et al., 2012;MacCarthy, 2016), there has been little application of concepts, models or theories from marketing studies/science to dark sites. ...
This paper reviews academic research into dark tourism and thanatourism over the 1996-2016 period.
The aims of this paper are threefold. First, it reviews the evolution of the concepts of dark tourism and
thanatourism, highlighting similarities and differences between them. Second it evaluates progress in 6
key themes and debates. These are: issues of the definition and scope of the concepts; ethical issues
associated with such forms of tourism; the political and ideological dimensions of dark tourism and
thanatourism; the nature of demand for places of death and suffering; the management of such places;
and the methods of research used for investigating such tourism. Third, research gaps and issues that
demand fuller scrutiny are identified. The paper argues that two decades of research have not
convincingly demonstrated that dark tourism and thanatourism are distinct forms of tourism, and in
many ways they appear to be little different from heritage tourism.
... For example, only one tour operator Nomadic Travel in Kazakhstan offered elements of the history of the GULAG as a small part of its "Back to the USSR" package (Nomadic Travel, 2020). However, such a dark legacy undoubtedly attracts consumers around the world, and "dark marketing" of objects has been identified as a phenomenon (Brown et al. 2018). ...
... This, as noted above, was due to the fact that a significant part of Japanese prisoners of war and internees were transferred from the disbanded camps on the territory of Kazakhstan to camp No. 99 for reasons related to economic issues. 4. From 1947 to 1949, the rate of growth in the scale of repatriation of Japanese prisoners of war and interned citizens from the camps of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, stationed in the Karaganda region, averaged 2000 people. 5. The question of the number of repatriated Japanese prisoners of war and interned citizens from the camps of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, stationed in the territory of the Karaganda region, requires further study. ...
Analysis of both domestic and foreign literature made it possible to formulate research tasks, which were determined by the complexity and versatility of the problem, its relevance and novelty. All these factors made it necessary to focus the author's attention on such key aspects as the nature of Kazakh-Japanese relations in the post-war years, which subsequently influenced the socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including the Karaganda region, which clearly demonstrates the role that Japanese prisoners of war played in the development of the economy of the Karaganda region in the first post-war years, and, consequently, in strengthening the material base of the social welfare of not only the inhabitants of the region, but also the republic as a whole. The aim of the study is to analyze the development of Kazakh-Japanese relations in the post-war years and their impact on the further development of the tourism industry and the economic situation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
... It is the titillation of the fright experience that attracts people and this is the basis of the haunted attraction industry (Hoffner & Levine, 2005;Kerr, 2015). This perception of fear during sinister and macabre experiences is an important element of dark tourism marketing (Brown, McDonagh, & Shultz, 2012). However, at the same time, businesses know that the market demands a safe and secure experience for the guests (Dolnicar, 2005;Reisinger & Mavondo, 2005). ...
... During the night-time, a vibrant urban economy depends on a mix of entertainment opportunities (Artibise & Meligrana, 2003;Litvin & Wofford, 2017). With appropriate marketing directed at the lighter dark attractions (Brown et al., 2012) the urban centres that have fright tourist destinations can be successful. To date, much of the dark tourism literature has avoided the lighter forms identified by Bristow and Newman (2004) and Stone (2006). ...
Urban centres encompass a variety of tourist attractions. To expand these offerings, the opportunities must recognize the temporal and spatial constraints of travel. Temporally a night-time economy can fuel visitation and has traditionally been centered on entertainment, food and drinking establishments. The former has broad appeal to all visitors while the latter are more attractive options for the young and fearless. Spatially, to attract a broader audience of visitors, one most overcome the fear of the night so important in family friendly opportunities. Following the examples in several cities, the commodification of dark tourism themes has been shown to encourage family visitation, despite the macabre theme of the attractions. For the purpose of this study, an assessment of common fears is asked of night-time tourists as they prepare to enter an urban haunted attraction. The attraction is promoted to scare the guest but at the same time, expected to be safe. In this manner we begin to understand the dual nature of fear (i.e. repel vs attract) evident in night-time tourism experiences.
... Verma and Jain (2013) asserted that, although modernization has caused saturation in tour operators' activities in certain tourism products, the increase in visitation to the sites of genocide in recent years makes dark tourism big business for the tour operators. To attract post-modern visitors, Brown, McDonagh, and Shultz (2012) state that dark places must be packaged, promoted, priced and positioned, just like any other product or services. Many tourist agencies and small organizations offer tours around dark events and take their participants to dark locations, for example, the Ground Zero Tours and the Hurricane Katrina Tours (Cole, 2013). ...
... Furthermore, most of them agreed that most of their dark tourism packages were developed upon request, mainly from the foreign travelers. This behavior is contradicted with Brown et al. (2012) argument which stated that to attract the post-modern visitors; dark places must be packaged, promoted, priced and positioned, just like any other product or service. ...
... Verma and Jain (2013) asserted that, although modernization has caused saturation in tour operators' activities in certain tourism products, the increase in visitation to the sites of genocide in recent years makes dark tourism big business for the tour operators. To attract post-modern visitors, Brown, McDonagh, and Shultz (2012) state that dark places must be packaged, promoted, priced and positioned, just like any other product or services. Many tourist agencies and small organizations offer tours around dark events and take their participants to dark locations, for example, the Ground Zero Tours and the Hurricane Katrina Tours (Cole, 2013). ...
... Furthermore, most of them agreed that most of their dark tourism packages were developed upon request, mainly from the foreign travelers. This behavior is contradicted with Brown et al. (2012) argument which stated that to attract the post-modern visitors; dark places must be packaged, promoted, priced and positioned, just like any other product or service. ...
Purpose – This paper reports the empirical investigation on the causal relationship between perceived importance of dark tourism product and tour operators’ action behavior. The tour operator’s perceived importance of dark tourism attributes and how they translate their perception into action behavior was explored. The lack of support promotional activities from the travel agencies are probably the main reasons this product has yet reached its potential.
Method – The sample populations were the tour operators that selling inbound and domestic tour packages in Malaysia and the required information was gathered through a self-administered questionnaire based on the purposive judgmental sampling methodology.
Findings – Through a series of analyses, the results show that despite the availability of dark tourism products in Malaysia, tour operators have not aggressively promoted these sites. Minimal business profit, diseconomies of scale demand and limited resources was found to influence their unenthusiastic behaviour.
Originality – This study provides useful insights into the attributes, the perceptions and evaluations of the dark tourism products by the tour operators. The outcome of this study can be used as a guide for the tourism industry policy makers to develop more efficient marketing and
positioning strategies.
... Everything from candy and costumes to fireworks and facemasks fly out of retail stores on All Hallows Eve, as do legions of plastic skeletons, hordes of phoney gravestones, colonies of replica spiders and rubber bats beyond number. 4 The recent rapid rise of dark tourism is a third instance of the literal, since it involves visits to sites associated with death and destructionbattlefields, cemeteries, concentration camps, etc. -as well as Disneyfied versions of the same: ghost trains, haunted mansions, the London Dungeon, Lost Boys Pizza place and the like (Brown, 2009;Brown et al., 2012;Daunt & Greer, 2017;Drummond & Krszjzaniek, 2016). The biannual Whitby Goth Festival generates several million pounds for the town per year (Goulding & Saren, 2009), which is not to be sneezed at, even in our present coronavirused times. ...
... A level of fantasy (staged experiences that include elements of the supernatural), and a Gothic aesthetic (McEvoy, 2016) are typical features of fright tourism attractions. Research focussing on this form of tourism includes examinations of ghost tourism experiences (Dancausa et al., 2020;Gentry, 2007); Dracula tourism (Reijnders, 2011;Light, 2017); marketing of fright tourism attractions (Brown et al., 2012;Weidmann, 2016); and the liminal experiences in simulated settings (Bristow, 2020). Tourists typically visit fright tourism attractions to experience the thrill of fear in an environment that is safe and simulated (De Visser-Amundson et al., 2016;Kerr, 2015). ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously impacted the global tourism industry, effecting the livelihoods of millions of tourism workers and disrupting host communities. Current research in tourism management has focused on understanding the economic, social and political impacts of the pandemic. This professional perspective aims to examine operational adaptations that businesses in the fright tourism industry have adopted under the COVID-19 pandemic circumstances. The study collated industry association press releases, undertaking content analysis to examine the changes businesses employed to adapt during the pandemic. Findings suggest that businesses made a variety of operational changes, such as changing queueing, diversification of props and changes to make-up hygiene, allowing these businesses to survive pandemic imperatives.
... Despite such challenges to usefulness of such an approach, Brown et al (2012) posit that thanatourism can be situated presented within a postmodern frame of reference for several reasons. Firstly, the compression of time and space, is frequently investigated in the sub-discipline of thanatourism (for a recent example, see Stone's 2013 paper on Chernobyl as a heterotopia). ...
This paper explores the online promotion by private tour operators of the World War Two Nazi extermination camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau in southern Poland. The paper contributes to understanding how genocide is commodified by private enterprise, revealing some of the techniques used to transform 'atrocity' into 'attraction'. Data for the paper was obtained through content analysis of a sample of twenty five commercial tour operators' websites. Results indicated that a) a hard sell approach, focused on price, comfort and convenience dominated the majority of the twenty five sampled companies and b) that companies provide sparse information on the camp itself, with little attempt made to foster experience. Implications for management, which may arise from increased commodification, are outlined, as the paper notes further potential threat to the memory of the camp. The paper highlights the lack of ethical and moral considerations when promoting Auschwitz-Birkenau by private tour operators, resolving that ownership of the camp's memory may come under further threat without intervention.
... Just a single tour operator: Nomadic Travel, in Kazakhstan offered elements of Gulag history as a small part of their 'Back to the USSR' package (Nomadic Travel, 2020). Yet, such dark heritage undoubtedly has generated appeal to consumers globally and 'dark marketing' of sites has been identified as a phenomena (Brown et al., 2012). Indeed, in the case of Northern Ireland, the appeal of conflict heritage has evidenced enduring interest (McDowell, 2008(McDowell, , 2009Neill, 2017). ...
Kazakhstan is the location of some of the most important Gulag heritage from the Soviet period of domination. However, commemoration, conservation and interpretation of Gulag sites is at best partial, visitation low and the attitude to this element of Kazakh history is ambiguous. This paper considers key heritage sites and museums in Kazakhstan and a qualitative case study approach is adopted based on a combination of interviews with twenty-four key stakeholders involved in the development and operation of Gulag tourism. Direct observations and qualitative document analysis of the major national Gulag museums and other important Gulag heritage sites was also undertaken. This research questions the orthodoxy inherent in the supposed attraction of dark tourism sites and seeks to ascertain why domestic and international visitation remains low given the scale and importance of the Gulag narrative.
... Why does it refuse to die? He has also noted how more optimistic notions of "nostalgia" do not suffice to explain retro (Brown, 2013), described the marketing of "death" itself is an important category (Brown et al., 2012), and has extended his eloquent vocabulary to embrace the idea that what may be going on is "cultural necrophilia," where marketer-necromancers "raise the dead" (Brown, 2009: 170). Indeed, he discussed Kotler as a specter early on (Brown, 2002) and has already noted the vertiginous oblivion of contemporary consumption (Bradshaw and Brown, 2018). ...
We propose to intensify theorizing on retromarketing and nostalgic consumption by further developing “hauntology” as a conceptual lens for assessing the retro aesthetic as a commodified affective excess of meaning. This allows us to explore the consumption of marketized retrospective signs not from the perspective of personal experiences or creative meaning-makings but rather as affective encounters that desire in consumption desperately latches onto. In our view, it is thus not an aesthetic satisfaction, nostalgic comfort, or playful emancipations that are offered to us by retro consumption. Following a darker development of hauntology, we find ourselves instead thrust into spectral presences that we can never quite articulate, a haunting within us in an atmosphere of late capitalism where temporal belief in the future has been “cancelled.”
... Everything from candy and costumes to fireworks and facemasks fly out of retail stores on All Hallows Eve, as do legions of plastic skeletons, hordes of phoney gravestones, colonies of replica spiders and rubber bats beyond number. 4 The recent rapid rise of dark tourism is a third instance of the literal, since it involves visits to sites associated with death and destructionbattlefields, cemeteries, concentration camps, etc. -as well as Disneyfied versions of the same: ghost trains, haunted mansions, the London Dungeon, Lost Boys Pizza place and the like (Brown, 2009;Brown et al., 2012;Daunt & Greer, 2017;Drummond & Krszjzaniek, 2016). The biannual Whitby Goth Festival generates several million pounds for the town per year (Goulding & Saren, 2009), which is not to be sneezed at, even in our present coronavirused times. ...
The horror, the horror. Be afraid, be very afraid. Don’t look now. I’m warning you. You’ll regret it. In academia, remember, no one can hear you scream. The horror, the horror. Be afraid, be very afraid. Don’t look now. I’m warning you. You’ll regret it. In academia, remember, no one can hear you.
... The academic discipline of marketing has paid scant attention to dark tourism, (Light, 2017;Brown, McDonagh & Shultz, 2012), a tourism management strategy can be implemented with a proactive approach. Particularly, adding education and knowledge contents for the touristic purpose, such as establishing official focal points or memorials, signage, information or guided tours, helps tourists to engage with the place and the community rather than gazing passively at the destruction (Wright, 2016). ...
Even though growing academic attention on dark tourism is a fairly recent phenomenon, among the various reasons for travelling death-related ones are very ancient. Furthermore, the darker side of human nature has always been fascinated and curious regarding death, or at least, man has always tried to learn lessons from death. This study proposes to describe the phenomenon of dark tourism related to the 2016 earthquake in Central Italy, deadly for 303 people and highly destructive for the rural areas of Lazio, Marche and Umbria Regions. The primary objective is to examine the otivationexperience
relationship in a dark tourism site, using the structural equation model, applied for the first time to a dark tourism research in 2016, in a study conducted after the Beichuan earthquake (BER). The findings of the current study are derived from the calculations conducted on primary data compiled from 361 tourists in the areas mostly affected by the 2016 earthquake, including the town of Amatrice, near the epicentre, Castelluccio, Norcia, Ussita and Visso, through conducting a Likert scale survey. Furthermore, we use the structural equation model to examine the motivation behind dark travel and how this experience can influence the motivation and emotional reaction of tourists. Expected findings are partially in line with the previous study mentioned above, indicating that socio-cultural context differences play a role. In particular: not all tourists visit thanatourism sites for dark tourism purposes, tourists’ emotional reactions affect all four dimensions of experience, and moral experience is only enriched by motivation of curiosity, stating perhaps an already deep level of empathy and sympathy among visitors.
... These marketing strategies point to a growing attention being paid to the 'experience' of visiting Auschwitz-Birkenau, rather than its significance as historical monument. Cole (1999) identifies these developments-the packaging, promotion, pricing, and positioning of heritage sites through marketing (Brown, McDonagh, & Shultz, 2012) for the sake of experience-as the commercialization and commodification of Auschwitz-Birkenau, and the start of the "Holocaust Industry" (Cole, 1999, p. 116). This industry fabricates and perpetuates the Holocaust Myth; "the mass-marketed and Hollywood-produced image of the Holocaust" (Allar, 2013, p. 196) that is distancing itself from the actual happenings. ...
How ‘difficult heritage’ sites renegotiate their identity when confronted with mass tourism is examined through a case study of Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland. Ethical, marketing/promotional, interpretational, and managerial dimensions are considered. Marketing strategies focusing on entertainment exploit and trivialize the heritage site, although sometimes augmenting engagement, and reformulating norms and values. Moreover, the viewpoint of the villagers living nearby, is overlooked. These strategies are founded in a post-Cold War capitalist discourse departing from Communist approaches using the site for propaganda. Yet, more interpretations of the site inform marketing and management strategies. Hence, the ABMM’s manners of dealing with tourism are diverse and constantly renegotiated—demanding further research.
... Dark marketing is evident in the wealth of labels that are used to describe the unwanted and undesirable behaviours of marketing actors including unethical, aberrant, dysfunctional, illegitimate, and problematic behaviour (Daunt and Harris, 2012;Fullerton and Punj, 2004). Dark marketing is defined as the adaptation of marketing principles and practices to domains of death, destruction and the ostensibly reprehensible (Brown et al., 2012) which could damage an individual and/or others. To be more specific, dark marketing occurs when a subject acts, behaves, performs, perceives or thinks in a manner that could harm themselves, other people, society, a group of people, country, company, brand, animals or nature. ...
... Shopping patterns in an area where an event of atrocity has just happened are negatively affected immediately following the event. It is not by chance that the 9/11 atrocity was immediately followed by a presidential plea to keep shopping, to keep consuming, and to keep visiting New York City, because the post-industrial American economy depends on spendthrifts (Brown et al., 2012). ...
This chapter explores the proposition that the act of ‘souveniring’ recent and/or ancient places of death, disaster, or atrocities is a more emotionally immersive experience—and thus less cognitively controlled—than in other tourism contexts. We introduce and explore the notion of ‘dark souvenirs’ which encompass unlikely forms, redolent of darkness, emotions, and affective experiences in the dark tourism context of places connected to death, disaster, or atrocities.
... Dark marketing is evident in the wealth of labels that are used to describe the unwanted and undesirable behaviours of marketing actors including unethical, aberrant, dysfunctional, illegitimate, and problematic behaviour (Daunt and Harris, 2012;Fullerton and Punj, 2004). Dark marketing is defined as the adaptation of marketing principles and practices to domains of death, destruction and the ostensibly reprehensible (Brown et al., 2012) which could damage an individual and/or others. To be more specific, dark marketing occurs when a subject acts, behaves, performs, perceives or thinks in a manner that could harm themselves, other people, society, a group of people, country, company, brand, animals or nature. ...
... Dark marketing is evident in the wealth of labels that are used to describe the unwanted and undesirable behaviours of marketing actors including unethical, aberrant, dysfunctional, illegitimate, and problematic behaviour (Daunt and Harris, 2012;Fullerton and Punj, 2004). Dark marketing is defined as the adaptation of marketing principles and practices to domains of death, destruction and the ostensibly reprehensible (Brown et al., 2012) which could damage an individual and/or others. To be more specific, dark marketing occurs when a subject acts, behaves, performs, perceives or thinks in a manner that could harm themselves, other people, society, a group of people, country, company, brand, animals or nature. ...
This study aims to identify and develops a framework that captures the buyers’ online internal and external motives that can be generalized to the overall luxury markets, called “Dark motives-counterfeit purchase framework”. The study consists of 22 in-depth interviews with counterfeit sellers and 42 in-depth interviews with buyers who have bought counterfeit luxury products. The buyers are fully aware of their decision to purchase counterfeit and pirated products. This study focuses on non-deceptive market as customer demand is one of major drivers of the existing counterfeit business. The framework includes 16 motives for buying online counterfeit product (i.e. 9 external and 7 internal motives). The external motives are (1) social acceptance, (2) peer influence, (3) sense of belonging/desired image, (4) perceived risks (associated with purchase), (5) perceived risks (associated with usage), (6) affordability, (7) accessibility, (8) degree of justice and penalty, and (9) social networking sites. The internal motives are (1) sense of adventure, (2) fashion/novelty seeker, (3) sense of morality, (4) perception toward inequality, (5) perception toward the actual product, (6) quality acceptance, and (7) purchasing experience. This research is one of the first studies that examine both seller and buyer's perspectives in the same study.
... Although some retailers, such as the CWS, were sceptical, stating that people had thought that they had seen fair trade products when they had not, the CWS agreed that it showed that people were ready for this sort of product. This research depicts a fair-trade-sensitive shopper as more likely to be single and part of the AB[5] social group, but only just. Of the single people asked, 44 per cent were aware of fair trade products compared with 38 per cent of married people. ...
... Despite such challenges to usefulness of such an approach, Brown et al (2012) posit that thanatourism can be situated presented within a postmodern frame of reference for several reasons. Firstly, the compression of time and space, is frequently investigated in the sub-discipline of thanatourism (for a recent example, see Stone's 2013 paper on Chernobyl as a heterotopia). ...
This paper explores the online promotion by private tour operators of the World War Two Nazi extermination camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau in southern Poland. The paper contributes to understanding how genocide is commoditised by private enterprise, revealing some of the techniques used to transform ‘atrocity’ into ‘attraction’. Data for the paper was obtained through content analysis of a sample of twenty five commercial tour operators’ websites. Results indicated that a hard sell approach, focused on price, comfort and convenience dominated the majority of the twenty five sampled companies and that companies provide sparse information on the camp itself, with little attempt made to foster experience. Implications for management, which may arise from increased commodification, are outlined, as the paper notes further potential threat to the memory of the camp. The paper highlights the lack of ethical and moral considerations when promoting Auschwitz-Birkenau by private tour operators, resolving that ownership of the camp’s memory may come under further threat without intervention.
Dark tourism has received a growing interest by both practicioners and scientists in the last decades. Romania has a rich tourism potential in this area. Therefore, this paper aims to map the dark tourism destinations in the country and to analyze the role of storytelling in promoting dark tourism. In the framework of the paper we used the analytical-synthetic method in order to identify dark tourism destinations in Romania. Also, a qualitative research was conducted using four open-ended questions to the representatives of the identified dark sites to analyze the strategy for promoting dark tourism desti-nations in Romania.The results showed that although a dark tourism offer exists, this type of tourism is not encouraged at a national level and it is re-garded with caution mainly due to the lack of understanding of the concept. These findings may be useful to tourism policy makers from Romania in or-der to increase the visibility of dark tourism destinations and to keep up with the current trends emerging on the global tourism scene.
يهدف هذا البحث على دراسة التسويق العصري عبر تطبيقات الهواتف الذكية، مع التركيز على آليات الوصول والتأثير على المستهلكين. في ظل التطور التكنولوجي السريع وانتشار الهواتف الذكية، أصبحت هذهِ الأجهزة أداة قوية تستغل لأغراض غير مشروعة، مثل ترويج المخدرات. يعرض البحث كيفية استخدام تجار المخدرات للتقنيات الحديثة، بما في ذلك التشفير والإعلانات المستهدفة، للوصول الى جمهور واسع مع الحفاظ على سرية العمليات. ويستعرض البحث الأساليب الرقمية المستخدمة في هذا المجال، ويحلل تأثيرها على سلوكيات المستهلكين من الناحية النفسية والاجتماعية. بالإضافة الى ذلك، يتناول البحث دور التطبيقات والمنصات الرقمية في تسهيل هذا النوع من التسويق الغير قانوني، وكيفية استغلال البيانات الشخصية وخوارزميات الذكاء الاصطناعي لجذب العملاء. من خلال تحليل البيانات واستعراض الادبيات السابقة، ويقدم البحث رؤية شاملة حول الطرق التي يستخدمها تجار المخدرات للتكيف مع البيئة الرقمية المتغيرة باستمرار، وكيفية استهداف فئات معينة من المستهلكين. في النهاية يهدف البحث التي تقديم توصيات عملية تساعد في تطوير استراتيجيات فعالة للحد من تأثير هذا النوع من التسويق على المجتمع، مع التأكيد على ضرورة تعزيز الرقابة الرقمية وتوعية الجمهور بمخاطر استغلال التكنولوجيا في أنشطة غير قانونية.
Batch of 2021-2023 2 | P a g e PREFACE This report consists of outline of the dissertation report. It begins with the abstract, then basic introduction of Dark Marketing, Consumer as well as retailer perspective about dark marketing, followed by the literature review of various papers. This is a quantitative-based research where the data was collected and analyzed and segregated into consumer and retailer perspective which help us to know about the topic from both the sides. The analysis and their findings help to identify that customer wants that companies should use ethical way to advertise. 3 | P a g e DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE "I Rishav Raina, entry number21MMB069 hereby declare that the dissertation entitled "Dark Marketing" submitted towards partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of Master of Business Administration is my original work and all the data collected, information is on my behalf. Rishav Raina 21MMB069
This chapter begins by outlining the nature of the international marketing environment by emphasizing the challenges for firms about strategizing in “distant” markets. By leveraging the international business literature, I discuss “distance” by also considering its subjective and relative facets. I then draw on an established practice-based model to frame the international marketing process to discuss the dilemma that afflicts marketing managers in charge of developing international marketing strategies, i.e., the choice between using a so-called “global” or “local” approach. I illustrate the ongoing debate about “standardization vs. adaptation” in international marketing with regard to the critical factors that influence such a choice and the benefits in terms of performance, proposing a contingency-based framework for international marketing decisions about the 4Ps.
This study combines the results of two antithetical research processes: induction and deduction. Using a prescribed dialectic method commemorative pilgrimage at two non-substitutable sites is explored. A metamodel, comprising an amalgam of published commemorative models and ideas is first constructed and used as the project's interpretive frame. Parsing the metamodel produces 17 constructs: four of which are motives (inputs) and 11 of which are typified behaviours (outputs). The combined data from two Australian memorials; one in Western Australia and one in France is then analysed using the metamodel as representative of existing theory. The constructs are then deduced whilst simultaneously informing the induction of three commemorative themes. The data supports the view that motives driving pilgrimage to commemorative destinations are a function of three push motives: Obligation, Association, Individuation, and one pull motive, Manipulation. Contradicting alternate notions of dark tourism, the findings point to death and suffering associated with memorial tourism as being incidental, and more instrumental than autotelic.
In the age of globalization, local memories of past violence are often dislocated from their material places as remembrance is transpiring in transnational memory spaces. Historical events and commemorative memory practices increasingly transcend national boundaries and change the way memories of historical violence, atrocity, and genocide are represented in the transnational memoryscape. This article explores how the professionalization and commercialization of museums and memorials of genocide and crimes against humanity are modes of “making the past present” and “the local global”. Furthermore, professionalization and commercialization are processes through which local memories are translated into global discourses that are comprehensible to and recognizable by a global audience. In this article, we disentangle local memory places (understood as material, physical sites) from transnational memory spaces (understood as immaterial, ideational spaces) in order to investigate the transformation of local places of memory into transnational spaces of memory. At the same time, we show that, while these processes are often understood interchangeably, professionalization and commercialization are separate mechanisms and tend to be used strategically to translate memory discourses to specific audiences. These two processes can be seen as producing a standardized memorial site and a homogenization of memory in the transnational memory space. The article illustrates this theoretical reasoning with empirical findings from fieldwork in South Africa, where we zoom in on Robben Island outside Cape Town, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, where we focus on the Galerija 11/07/95 in Sarajevo, which commemorates the atrocities committed in Srebrenica in 1995.
Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich dem Thema Dark Tourism auseinander und befasst sich mit der touristischen Aufbereitung dieses speziellen Phänomens. Die immer wieder laut werdenden Vorwürfe von einer Kommerzialisierung und touristischen Ausbeutung von ehemaligen Orten des Schreckens wurden zum Anlass genommen, um diesen Anschuldigungen nachzugehen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es daher, anhand der beiden Dark-Tourism-Schauplätze und Untersuchungsgegenstände London Dungeon und Ground Zero die Aufbereitung von früheren Orten des Schreckens zu touristischen Attraktionen zu untersuchen, bzw. die Art und Weise, wie sie heute für den Tourismus präsentiert werden, zu hinterfragen, um Hinweise auf allgemeine Gesetzmäßigkeiten diesbezüglich ableiten zu können. Eine modifizierte Version des Dark Tourism Spectrum von Stone (2006) schafft mit seinen Kriterien bezüglich der verschiedenen Dunkelheitsgrade die Untersuchungsgrundlage. Die Arbeit stützt sich dabei auf eine umfangreiche Literaturrecherche. Aus der Untersuchung der beiden Dark-Tourism-Schauplätze ist hervorgegangen, dass sie sich in ihren Darstellungsformen sehr unterscheiden und diese vor allem von den Faktoren Art, Ursprung bzw. Entstehung, Zeit, Ort und politischer Einfluss bedingt werden. Sowohl beim London Dungeon als auch beim Ground Zero handelt es sich um eine kommerzielle Attraktion. Allgemeingültige Gesetzmäßigkeiten für eine angemessene Darstellungsweise festzulegen, ist durch die vorliegende Arbeit nur im begrenzten Rahmen möglich. Jeder Dark-Tourism-Schauplatz ist individuell, in seiner Natur vieldeutig und wird von den unterschiedlichen Stakeholdern auf verschiedene Weise wahrgenommen, sodass eine ganze Bandbreite von sowohl unterschiedlichen als auch gleichen Erscheinungsformen bzw. Dark-Tourism-Schauplätzen mit übereinstimmenden oder gegensätzlichen Eigenschaften untersucht und in Hinblick auf deren Darstellungsweise analysiert werden müsste, um repräsentative Ergebnisse zu erhalten.
Purpose
Given the growing importance of religious tourism, the purpose of this paper is to present a review of the literature around the area.
Design/methodology/approach
All papers with the term “religious tourism” have been searched via Emerald Insight from January 2006 to December 2017. The search was run in June 2017 for the last time and all early cite papers falling under the criteria were also included. This has ensured that key literature produced after the seminal work by Timothy and Olsen (Eds) (2006) has been reviewed. Certain exclusions apply which have been listed in the paper.
Findings
Key themes from the literature on religious tourism along with new developments and overlaps with other tourism sectors have been highlighted.
Originality/value
This paper reviews literature spanning more than a decade on religious tourism.
This chapter examines the points of tension as well as possibilities when we fuse applications of marketing, such as branding and social marketing, with social scientific considerations of dark tourism: dissonance, myth-making, and the politics of heritage. By doing so, we are able to examine how marketing plays a major inventive role in tourism world-making (Hollinshead, 2009), the shaping of culture and place. Additionally, we consider how marketing can be consciously, responsibly, and appropriately employed in politically charged sites of memory.
Purpose
Ghost tours are an important part of tourism in many towns and cities around the world. Described as light dark tourism, they are a mix of the macabre and entertainment. Ghost tours are usually small business enterprises. In order for their venture to be sustainable, ghost tour operators must engage in effective entrepreneurial marketing (EM) practices. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which ghost tour operators use EM within their business.
Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative bricolage approach is used as a way to explore the use of EM practices within ghost tourism; that is, a niche tourism product. Data were collected using 21 in-depth interviews, participant observation and analysis of venture websites. This study used a two-stage data analysis procedure.
Findings
Findings reveal that ghost tour operators practice several dimensions of EM that are often simultaneously present and interwoven through the practices ghost tour operators use, as identified by thematic analysis.
Originality/value
This study adds an EM lens to the light dark tourism literature.
The article defines the concept of dark marketing. It also suggests a series of examples of dark marketing practices.
This article examines representations of prisoners and prison staff from 45 penal tourism sites across Canada. Drawing from literature on representations of criminal justice, we demonstrate that the objects, signs, and symbolism in these heritage sites are curated in ways that can create separation between penal spectators and prisoners. Positive representations of prison staff stand in contrast to depictions of prisoners who are often demonized in museum displays through emphasis placed on narratives, relics, and images of danger and violence. Arguing that these depictions generate conditions for the support and justification of punitive practices including incarceration, we conclude by reflecting on what our findings add to social science literature on representations of captives and captors.
Despite long dominance of general interest tourism on tourism mobility, there is an increasing interest for specialized tourism products. This brings about a challenge for tourism destinations which have based their product offer on sun and sea tourism. Aggravated with seasonality, dependence on sun and sea tourism increases the vulnerability of tourism destinations. Thanatourism is a special interest tourism which lives on death, fear, grief related feelings of people. Human relationship with death has been a controversial one. While the reality of death is acknowledged and sanctified, on one side it is avoided and on the other, it is approached. Thanatourism has arisen in this complicated terms. Thanatourism destinations can either be created on purpose or it is the result of historical experiences. Thanatourism can take various forms according to the dominant theme of the travel experience such as battlefield tourism, danger-zone tourism , Dracula tourism. Besides it is a form of cultural heritage tourism which connects generations and communities over difficult past memories. Considering the major share of sun and sea related products in Turkish tourism market and the risks associated with it, the study proposes thanatourism as an opportunity for diversifying Turkish tourism products. In this context, the study provides a conceptual analysis of thanatourism and a profile of major thanatourism sites in Turkey. Öz Genel ilgi turizmi turizm hareketleri üzerinde uzun süredir ağırlığını korusa da, özel turizm ürünlerine duyulan ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Bu durum, turizm ürünle-rini deniz ve güneş turizmine dayandıran turizm destinasyonları açısından bir meydan * This study is based on the paper presented at the 9th International Conference titled New Perspectives in Tourism and Hospitality Management Burhaniye, Turkey, 24-29 September 2014. 184 İlkay TAŞ & Erdoğan KOÇ okuma yaratmaktadır. Mevsimsellik ile daha da ciddileşen, deniz ve güneş turizmine bağımlılık durumu turizm destinasyonlarının hassasiyetini arttırmaktadır. Hüzün tur-izmi, kişilerin ölüm, korku ve üzüntüye ilişkin duygularından beslenen bir özel ilgi tur-izmidir. İnsanoğlunu ölüm ile ilişkisi çelişkili olmuştur. Ölüm gerçeği bilinse ve kutsallaştırılsa da, bir yandan kaçınılmış diğer yandan yaklaşılmıştır. Hüzün turizmi bu karmaşık koşullardan ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hüzün turizmi destinasyonları isteğe bağlı olarak oluşturulabildiği gibi tarihsel deneyimlerin bir sonucu da olabilir. Hüzün turizmi, seyahat deneyimine hakim olan temaya göre savaş yeri turizmi, tehlikeli bölge turizmi veya Drakula turizmi gibi farklı şekiller alabilir. Ayrıca, hüzün turizmi nesiller ve toplu-lukları zorlu geçmiş anılar üzerinden birbirine bağlaması itibariyle kültür turizminin bir şeklidir. Çalışma, güneş ve deniz ile ilgili turizm ürünlerinin Türk turizm pazarındaki büyük payları ve bu durumla ilgili riskler dikkate alındığında, hüzün turizmini (thana-tourism) Türk turizm ürünlerinin çeşitlendirilmesi için bir fırsat olarak ileri sürmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada hüzün turizmine yönelik bir kavramsal çerçeve ve Türkiye'deki başlıca hüzün turizmi yerlerinin profili sunulmaktadır.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the role that journal article titles play in engaging the reader.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper build on previous commentaries to provide evidence for the role of the title.
Findings
A snappy title acts as a device to capture attention and generate interest in an article. This is the first step to engaging the reader with the article content.
Originality/value
This editorial focuses attention on a crucial aspect of an individual’s publication strategy which can easily be overlooked or simply not given sufficient consideration.
Despite increasing evidence of greatly differentiated illicit drug markets, common depictions and conceptualizations of “the” drug market remain subject to overhomogenization. As regards drug market-related violence, the conceptualization of drug supply milieu as generally violent has often (sometimes unintentionally) been apparently supported by case study research reporting from particularly violent supply milieu and/or on specific groups of suppliers. Little research has focused on the relative absence of violence in supply milieu. Although some prior research has pointed toward ways in which levels of drug market violence can differ, few examples have shown this empirically by reference to comparative case studies and none have attempted to relate this to differentiation as opposed to market emergence, maturity, and decline. This article reports on two case studies of established heroin/crack markets in two separate coastal cities in England that share many characteristics but differ meaningfully in regard to drug market violence. Meaningful historical and extant differences in supply-related violence is reported and reflected upon and it is concluded that drug-related violence, rather than conforming to conventional notions privileging structural or systemic similarity, is contingent on a mix of local supply cultures, supplier rationality, local supply structures as well as supplier characteristics and that each and any supply locale is likely, if studied closely, to differ in meaningful respects across time and practice to another.
Most families in the Western world are aware of Harry Potter, the stupendously successful stories about a boy wizard " who lived. " Most families are familiar with the shadow tales attached to Harry Potter—the tales of the rags to riches author, the mega-blockbuster movies, the forthcoming theme park in Florida, the long lines of enthusiastic consumers outside book stores at midnight. Harry Potter, in short, is a Niagara of narratives, a sea of stories. This paper plots the Harry Potter stories onto Booker's seven-element theory of narrative emplotment and considers how consumers interact with the Harry Potter brand phenomenon. Three consumer narratives of engagement are evident—discovery, diachronic, and denial—as is the disagreement between battling plots.
Análisis crítico sobre la empresa o corporación, vista como una institución creada por las leyes para funcionar en forma semejante a una personalidad psicópata, cuyo comportamiento destructivo si es dejado sin freno ni restricción, conduce a la ruina. El autor, profesor y teórico del derecho, sostiene sin embargo que el cambio es posible y perfila un programa de reformas concretas, pragmáticas y realistas a través de la regulación y el control democrático. Apoyado en una extensa investigación, el volumen presenta entrevistas a fondo con personajes como Hank McKinnell, jefe ejecutivo de la empresa Pfizer; el economista Milton Friedman, reconocido con el premio Nobel, o el teórico de la gestión empresarial Peter Drucker. El presente estudio fue empleado posteriormente como base argumental para una película documental, codirigida por Mark Achbar y Jenniffer Abbott, disponible en el Fondo de Material Audiovisual de la Biblioteca del ITESO.
Comments on The Lucifer Principle "A revolutionary vision of the relationship between psychology and history. The Lucifer Principle will have a profound impact on our concepts of human nature. It is astonishing that a book of this importance could be such a pleasure to read." Elizabeth F. Loftus, immediate past president, American Psychological Society, author of Witness for the Defense and The Myth of Repressed Memory "Readers will be mesmerized by the mirror Bloom holds to the human condition, and dumbfounded by the fusillade of eclectic data that arrives with the swiftness and intensity of a furious tennis volley.
b>Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a realistic assessment, with an historical perspective, of the current practises and progress made by organisations towards elimination of child labour in global supply chains.
Design/methodology/approach – Literature review in the area of use of child labour within the global supply chain was combined with additional information obtained from the company searches of the GRI database, company ranking tables, and other sources.
Findings – Child labour is one of a number of areas of concern in global supply chains. Continued exploitation of child labour indicates an imbalanced state and consequently forces can be unleashed through standardization, collaboration and communication amongst all stakeholders to ensure protection of the vulnerable. This paper is part of the broader analysis informing incremental changes to supply chain management to preserve the rights and welfare of children in the present and future generations. Research/limitations/implications – The analysis is based on secondary data sources and further research is thus needed to verify the individual weightings of the criteria used in the primary ranking of the companies.
Practical implications – The findings provide encouragement for policy and decision makers to implement incremental changes to global supply chains in order to protect the rights and welfare of children, according to the standards of Social Accountability (SA) 8000, the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and other world trade stakeholders.
Originality/value – This paper questions the view that child labour incidences have diminished proportional to economic development. A swinging fulcrum with hidden traps for developed and developing nations in light of cross border transactions through supply chains has been proposed.
In 1924, two uniquely American institutions clashed in northern Indiana: the University of Notre Dame and the Ku Klux Klan. Todd Tucker's book, published for the first time in paperback, Notre Dame vs. The Klan tells the shocking story of the three-day confrontation in the streets of South Bend, Indiana, that would change both institutions forever. When the Ku Klux Klan announced plans to stage a parade and rally in South Bend, hoping to target college campuses for recruitment starting with Notre Dame, a large group of students defied their leaders' pleas to ignore the Klan and remain on campus. Tucker dramatically recounts the events as only a proficient storyteller can. Readers will find themselves drawn into the fray of these tumultuous times. Tucker structures this compelling tale around three individuals: D.C. Stephenson, the leader of the KKK in Indiana, the state with the largest Klan membership in America; Fr. Matthew Walsh, the young and charismatic president of the University of Notre Dame; and a composite of a Notre Dame student at the time, represented by Bill Foohey, who was an actual participant in the clash. This book will appeal not only to Notre Dame fans, but to those interested in South Bend and Indiana history and the history of the Klu Klux Klan, including modern-day Klan violence.
Marketing is a pervasive societal activity that goes considerably beyond the selling of toothpaste, soap, and steel. The authors interpret the meaning of marketing for nonbusiness organizations and the nature of marketing functions such as product improvement, pricing, distribution, and communication in such organizations. The question considered is whether traditional marketing principles are transferable to the marketing of organizations, persons, and ideas.
The proposal that marketing is relevant to all organizations having customer groups was advanced in the January, 1969 issue of this journal. It is now stated that the original broadening proposal should be broadened still further to include the transactions between an organization and all of its publics. The author sees marketing as the disciplined task of creating and offering values to others for the purpose of achieving a desired response. The generic view of marketing is defined by a set of four axioms and leads to new marketing typologies and views of the tasks of marketing management.
The article looks at investment bank Goldman Sachs. The author comments on the relationship between former employees of Goldman Sachs and the people involved with economic recovery efforts. Former chief executive officer of Goldman Sachs, Henry Paulson, was U.S. Treasury secretary under former president George W. Bush. U.S. Treasury secretary under former president Bill Clinton, Robert Rubin, worked at Goldman Sachs for 26 years before becoming chairman of Citigroup.
Over the last decade, the concept of dark tourism has attracted growing academic interest and media attention. Nevertheless, perspectives on and understanding of dark tourism remain varied and theoretically fragile whilst, to date, no single book has attempted to draw together the conceptual themes and debates surrounding dark tourism, to explore it within wider disciplinary contexts and to establish a more informed relationship between the theory and practice of dark tourism. This book meets the undoubted need for such a volume by providing a contemporary and comprehensive analysis of dark tourism. © 2009 Richard Sharpley, Philip R. Stone and the authors of individual chapters. All Rights Reserved.
Deaths, disasters and atrocities in touristic form are becoming an increasingly pervasive feature within the contemporary tourism landscape, and as such, are ever more providing potential spiritual journeys for the tourist who wishes to gaze upon real and recreated death. As a result, the rather emotive label of 'dark tourism' has entered academic discourse and media parlance, and consequently has generated a significant amount of research interest. However, despite this increasing attention the dark tourism literature remains both eclectic and theoretically fragile. That is, a number of fundamental issues remain, not least whether it is actually possible or justifiable to collectively categorise a diverse range of sites, attractions and exhibitions that are associated with death and the macabre as 'dark tourism', or whether identifiable degrees or 'shades' of darkness can be attributed to a particular type of dark tourism supplier. This paper argues that certain suppliers may indeed, conceptually at least, share particular product features, perceptions and characteristics, which can then be loosely translated into various 'shades of darkness'. As a result, dark tourism products may lie along a rather 'fluid and dynamic spectrum of intensity', whereby particular sites may be conceivably 'darker' than others, dependant upon various defining characteristics, perceptions and product traits. It is proposed that construction of a firm and comprehensive typological foundation will lead not only to a better understanding of dark tourism supply, but also, and perhaps more importantly, lead to a better understanding of where to locate and explore consumer demand, motivations and experiences.
"The Google Story" is the definitive account of one of the most remarkable organizations of our time. Every day over sixty-four million people use Google in more than one hundred languages, running billions of searches for information on everything and anything. Through the creative use of cutting-edge technology and a series of groundbreaking business ideas, Google's thirty-five year old founders, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, have in ten years taken Google from being just another internet start-up to a company with a market value of over US$80 billion. Based on scrupulous research and extraordinary access to the inner workings of Google, this book takes you inside the creation and growth of a company that has become so familiar its name is used as a verb around the world. But even as it rides high, Google wrestles with difficult challenges in a business that changes at lightning speed. In this new and updated edition to celebrate Google's 10th birthday, David A. Vise has written a new preface and new final chapter which look at further developments since 2005 and how Google will continue to expand and innovate while trying to follow its founders' mantra: Do No Evil. 'If you want to know how the Google boys became wealthy and powerful beyond dreams, then David Vise's assiduously researched "The Google Story" is for you' - "Sunday Telegraph". 'If Google were to take on critical faculties as well as its other attributes Vise's book would probably come out on top' - "The Times".
The authors contend that solutions to the most pressing environmental challenges will result from understanding and solving social traps such as the commons dilemma. They propose a synthesis for analysis and action to suggest that marketing's stakeholders can cooperate to contribute solutions and ultimately develop programs that help ameliorate the tragedy of the commons.
The purpose of this essay is to provoke a more comprehensive, historically accurate, and meaningful definition of marketing. Toward that outcome, the author introduces a framework for marketing that argues for constructive engagement with a complex, conflicted, and increasingly interdependent world in which marketing can and should play an important role. The framework offers a new synthesis commensurate with ideals generally espoused in macromarketing. An illustration based on longitudinal study of Vietnam is shared, with implications for current global affairs and with new directions for meaningful marketing research and practice.
* Why do our headaches persist after taking a one-cent aspirin but disappear when we take a 50-cent aspirin? * Why does recalling the Ten Commandments reduce our tendency to lie, even when we couldn't possibly be caught? * Why do we splurge on a lavish meal but cut coupons to save 25 cents on a can of soup? * Why do we go back for second helpings at the unlimited buffet, even when our stomachs are already full? * And how did we ever start spending $4.15 on a cup of coffee when, just a few years ago, we used to pay less than a dollar? When it comes to making decisions in our lives, we think we're in control. We think we're making smart, rational choices. But are we? In a series of illuminating, often surprising experiments, MIT behavioral economist Dan Ariely refutes the common assumption that we behave in fundamentally rational ways. Blending everyday experience with groundbreaking research, Ariely explains how expectations, emotions, social norms, and other invisible, seemingly illogical forces skew our reasoning abilities. Not only do we make astonishingly simple mistakes every day, but we make the same types of mistakes, Ariely discovers. We consistently overpay, underestimate, and procrastinate. We fail to understand the profound effects of our emotions on what we want, and we overvalue what we already own. Yet these misguided behaviors are neither random nor senseless. They're systematic and predictable--making us predictably irrational. From drinking coffee to losing weight, from buying a car to choosing a romantic partner, Ariely explains how to break through these systematic patterns of thought to make better decisions. Predictably Irrational will change the way we interact with the world--one small decision at a time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(cover)
Former sites of punishment and incarceration have become a popular tourist experience as defunct prisons are converted into museums or heritage sites. Among the most prominent are Alcatraz in the United States, and Robben Island in South Africa. While some theorists might categorize such practices as “dark tourism,” this paper argues for an analysis that accounts for the multiple shades of penal history marketing and interpretation. Drawing on policy documents, onsite observations, tourist surveys, and interviews with museum staff, the paper explores how multi-hued forms of interpretation have been produced, not only through shifting priorities of memory managers, but also the expectations of tourists and the agendas of external interest groups.
The culture of consumption which characterizes the economically advanced societies in this century is historically unique and evolving. Widespread misbehavior by consumers is an intrinsic element of this culture, being unintentionally stimulated by the very marketing factors which stimulate legitimate consumption. The paper elucidates the culture of consumption and the known reasons for consumer misbehavior, shows the strong relationships among these, and then demonstrates the pervasiveness and variety of consumer misbehavior in North America today.
The epic, behind-the-scenes story of an astounding gap in our scientific knowledge of the cosmos. In the past few years, a handful of scientists have been in a race to explain a disturbing aspect of our universe: only 4 percent of it consists of the matter that makes up you, me, our books, and every planet, star, and galaxy. The rest--96 percent of the universe--is completely unknown. Richard Panek tells the dramatic story of how scientists reached this conclusion, and what they're doing to find this "dark" matter and an even more bizarre substance called dark energy. Based on in-depth, on-site reporting and hundreds of interviews--with everyone from Berkeley's feisty Saul Perlmutter and Johns Hopkins's meticulous Adam Riess to the quietly revolutionary Vera Rubin--the book offers an intimate portrait of the bitter rivalries and fruitful collaborations, the eureka moments and blind alleys, that have fueled their search, redefined science, and reinvented the universe.