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An Investigation on the Effect of Arsenic Poisoning on Humans, Agriculture, and Fisheries
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation is to try and understand the degree of arsenic poisoning in the waste water from agricultural chemical factories which release effluents into the waterways in their vicinity. The method of determination is to use the water samples, soil, fish, clams, shell‐fish, etc. found in the areas along the canals and aqueducts and those which lie upstream, midstream, and downstream and also the hair samples of people living in the contiguous areas, to check for the levels of arsenic in them by emission spectroscopy.
From the analysis during a one year investigation, we find that the level of As in the water creatures of Chungkang Stream and Lu‐Er‐Men Stream is much higher than in the other water areas of Taiwan such as along beaches and the other rivers; the levels in the hair of the people who live nearby these water courses have a certain degree of correspondence with their eating habits and the quantity of food eaten; however, even those people who eat relatively little have almost 3% As, beyond the 2 mg/kg limit allowed for human beings. We are fully aware of the high level of food contamination on Taiwan, and this fact has been taken into consideration. The effect of As contamination in the soil on agricultural produce does not seem to have any apparent relationship. By the way, the influence of the monthly average rainfall on As contamination in the soil is not obvious.
... In the case of clams, if these filter feeders are exposed to pollutants they are very likely to transmit the contamination to their consumers. Closures of clam fisheries are common after blooms of toxic algae (Dyson and Huppert 2010;Chadsey et al. 2012), andChen (1997) reported, following an instance of arsenic poisoning, that even consuming small amounts of clams exceeded the allowed limits. Data on T. mactroides revealed contamination by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella sp. in Caraguatatuba Bay, which raises concerns regarding clam consumption (M. ...
Small-scale fisheries are frequently overlooked for research and management, and their social and environmental impacts are often overlooked as well, preventing the implementation of appropriate actions for their sustainability. Additionally, the dynamics of beach clam fisheries and their importance for local communities are not well understood. A study on the population biology of the clam Tivela mactroides in Caraguatatuba Bay, southeastern Brazil, revealed intense harvesting of this resource by both residents and tourists. To assess the extent and dynamics of clamming, the number of harvesters was recorded during the course of the day in vacation and nonvacation periods throughout 2003-2005 and 2007-2008; the number of other beach users, weather conditions, and tide height were also recorded. The overall amount of clams harvested was estimated based on censuses of clammers and interviews to calculate the amount of clams harvested per collecting event. The intensity and dynamics of the harvesting activity varied on all the temporal scales evaluated. The estimated amount of clams harvested per year decreased from the first (24.6 kg/year) to the second (8.8 kg/year) group of sampling years, presumably due to clam mass-mortality events and smaller shell sizes in 2007-2008, although clam abundance increased enormously. Vacation periods (presence of tourists) influenced the number of harvesters and the daily dynamics of clamming activity, although this relationship was only evident during 2003-2004. The number of harvesters increased with the number of tourists, except in periods of very high tourist activity, when harvesting decreased. Clamming was more widespread during the day under high tourist activity but during nonvacation times was concentrated in morning low-tide periods. Weather had a partial influence on clamming, with harvesters absent only during intense rain occasions. The understanding of the dynamics of this Tivela mactroides fishery highlights key points for planning and implementing management measures, which will involve continuous monitoring of stocks, harvesting, and food safety.
A new speciation and preconcentration method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been developed for trace amounts of As(III) and As(V) in urine and water samples. At pH 4, As(III) is complexed with ammoniumpyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and extracted into 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, as an ionic liquid (IL) and As(III) is determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometery (ETAAS). Arsenic(V) in the mixing solution containing As(III) and As(V) was reduced by using KI and ascorbic acid in HCl solution and then the procedure was applied to determination of total arsenic. Arsenic(V) was calculated as the difference between the total arsenic content and As(III) content. The effect of various parameters on the recovery of the arsenic ions has been studied. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor 135 was obtained. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of As(III) and As(V) in water and biological samples.
The simple and rapid preconcentration technique using cloud point extraction (CPE) was applied for the determination of As(V) and total inorganic arsenic (As(V) plus As(III)) in water samples by means of FAAS. As(V) has formed an ion-pairing complex with Pyronine B in the presence of cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) at pH 8.0 and extracted into the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114, after centrifugation the surfactant-rich phase was separated and diluted with 1.0 mol L(-1) HNO(3) in methanol. The proposed method is very versatile and economic because it exclusively used conventional FAAS. After optimization of the CPE conditions, a preconcentration factor of 120, the detection and quantification limits of 1.67 and 5.06 μg L(-1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9978 were obtained from the calibration curve constructed in the range of 5.0-2200 μg L(-1). The relative standard deviation, RSD as a measure of precision was less than 4.1% and the recoveries were in the range of 98.2-102.4%, 97.4-101.2% and 97.8-101.1% for As(V), As(III) and total As, respectively. The method was validated by the analysis of standard reference materials, TMDA-53.3 and NIST 1643e and applied to the determination of As(III) and As(V) in some real samples including natural drinking water and tap water samples with satisfactory results. The results obtained (34.70±1.08 μg L(-1) and 60.25±1.07 μg L(-1)) were in good agreement with the certified values (34.20±1.38 μg L(-1) and 60.45±1.78 μg L(-1)).
Heterocyclic amines (HAs) are mutagenic/carcinogenic compounds formed in meat during cooking. Several efforts have been made to minimize the risk associated to HA human exposure. Supplementation with antioxidants is considered a promising measure to reduce HA exposure because of their ability as inhibitors of HA formation or as blocking/suppressing agents on HA biotransformation/metabolism. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge on the capability of synthetic and natural antioxidants to modulate HA-induced mutagenicity/carcinogenicity. Data show a general trend towards a reduction of HA formation both in model systems and in real foods as well as an effective modulation of biotransformation and metabolism. Phenolic compounds, particularly those from tea and olive oil, seem to be the most effective, although a great variability is observed because of the concentration-dependent pro- and antioxidant effects.
Waste disposal problems at various AEC installations and efforts made for their solution; properties of radiation; significance of waste problem; fixation on soils; separation of significant isotopes; land burial; underground tank storage; disposal in remote areas; considerations in site selection problems; evaluating hazards.
It is now recognized that water pollution is an important problem, that it becomes more widespread and serious as population and industry expand, and that something must be done if aquatic life resource are to be saved and their productivity maintained. In the past there has been a great deal of uncertainty in approaching this situation and a general lack of understanding of the details and ramification of the overall problem. In the efforts for the abatement of pollution, only a few clearcut objectives have been established. Knowledge is lacking as to what the objectives should be. There is still scant knowledge of the levels of various wastes which can be tolerated by aquatic organisms for short periods and practically no information on concentrations that are safe when such wastes are continually discharged. The reason is that neither the environmental requirements of aquatic organisms nor the concentrations of various materials which can be added to waters without adversely affecting the survival, growth, reproduction, or general well-being of the important members of the aquatic biota have been definitely determined.
Summary The beneficial effect of spraying some highly active phyllosphere N2-fixing microorganisms on high and low yielding cultivars of rice plants as compared with that of urea applied at different
doses are described. The dry weight, N-content, 1000 grain weight, and yield were remarkably increased in all cases with the
application of phyllosphere microorganisms. The performance of two isolates KUP4 and KUPBR2 with IR-8 and IR-26 rice, was better than that of 52 kg urea-N per hectare. IR-579 rice leaves in association with some phyllosphere
bacteria reduced acetylene at the rate of 664–816 nmoles/g leaf/h. In IR-26 rice the effect of application of bacterial suspension
at three phases of plant growth corresponded very well with that of urea application in three split doses under identical
conditions. Recommended fertilizer rates produced the same yield as the half dose plus bacterial spray in the cultivars Pankaj
and Rupsail. Fertilizer application in Pankaj and Rupsail rice reduced nitrogenase activity and the beneficial effects of
phyllosphere N2-fixation was reduced by 40–55%.
The adsorption of heavy metals on soil from the Neihu Landfill Site in Taipei City was investigated in order to assess the ground water pollutionproblems. The effects of soil organic matter and the behaviors of organiccomplexing ligands like EDTA and humic acid to the overall adsorption process were studied and discussed. In explaining the results, the pH of soilsystem and the properties of the soil/aqueous interface were chosen as twosignificant and interacting factors for discussion. The concept of the specificadsorption mechanism was also demonstrated and discussed. The resultsshowed that the complexing ligands existing in soil liquid phase have moreinfluences than natural organic matter does. The competitive sequences ofdifferent organic matter contents indicated that organic functional sitespreferentially bind with Cu and Cd. The presence of EDTA and humic acidwhich formed ligandlike complexes will reduce Cd adsorption efficiency. These effects will induce mobility and the fate of heavy metals in soils, such as bioavailability.
Incluye índice Incluye bibliografía Contenido: Introducción. Espectros atómicos y moleculares. Espectros de emisión. Análisis químico cualitativo espectroscópico. A.Q. cuantitativo. Resonancia y estructura química. Espectro de absorción. Espectro infrarrojo y Raman. Colorimetría y fluorimetría. Experimentos de lab. Teoría y práctiva fotográfica. Equipo y arreglos para un laboratorio. Tablas.
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