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Transnational environmental crime and its governance. Case study research on illegal transports of e-waste and tropical timber.
Abstract
This article discusses the topic of transnational environmental crime and its governance. After illustrating the social relevance of and scientific attention for transnational environmental crime this article turns to a discussion of the implications for the governance paradigm. This raises a number of topics which are subject of analysis in the PhD research about the cases of illegal transports of e-waste and tropical timber within a European research setting. This article explains how this can improve the understanding about transnational environmental crime and its governance. It argues that this topic deserves continued societal and scientific attention.
... This is essentially "pollution" crime, in which the color brown makes reference to refuse and waste associated with production and consumption. Relevant examples of this research include • The role of organized criminal syndicates in the dumping of waste, including toxic waste (Block, 2002;Ruggiero, 1996) • Inequalities associated with the location of disadvantaged and minority communities near toxic waste sites (Saha and Mohai, 2005;Bullard, 2005;Pellow, 2007) • The global trade in electronic waste as a form of environmental crime that is of particular concern at the present time (Gibbs et al., 2010;Interpol, 2009;Bisschop, 2015) • Speci c incidents in which toxic materials have been dumped into developing countries by unscrupulous companies (White, 2009) This is essentially "science-based" crime, where the color white is associated with laboratories and application of new technologies. Particular attention is paid to analysis and critique of genetically modi ed organisms (GMOs). ...
... Much of this illegal logging occurs with the involvement of corrupt government o cials, including law enforcement o cers, nancial institutions and backers, and business people who import timber or wood-base products. Bribery and "goodwill" payments, smuggling, illicit tra cking, money laundering and forging of documents are all part of the illegal logging industry (Setiono, 2007; see also Bisschop, 2015). Deforestation and species reduction are not only solely the outcome of logging. ...
... The emergence of e-waste (computers, mobile phones, etc.) has only added further to existing waste management problems, among which has included criminal engagement in the waste industry (Gibbs, McGarrell, and Axelrod, 2010;Gibbs et al., 2011;Interpol, 2009;Bisschop, 2012Bisschop, , 2015. Indeed, "The electronics industry is the world's largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry, and as a consequence of this growth, combined with rapid product obsolescence, discarded electronics or E-waste, is to developing countries such as China, India, Ghana, and Nigeria for recycling (Lundgren, 2012: 9). ...
This chapter explores crimes affecting the natural environment. Drawing on insights from green criminology—the study by criminologists of environmental harms, laws, and regulation—the chapter examines the impact of environmental crime on the natural environment. It begins with an overview of the theoretical and conceptual lens offered by green criminology in the study of eco-crime and the natural environment before turning to a discussion of natural resources crimes such as illegal logging and wildlife trade. It then considers pollution offenses and the contamination of air, land, and water, along with issues of illegal waste disposal. It also emphasizes the importance of having the right kinds of laws and regulatory mechanisms, as well as the right kinds of environmental law enforcement practices and procedures, in responding to eco-crime. The chapter concludes with an analysis of overarching trends and the challenges involved in confronting environmental crime.
... Besides drawing from existing criminological studies on waste crime, this paper builds on the findings of our own studies on the Dutch waste sector (Huisman 2001;Van Erp and Huisman, 2010;Huisman and van Erp, 2013) and the Belgian trade in e-waste (Bisschop 2015). We also pay attention to how these three criminological perspectives are reflected in reports and recommendations on waste crime by NGOs and international governmental organizations. ...
... The few cases prosecuted in countries where waste trafficking is discovered often rely on judicial proceedings in countries of origin. This is usually a lengthy process and countries do not always keep each other posted (Bisschop, 2015). The EU's Environmental Crime Directive requires member states to install 'effective, proportionate and discouraging sanctions' for environmental crime. ...
... Even some prominent waste companies with ISO certification who advertise sustainable practices are involved in waste fraud (Rucevska et al. 2015). Legal entities sometimes outsource their waste treatment and disposal, later claiming they did not know about the illegal dumping practices or substandard treatment, albeit that the cheap prices offered for treatment could have been cause for suspicion (Bisschop 2015). Overall, this makes clear that waste crime is undoubtedly connected to corporations and therefore a corporate crime. ...
... Niet alleen ondermijnt de visserij op significante wijze de duurzaamheid van de oceanen en is het een aanslag op de stabiliteit van ecosystemen, maar links met andere serieuze vormen van criminaliteit, zoals mensenhandel en drugshandel, zijn eveneens zichtbaar (Huisman e.a., in dit nummer). Ten derde worden bomen en planten op grote schaal geplunderd (Boekhout van Solinge, in dit nummer; Bisschop, 2016). Volgens sommige schattingen verdwijnt door illegale houtkap wereldwijd elke twee seconden een gebied ter grootte van een voetbalveld. ...
... Grote hoeveelheden afval worden, al dan niet legaal, verscheept vanuit de EU naar Azië en Afrika. Nederland en België zijn daarbij belangrijke draaischijven als het gaat om plastic, papier en elektronisch afval (Bisschop, 2016;Spapens e.a., 2018). De schade die wordt aangericht door vervuiling ligt, in vergelijking met de besproken illegale exploitatie van natuurlijke rijkdommen, meer op het vlak van gezondheid van flora, fauna en mensen. ...
... In Nederland en België hebben in de afgelopen jaren verschillende criminologen zich beziggehouden met diverse groene onderzoeksvelden, zoals ontbossing en houthandel (Boekhout van Solinge, 2011), handel in beschermde flora en fauna ( Van Uhm, 2016a;Lemieux, 2014), illegale mijnbouw (Zaitch & Gutiérrez Gómez, 2015), afvaldumping en -smokkel (Spapens e.a., 2013;Bisschop, 2016), schadelijke gevolgen van palmolie (Mol, 2017), klimaatverandering (Cox, 2016), gevaren in de chemische industrie (Kluin, 2014), voedselcriminaliteit (Van Ruth & Huisman, 2014Van Uhm & Siegel, 2016) en dierenwelzijn en dierenmishandeling (Cazaux, 1999;Janssen, 2012). Ook hebben de tijdschriften Justitiële verkenningen (2012) en Cahiers Politiestudies (2016) een speciale editie gewijd aan groene criminologie met bijdragen van wetenschappers, handhavers en medewerkers van ngo's. ...
... Ook in Nederland en België hebben criminologen zich de afgelopen jaren verdiept in groene criminaliteit. Zo hebben criminologen zich gericht op de illegale ontbossing van regenwouden (Boekhout van Solinge, 2018), handel in beschermde flora en fauna (Van Uhm, 2016a), illegale mijnbouw (Zaitch & Gutiérrez Gómez, 2015), afvaldumping en smokkel (Spapens et al., 2013;Bisschop, 2016;Mehlbaum, 2018), schadelijke effecten van palmolie (Mol, 2017), klimaatverandering (Cox, 2016), visserij , kernenergie (Van Impe, 2018), hondengevechten (Siegel & Van Uhm, 2021), gevaren in de chemische industrie (Kluin, 2014), voedselcriminaliteit (Van Ruth & Huisman, 2014) en dierenwelzijn en dierenrechten (Cazaux, 2001;Janssen, 2018;Bernet Kempers, 2021). Tevens hebben de Nederlandstalige tijdschriften Justitiële Verkenningen (2012), Cahiers Politiestudies (2016) en het Tijdschrift voor Criminologie (2018) de afgelopen jaren aandacht besteed aan groene criminologie met bijdragen van wetenschappers, wetshandhavers en medewerkers van non-gouvernementele organisaties (ngo's). ...
... Legale en illegale partnerschappen tussen criminele groepen, bedrijven en overheden faciliteren regelmatig misdaden tegen de natuur. Bedrijven gebruiken bijvoorbeeld hun legitieme structuren om de groene criminaliteit en groene schade te camoufleren en te stimuleren (Kluin, 2014;Bisschop, 2016). Houtbedrijven, goudhandelaren, vissers, dierentuinen of afvalbedrijven kunnen bijvoorbeeld een belangrijke rol spelen in de illegale handel en exploitatie van de natuur. ...
... Thus, processes of environmental victimisation often go unrecognized when "lawful but awful" (Passas, 2005, p. 771) activities, such as the clear-felling of old-growth forests, take place. criminal law, on the premise that law in general is a social construct affected by power structures and interests (Bisschop, 2015). The green criminological perspective thus aims at offering a descriptive as well as a prescriptive understanding of environmental victimisation, i.e. who is a victim and who ought to be deemed to be a victim (Brisman & Nigel, 2020;Spapens et al. 2014;White & Heckenberg, 2014). ...
... With this as backdrop, several authors have stressed the affinity between restorative justice www.reic.criminologia.net ISSN: 1696-9219 and green criminological discourses on environmental harms, responsibilities and victimisation (Bisschop, 2015;Hall, 2013;Hamilton 2021;Natali, 2015;Pali & Aertsen, 2021;Varona, 2020), including for victims of corporate violence (Forti et al., 2018;Nieto Martín, 2023). Through dialogue, restorative justice confront harms to expose the overlapping and potentially conflicting subjective narratives of victims, aiming to reach a consensual understanding of the meaning of such harms. ...
Este estudio explora la categoría criminológica verde de la victimización medioambiental en relación con el enfoque del “daño del medio ambiente” con el fin de ofrecer una visión de su complejidad subyacente. Comprender esta complejidad resulta clave para arrojar luz sobre los fenómenos de victimización oculta y adaptar las medidas correctivas a las necesidades de las víctimas. El objetivoprincipal del enfoque del daño del medio ambiente es asumir la responsabilidad; sin embargo, no tiene en cuenta las relaciones, a veces complejas, de las víctimas con los factores que les causan daño. Este estudio pone de relieve estos límites al analizar el caso de Coca-Cola en San Cristóbal de las Casas desde una perspectiva de criminología verde, haciendo hincapié en la necesidad decomprender de manera holística el proceso de victimización. A continuación señala que el enfoque del daño debería abarcar tanto la condición de víctima como el ámbito de los recursos, a fin de proporcionar los mecanismos de reparación adecuados. En este sentido la justicia restaurativa podría ser una vía a tener en cuenta.
... Organized forest crimes can occur at every point in the supply chain -from harvest and transportation to processing and sale. Organized criminal groups, including militias and armed groups, coordinate the extraction, smuggling, laundering, and trading of timber and charcoal ( Boekhout van Solinge 2010 ;Stewart 2014 ;INTERPOL and World Bank 2009 ;UNODC 2016 ), while some segments of the private industry are involved in concession violations, paperwork fraud, and the laundering of illegal timber into certi ed timber ( FAO 2020 ;Bisschop 2015 ). ...
... The social organization of organized forest crimes is characterized by various legal-illegal interfaces, the role of trade hubs, and the facilitating role of transit countries. Several major timber businesses in the international timber trade do not exercise necessary due diligence for their suppliers ( Bisschop 2015 ). Indeed, legitimate companies have featured in prosecutions related to trading in con ict timber, breach of export quotas, and tax fraud ( EIA 2019 ). ...
The profitability of illegal forest crimes is increasingly attracting sophisticated crime groups – including militias and corporate criminals. This chapter focuses on the complex relationships and interactions between militia groups and timber and charcoal traders. The case of the illegal timber and charcoal trade in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is examined to illustrate legal-illegal interfaces and the ways in which organized crime groups are involved in deforestation. The DRC lost large areas of tropical primary forest in the past, and deforestation rates continue to be of great concern. It is partly due to the interactions between militias and timber and charcoal traders linked to illegal deforestation that national and international responses have gained little traction to protect the Congo rainforest.
... Criminologist Lieselot Bisschop (2015) analysed the social organization of illegal timber trade focusing particularly on the legal-illegal interfaces, the role of trade hubs like important timber importing ports, and the facilitating role of transit countries like China and Singapore. Bisschop was told by policymakers that some ...
... When necessary, there can be an escalation to more punitive sanctions. For further criminological suggestions, see also Bisschop (2015) and two recent books on transnational environmental crime and enforcement Elliot and Schaedla, 2016). ...
... Criminologist Lieselot Bisschop (2015) analysed the social organization of illegal timber trade focusing particularly on the legal-illegal interfaces, the role of trade hubs like important timber importing ports, and the facilitating role of transit countries like China and Singapore. Bisschop was told by policymakers that some ...
... When necessary, there can be an escalation to more punitive sanctions. For further criminological suggestions, see also Bisschop (2015) and two recent books on transnational environmental crime and enforcement Elliot and Schaedla, 2016). ...
... Criminologist Lieselot Bisschop (2015) analysed the social organization of illegal timber trade focusing particularly on the legal-illegal interfaces, the role of trade hubs like important timber importing ports, and the facilitating role of transit countries like China and Singapore. Bisschop was told by policymakers that some ...
... When necessary, there can be an escalation to more punitive sanctions. For further criminological suggestions, see also Bisschop (2015) and two recent books on transnational environmental crime and enforcement Elliot and Schaedla, 2016). ...
The Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF) tasked the Global Forest Expert Panels initiative (GFEP) to initiate and coordinate a global scientific “Rapid Response
Assessment” on illegal logging and related timber trade. This assessment is designed to gain a deeper understanding of the meaning of illegal logging and associated
timber trade, its scale, drivers and consequences as well as to identify the opportunities and constraints of existing policy and governance initiatives. It aims to provide
a global structured synthesis of existing scientific and expert knowledge on illegal logging and associated timber trade while adding to existing studies and reports by
providing new insights, e.g. a criminology perspective, and new information about timber and timber product trade flows.
trade flows. This comprehensive and unified assessment
also explores future policy options regarding illegal logging
by reaching out to international as well as national
policymakers and stakeholders concerned with legal and
sustainable forest management. Furthermore, it brings together
scientists from various academic disciplines (e.g.,
forest-related policy, law, governance, economics, management,
timber trade) working on the advancement of
the state of knowledge related to illegal logging and associated
timber trade
... Criminologist Lieselot Bisschop (2015) analysed the social organization of illegal timber trade focusing particularly on the legal-illegal interfaces, the role of trade hubs like important timber importing ports, and the facilitating role of transit countries like China and Singapore. Bisschop was told by policymakers that some ...
... When necessary, there can be an escalation to more punitive sanctions. For further criminological suggestions, see also Bisschop (2015) and two recent books on transnational environmental crime and enforcement Elliot and Schaedla, 2016). ...
... Criminologist Lieselot Bisschop (2015) analysed the social organization of illegal timber trade focusing particularly on the legal-illegal interfaces, the role of trade hubs like important timber importing ports, and the facilitating role of transit countries like China and Singapore. Bisschop was told by policymakers that some ...
... When necessary, there can be an escalation to more punitive sanctions. For further criminological suggestions, see also Bisschop (2015) and two recent books on transnational environmental crime and enforcement Elliot and Schaedla, 2016). ...
... Criminologist Lieselot Bisschop (2015) analysed the social organization of illegal timber trade focusing particularly on the legal-illegal interfaces, the role of trade hubs like important timber importing ports, and the facilitating role of transit countries like China and Singapore. Bisschop was told by policymakers that some ...
... When necessary, there can be an escalation to more punitive sanctions. For further criminological suggestions, see also Bisschop (2015) and two recent books on transnational environmental crime and enforcement Elliot and Schaedla, 2016). ...
The new assessment report is the most comprehensive scientific analysis to date on illegal logging, related timber trade and available response options. More than 40 renowned scientists from around the world collaborated on the study, which has been coordinated by the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) on behalf of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF). In the report, scientists call for policy measures that fully address all dimensions of illegal logging in order to provide for a sustained future of forests.
... In de afgelopen jaren hebben de Nederlandstalige tijdschriften Justitiële verkenningen (2012), Cahiers Politiestudies (2016) en het Tijdschrift voor Criminologie (2018) aandacht besteed aan groene criminologie met bijdragen van wetenschappers, handhavers en medewerkers van ngo's. In Nederland en België hebben criminologen zich de afgelopen jaren gericht op groene criminaliteit, in de vorm van ontbossing en houthandel (Boekhout van Solinge, 2018), handel in beschermde flora en fauna (Van der Ploeg et al., 2018;Van Uhm, 2016), illegale mijnbouw (Zaitch & Gutiérrez Gómez, 2015), afvaldumping en -smokkel (Spapens et al., 2013;Bisschop, 2016), schadelijke gevolgen van palmolie (Mol, 2017), klimaatverandering (Cox, 2016), visserij , kernenergie (Van Impe, 2018), gevaren in de chemische 1 1 D i v i s i e G r o e n e c r i m i n o l o g i e industrie (Kluin, 2014), voedselcriminaliteit ( Van Ruth & Huisman, 2014), co-vergisting (Mehlbaum, 2018), en dierenwelzijn en dierenmishandeling (Cazaux, 1999en Janssen, 2018. Bovendien zal het eerste Nederlandstalige boek over groene criminologie, onder redactie van de voorzitter, dit jaar verschijnen. ...
... Environmental discrimination is very closely associated with underprivileged areas and deliberately harming vulnerable groups (Gill, 2016;Das, 2022). Industrial development outpaces regulatory frameworks in speed, which makes it more difficult to adequately monitor and enforce environmental rules (Bisschop, 2016). In India, green crimes are caused by regulatory violations, corruption, and a lack of investigation, as certain industries take advantage of supervision and accountability weaknesses (Divan and Rosencranz, 2022;Duflo et al., 2018). ...
... The recent progress and quickly increasing industrial development are accompanied by the failure to define and realize the precise definition of environmental damages, which, as a result, allows the misrepresentation of environmental protection easily. The Republic of Ghana must ensure that it is free from dumping hazardous and poisonous waste from outside Ghana's territory, implying that there should be a more systematic understanding for stakeholders to prevent them from committing environmental crimes (Bisschop, 2012). Environmental crimes, by their very nature, are transboundary and involve cross-border unlawful groups. ...
The environment plays a vibrant role in sustaining human life such that without a suitable environment, humans will find it difficult to survive. The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana mandates an excellent and healthy environment for all. Hence, it’s a human right that must be upheld and needs a collective effort to sustain it. Thus, the state, government, and stakeholders must protect and manage the environment to implement sustainable development. The Ghanaian environment can support Ghanaians in line with implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDGs have since 2015 become the regulating framework driving global development discussions. This paper examines the nexus between environmental law enforcement and implementing SDGs in Ghana. The researchers adopted a complete interpretative document analysis for this study, which showed the careful but rigorous investigation of environmental law enforcement and SDGs. This technique confirmed the genuineness of the information studied and interpreted in the study. The study found that environmental law enforcement and the implementation of SDGs in Ghana are directly linked. Thus, the regulation aligns with the goals of 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the SDGs directly associated with environmental sustainability. Also, environmental law enforcement in Ghana through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concerning Environmental Protection and Management is protective and suppressive. This study further unravels that a supervisory outline is mandatory to enable sustainable development within Ghana’s environmental protection and law enforcement issues and to guarantee its alignment with SDGs. This should be established based on the participation of stakeholders. As a result, the researchers recommend that the government establish strong management and accountability in sustainable development by measuring, supervising, revising, and evaluating their growth towards meeting SDGs in environmental issues geared towards achieving SDG targets and frequently communicating their development to the public.
... The Indian informal sector collects and handles 4.4 Mt of plastics annually (compared to 0.2 Mt collected by the formal sector); however, environmental and social externalities such as decent working conditions are yet to be solved (WBCSD 2016). E-waste is an even more difficult issue as it has both global and local dimensions, due to transboundary illegal shipments of e-waste and local, often informal, recycling activities (Bisschop 2015). Despite its global dimension, e-waste is not specifically mentioned in the SDG framework. ...
This paper identifies the extent to which circular economy (CE) practices are relevant for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The results of a literature review and a matching exercise to determine the relationship between CE practices and SDG targets show that CE practices, potentially, can contribute directly to achieving a significant number of SDG targets. The strongest relationships exist between CE practices and the targets of SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). The paper also explores synergies that can be created through CE practices among several of the SDG targets. Furthermore, it identifies several potential trade-offs between targets for decent work, safe working environments, human health and current CE practices relating to recycling of municipal waste, e-waste and wastewater, and provides suggestions how these can be overcome. The paper concludes that CE practices can be applied as a “toolbox” and specific implementation approaches for achieving a sizeable number of SDG targets. Further empirical research is necessary to determine which specific types of partnerships and means of implementation are required to apply CE practices in the SDG context.
... Passas (2000) refers to regulatory discrepancies, along with economic and political asymmetries, that have given rise to a variety of environmental crimes. For instance, developing nations fre quently do not regulate environmental degradation or do so much less rigorously than indus trial states, which provides opportunities for companies from rich countries to benefit in those areas where rules are lax or non-existent (Bisschop 2015;van Uhm 2016a). ...
This chapter puts forth that criminogenic asymmetries in the realms of ecology, economy, law, politics and power have created conditions ripe for global defaunation and enabled large flows of the illegal wildlife trade to flourish. To demonstrate how such criminogenic asymmetries contribute in complex ways to the absence of controls and provide opportunities for illegal wildlife trafficking, the author offers three case studies: the illegal trade of rhino horn and tiger bone for use in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM); the smuggling of Barbary macaques, found in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco, for sale as pets in Europe; and the poaching of sturgeon to satisfy the demand for caviar. The three case studies illustrate that in the context of global anomie and criminogenic asymmetries, structural discrepancies between the source and destination countries provide opportunities for crimes against nature—where legal and illegal entrepreneurs from countries of the Global North exploit poverty and inequality to entice people to participate in criminal activities, from poor farmers in Southeast Asia who hunt opportunistically for endangered species for TCM, to Berber communities in Morocco who poach monkeys for the pet industry, to poor fishermen in Dagestan who catch sturgeon for caviar. The chapter reveals how the geopolitical and socioeconomic background of three biodiverse regions provides fertile breeding grounds for criminal networks driven by criminogenic asymmetries—and how, despite the differences between the three geographies of his case studies, the destruction of nature has, essentially, become a feature of an increasingly globalised world.
... Voor afvaltransporten werd in het verleden reeds vastgesteld dat AEO-certificaten soms werden toegekend aan bedrijven of personen die in andere landen niet aan de voorwaarden zouden voldoen (Bisschop, 2016). Verschillende van onze respondenten bevestigden dat het systeem niet waterdicht is en dat ze precies om die reden het hebben van een AEO-certificering ook niet als een betrouwbare indicator voor de afwezigheid van kwetsbaarheden voor drugs-en andere criminaliteit beschouwen. ...
... Voor afvaltransporten werd in het verleden reeds vastgesteld dat AEO-certificaten soms werden toegekend aan bedrijven of personen die in andere landen niet aan de voorwaarden zouden voldoen (Bisschop, 2016). Verschillende van onze respondenten bevestigden dat het systeem niet waterdicht is en dat ze precies om die reden het hebben van een AEO-certificering ook niet als een betrouwbare indicator voor de afwezigheid van kwetsbaarheden voor drugs-en andere criminaliteit beschouwen. ...
... Daí, afirma-se que a degradação ambiental, por vezes, dá-se de forma irreversível e irreparável, perfazendo consequências nefastas para o ambiente e a humanidade. É a permeabilidade das fronteiras contemporâneas, conexas as dimensões transnacionais em níveis econômicos, políticos e sociais (BISSCHOP, 2015;CASTRO et al., 2011). Leite et al. (2012) denomina de eventos transfronteiriços oriundos de uma sociedade de risco (BECK, 2011), alicerçada no consumo desenfreado, desperdício, ausência de ética para reconhecer limites à exploração dos recursos naturais, falta de investimento em fontes renováveis de energia e descompromisso com a educação ambiental. ...
Diante das mudanças reflexivas em torno da problemática recursos naturais versus dano ambiental, a criminologia emerge nas ciências ambientais percebendo os danos como uma relevante área de investigação criminológica. Este estudo objetivou investigar os estudos em green criminology, em nível global através do levantamento das publicações indexadas à base de dados disponíveis no Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. A pesquisa possui natureza exploratória quanto aos seus objetivos, e, bibliográfica com relação aos procedimentos utilizados. Adotou-se como estratégia para a coleta de dados critérios bibliométricos para a elaboração de inventário das produções científicas. Os resultados evidenciaram que: as publicações foram disponibilizadas em 13 bases de dados internacionais, localizando-se em até cinco bancos diferentes; artigo foi o documento com maior ocorrência, representando 46% das publicações, disponíveis em 18 periódicos indexados; três autores perfizeram 55% do número de publicações, caracterizando-se por autorias múltiplas, o que prediz percepções diversas do objeto de análise; não há entre os autores nenhum pesquisador vinculado direta ou indiretamente a departamento da administração pública dos países; geograficamente as discussões abrangeram pesquisadores de 11 países desenvolvidos; quanto a dinâmica temporal houve crescimento progressivo nas publicações a partir de 2008. Conclui-se que a ausência de estudos em green criminology encontra limites nas questões políticas-geográficas o que inibe a diversidade de percepções espaciais sobre a temática, refletindo no amadurecimento das pesquisas em relação a teoria.
... Few green criminological studies, however, focus on empirically oriented analysis of environmental crime (e.g., Clark and Rolf 2013; Derezinski, Lacy, and Stretesky 2003;Lemieux and Clarke 2009;Long et al. 2012;Lynch and Stretesky 2013;Burns 2004a, 2004b;Petrossian 2015;Petrossian and Clarke 2014;Clarke 2011, 2012;Stretesky, Long, and Lynch 2013b;Stretesky and Lynch 2011), and the neglect of empirical research by green criminologists is one of the limitations of that approach . To be sure, although green criminologists have employed qualitative analysis to establish that environmental/green crimes come in numerous forms and have produced case studies identifying some of those crimes (Bisschop 2016;Lynch 2016;Moloney and Chambliss 2014), less attention has been directed to efforts toward counting green/environmental crimes or toward studies illustrate their distribution in order to establish the scope of green/environmental offending. Outside of the green criminological literature, little criminological research has addressed environmental crime, and the majority of empirical studies on that subject employ state and federal environmental crime measures (Cohen 1992;Gibbs and Simpson 2009;O'Hear 2004;Stretesky and Gabriel 2005;Stretesky, Shelley, and Crow 2010). ...
Much of what is known about the responses to and the sentencing of environmental or green offenders comes from a limited number of studies that primarily draw on federal data maintained by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Little, however, is known about how states respond to environmental/green offenses and offenders and even less in known about how counties treat environmental offenders. The present study uses data from Fulton County, Georgia, from 1998 to 2014 to explore the kinds of crimes and responses to those crimes at the county level. This study examines the distribution of environmental crimes in Fulton County across 14 enforced offense categories and the changes in the enforcement of environmental crimes in Fulton County over time. Analyses also explore the kinds of punishments environmental offenders receive in Fulton County, the prevalence of recidivism among offenders, and the kinds of environmental offenses state agencies in Fulton County commit. Because the results from Fulton County may not be representative of how other counties in Georgia or the US respond to environmental offending, additional studies are needed to further assess this issue because there are many local environmental crimes. As studies are absent at this level of analysis, a great deal of information about green crimes and their enforcement is missing from the literature.
... Their research further demonstrates that what happens to land, air and water vis-à-vis industrial and trade processes that have polluting and waste outcomes affects the health and wellbeing of specific people and habitats (Ruggiero and South 2013a). Shifting of the problem through both legal and illegal means is one concern of green criminologists (Bisschop 2015). So, too, is the manner which traditional, non-Western and Indigenous peoples are disproportionately impacted upon by land grabs and by industrial processes outside of their own making (Gedicks 2005;White 2011). ...
... Deforestation often reflects the higher income potential of alternative land uses, such as commodity crops and ranching [1][2][3]. One reason that the income potential of forests is lower than these alternatives is that the profitability of sustainable management and harvest of timber is undercut by low timber prices due to rampant illegal logging in the tropics [4,5]. Forest certification aims to increase the value of responsibly managed forests by encouraging the market to recognize verified sustainable management of forest management units (FMUs) including compliance with regulatory frameworks, adoption of reduced-impact logging, forest stock enhancement, and respect for the rights of both workers and local people [6][7][8][9]. ...
Certification by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) remains rare among forest management units (FMUs) in natural tropical forests, presenting a challenge for impact evaluation. We demonstrate application of the synthetic control method (SCM) to evaluate the impact of FSC certification on a single FMU in each of three tropical forest landscapes. Specifically, we estimate causal effects on tree cover change from the year of certification to 2012 using SCM and open-access, pan-tropical datasets. We demonstrate that it is possible to construct synthetic controls, or weighted combinations of non-certified FMUs, that followed the same path of tree cover change as the certified FMUs before certification. By using these synthetic controls to measure counterfactual tree cover change after certification, we find that certification reduced tree cover loss in the most recent year (2012) in all three landscapes. However, placebo tests show that in one case, this effect was not significant, and in another case, it followed several years in which certification had the opposite effect (increasing tree cover loss). We conclude that SCM has promise for identifying temporally varying impacts of small-N interventions on land use and land cover change.
... As it stands, existing environmental conflicts already largely centre on the allocation and struggle over resources, accompanied by attendant crimes, and these are set to escalate as major biophysical changes continue to occur [15, 16, 17•]. For instance, every year, millions of hectares of forest are destroyed through legal logging of forest plantations and old growth forests as well as illegal logging [18]. Deforestation not only contributes to global warming; it has been estimated that deforestation accounts globally for about 12% of total human-caused greenhouse gas emissions [19,20]. ...
Purpose of Review
The object of this article is to review recent criminological writings on climate change and its implications for violence.
Recent Findings
Criminological literature tends to focus on either the negative consequences of climate change, such as for example an increase in violence due to increases in warm temperatures, or the causes of global warming, such as activities and omissions by nation-states and transnational corporations that foster ongoing carbon emissions.
Summary
The article provides insight into climate change-related crimes through the lens of criminology. It does this by examining the relationship between temperature changes and human behaviour, climate change and social strains, and the re-casting of crimes of the powerful as ecocide since they contribute to global warming. Related issues pertaining to contrarianism and the securitisation of natural resources, both of which protect and sustain particular sectional interests rather than the public interest, are also considered.
... Their research further demonstrates that what happens to land, air and water vis-à-vis industrial and trade processes that have polluting and waste outcomes affects the health and wellbeing of specific people and habitats (Ruggiero and South 2013a). Shifting of the problem through both legal and illegal means is one concern of green criminologists (Bisschop 2015). So, too, is the manner which traditional, non-Western and Indigenous peoples are disproportionately impacted upon by land grabs and by industrial processes outside of their own making (Gedicks 2005;White 2011). ...
The UN Sustainable Development Goals address a number of criminological issues. This article accounts for why criminologists should contribute to this agenda in a way that might benefit the international development community. We acknowledge a heightened risk of crime in parts of the Global South but argue criminologists should cautiously embrace this agenda as a platform for achieving human and sustainable development outcomes. Supporting this agenda means assisting with the design, implementation and evaluation of projects that contribute to safe, just and sustainable societies. From a critical standpoint, it also means challenging harmful or inappropriate initiatives and resisting attempts to capitalize on this agenda for political gain. Both modes of engagement are informed by the values of ‘caution’, ‘scepticism’ and southern epistemologies. The article then proceeds to examine three areas where criminological research can make important contributions: building safe and just societies, eliminating gender-based violence and promoting environmental justice.
... Ruggiero and South (2013: 359) describe green criminology as a 'framework of intellectual, empirical and political orientations toward primary and secondary harms, offences and crimes that impact in a damaging way on the natural environment, diverse species (human and non-human) and the planet'. A burgeoning field (see e.g., Brisman, 2014;Spapens, White and Huisman, 2016;Lynch and Stretesky, 2014;Gibbs et al., 2010;Bisschop, 2015), its research covers environmental harms (often used as a broader descriptor than strictly legal notions of 'crime'), environmental laws (applied through criminal and civil governance systems) and environmental regulation (broader law and social control systems and processes in place to govern environmental impacts) (Ruggiero and South, 2013: 359). ...
The Anthropocene may require a fundamental rethinking of safety and security. The safety and security that earth systems have provided can no longer simply be regarded as the work of Nature, and as something that we humans must simply live with. We are now revealed as a geological force that has, and is shaping these systems. And this, to invoke Klein, changes everything. And it most certainly may change, and has already begun to change, criminology, an area of enquiry whose fundamental topic has been safety and security. In this chapter, we outline some of the fundamental questions posed by the Anthropocene for criminology. To push the limits of existing criminological knowledge we ask:
• What has already been achieved in criminology and what remains unanswered for confronting the key intractable problems of the Anthropocene?
• What might criminology be in the Anthropocene?
• What does the Anthropocene suggest for future theory and practice of criminology more generally?
We synthesise key generalisable lessons and insights from leading thinkers and respond to the questions we have posed above.
... Because forest crimes -and wildlife crimes -are currently not a priority for most countries, they often remain overlooked and poorly understood (UNODC, 2012). Criminologist Lieselot Bisschop (2015) analysed the social organization of illegal timber trade focusing particularly on the legal-illegal interfaces, the role of trade hubs like important timber importing ports, and the facilitating role of transit countries like China and Singapore . Bisschop was told by policymakers that some ...
... 1 It should be noted that the three core agencies are even more prominent when the environmental crime is situated within the context of transnational environmental crime. See, for example,Baldwin et al., 2015;Bisschop, 2015; Wyatt, 2013. 2 Examples of a geospatial location would be within a marine protected area or relating to something like Australia's Great Barrier Reef. 3 See www.epa.vic.gov.au. 4 The issue of strong identification with agency mission and individual practitioner/professional role sets environmental protection agency staff apart from staff in environmental commodity agencies and hybrid environmental agencies. For more detailed explanation and analysis, see Emison and Morris, 2012. ...
It is unlikely that any new regulatory regime will involve the establishment of a completely new regulatory institution. Instead, regulatory responsibility is more often apportioned to an existing institution, or several institutions within a portfolio that most closely match the subject matter of the regulatory regime in question. This article therefore offers guidance less for those involved in the initial policy design phase, and more for those engaged in implementation and operational policy, as well as those with review and reform agendas. In emphasising these policy and policy-like elements, the article takes as its lead the argument made by the New Zealand Productivity Commission and the New Zealand government that the traditional emphasis of review and reform efforts on regulatory design has acted to the detriment of implementation and better regulatory practice.
This anthology examines different dimensions of illicit commodity flows and asks how they can be understood through a geographical lens that looks from the Global South to Europe. By applying a supply chain perspective, it generates insights into how illegal, grey and legal markets merge at certain points in the production chain. This volume seeks to promote a holistic view through a ‘thick description’ of the specific flows and develops practical policy recommendations. It brings together contributions from authors from a wide range of backgrounds, including international scholars, journalists and specialists in both law enforcement and development cooperation. With contributions by Lorenzo Bagnoli; Stefan Bauchwitz, PhD; Dr. Dyhia Belhabib; Daniel Brombacher, Inga Carry; Peter Fabricius; Prof. Dr. Gerardo Damonte; Dr. Nhomsai Hagen, PhD; Dr. Cathrin Hauk, PhD; Prof. Dr. Lutz Heide, PhD; Prof. Dr. Philippe Le Billon, PhD; Prof. Dr. Günther Maihold; Fatjona Mejdini; Dr. Melanie Müller; Dr. Bettina Schorr; Jan Schubert; Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki; Dr. Leopold von Carlowitz and Dr. Judith Vorrath.
This anthology examines different dimensions of illicit commodity flows and asks how they can be understood through a geographical lens that looks from the Global South to Europe. By applying a supply chain perspective, it generates insights into how illegal, grey and legal markets merge at certain points in the production chain. This volume seeks to promote a holistic view through a ‘thick description’ of the specific flows and develops practical policy recommendations. It brings together contributions from authors from a wide range of backgrounds, including international scholars, journalists and specialists in both law enforcement and development cooperation. With contributions by Lorenzo Bagnoli; Stefan Bauchwitz, PhD; Dr. Dyhia Belhabib; Daniel Brombacher, Inga Carry; Peter Fabricius; Prof. Dr. Gerardo Damonte; Dr. Nhomsai Hagen, PhD; Dr. Cathrin Hauk, PhD; Prof. Dr. Lutz Heide, PhD; Prof. Dr. Philippe Le Billon, PhD; Prof. Dr. Günther Maihold; Fatjona Mejdini; Dr. Melanie Müller; Dr. Bettina Schorr; Jan Schubert; Ina Tessnow-von Wysocki; Dr. Leopold von Carlowitz and Dr. Judith Vorrath.
The empirical link between governance and illegal logging is widely accepted amongst scientist, although a minority still purports that illegal logging does not necessarily prevail because of poor governance. However, the nexus linking governance, illegal logging and carbon emission is not well enshrined in scientific literature. This paper seeks to review the literature on illegal logging and governance and empirically investigate the effect of illegal logging and governance effectiveness on carbon emission. Using panel dynamic ordinary least square method on data covering three Congo Basin timber-producing countries and three Asian timber-producing countries, this paper further investigates disaggregated effects between these two groups of countries. The empirical evidence underscores that Congo Basin timber-producing countries are characterised by increasing trend of illegal logging, poor governance effectiveness and corruption. Panel regression reveals a positive and significant impact of illegal logging, governance effectiveness and corruption on carbon emission. Asian producing countries depict a reducing trend in illegal logging and improvements in governance and corruption. There is a positive but not significant impact of illegal logging on carbon emission, and governance effectiveness reduces carbon emission. Thus, the dynamics of governance, illegal logging and carbon emission is not the same between timber-producing countries in Asia and Congo producing counties, thus suggesting the ability of institutions to curb illegal logging and enforce laws to reduce the effects of carbon emission. Multi-stakeholder consultations, government engagement, partnerships and training of control staff can help curb corruption. Legality checks should go beyond having legal documents to effectively check and control of timber concessions and small-scale logging.
While governments develop formal and informal structures or 'networks' to promote collaboration between governmental departments and agencies, there remains uncertainty on how to set up and develop cyber security networks. The latter is demonstrated when taking recent developments in the field of cyber security in Belgium into consideration. The 2012 decision to create the Belgian cyber security centre seems to entail a move towards a 'Weberian' hierarchical network coordination approach rather than the development of a cyber security network organisation. This article claims that - as the threats of cyber are becoming more complex - there is a growing need for governmental agencies to expand horizontal coordination mechanisms. From this follows, the growing demand for criminological research into the managerial aspects of cyber security networks. Generating knowledge on how to manage networks is required as the latter is not only decisive for the effectiveness and efficiency of cyber security networks but also contributes to the overall network cyber security governance.
Este libro nació como respuesta a la comprensión crítica de que si bien la
criminología verde ha crecido en cuanto a su ámbito de interés y orientación,
el campo de la criminología verde (si de hecho se puede hablar de un campo)
todavía está restringido en su alcance y potencial de colaboración y discusión,
pues es principalmente practicada por estudiosos en Australia, Europa y
América del Norte, y sus publicaciones están escritas casi exclusivamente en
inglés. Por esta razón, durante el congreso anual de la Sociedad Americana
de Criminología (asc, por sus siglas en inglés), en noviembre de 2014, en San
Francisco, varios miembros del Grupo Internacional de Trabajo en Criminología
Verde (igcwg, por sus siglas en inglés) discutieron las limitaciones inherentes
a una criminología verde que no es bien conocida en América Latina ni en los
países hispanoparlantes en general. Por tanto, este libro tiene el objetivo de
presentar la criminología verde al mundo de habla española como un intento
de impulsar el establecimiento de un diálogo amplio con un número extenso
de académicos internacionales y así crear nuevas vías de colaboración internacional.
Junto a este libro, un texto en inglés (Goyes, Mol, Brisman y South,
2017), titulado Environmental crime in Latin America: The theft of nature
and poisoning of the land [Crimen ambiental en América Latina: el robo de
la naturaleza y el envenenamiento de la tierra], constituye otro proyecto que
busca resaltar los problemas ambientales sufridos en América Latina y hacer
hincapié en la necesidad de escuchar y aprender de las voces, conocimientos,
perspectivas y cosmovisiones de las comunidades locales afectadas a lo largo
de América Latina por la degradación ambiental.
In diesem Kapitel geht es um die kulturelle Dimension dessen, was als politische Ökonomie bezeichnet wird. Damit ist die Wechselwirkung zwischen Politik und Ökonomie gemeint – und deren (politik-)wissenschaftliche Analyse. Als Internationale Politische Ökonomie (IPÖ) bezeichnet man die Analyse dieser Zusammenhänge auf inter- und trans-nationaler Ebene, also grenzüberschreitend zwischen Staaten und zwischen nicht-staatlichen Akteuren (wie Firmen, aber auch [Gruppen von] Individuen).
Die meisten Privathaushalte teilen sich ihr Einkommen zu 100 Prozent. Bayern zahlt als derzeit finanzstärkstes Bundesland mehr als 10 Prozent seines Landeshaushaltes in den (bis ins Jahr 2020 bestehenden) Länderfinanzausgleich. Deutschland wendet etwa 1 Prozent seines Bundeshaushaltes für bilaterale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit auf.
This chapter examines how e-waste’waste from electronic and electrical equipment’poses a challenge for environmental governance. It is estimated that the amount of e-waste generated globally every year will reach about 72“billion” tonnes by 2017. This chapter discusses how e-waste is a challenge for the control of illegal trade as well as for the prevention of environmental harm. By focusing on the role of state, corporate, and civil society actors, insights are gained into the strengths and limitations of the governance framework. This suggests the need for reflection about both practical and theoretical implications that arise for environmental governance.
This article begins by providing a brief overview of environmental crime in the Asia and Pacific, highlighting its complexity, varying dimensions and transnational nature. It acknowledges the difficulties in responding to organised criminal groups that operate with flexible modus operandi to commit such crimes. The paper then discusses the importance of the National Environmental Security Taskforce approach, a model developed by INTERPOL to tackle environmental crimes. Collaboration and cooperation, within and between government and non-government organisations, are conceptualised as having a possibly positive ‘panopticon effect’ that has implications for responding to both organised criminal networks and state corruption in this domain.
This article examines how e-waste – waste from electronic and electrical equipment – poses a challenge for environmental governance. The amount of e-waste generated globally has been estimated to reach about 72 billion tons annually by 2017. This article discusses how e-waste challenges the control of illegal trade as well as the prevention of environmental harms. By focusing on the role of state, corporate and civil society actors, insights are gained into the strengths and limitations of the governance framework. These suggest the need for reflection about both practical and theoretical implications that arise for environmental governance.
This is the first article to propose the need for, and to discuss the scope of green criminology.
In "Nodal security in the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp" the authors explore the differences and similarities between the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp in the way an integrated approach, the nodal approach of security, has been moulded. The authors clarify the concepts of the nodal orientation, of nodal strategies and of nodal security governance. They describe the way in which the key players in the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp (port authorities, customs and the police) have put these concepts into practice and the governance-like structures that have evolved out of their mutual cooperation.
In this PhD study the interface between legal governments and corporations on the one hand, and transnational criminals at the other hand, is analysed in depth. In the first part of the book, a typology of interfaces is developed that can be used to describe interfaces between legal and illegal actors. Furthermore, an analytical model, the so-called lockmodel, is developed with which the ‘ laundering’ of all kinds of transnational crime can be understood. The analysis is based on the literature on transnational crime as well as a range of case-studies. The case studies include e.g. individual arms traffickers, commercial banks, intelligence agencies, charities, bank secrecy jurisdictions etc. The second part of the book discusses the results of an empirical study of the illicit art and antiquities trade that was part of the PhD project and which has hardly been studied before by criminologists. With the collected data, the use of the typology and lockmodel is looked at. It shows that the laundering of stolen art and antiquities can be understood by the lockmodel that was developed on the basis of other crimes. Finally, an extensive overview of the illicit art and antiquities trade is provided.
Over the past three decades, an on-going debate has developed around the ways and extent to which the hierarchical, state-led provision of security and policing has been displaced by a move toward a polycentric, network-oriented mode of governance. This paper, firstly, analytically reconstructs the debate, suggesting that it is characterised by descriptive concordance, explanatory confluence, and normative dissonance. In other words, the major area of contention has been around the social and political implications of the State's decentring by a networked provision of security, a transition that is accepted as having actually taken place. It is argued, secondly, that the debate has neglected to some considerable extent the inherent functional (as opposed to normative) limitations of networked governance, and that all parties to the debate may have been somewhat precipitous in accepting that such modes for delivering security can be functionally efficacious. Drawing on social theoretical explorations of 'governance failure', I identify three distinctive failure tendencies inherent in nodal networks, and evaluate their implications for the wider debate on the future of security provision.
Despite decades of policy experimentation, the ultimate goal of efficient and effective environmental regulation has continued to elude policy-makers and regulatory theorists. The less than satisfactory performance of both government and market approaches to environmental protection has led to the introduction of a broader range of policy mechanisms, such as education, information-based strategies, economic instruments and self-regulation. Yet these various policy instruments are usually treated as alternatives to one another rather than as complementary. Drawing from studies in North America, Europe and Australia, the authors show how the design of complementary combinations of policy instruments, tailored to particular environmental goals and circumstances, will produce more effective and efficient policy outcomes. They also confront the critical problem of how, at a time of fiscal constraint and small government, environmental policy might still be designed in ways that improve outcomes both for the environment and for business.
We begin this paper by reviewing some recent transformations in governance. We then propose three new concepts that we believe assist us in coming to terms with these transformations and the political statuses that have emerged as part of them. These concepts are ‘nodal governance’, ‘denizens’, and ‘communal space’. Following this we will explore the normative implications of nodal governance as it has taken shape to date, with an emphasis on the ‘governance disparity’ that is paralleling the ‘wealth disparity’ across the globe. In response to this disparity, we will end with an outline of a normative vision and practical programme aimed at deepening democracy in poor areas of South Africa, Argentina, and elsewhere. We will argue that the main virtue of nodal governance, namely, the emphasis on local capacity and knowledge can be retrieved, reaffirmed, and reinstitutionalized in ways that enhance the self-direction of poor communities while strengthening their ‘collective capital’.
The article explores the nature of surveillance and crime control as they enter the sphere of global governance. Taking the European Union (EU) as a point of departure, it examines the relationship between surveillance and sovereignty, and looks more broadly at the role that transnational surveillance and crime control play in constructing a particular type of globally divided polity. Transnational surveillance practices are increasingly addressing a public which is no longer defined exclusively as the citizenry of the nation state, nor are all European citizens entitled to the privileges of such citizenship. Through the notions of bona fide global citizens and ‘crimmigrant’ others the article details how the seeming universality of citizenship is punctuated by novel categories of globally included and excluded populations, thus revealing the inadequacy of the traditional liberal language of citizenship as the springboard for articulating a critical discourse of rights.
Examines the export of hazardous wastes to poor communities of color around the world and charts the global social movements that challenge them.
Every year, nations and corporations in the “global North” produce millions of tons of toxic waste. Too often this hazardous material—inked to high rates of illness and death and widespread ecosystem damage—is exported to poor communities of color around the world. In Resisting Global Toxics, David Naguib Pellow examines this practice and charts the emergence of transnational environmental justice movements to challenge and reverse it. Pellow argues that waste dumping across national boundaries from rich to poor communities is a form of transnational environmental inequality that reflects North/South divisions in a globalized world, and that it must be theorized in the context of race, class, nation, and environment. Building on environmental justice studies, environmental sociology, social movement theory, and race theory, and drawing on his own research, interviews, and participant observations, Pellow investigates the phenomenon of global environmental inequality and considers the work of activists, organizations, and networks resisting it. He traces the transnational waste trade from its beginnings in the 1980s to the present day, examining global garbage dumping, the toxic pesticides that are the legacy of the Green Revolution in agriculture, and today's scourge of dumping and remanufacturing high tech and electronics products. The rise of the transnational environmental movements described in Resisting Global Toxics charts a pragmatic path toward environmental justice, human rights, and sustainability.
http://johnbraithwaite.com/monographs/
http://johnbraithwaite.com/monographs/
Introduction Governance, treated as a social function centered on efforts to steer or guide societies toward collectively beneficial outcomes and away from outcomes that are collectively harmful, is one of the great issues of every era. Thomas Hobbes, writing in the midst of the civil strife and turmoil of mid-seventeenth-century England emphasized the need to establish and maintain order (Hobbes 1660/1999). He assumed that individuals would engage in a struggle for power, concluded that life in the absence of effective regulatory arrangements would degenerate into a war of all against all, and called for the adoption of a social contract granting far-reaching authority – and the capacity to exercise it – to a central government. Writing during a period of political reform and economic prosperity in the second half of the eighteenth century, Adam Smith took a different tack (Smith 1776/1937). He started from the premise that individuals seek to enhance their own welfare and counted on the operation of the market to solve many coordination problems. Nevertheless, he assigned to governance the role of providing a stable system of rights and rules needed to allow commerce to flourish and to avoid or manage business cycles and financial fluctuations. Approaching these issues in the aftermath of the imperial wars that dominated European politics in the early years of the nineteenth century, Peter Kropotkin emphasized the dangers arising from the actions of powerful governments and came to believe in the virtues of anarchy (Kropotkin 1902/1986).
Crimes Against Nature provides a systematic account and analysis of the key concerns of green criminology, written by one of the leading authorities in the field. The book draws upon the disciplines of environmental studies, environmental sociology and environmental management as well as criminology and socio-legal studies, and draws upon a wide range of examples of crimes against the environment – ranging from toxic waste, logging, wildlife smuggling, bio-piracy, the use and transport of ozone depleting substances through to illegal logging and fishing, water pollution and animal abuse.
At the centre of eco-global criminology is analysis of transnational environmental crime. This includes crimes related to pollution (of air, water and land) and crimes against wildlife (including illegal trade in ivory as well as live animals). It also includes those harms that pose threats to the environment more generally (such as global warming). In addressing these issues, the book deals with topics such as the conceptualization of environmental crime or harm, the researching of transnational environmental harm, climate change and social conflict, threats to biodiversity, toxic waste and the transference of harm, prosecution and sentencing of environmental crimes, and environmental victimization and transnational activism.
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One: Introduction. Two: Regulation and Context. Three: Exploring Death at Work. Four: Operationalizing Virtue: The Responses to Death. Five: Preliminary Responses, Coping or Denial. Six: Business Cultures: Consensus and Conflict. Seven: What Constrains Virtue? The Role of Size and Position in the Contracting Hierarchy. Eight: How is Virtue Produced? The Role of Law and Law Enforcement. Nine: The Broad Context of Response: Competing Demand and Prospects for the Future. Ten: Conclusion. Index
An increasingly common regulatory tool is one that delegates the duty to provide information to the regulated entities, creating new problems in principal-agency models of regulation. Failure to comply with regulations mandating information provision is as much due to ignorance of reporting requirements as to willful evasion. A modified detection controlled estimation model for coverage, violation, and detection of facility compliance with the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory, estimated for facilities in Minnesota in 1991. Violation is better understood by those variables associated with the likelihood that the firm is ignorant of TRI reporting requirements, than by those associated with evasion. Firms in violation tend to be small facilities, releasing or transferring small amounts of toxins to the environment.
Les déchets dangereux comportent des risques liés à leur élimination, à leur mise en décharge et à leur transport, notamment par voie maritime. Un commerce de déchets dangereux vers les pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest a été mis à jour au début des années 1980, poussant l’Union européenne à légiférer. En 1989, la convention de Bâle sur les mouvements transfrontières de déchets dangereux a été le premier cadre contraignant relatif à ce phénomène. Plusieurs autres réglementations ont ensuite vu le jour, dont la convention MARPOL pour la prévention de la pollution des mers par les navires. En 2006, le Probo Koala, un navire en provenance d’Amsterdam, débarque des déchets dangereux à Abidjan, engendrant de graves répercussions sanitaires, économiques et écologiques. Des années auparavant, les Pays-Bas et la Côte d’Ivoire avaient pourtant ratifié les divers instruments internationaux relatifs aux déchets dangereux et à la prévention de la pollution par les navires. Le cas Probo Koala relève-t-il d’une violation de la législation ? Peut-on concevoir une explication plus complexe ? En étudiant ce cas, Delphine Denoiseux aborde les facteurs qui expliquent l’émergence du transfert de déchets des pays développés vers l’Afrique. Elle analyse les notions de « déchet » et de « déchet dangereux ». Elle rassemble les données relatives aux transferts transfrontières de déchets et montre les difficultés que posent la collecte de ces données et leur interprétation. Elle se penche enfin sur les incohérences qui existent entre les conventions internationales sur les transferts de déchets dangereux et sur les transports maritimes.
Centrum voor Milieu-en Energierecht U.Gent TMR 2010/2 1 Met dank aan het IWT voor financiering in het kader van het SBO-project "Environmental law enforcement: a comparison of practice in the criminal and the administrative tracks" (2007-2011) (projectpromotor: Prof. Dr. Luc Lavrysen; projectauteur en -coördinator: Dr. Carole M. Billiet). Projectwebsite: www.environmental-lawforce.be.
Research Summary
Business transactions have increasingly been crossing national borders, thereby presenting greater opportunities for white‐collar crime and for the externalization of risk. The global economic crisis, resulting in part from the subprime mortgage scandal, is a prime example of this potential. To develop theoretical perspectives and practical interventions to prevent and respond to the global financial crisis, we consider similar issues of risk and white‐collar crime associated with global transactions in electronic waste (E‐waste).
Policy Implications
Smart (or responsive) regulation is a promising approach for addressing both E‐waste and the current economic crisis. This response includes crime prevention, third‐party‐ and self‐regulation, and the threat of strong state intervention. Future research should explore the extent to which smart regulation reduces specific forms of white‐collar crime and risk, as well as whether these interventions generalize to other transnational problems.
This article sketches out three broad philosophical frameworks relating to the human/environment nexus—the anthropocentric, biocentric and ecocentric perspectives. It is argued that acknowledgement of these different perspectives is essential in any analysis of environmental harm. To illustrate the importance of an `ecological imagination', each philosophy is considered in relation to the regulation and use of old-growth forest.