Lista comentada de las aves de Guatemala - Annotated checklist of the birds of Guatemala.
Abstract
The most authoritative, detailed, and updated checklist of the 725 bird species recorded in Guatemala. Also includes information about status, habitats and endemic species, along with detailed distribution maps, information on species to watch for and species of special concern.
... residency status of birds in Guatemala. A total of 725 bird species was reported for Guatemala up to 2006 (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007). Reports were hypothetical for 42 of these species, i.e. without specimen, photographic or audio documentation. ...
... To identify changes to the status of Guatemalan bird species since the publication of Lista comentada de las aves de Guatemala / Annotated checklist of the birds of Guatemala (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007), we reviewed our own unpublished notes up to May 2018, as well as published records and online databases from the period 2005-17. Observations are the authors' own unless otherwise stated. ...
... Formerly restricted to southern Guatemala (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007) but has expanded in recent decades and is now common in deforested parts of dpto. Petén, including around Lago Petén Itzá and the south of Parque Nacional Laguna del Tigre (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007). ...
We present an update on the status and distribution of birds in Guatemala relative to a previous summary (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007) and based upon a review of new published and unpublished records. During the period 2006 to 2017, 50 species were first documented in Guatemala. Another 11 species were reported for the first time but without verifiable documentation. Breeding was newly confirmed for 58 species. Noteworthy observations, including range extensions, are summarised for 131 species. The Guatemalan avifauna now comprises 758 species of which 23 lack documentation. Of the 758 species, 509 breed in Guatemala, 240 are non-breeding visitors, transients or vagrants, and the status of nine is uncertain.
... Endemism in birds is sometimes defined to areas <50,000 km 2 (Terborgh and Winter 1983;Bibby et al. 1992;Wege and Long 1995;Stattersfield et al. 1998). Two of the owl species of Guatemala have a restricted range: bearded screech owl (Megascops barbarus), restricted to the Atlantic slope highlands of Guatemala and the Mexican state of König et al. (2008) b Subspecies in Guatemala: see species accounts in the text, nomenclature according to Dickinson and Remsen (2013) c Residency status according to Eisermann and Avendaño (2007) and recent data: R-breeding resident, r-resident, breeding presumed, V-non-breeding visitor, vagMmigratory vagrant d Ornithogeographic region: A-Atlantic slope lowlands, H-highlands >1,000 m, P-Pacific slope lowlands e Habitat: A-open and agricultural area, Fc-coniferous forest (including pine plantations), Fm-mixed coniferous/broadleaf forest, Fb-broadleaf forest, S-scrub (including arid forest, thorn scrub, and secondary growth scrub), P-permanent plantations with shade trees (coffee and cardamom plantations), U-urban area f Vulnerability according to Eisermann and Avendaño (2006) and recent data. Categories and criteria according to IUCN (2003IUCN ( , 2012a: LC-Least Concern: Common and widely distributed species which does not qualify under the Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Near Threatened categories. ...
... Recently it has been recorded at Montaña Guaxac, dpto. Alta Verapaz (Eisermann and Avendaño 2007); in Reserva Chelemhá, dpto. Alta Verapaz (Eisermann and Avendaño 2015); at Cerro El Amay, dpto. ...
... Quetzaltenango, Volcán Candelaria (J. Berry inEisermann and Avendaño 2007), Volcán Santo Tomás-Zunil (J. Berry inEisermann and Avendaño 2015), and San Carlos Sija(Eisermann and Avendaño 2015); dpto. ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-57108-9_13
This compilation of recent data on the distribution, ecology, and conservation status of owls (Strigiformes) in Guatemala is based on an extensive literature review and numerous unpublished observations. Twenty species of owls have been recorded in Guatemala, of which 18 are resident. Breeding has been reported for 17 species, and it is assumed for one species. Two species are considered rare or accidental nonbreeding visitors to Guatemala during the northern winter. Guatemala’s region with the highest species richness in owls is the highlands, where 17 species have been recorded. Twelve species have been recorded in the Pacific slope lowlands and 13 species in the Atlantic slope lowlands. We analyzed the data in the presence and relative abundance of owls from 105 sites from 1989 to 2016. According to the weighted mean value of the relative abundance index across three ornithogeographic regions, the most common owls in the country are (abundance ranking in descending order): Mexican wood owl (Strix squamulata), Ridgway’s pygmy owl (Glaucidium ridgwayi), Guatemalan screech owl (Megascops guatemalae), black-and-white owl (Strix nigrolineata), American barn owl (Tyto furcata), Central American pygmy owl (Glaucidium griseiceps), Guatemalan pygmy owl (Glaucidium cobanense), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), fulvous owl (Strix fulvescens), unspotted saw-whet owl (Aegolius ridgwayi), whiskered screech owl (Megascops trichopsis), crested owl (Lophostrix cristata), and Pacific screech owl (Megascops cooperi). Guatemala has an adequate legal framework to protect owl species (32% of the country is legally protected), but the conservation is not efficient, causing threats to owl populations. Of 18 resident owl species, 12 are forest specialists. In a vulnerability assessment applying IUCN Red List criteria on a national level, one species has been evaluated as Critically Endangered (CR), one as Endangered (EN), nine as Vulnerable (VU), five as Near Threatened (NT), two as Least Concern (LC), and two as not applicable. Habitat alterations through agriculture, mining, and oil drilling are the main threats. Of the remaining forests, 14% (5500 km²) were lost from 2000 to 2010, and the pressure on natural habitat will further increase. In addition, owls in Guatemala are threatened by direct persecution because of popular superstitions. The network of 21 Important Bird Areas (IBA) in Guatemala includes populations of all owl species. Three species have been recorded in at least 10 IBAs, 12 species in 5–9 IBAs, 4 in 2–4 IBAs, and 1 species in only one IBA. We consider the increase of the education level among the Guatemalan society the main key to protect habitats within the IBAs. A higher level of education would help to slow down population growth, increase environmental awareness, and consequently diminish pressure on natural areas.
... A total of 725 species have been recorded in Guatemala, of which 487 reproduce in the country and 238 are non-breeding, including Neartic or Neotropical migratory species and vagrants (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007). One species, Atitlan Grebe (Podilymbus gigas), was endemic to Lago Atitlán and is now considered extinct (Hunter 1988, BirdLife International 2007. ...
... In Guatemala, the most symbolic case is that of Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) which was common on the Pacific and Atlantic slopes in the 19th century. Today, the species is extirpated on the Pacific slope and is present in only a few areas on the Atlantic slope (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007). The most serious threat to bird populations is habitat alteration. ...
... GT004, GT010, GT005, GT006, GT007, GT009, GT010, GT012, GT013, GT014, GT015, GT016, GT018 GT005, GT015 GT001, GT004, GT005, GT007, GT008, GT010, GT011, GT012, GT015, GT016, GT018 GT011, GT014, GT021 GT001 GT001, GT007, GT008, GT010, GT011, GT012, GT014, GT018 GT001, GT007, GT008, GT011, GT012, GT014, GT015, GT018, GT021 (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007): ex -locally extirpated, with indication of previous status in brackets; H -hypothetical record; R -breeding resident; r -presumed breeding resident; P -passage; V -non-breeding visitor; vagM -migratory vagrant, -status uncertain. Species dependent on mature forest are marked with an asterisk (*). 2 In the most recent evaluation by BirdLife International (2008), this species has been downlisted to Least Concern (LC). ...
... The Azure-rumped Tanager Tangara cabanisi is a species of restricted range occurring in the Pacific slope mountains of Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico, where it has been reported from a narrow altitudinal belt between 1,000 and 1,700 m (Parker et al. 1976, Hilty and Simon 1977, Vannini 1989, Heath and Long 1991, Cooper 2003, Tenez 2005, Valdez et al. 1999, Eisermann and Avendaño 2006, 2007a. South of Lake Atitlán it was first reported in the Pachuj Reserve in 1999, later also in the Los Andes Reserve in 2000 (Eisermann and Avendaño 2006), and in the Los Tarrales Reserve in 2004 (Jones 2004). ...
... To determine habitat use by Azure-rumped Tanagers, we conducted counts along trails in the neighbouring private nature reserves Los Tarrales, Los Andes, and San Jerónimo Miramar, department Suchitepéquez, where the species had been recorded previously (Eisermann and Avendaño 2007a). The rectangle encompassing all trails had a size of 1,950 ha (geographic coordinates of the centre point of the rectangle: 14º 32' N 91º 10' W; Figure 1) ...
... Therefore the type specimen had most likely been collected in the upper part of the former Costa Cuca area. After the type specimen of Azure-rumped Tanager was collected in the 19th century, only recently have additional localities been reported in the modern department of Quetzaltenango (Heath and Long 1991, Cooper 2003, Eisermann and Avendaño 2006, 2007a. This study documents an expansion of the altitudinal (860-1,900 m) and longitudinal range (east The Azure-rumped Tanager has been reported previously from humid broadleaf forest and also from coffee plantations (Dietsch 2000, BirdLife International 2008. ...
The Azure-rumped Tanager Tangara cabanisi is a globally threatened species restricted to the Pacific slope mountains of western Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico. We studied the habitat use of this tanager on the southern slope of Atitlán volcano, department Suchitepéquez, Guatemala, applying distance sampling along transects in humid broadleaf forest and coffee plantations. The tanager was recorded in both habitat types, but encounter rates were significantly greater in broadleaf forest. The estimated density of tanagers in forest at 1,400–1,900 m was 33–93 birds km−2. Tanagers were recorded mainly in the upper vegetation strata of forest and shade coffee plantations. In coffee plantations tanagers used mainly tall solitary trees or the canopy of shade trees, which were dominated by Inga spp. The number of observations of feeding tanagers in Ficus aurea (Moraceae) indicated a high importance of this food source. The density of F. aurea trees and the encounter rate of tanagers were positively correlated. From 1987 to 2009 tanagers have been recorded at nine topographic units and a total of 16 sites in Guatemala, in the departments of San Marcos, Quetzaltenango, Sololá, Suchitepéquez, and Chimaltenango. We analysed the available habitat for tanagers in the potential area of distribution (1,170 km2), ranging from 900 to 1,900 m altitude and from the Mexican border in the West to the municipality of Pochuta in the East. Broadleaf forest covers 250 km2 or 21% of the potential area of distribution, and coffee plantations cover 800 km2 or 68%. Assuming that population density in prime habitat throughout the potential distribution range is similar to our study area at Atitlán volcano, total tanager population in Guatemala is estimated to be 8,250–23,250 birds. Our findings support the maintenance of the IUCN Red List status of Endangered EN B1a+b(ii,iii,v). To enhance the available habitat for Azure-rumped Tanager, we propose alterations in the shade management of coffee plantations, supported by incentives and certification programmes.
... Plumage coloration and morphology are variable, and currently three populations are often recognised as separate species from Savannah Sparrow: Belding's Sparrow P. guttatus, Large-billed Sparrow P. rostratus and San Benito Sparrow P. sanctorum, all in southern California and north-west Mexico (Rising 2010(Rising , 2011. In Guatemala, Savannah Sparrow is a rare winter visitor, as well as a local resident (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007). Resident Savannah Sparrows in the Guatemalan highlands have been described as P. s. wetmorei, which have darker upperparts than birds from the nearest resident population in the Mexican highlands (van Rossem 1938, Hubbard 1974. ...
... Repeated observations of the species in the Sierra Los Cuchumatanes, dpto. Huehuetenango, in western Guatemala, during the boreal autumn to spring period, from September to May (Eisermann & Avendaño 2007;pers. obs.), could not be assigned to resident or migratory populations. ...
We report the discovery of a resident population of Savannah Sparrows Passerculus sandwichensis wetmorei in grassland on a high plateau of the Sierra Los Cuchumatanes in western Guatemala. We observed a nest containing a nestling, and 11 fledglings of other breeding pairs in July 2016, which represent the first confirmation of the species nesting south-east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, c.700 km from the nearest known breeding locality in central Mexico. We provide the first description of juvenile plumage for this subspecies. Furthermore, we describe the song of P. sandwichensis wetmorei for the first time, which is similar in structure and signal characteristics to that of northern populations. Based on transects, we estimate a population density of 0.7-4.3 adults / ha in the study area, in the Parque Regional Municipal Todos Santos Cuchumatán, which is similar to published data from the USA and Canada. This is the first documentation of P. sandwichensis wetmorei since the type specimens were collected more than 100 years ago.
... In addition to standardised counts, casual observations were recorded over 153 hours. Ten days were spent in upper cloud forest >2,000 m, which is considered appropriate Horned Guan habitat 11 . ...
... Based on general patterns of bird distribution in Guatemala 11,19 , the 259 species recorded above 1,000 in 2010-11 represent 87% of those potentially occurring in the area >1,000 m, and 52% of the species potentially occurring in the IBA including lowland species and waterbirds. Many of the potentially occurring lowland species and species restricted to wetland habitats are yet to be recorded, because our surveys were focused above 1,000 m. ...
El Área Importante para la Conservación de Aves Cerro El Amay (IBA GT006) en el departamento de Quiché, Guatemala, incluye más de 250 km2 de bosque húmedo latifoliado, lo que representa el segundo bosque nuboso más extenso en Guatemala. La avifauna del bosque nuboso en la altitud de 1.000-2.600 m, así como de áreas agrícolas en esta elevación y de bosque de pino, fue investigada usando búsquedas intensivas diurnas y nocturnas a lo largo de transectos con estimación de distancia perpendicular, de octubre 2010 a abril 2011. Durante los conteos y observaciones casuales se registraron 265 especies de aves, representando un 89% de las especies esperadas según patrones generales de distribución de aves en Guatemala. La riqueza de especies de aves residentes y de aves migratorias neotropicales fue mayor en bosque nuboso de 1.000-1.800 m de altitud comparado con bosque nuboso de 1.800-2.600 m. De acuerdo a la tasa de detección a lo largo de los transectos con una truncación de datos en la distancia perpendicular de 40 m, las especies más abundantes en bosque nuboso de 1.000-1.800 m fueron Cardellina pusilla, Henicorhina leucosticta, Chlorospingus ophthalmicus, Basileuterus culicivorus y Myadestes unicolor, y en bosque nuboso de 1.800-2.600 m fueron C. ophthalmicus, C. pusilla, H. leucophrys, Zimmerius villisimus y Turdus infuscatus. Para las especies comunes se calculó la preferencia de hábitat según el promedio de la tasa de detección en los transectos. Para las cinco especies más abundantes, se calculó la densidad de población y abundancia absoluta. La densidad de la migratoria C. pusilla fue 3,7 individuos / ha (95% intervalo de confianza: 2,2-6,2) en bosque nuboso de 1.800-2.600 m, y de 4,4 individuos / ha (2,9-6,7) en bosque nuboso de 1.000-1.800 m. Según la extensión de ambos tipos de bosque, se estimó la población total de esta especie con 68.330 individuos (43.580-107.500). Considerando los individuos adicionales en áreas abiertas, áreas <1.000 m, y el recambio de individuos durante la migración, se asume que el IBA Cerro El Amay apoya >1% de la población global de C. pusilla. Los búhos (Strigiformes) más comunes de 1.000-1.800 m fueron Ciccaba virgata y Megascops guatemalae, y de 1.800-2.600 m fueron Strix fulvescens y Megascops barbarus. En el siglo XIX, Oreophasis derbianus fue registrado como poco común en el Cerro El Amay. En un esfuerzo de búsqueda de 18 días en hábitat apropiado de 2008-11 la especie no pudo ser reconfirmada para este IBA. La especie seguramente ya no es poco común en el área, pero es posible que todavía exista en secciones del bosque nuboso aún no investigadas. Este estudio identifica el Cerro El Amay como uno de los IBAs más importantes en Guatemala por el número de especies claves que alberga.
... Approximately 70 species of shorebirds of the families Charadriidae, Haematopodidae, Recurvirostridae, and Scolopacidae have been recorded in the New World (Hayman et al. 1986) and 42 species are reported in Guatemala, but evidence for nesting is known for only two species, the Collared Plover and the Blacknecked Stilt (Eisermann and Avendaño 2007; scientific names of all recorded species appear in Table 1). Much of the current knowledge about shorebird distribution in Guatemala is based on historic data (Salvin andGodman 1879-1904;Griscom 1932;Saunders 1950). ...
... The increase of abundance in summer (Table 1) may indicate local migration movements of Collared Plovers. Black-necked Stilt, American Oystercatcher, and Wilson's Plover breed in northern Central America (Komar 1998;Eisermann and Avendaño 2007), but no nesting evidence was observed in Punta de Manabique. As expected, species richness and abundance was higher in the EAST, because several large river mouths and coastal lagoons provide better feeding habitat. ...
The Punta de Manabique Wildlife Refuge in the inner Gulf of Honduras, Guatemala, was surveyed for shorebirds from August 2000 to June 2001. Shorebirds were counted along beaches, coastal lagoons and river mouths. A total of 25 species was recorded. Species richness and abundance were highest in a zone where several river mouths and coastal lagoons occurred. The most common species, each accounting for >5% of all individuals observed, were in decreasing order of abundance: Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularius), Sanderling (Calidris alba), Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), Collared Plover (Charadrius collaris), Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla), Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), and Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus). Species composition differed between autumn and spring by 42%. For all surveys a total of 2,673 individuals was recorded, and flock size ranged from 2 to 35 birds, indicating that Punta de Manabique is a secondary migration site for shorebirds.
... Just two species have been recorded in Central America. American Pipit A. rubescens, which breeds in northern North America and northern Asia (AOU 1998, Tyler 2004), is a rare winter visitor to southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica (Marshall 1943, Howell & Webb 1995, Jones 2003, Eisermann & Avendaño 2007, Jones & Komar 2012; K. Murphy eBird S40583526, Macaulay Library photo 75509601) and Yellowish Pipit A. lutescens, a mainly South American species, is resident in Panama (Ridgely & Gwynne 1989). Here we report a record of Red-throated Pipit A. cervinus in the Guatemalan highlands. ...
... The Mountain Elaenia (Elaenia frantzii) is a small New World flycatcher that breeds in the high elevation forests of Central America and northern South America and is known to move seasonally to lower elevations (Stiles & Skutch, 1989). Its distribution has previously been reported to include isolated populations extending from Colombia and Venezuela as far north as north-central Guatemala (Land, 1970;Howell & Webb, 1995;Eisermann & Avendaño, 2007), but it has not been documented in Mexico (Peterson & Chalif, 1973;Hosner, 2004). Its habitat consists of a variety of open humid to semi-humid forest types, including forest edges, secondary growth, and farmland, in an altitudinal range of 750-3600 m. ...
We here provide evidence to support an extension of the recognized distributional range of the Mountain Elaenia (Elaenia frantzii) to include southern Mexico. We collected two specimens in breeding condition in northwestern Sierra Norte de Chiapas, Mexico. Morphologic and genetic evidence support their identity as Elaenia frantzii. We compared environmental parameters of records across the entire geographic range of the species to those at the northern Chiapas survey site and found no climatic differences among localities.
... The Mountain Elaenia (Elaenia frantzii) is a small New World flycatcher that breeds in the high elevation forests of Central America and northern South America and is known to move seasonally to lower elevations (Stiles & Skutch, 1989). Its distribution has previously been reported to include isolated populations extending from Colombia and Venezuela as far north as north-central Guatemala (Land, 1970;Howell & Webb, 1995;Eisermann & Avendaño, 2007), but it has not been documented in Mexico (Peterson & Chalif, 1973;Hosner, 2004). Its habitat consists of a variety of open humid to semi-humid forest types, including forest edges, secondary growth, and farmland, in an altitudinal range of 750-3600 m. ...
We here provide evidence to support an extension of the recognized distributional range of the Mountain Elaenia (Elaenia frantzii) to include southern Mexico. We collected two specimens in breeding condition in northwestern Sierra Norte de Chiapas, Mexico. Morphologic and genetic evidence support their identity as Elaenia frantzii. We compared environmental parameters of records across the entire geographic range of the species to those at the northern Chiapas survey site and found no climatic differences among localities.
... The Mountain Elaenia (Elaenia frantzii) is a small New World flycatcher that breeds in the high elevation forests of Central America and northern South America and is known to move seasonally to lower elevations (Stiles & Skutch, 1989). Its distribution has previously been reported to include isolated populations extending from Colombia and Venezuela as far north as north-central Guatemala (Land, 1970;Howell & Webb, 1995;Eisermann & Avendaño, 2007), but it has not been documented in Mexico (Peterson & Chalif, 1973;Hosner, 2004). Its habitat consists of a variety of open humid to semi-humid forest types, including forest edges, secondary growth, and farmland, in an altitudinal range of 750-3600 m. ...
Here we provide evidence to support an extension of the recognized distributional range of the Mountain Elaenia (
Elaenia frantzii
) to include southern Mexico. We collected two specimens in breeding condition in northwestern Sierra Norte de Chiapas, Mexico. Morphologic and genetic evidence support their identity as
Elaenia frantzii
. We compared environmental parameters of records across the entire geographic range of the species to those at the northern Chiapas survey site and found no climatic differences among localities.
... Por su parte, el Chotacabras Menor está reportado como probable residente, con algunos registros de ocurrencia durante la época reproductiva, pero sin registros de anidación (Dickerman 2007, Land 1970. Eisermann & Avendaño (2007) respaldan que ninguna de las dos especies ha sido documentada anidando en Guatemala. ...
Juárez Jovel, R. C., & O. Komar. 2012. Nuevos sitios de anidación para Chorlito Piquigrueso (Charadrius wilsonia) y Chotacabras Menor (Chordeiles acutipennis) en El Salvador y Guatemala. Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 21(1): 6 pp. Publicado en línea 23 Jul 2012 en http://sao.org.co.
... So IBAs are often where birding and conservation can come together. This is true of Guatemala, an attractive birding destination with more than 725 bird species 6 . ...
... Azure-rumped Tanager Tangara cabanisi is a globally Endangered species 1 that is restricted to <1,700 km 2 on the Pacific slope of Chiapas, Mexico, and western Guatemala 3,8 . Because of the small number of field observers in the tanager's distribution, its natural history is little known, although habitat use and nesting ecology have been described from Chiapas 5,6,9 and Guatemala 2,4 . ...
La Tángara de Cabanis Tangara cabanisi es endémica de la vertiente Pacífica de Guatemala y
de Chiapas, México. La especie está en Peligro de Extinción y su biología es poco conocida. Para
facilitar futuros esfuerzos de monitoreo de las poblaciones, sedescriben por primera vez el plumaje
y las vocalizaciones de polluelos y de juveniles. En general los juveniles parecían grisáceos, pero su
apariencia fue similar a la de los adultos por varias marcas conspicuas oscuras (antifaz, auriculares
inferiores, puntos en el pecho) y bordes azules en las plumas remeras. Los juveniles obtienen el
plumaje de adulto rápidamente. Se documentan con grabaciones y espectrogramas los llamados de
polluelos en los últimos días antes de salir del nido, y dos diferentes vocalizaciones de juveniles
perchados en el dosel del bosque. Además se documentan por primera vez con espectrogramas tres
diferentes vocalizaciones sibilantes de adultos, así como llamados de gorjeo. Se describe por primera
vez una vocalización de agresión entre adultos y también hacia invasores al territorio del nido.
La Gaviota de California Larus californicus se reproduce en América del Norte y pasa el invierno a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico desde Canadá hasta Nayarit, México. Esta especie ha mostrado un patrón de movimiento errante fuera de su distribución normal de invierno, con registros que se extienden hacia el sur hasta Ecuador. Observamos una Gaviota de California con plumaje de primer invierno el 8 de febrero de 2019 cerca de la desembocadura del río Jesús, depto. de Retalhuleu, costa Pacífica de Guatemala. Hicimos avistamientos subsecuentes de un individuo de primer invierno en 9 de febrero de 2019 en el río Ocosito y en 10 de febrero de 2019 en la desembocadura del estero El Esterón. Además, recibimos fotografías de una Gaviota de California de primer invierno observada el 25 de enero de 2019 cerca de la desembocadura del río Acomé, departamento de Escuintla, Guatemala. El análisis fotográfico de los cuatro avistamientos nos hace pensar que podría tratarse del mismo individuo. Este es el primer registro de una Gaviota de California en Guatemala.
Despite the key role that knowledge on breeding biology of Accipitriformes plays in their management and conservation, survey of the state-of-the-art and of information gaps spanning the entire Neotropics has not been done since 1995. We provide an updated classi cation of current knowledge about breeding biology of Neotropical Accipitridae and de ne the taxa that should be prioritized by future studies. We analyzed 440 publications produced since 1995 that reported breeding of 56 species. ere is a persistent scarcity, or complete absence, of information about the nests of eight species, and about breeding behavior of another ten. Among these species, the largest gap of breeding data refers to the former “Leucopternis” hawks. Although 66% of the 56 evaluated species had some improvement on knowledge about their breeding traits, research still focus disproportionately on a few regions and species, and the scarcity of breeding data on many South American Accipitridae persists. We noted that analysis of records from both a citizen science digital database and museum egg collections signi cantly increased breeding information on some species, relative to recent literature. We created four groups of priority species for breeding biology studies, based on knowledge gaps and threat categories at global level. Group I (great scarcity of information, plus higher categories of threat): Leptodon forbesi, Cryptoleucopteryx plumbea, and Buteogallus lacernulatus; Group II (breeding data have recently increased, but threat categories are high): Spizaetus isidori, Accipiter gundlachi, Buteogallus coronatus, Pseudastur occidentalis, and Buteo ventralis; Group III (“Near reatened” species with still scarce breeding information): Accipiter poliogaster, Accipiter collaris, Buteogallus aequinoctialis, and Pseudastur polionotus; and Group IV (other priority cases): Buteo ridgwayi, Buteo galapagoensis, four eagles (Morphnus guianensis, Harpia harpyja, Spizaetus ornatus and Buteogallus solitarius), Leptodon cayanensis, Accipiter superciliosus, Buteogallus schistaceus, and the three Leucopternis hawks (L. semiplumbeus, L. melanops and L. kuhli). We also discuss the way that novel breeding data can show in what manners di erent species and populations are responding to environmental changes.
Please note that an updated chapter was published in: Eisermann, K. & C. Avendaño (2017) The owls of Guatemala. 447-515 in P. L. Enríquez (ed.) Neotropical owls: diversity and conservation. Springer, Cham, Switzerland.
This is a compilation of recent data on the distribution, ecology, and conservation status of owls (Strigiformes) in Guatemala, based on an extensive literature review and numerous unpublished observations. According to modern taxonomy (König et al. 2008), a total of 20 species of owls has been recorded in Guatemala; one species of the genus Tyto, Psiloscops (1 species), Megascops (4), Bubo (1), Pulsatrix (1), Strix (3), Lophostrix (1), Glaucidium (3), Aegolius (1), Athene (1), and Asio (3). Of the 20 species, 17 are resident in Guatemala. Nesting has been reported for 15 species, and it is assumed for two species. Three species are rare or accidental non-breeding visitors to Guatemala during the northern winter. The highlands are Guatemala’s region with the highest species richness in owls, where 17 species have been recorded. In the Pacific and Atlantic slope lowlands 12 species have been recorded in each. Data on the presence and relative abundance of owls from 1989 to 2012 (and some from 2013) were analyzed from 102 sites. New site records were established for rarely reported species such as Bearded Screech-Owl (Megascops barbarus), Stygian Owl (Asio stygius), and Unspotted Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius ridgwayi). According to the mean of an abundance index value from 102 sites, the most abundant species in Guatemala are (in descendent order of abundance): Mexican Wood Owl (Strix squamulata), Ridgway’s Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium ridgwayi), Guatemalan Screech-Owl (Megascops guatemalae), Guatemalan Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium cobanense), Black-and-white Owl (Strix nigrolineata), and Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). The most abundant species in the highlands were: Mexican Wood Owl, Guatemalan Pygmy-Owl, Fulvous Owl (Strix fulvescens), Great Horned Owl, Ridgway’s PygmyOwl, Unspotted Saw-whet Owl, and Whiskered Screech-Owl (Megascops trichopsis). In the Atlantic slope lowlands, the species with the highest abundance index were Mexican Wood Owl, Guatemalan Screech-Owl, Ridgway’s Pygmy-Owl, Black-and-white Owl, and Central American Pygmy-Owl. In the Pacific slope lowlands the most abundant species were Mexican Wood Owl, Ridgway’s Pygmy-Owl, and Pacific Screech-Owl (Megascops cooperi). Guatemala has an adequate legal framework to protect owl species (32% of the country is legally protected), but conservation is not efficient, causing serious threats to owl populations. Of 17 owl species regularly occurring in Guatemala, 11 are forest specialists and six are habitat generalists. In a vulnerability assessment applying IUCN Red List criteria on a national level, one species has been evaluated as Endangered (EN), 10 as Vulnerable (VU), four as Near Threatened (NT), two as Least Concern (LC), and three species were not evaluated for being vagrants. Habitat alteration through agriculture, mining, and oil drilling has been identified as main threat. Of the remaining forests, 14% (5 500 km2) were lost from 2000 to 2010, and the pressure on natural habitat will further increase. About 36 785 km2 (34% of Guatemala) are used or planned for exploration and exploitation by the mining and oil drilling industry. This area includes about 6 960 km2 or 20% of the country’s remaining forests. In addition, owls in Guatemala are threatened by direct persecution because of the common belief that these birds attract death and destruction. The network of 21 Important Bird Areas (IBA) in Guatemala includes populations of all owl species. Two species have been recorded in more than 10 IBAs, 12 species in 5-9 IBAs, five in 2-4 IBAs, and one species in only one IBA. We consider the increase of the education level among the Guatemalan society as a main goal in order to protect habitat within the IBAs, and thus owl populations. A higher level of education would help to slow down population growth, increase environmental awareness, and consequently diminish pressure on natural areas.
Here we review the distribution of the Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis) in the Americas, and based on the Brazilian Harpy Eagle Conservation Program (PCGR) database, literature, online databases, zoos, wild and museum records, we provide an updated distribution map with 37 points outside the IUCN map; 16 were recorded close to the border of the map (up to 40 km), and do not expand or contribute to the distribution map. Far from the border (>40 km) we found 21 records, contributing to an expansion of the known range and habitat. At the northernmost extreme of distribution, the range was extended to southern Mexico; in Nicaragua, the range extension was farther south in the north, and two records extend the range to the southern border with Costa Rica. In Colombia, an old specimen is located between Darien Peninsula and the Perija Mountains. In Brazil a record from the ecotone between Cerrado and Gallery Forest, and another in an upland remnant of Atlantic Rainforest, expands the range towards central and southeastern Brazil, and to the Northeast, old records could expand the Atlantic Rainforest distribution towards the interior. © 2015, Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia. All rights reserved.
Probably always rare and local because of its ecology and specialized habitat, the small, isolated population of the Orange-breasted Falcon (Falco deiroleucus) in Belize and Guatemala, likely numbering fewer than 40 territorial pairs, appears to be in steep decline in Belize. Territory occupancy (n = 12 eyries) in the population we studied in Belize declined from 83% (1992 to 1997) to 54% (2003 to 2009), and occupancy in 2009 was only half the mean in the prior decade. Mean annual production of fledglings per territorial pair declined 35% from 0.77 to 0.50. Mean annual population productivity, which measures the combined effect of occupancy and fecundity, declined 57% from 0.90 to 0.38. In contrast, neither occupancy nor fledging success in Guatemala (n = 7 eyries) declined over the same time period. Historical records and recent surveys suggest that the Orange-breasted Falcon has been extirpated from much of Central America and southern Mexico and that its range is contracting in South America, despite large areas of apparently suitable habitat. We identify factors we think are contributing to this decline, especially human-related conflicts as well as competition for nest sites and depredation by increasing numbers of Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus). We suggest potential management solutions, including genetic restoration and the creation of safe harbors for nesting.
La población pequeña y aislada de Falco deiroleucus en Belice y Guatemala ha sido probablemente rare y localizada debido a su ecología y hábitat especializado. Esta población, con posiblemente menos de 40 parejas, parece estar en claro declive en Belice. La ocupación de territorios (n = 12 nidos) en la población de nuestro estudio en Belice ha decrecido recientemente desde un 83% (1992 a 1997) hasta un 54% (2003 a 2009), y la ocupación en 2009 ha sido sólo la mitad de la ocupación media en la década previa. La producción anual media de volantones por pareja y por territorio ha disminuido en un 35% de 0.77 a 0.50. La producción media de la población, la cual mide el efecto de la ocupación y la fecundidad, ha decrecido en un 57%, de 0.90 a 0.38. Sin embargo, no se aprecia un declive en ocupación o éxito reproductivo en Guatemala durante el mismo periodo. Los mapas de distribución y los censos poblacionales sugieren que F. deiroleucus ha desaparecido de la mayor parte de Centroamérica y México, y su rango de distribución está reduciéndose en Sudamérica, a pesar de que existe hábitat aparentemente idóneo. Identificamos algunos factores que pensamos pueden estar contribuyendo a este declive, especialmente conflictos de carácter antrópico, la competencia por lugares de nidificación y depredación por Coragyps atratus. Sugerimos posibles soluciones de manejo, incluyendo la restauración genética y la creación de lugares seguros para nidificar.
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