Article

Étude MOBI-KIDS : technologies de communication, expositions environnementales et tumeurs cérébrales chez les jeunes, MOBI-KIDS study: Communication technology, environment and brain tumours in young people

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

Context In recent years, the increasing use of mobile phone in adolescents and more recently in children has generated concern about possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency. In this context, the aim of the MOBI-KIDS study is to investigate the potential brain tumour risk in children and adolescents related to exposure to electromagnetic fields generated by mobile phones and by other exposure sources in their environment. Method MOBI-KIDS is a prospective and multinational epidemiological study with a case-control design. Cases are all patients aged 10–24 years, residing in one of the geographic study areas and for whom an incident primary brain tumour was diagnosed during the study period. For each case, two controls matched on age, sex and geographic area of residence are selected from subjects hospitalized for appendicitis, a common disease in the age group studied. Data collection is carried out through a detailed questionnaire administered during a face-to-face interview. Records of communications are collected from operators along with the consent of the study participants. Discussion The international MOBI-KIDS project as a whole, and especially in France, is a unique opportunity to analyze the relationship between the risk of brain tumours and exposure to radiofrequency and extremely low frequency generated by mobile phones and by other important sources of exposure in the environment of young people.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... En raison de l'augmentation rapide, dans le monde, de l'utilisation des technologies de télécommunication sans fil, l'étude internationale MOBI-KIDS a été initiée en 2009 avec pour objectif d'évaluer les possibles effets de ces technologies sur la santé des 10-24 ans [8,9]. Les participants ont été interrogés sur leur utilisation des moyens de télécommunications sans fil. ...
... Pour chaque cas, deux témoins appariés sur l'âge, le sexe et la zone géographique de résidence ont été recherchés parmi les patients hospitalisés pour appendicite, pathologie fréquente dans la tranche d'âge étudiée. Plus de détails sur les critères de sélection des cas et des témoins sont disponibles dans des publications antérieures [8,9]. ...
Article
Background: In less than two decades, the wireless telecommunications sector has grown dramatically. While a large part of the world's population is now equipped with technologies from this sector (mobile phone, wireless residential telephone, Wi-Fi…), little data is available to quantify the use of these technologies. The purpose of this article is to present a description of these uses among young people, a population particularly receptive to these new telecommunication facilities. Methods: As part of the MOBI-KIDS study, a prospective epidemiological case-control study, 288 participants aged 10 to 25 years and living in France were interviewed between March 2011 and March 2015 about their history of use of wireless telecommunication devices. Results: At the interview date, 84% of participants regularly used a mobile phone to make voice calls with an estimated cumulative duration of 45minutes per week. Of these users, 97% used the Short Message Service (SMS) sending function and 70% the data exchange functions. Regarding the use of other technologies, 88% of participants used Wi-Fi, for ten hours a week and 56% the wireless residential telephone. These uses, however, varied according to the sex and/or age of the subjects. Conclusion: The data draw a portrait of use, particularly quantitative, of the main wireless communication technologies in this young population. There is a gradual increase with age in the use of these technologies, while the age of initiation is at an increasingly early age.
Article
Full-text available
The rapid increase in mobile phone use in young people has generated concern about possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). MOBI-Kids, a multinational case–control study, investigates the potential effects of childhood and adolescent exposure to EMF from mobile communications technologies on brain tumor risk in 14 countries. The study, which aims to include approximately 1,000 brain tumor cases aged 10–24 years and two individually matched controls for each case, follows a common protocol and builds upon the methodological experience of the INTERPHONE study. The design and conduct of a study on EMF exposure and brain tumor risk in young people in a large number of countries is complex and poses methodological challenges. This manuscript discusses the design of MOBI-Kids and describes the challenges and approaches chosen to address them, including: (1) the choice of controls operated for suspected appendicitis, to reduce potential selection bias related to low response rates among population controls; (2) investigating a young study population spanning a relatively wide age range; (3) conducting a large, multinational epidemiological study, while adhering to increasingly stricter ethics requirements; (4) investigating a rare and potentially fatal disease; and (5) assessing exposure to EMF from communication technologies. Our experience in thus far developing and implementing the study protocol indicates that MOBI-Kids is feasible and will generate results that will contribute to the understanding of potential brain tumor risks associated with use of mobile phones and other wireless communications technologies among young people.
Article
Full-text available
The objective of this study was to develop an estimate of a radio frequency (RF) dose as the amount of mobile phone RF energy absorbed at the location of a brain tumour, for use in the Interphone Epidemiological Study. We systematically evaluated and quantified all the main parameters thought to influence the amount of specific RF energy absorbed in the brain from mobile telephone use. For this, we identified the likely important determinants of RF specific energy absorption rate during protocol and questionnaire design, we collected information from study subjects, network operators and laboratories involved in specific energy absorption rate measurements and we studied potential modifiers of phone output through the use of software-modified phones. Data collected were analysed to assess the relative importance of the different factors, leading to the development of an algorithm to evaluate the total cumulative specific RF energy (in joules per kilogram), or dose, absorbed at a particular location in the brain. This algorithm was applied to Interphone Study subjects in five countries. The main determinants of total cumulative specific RF energy from mobile phones were communication system and frequency band, location in the brain and amount and duration of mobile phone use. Though there was substantial agreement between categorisation of subjects by cumulative specific RF energy and cumulative call time, misclassification was non-negligible, particularly at higher frequency bands. Factors such as adaptive power control (except in Code Division Multiple Access networks), discontinuous transmission and conditions of phone use were found to have a relatively minor influence on total cumulative specific RF energy. While amount and duration of use are important determinants of RF dose in the brain, their impact can be substantially modified by communication system, frequency band and location in the brain. It is important to take these into account in analyses of risk of brain tumours from RF exposure from mobile phones.
Article
Full-text available
Cordless and mobile (cellular) telephone use has increased substantially in recent years causing concerns about possible health effects. This has led to much epidemiological research, but the usual focus is on mobile telephone radiofrequency (RF) exposure only despite cordless RF being very similar. Access to and use of cordless phones were included in the Mobile Radiofrequency Phone Exposed Users Study (MoRPhEUS) of 317 Year 7 students recruited from Melbourne, Australia. Participants completed an exposure questionnaire-87% had a cordless phone at home and 77% owned a mobile phone. There was a statistically significant positive relationship (r = 0.38, p < 0.01) between cordless and mobile phone use. Taken together, this increases total RF exposure and its ratio in high-to-low mobile users. Therefore, the design and analysis of future epidemiological telecommunication studies need to assess cordless phone exposure to accurately evaluate total RF telephone exposure effects.
Article
Full-text available
The exposure to non-thermal microwave electromagnetic fields generated by mobile phones affects the expression of many proteins. This effect on transcription and protein stability can be mediated by the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades, which serve as central signalling pathways and govern essentially all stimulated cellular processes. Indeed, long-term exposure of cells to mobile phone irradiation results in the activation of p38 as well as the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) MAPKs. In the present study, we have studied the immediate effect of irradiation on the MAPK cascades, and found that ERKs, but not stress-related MAPKs, are rapidly activated in response to various frequencies and intensities. Using signalling inhibitors, we delineated the mechanism that is involved in this activation. We found that the first step is mediated in the plasma membrane by NADH oxidase, which rapidly generates ROS (reactive oxygen species). These ROS then directly stimulate MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) and allow them to cleave and release Hb-EGF [heparin-binding EGF (epidermal growth factor)]. This secreted factor activates the EGF receptor, which in turn further activates the ERK cascade. Thus this study demonstrates for the first time a detailed molecular mechanism by which electromagnetic irradiation from mobile phones induces the activation of the ERK cascade and thereby induces transcription and other cellular processes.
Article
Full-text available
The very rapid worldwide increase in mobile phone use in the last decade has generated considerable interest in the possible health effects of exposure to radio frequency (RF) fields. A multinational case-control study, INTERPHONE, was set-up to investigate whether mobile phone use increases the risk of cancer and, more specifically, whether the RF fields emitted by mobile phones are carcinogenic. The study focused on tumours arising in the tissues most exposed to RF fields from mobile phones: glioma, meningioma, acoustic neurinoma and parotid gland tumours. In addition to a detailed history of mobile phone use, information was collected on a number of known and potential risk factors for these tumours. The study was conducted in 13 countries. Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the UK using a common core protocol. This paper describes the study design and methods and the main characteristics of the study population. INTERPHONE is the largest case-control study to date investigating risks related to mobile phone use and to other potential risk factors for the tumours of interest and includes 2,765 glioma, 2,425 meningioma, 1,121 acoustic neurinoma, 109 malignant parotid gland tumour cases and 7,658 controls. Particular attention was paid to estimating the amount and direction of potential recall and participation biases and their impact on the study results.
Article
Full-text available
Evidence for familial aggregation of glioma has been documented in both case-control and cohort studies and occurs apart from the well-described rare inherited genetic syndromes involving glioma: neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, Turcot's syndrome, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Nonsyndromic glioma families have been studied but no genes have been identified in the two published linkage studies of familial glioma probably due to the small number of families. Because glioma is a rare but devastating cancer, and a family history of glioma has been observed in approximately 5% of the cases, we initiated an international consortium to identify glioma families not affected by syndromes to better understand the inherited factors related to this disease. The international consortium GLIOGENE is an acronym for "glioma gene" and includes 15 research groups in North America, Europe, and Israel to study familial glioma. The overarching goal is to characterize genes in glioma families using a genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism approach and conducting linkage analysis to identify new genomic regions or loci that could harbor genes important for gliomagenesis. Here, we review the rationale for studying familial glioma and our proposed strategy for the GLIOGENE study.
Article
Full-text available
The authors have used the finite-difference time-domain method and a new millimeter-resolution anatomically based model of the human to study electromagnetic energy coupled to the head due to mobile telephones at 835 and 1900 MHz. Assuming reduced dimensions characteristic of today's mobile telephones, the authors have obtained SAR distributions for two different lengths of monopole antennas of lengths λ/4 and 3λ/8 for a model of the adult male and reduced-scale models of 10- and 5-year-old children and find that peak one-voxel and 1-g SARs are larger for the smaller models of children, particularly at 835 MHz. Also, a larger in-depth penetration of absorbed energy for these smaller models is obtained. The authors have also studied the effect of using the widely disparate tissue properties reported in the literature and of using homogeneous instead of the anatomically realistic heterogeneous models on the SAR distributions. Homogeneous models are shown to grossly overestimate both the peak 1-voxel and 1-g SARs. Last, the authors show that it is possible to use truncated one-half or one-third models of the human head with negligible errors in the calculated SAR distributions. This simplification will allow considerable savings in computer memory and computation times
Article
Two main approaches are generally used to study the epidemiology of primary brain tumors. The first approach is to identify risk factors, which may be intrinsic or related to external causes. The second main approach is descriptive. Intrinsic factors potentially affecting risk include genetic predisposition and susceptibility, gender, race, birth weight and allergy. Radiation exposure is the main extrinsic factor affecting risk. A large body of work devoted, among others, to electromagnetic fields and especially cellular phones, substitutive hormonal therapy, pesticides, and diet have been published. To date, results have been discordant. Descriptive epidemiological studies have reported an increasing annual incidence of primary brain tumors in industrialized countries. The main reasons are the increasing age of the population and better access to diagnostic imaging. Comparing incidences from one registry to another is difficult. Spatial and temporal variations constitute one explanation and evolutions in coding methods another. In all registries, weak incidence of primary brain tumors constitute a very important limiting factor. Renewed interest from the neuro-oncological community is needed to obtain pertinent and essential data which could facilitate improved knowledge on this topic.
Article
Background The rapid increase in mobile telephone use has generated concern about possible health risks related to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from this technology. Methods An interview-based case–control study with 2708 glioma and 2409 meningioma cases and matched controls was conducted in 13 countries using a common protocol. Results A reduced odds ratio (OR) related to ever having been a regular mobile phone user was seen for glioma [OR 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70–0.94] and meningioma (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.68–0.91), possibly reflecting participation bias or other methodological limitations. No elevated OR was observed ≥10 years after first phone use (glioma: OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.76–1.26; meningioma: OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.61–1.14). ORs were <1.0 for all deciles of lifetime number of phone calls and nine deciles of cumulative call time. In the 10th decile of recalled cumulative call time, ≥1640 h, the OR was 1.40 (95% CI 1.03–1.89) for glioma, and 1.15 (95% CI 0.81–1.62) for meningioma; but there are implausible values of reported use in this group. ORs for glioma tended to be greater in the temporal lobe than in other lobes of the brain, but the CIs around the lobe-specific estimates were wide. ORs for glioma tended to be greater in subjects who reported usual phone use on the same side of the head as their tumour than on the opposite side. Conclusions Overall, no increase in risk of glioma or meningioma was observed with use of mobile phones. There were suggestions of an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and error prevent a causal interpretation. The possible effects of long-term heavy use of mobile phones require further investigation.
Article
This study aimed to describe cancer incidence (2000-2008) and survival (2000-2004) in France in adolescents and young adults (AYA). All cases of cancer diagnosed in 15-24 years, recorded by all French population-based registries (14% of the French population), over the 2000-2008 period, were included. Incidence change over time was described with the conventional annual percentage change (cAPC). The survival of cases diagnosed (2000-2004) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. A total of 1022 in adolescents and 1396 in young adults were diagnosed. Overall incidence rates were 219.4/10(6) in 15-19 year olds and 293.1/10(6) in 20-24 year olds. The most frequently diagnosed cancers in male AYA were malignant gonadal germ-cell tumors and Hodgkin's disease, and were melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, and Hodgkin's disease in females. The age-standardized rates appeared stable over time in AYA, with a cAPC of +2.0% (P = 0.68). The 5-year overall survival for all cancers was different between genders and age groups, with 78.8% (95%CI: 75.6-82.0) for males and 85.2% (95%CI: 82.2-88.1) for females (P = 0.01), and 78.5% (95%CI: 75.0-82.1) in 15-19 year olds and 84.3% (95% CI: 81.6-87.0) in 20-24 year olds (P = 0.02). Noteworthy, the frequency and the distribution of tumor types in AYA are unique and different from the observed at any other age group. Survival in French AYA has improved over time. Epidemiological data might reflect major trends in the risk factors and preventive interventions. Thus, further research into etiology of cancers affecting AYA should become key priorities for cancer control among AYA.
Article
Although selection bias in case-control studies has been studied extensively, little is known about selection of cases and controls among various ethnic groups. This study compares racial differences in childhood cancer rates as estimated by case-control studies with various design features. It also compares estimates of racial distribution among cases as reported by case-control studies to those observed for an ideal case series with complete ascertainment of cases for these studies or in population-based cancer registries in corresponding geographic regions and calendar periods. Peer-reviewed publications on childhood leukemia and brain tumors from North America, published between 1980 and 2007, were reviewed. Incidence data by race/ethnicity were compiled from research publications, federal cancer statistics, and cancer registries. Meta-analysis was conducted to assess racial/ethnic differences by study characteristics. Racial distributions of cases from published case-control studies were compared to those of a presumably noncensored case distribution (i.e. include both participating and non-participating cases in a case-control study) or cases recorded by cancer registries. In interview-based case-control studies of childhood cancer, the proportion of Whites compared to non-Whites tended to be higher among controls than among cases; however, the opposite was true for record-based case-control studies. Additionally, the proportion of Whites tended to be higher among the participating cases in the published case-control studies compared to the proportion of Whites among the non-participating cases or in cancer registries. Investigators need to consider differential participation by racial group as a potential source of bias in the interpretation of case-control study results.
Article
8ème enquête annuelle sur la diffusion des technologies de l'information et de la communication dans la société française (téléphonie fixe et mobile, internet, micro-ordinateur) réalisée par le CREDOC pour l'Autorité de Régulation des Communications Electroniques et des Postes (ARCEP) et le Conseil Général de l'Industrie, de l'Energie et des Technologies (CGIET). Cette enquête, réalisée en juin 2010 par entretiens en face-à-face auprès d'un échantillon de 2 230 personnes représentatif de la population française de 12 ans et plus, montre une progression de l'équipement en ordinateurs et en accès à l'internet, ainsi qu'une progression continue de l'administration et du commerce en ligne, toujours plébiscités, et de nouveaux usages en particulier chez les plus jeunes.
Article
The French National Registry of Childhood Haematopoietic Malignancies and the French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours jointly ensure the surveillance of cancer in children aged less than 15 years in mainland France. During the period 2000-2004, the registries recorded a total of 8473 cases: 3446 cases of haematological malignancies and 5027 cases of solid tumours. The average number of sources per case was 2.7 and diagnosis was documented by cytology/histology in 94% of cases, ensuring high quality data. The age-standardized incidence rate for all cancers combined was 156.6 cases per million children per year, with a sex ratio of 1.2. The most frequent cancers were leukaemia (29%), central nervous system tumour (23%), lymphoma (12%) and neuroblastoma (8%). In France, an estimated one out of every 440 children presents with cancer before the age of 15 years. The incidence rates are close to those of other industrialized countries, but somewhat higher than those estimated by the French local registries for the period 1990-1999, probably because of improved methodology or perhaps a real increase in some rates. The French National Registries of Childhood Cancer have shown that they are able to fulfil public health surveillance missions satisfactorily and support the national programme for research on childhood cancer.
Article
To quantitatively assess the impact of selection bias caused by nonparticipation in a multinational case-control study of mobile phone use and brain tumor. Non-response questionnaires (NRQ) were completed by a sub-set of nonparticipants. Selection bias factors were calculated based on the prevalence of mobile phone use reported by nonparticipants with NRQ data, and on scenarios of hypothetical exposure prevalence for other nonparticipants. Regular mobile phone use was reported less frequently by controls and cases who completed the NRQ (controls, 56%; cases, 50%) than by those who completed the full interview (controls, 69%; cases, 66%). This relationship was consistent across study centers, sex, and age groups. Lower education and more recent start of mobile phone use were associated with refusal to participate. Bias factors varied between 0.87 and 0.92 in the most plausible scenarios. Refusal to participate in brain tumor case-control studies seems to be related to less prevalent use of mobile phones, and this could result in a downward bias of around 10% in odds ratios for regular mobile phone use. The use of simple selection bias estimation methods in case-control studies can give important insights into the extent of any bias, even when nonparticipant information is incomplete.
Article
Epidemiologists are now embarking on the evaluation of the hypothesis that exposure to radio frequency energy from low-power wireless communication devices, such as portable cellular telephones, causes brain cancer and other adverse health outcomes. Even in the laboratory, exposures from radio frequency sources are difficult to quantify; their measurement in large populations for epidemiologic study is challenging. In this paper, we outline the nature and magnitude of these exposures and discuss the prospects for obtaining useful measures of exposure for epidemiologic research.
Article
A new mathematical model of the head has been constructed from a set of serial MRI slices from one subject. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations of the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) have been performed on this model with a 2 mm resolution for a generic mobile communication transceiver represented by a quarter-wavelength monopole on a metal box. The antenna was mounted either at the centre or corner of the top face of the box. The frequencies considered were 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. Three irradiation geometries were considered, a vertical handset in front of the eye and vertical and horizontal orientations at the side of the ear. The effect of a hand grasping the handset was considered. The head model was scaled to represent the head of an infant and a subset of calculations was performed to verify that the SAR deposited in the infant head did not exceed that in the adult. Results are also presented for a half-wavelength dipole. The maximum SAR values produced by the generic transceiver for the horizontal orientation at the side of the head which is the most typical position, averaged over 10 g of tissue at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz, are 2.1 and 3.0 W kg(-1) per W of radiated power. The corresponding values over 1 g of tissue are 2.3 and 4.8 W kg(-1) per W at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. However, if one were to consider all possible operational conditions, the placement of the transceiver in front of the eye will give 3.1 and 4.6 W kg(-1) per W averaged over 10 g of tissue and 4.7 and 7.7 W kg(-1) per W over 1 g of tissue at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively.
Article
Ionizing radiation is an established risk factor for brain tumors, yet quantitative information on the long-term risk of different types of brain tumors is sparse. Our aims were to assess the risk of radiation-induced malignant brain tumors and benign meningiomas after childhood exposure and to investigate the role of potential modifiers of that risk. The study population included 10,834 individuals who were treated for tinea capitis with X rays in the 1950s and two matched nonirradiated groups, comprising population and sibling comparison groups. The mean estimated radiation dose to the brain was 1.5 Gy. Survival analysis using Poisson regression was performed to estimate the excess relative and absolute risks (ERR, EAR) for brain tumors. After a median follow-up of 40 years, an ERR/Gy of 4.63 and 1.98 (95% CI = 2.43-9.12 and 0.73-4.69) and an EAR/Gy per 10(4) PY of 0.48 and 0.31 (95% CI = 0.28-0.73 and 0.12-0.53) were observed for benign meningiomas and malignant brain tumors, respectively. The risk of both types of tumors was positively associated with dose. The estimated ERR/Gy for malignant brain tumors decreased with increasing age at irradiation from 3.56 to 0.47 (P = 0.037), while no trend with age was seen for benign meningiomas. The ERR for both types of tumor remains elevated at 30-plus years after exposure.
Article
To evaluate the possible selection bias related to the differential participation of mobile phone users and non-users in a Finnish case-control study on mobile phone use and brain tumors. Mobile phone use was investigated among 777 controls and 726 cases participating in the full personal interview (full participants), and 321 controls and 103 cases giving only a brief phone interview (incomplete participants). To assess selection bias, the Mantel-Haenszel estimate of odds ratio was calculated for three different groups: full study participants, incomplete participants, and a combined group consisting of both full and incomplete participants. Among controls, 83% of the full participants and 73% of the incomplete participants had regularly used a mobile phone. Among cases, the figures were 76% and 64%, respectively. The odds ratio for brain tumor based on the combined group of full and incomplete participants was slightly closer to unity than that based only on the full participants. Selection bias tends to distort the effect estimates below unity, while analyses based on more comprehensive material gave results close to unity.
Article
any areas of epidemiologic practice are flourishing as population registries, and other large databases make it easier than ever to collect the information researchers seek on virtually all the individuals they have defined as eligible. Meanwhile, in studies that require participants to respond (by being interviewed or completing a questionnaire, or by providing biologic samples), epidemiologists face a real and growing threat from nonparticipation. We are not alone in our predicament, because survey researchers in general report that they must spend more effort to get even moderate response rates. It appears that the very high response rates of earlier decades are no longer within reach today. We must first understand the scope and nature of the problem, soberly evaluate our current practices, and then look for major changes that will take us forward.
Article
The rapid worldwide increase in mobile phone use in the last decade has generated considerable interest in possible carcinogenic effects of radio frequency (RF). Because exposure to RF from phones is localized, if a risk exists it is likely to be greatest for tumours in regions with greatest energy absorption. The objective of the current paper was to characterize the spatial distribution of RF energy in the brain, using results of measurements made in two laboratories on 110 phones used in Europe or Japan. Most (97-99% depending on frequency) appears to be absorbed in the brain hemisphere on the side where the phone is used, mainly (50-60%) in the temporal lobe. The average relative SAR is highest in the temporal lobe (6-15%, depending on frequency, of the spatial peak SAR in the most exposed region of the brain) and the cerebellum (2-10%) and decreases very rapidly with increasing depth, particularly at higher frequencies. The SAR distribution appears to be fairly similar across phone models, between older and newer phones and between phones with different antenna types and positions. Analyses of risk by location of tumour are therefore important for the interpretation of results of studies of brain tumours in relation to mobile phone use.
Conference Paper
Recent years have seen an explosive growth in the area of wireless communication and, around the world, several hundred millions of subscribers are expected to have mobile phones by the year 2000. With the proliferation of these phones, questions have arisen about the interaction of the electromagnetic field with biological tissues in general, and about the power absorbed by the human head in particular. In this paper we employ efficient numerical techniques to compute the local absorbed power in the head and to predict the modification of the antenna performance due to its close coupling with the head
Jeunecourt Carine et Garsi-Sardano Céline (Île-de-France), Bonnay Stéphanie et Sekrane Fanny (Lor-raine), Radal Bénédicte et Dimper Véronique (Rhône-Isère), Chazara Brigitte (Bouches-du-Rhône), Heintz-Benajar Laïla et du Mazel Franç avec l
  • T Rémen
T. Rémen et al. Olivia (Alsace), Jeunecourt Carine et Garsi-Sardano Céline (Île-de-France), Bonnay Stéphanie et Sekrane Fanny (Lor-raine), Radal Bénédicte et Dimper Véronique (Rhône-Isère), Chazara Brigitte (Bouches-du-Rhône), Heintz-Benajar Laïla et du Mazel Franç avec l'aide de Mme Gros Vanessa (Hérault) et M. Schwall Xavier (Gironde).
Rapport Les téléphones mobiles, leurs stations de base et la santé
  • Dgs
  • Zmirou
DGS, Zmirou D, Rapport Les téléphones mobiles, leurs stations de base et la santé. État des connaissances et recommanda-tions; 2001.
le service de chirurgie générale et digestive du Dr Perrot F./[clinique Saint- Charles] le service de chirurgie digestive du Dr Chambon M
  • A Vernay
  • Lyon-Nord
et Vernay A./[clinique Lyon-Nord] le service de chirurgie générale et digestive du Dr Perrot F./[clinique Saint- Charles] le service de chirurgie digestive du Dr Chambon M./[clinique du Val d'Ouest] les services de chirurgie viscérale des Drs Guillem P. et Schreiber V. et de chirurgie pédiatrique du Dr Carlioz P./[polyclinique du Beaujolais] le service de chirurgie digestive, endocrinienne et thoracique du Dr Arnal E.
Rapport Les téléphones mobiles, leurs stations de base et la santé. État des connaissances et recommandations
  • Zmirou D Dgs
DGS, Zmirou D, Rapport Les téléphones mobiles, leurs stations de base et la santé. État des connaissances et recommandations; 2001.
The world in 2013: ICT facts and figures features end 2013 estimates for ITU's key telecommunication/ICT indicators. Genève
  • Références
Références [1] International Telecommunication Union. The world in 2013: ICT facts and figures features end 2013 estimates for ITU's key telecommunication/ICT indicators. Genève; 2013 [http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ ICTFactsFigures 2013-e.pdf].
le service de chirurgie générale et digestive du Dr Perrot F./[clinique Saint- Charles] le service de chirurgie digestive du Dr Chambon M./[clinique du Val d'Ouest] les services de chirurgie viscérale des Drs Guillem P. et Schreiber V
  • A Vernay
et Vernay A./[clinique Lyon-Nord] le service de chirurgie générale et digestive du Dr Perrot F./[clinique Saint- Charles] le service de chirurgie digestive du Dr Chambon M./[clinique du Val d'Ouest] les services de chirurgie viscérale des Drs Guillem P. et Schreiber V. et de chirurgie pédiatrique du Dr Carlioz P./[polyclinique du Beaujolais] le service de chirurgie digestive, endocrinienne et thoracique du Dr Arnal E.
The Interphone Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study
The Interphone Study Group. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39:675-94.