ArticleLiterature Review

Use of Fullerenes in Cosmetics

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Abstract

As cosmetic technology advances, there is an increasing need to use new active ingredients in the development of cosmetic products. In the last few years application of fullerene C(60) and its derivates in cosmetics has been intensively tested. Fullerenes display a wide range of biological activities. Potent scavenging capacities against radical oxygen species (ROS) and excellent potential as biological antioxidants made fullerenes suitable active compounds in the preparation of skin rejuvenation cosmetic formulations. Currently published evidence on biological activities of fullerenes relevant for their cosmetic use and examples of published patents to illustrate application of fullerenes in cosmetic technology are presented. Future trends in the development of cosmetic formulations including fullerenes are discussed.

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... Due to their potent anti-radical oxygen species (ROS) scavenging abilities, fullerenes have been considered for usage in the creation of skin-rejuvenating cosmetic compositions [59]; however, there is still considerable disagreement over their safety [32]. Because they penetrate the skin so well, Fullerene nanoparticles made of carbon are used in moisturizers and anti-aging products. ...
... Because aging skin is linked to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, the development of cosmetic treatments for skin rejuvenation has spurred a lot of scientists to research the application of fullerenes. In experiments with human keratinocytes, fullerenes showed substantial antioxidant properties and no cytotoxicity [59,61]. ...
... Although several studies assessing the biological activities of fullerenes have produced highly encouraging results, their application in cosmetic items is still very low [59]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Nanotechnology has applications in a variety of scientific specialties, encompassing health, technological devices, and now cosmetics under the generic term of nanocosmetics. Due to the improved particle qualities, such as color, transparency, and solubility, acquired at the nanoscale, nanotechnology significantly affects the cosmetic industry. Skin penetration mechanism depends heavily on the nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties, including stiffness, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. An expanding industry that requires more research and development has been created by nanoparticle production technologies. Liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, cubosomes, dendrimers, and other nanomaterials offer advanced skincare properties. Cosmetics made using nanotechnology have the advantages of product diversity, increased bioavailability of active compounds, and enhanced pleasing appearance of cosmetics with long-lasting benefits. The various cosmetic brands’ utilization of various types of nanomaterials in their products is highlighted in this review.
... Due to their potent anti-radical oxygen species (ROS) scavenging abilities, fullerenes have been considered for usage in the creation of skin-rejuvenating cosmetic compositions [57]; But there is still considerable disagreement over their safety [33]. Because they penetrate the skin so well, 'Fullerene' nanoparticles made of carbon are used in moisturizers and anti-aging products. ...
... Because aging skin is linked to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, the development of cosmetic treatments for skin rejuvenation spurred a lot of scientists to research the application of fullerenes. In experiments with human keratinocytes, fullerenes showed substantial antioxidant properties and no cytotoxicity [57,59]. ...
... Fullerenes were the focus of research into cosmetics last year because of their potent antioxidant abilities and capacity to absorb free radicals. Although several research assessing the biological activities of fullerenes have produced highly encouraging results, their application in cosmetic items is still very low [57]. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Nanotechnology has applications in a variety of scientific specialties, encompassing health, technological devices, and now cosmetics under the generic term of nanocosmetics. Due to the improved particle qualities, such as color, transparency, and solubility, acquired at the nanoscale, nanotechnology significantly affects the cosmetic industry. Skin penetration mechanism depends heavily on the nanoparticles' physicochemical properties, including stiffness, hydrophobicity, size, and charge. An expanding industry that requires more research and development has been created by nanoparticle production technologies. Liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, cubosomes, dendrimers, and other nanomaterials offer advanced skincare properties. Cosmetics made using nanotechnology have the advantages of product diversity, increased bioavailability of active compounds, and enhanced pleasing appearance of cosmetics with long-lasting benefits. The various cosmetic brands' utilization of various types of nanomaterials in their products is highlighted in this review.
... It can also be applied to the cosmetic field in rejuvenating products, such as moisturizers, make- Organofullerenes show better solubility, which is an advantage in comparison to Fullerene C60 [696]. Fullerene C60 has different characteristics of interest, such as AA exerted by the scavenging ROS, free radicals and reactive nitrogen species, and by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase. ...
... The aging of the skin is due to increased oxidation in the cells, and consequent cell apoptosis. Thus fullerenes are of interest for antiaging cosmetic products, as they seem to be able to fight, or at least slow down, oxidation in keratinocytes, and therefore skin aging [696]. ...
... The most common form of these NPs, and also the smallest, is Fullerene C60, a fullerene composed of 60 carbon atoms organized in a spherical shape. Derivates of this fullerene are being developed, such as Fullerene C70, and Fullerene C84[696]. These NPs have limited solubility in polar solvents, and are hydrophobic. ...
Thesis
In recent years, the scientific community has seen an increasing interest in the use of natural compounds in medicines, food supplements, cosmetics and dermatological products. An important example is Sambucus nigra L. whose flowers (elderflowers) and berries (elderberries) have been widely used in traditional medicine. The traditional use of elderflowers in the relief of early symptoms of common cold has been officially recognised by the European Union, where several products in the form of herbal tea, tincture or liquid extract, are available on the market. Elderberries have also been traditionally used in the form of herbal tea, syrup or juice. Nevertheless, no single herbal substance/herbal preparation is registered as medicine. In line with the need for comprehensive pharmacological studies to validate the traditional use of S. nigra, namely its anti-inflammatory activity, one of the aims of this PhD thesis was to screen and characterize biological activities of S. nigra L. extracts obtained using different extraction methodologies. Then, to optimize the biological activity of the best extract (i.e. with high interest for therapeutic uses), different extract-loaded nanocarriers were prepared. Different materials were applied in this task such as polymeric and lipid-based materials. In this specific context, the purpose of using nanotechnology as strategy was to increase the stability of bioactive compounds and to modulate their release, creating a potential topical formulation. Due to the harvesting time of elderflowers and elderberries, in a first part of this PhD thesis, initial nanoencapsulation studies were performed using hyaluronic acid as model drug. Hyaluronic acid is commonly used through intraarticular administration for viscosupplementation in osteoarthritis and other inflammation disorders. Therefore, the first studies consisted of producing an characterising polymeric nanoparticles made of poly(lacticco-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were prepared with and without hyaluronic acid. The inclusion of hyaluronic acid was achieved with an efficiency higher than 70%, but resulted in a marked particle size increase. Particles revealed an in vitro sustained release profile and in vitro cell compatibility, as well as a risk of haemolysis less than 1%, ensuring their safety. In vivo antiinflammatory studies showed a higher inhibition for hyaluronic acid-loaded PLGA particles when compared to hyaluronic acid suspension (78% versus 60%). Results were not so different from the positive control, clearly suggesting that this formulation may be a promising alternative to the current hyaluronic acid injectable dosage form. Having characterised the intended particulate carrier, different extraction methods were studied to obtain the S. nigra extracts from elderflowers and elderberries. For this purpose, fresh flowers, and fresh and dried berries were considered, resulting in eighteen S. nigra extracts. Several parameters were considered for selecting the extraction method, i.e. yield of extraction, type of solvent, flavonoid content and biological activity of the resultant extracts (antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition). The most promising extracts were characterized for in vitro and in vivo antiinflammatory activity and cytotoxicity (skin and monocytic cells). The most promising extracts were those obtained from fresh flowers using ultrasounds method with methanol. Specifically, these extracts showed results similar to positive controls, particularly the antioxidant activity (75 ± 2%), collagenase inhibition (94 ± 1%) and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (97 ± 3%). Nevertheless, extracts of fresh flowers using ultrasounds/ethanol presented higher collagenase inhibition (88 ± 3%) and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity (102 ± 2%). Cytotoxicity testing confirmed their safety. The second aim of the present PhD thesis was to optimize the activity of the resultant methanolic extracts through encapsulation in different types of nanocarriers: polymeric nanoparticles based on PLGA and poly-Ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) and lipid-based nanoparticles (ethosomes). The so obtained nanoparticulate formulations were analysed in terms of particle size and morphology, physicochemical stability over the time, extract encapsulation efficiency, release profile and biological activities (e.g., anti-inflammatory activity, collagenase inhibition, antioxidant activity). Small and well-defined polymeric nanoparticles and ethosomes were prepared. The highest encapsulation efficiency (76%) was found in PLGA nanoparticles. The same happened for the anti-inflammatory activity (60.7 ± 9.0%). On the other hand, ethosomes presented a very promising value of collagenase inhibition. At the end, this thesis validates and supports the scientific evidence of potential uses of S. nigra as a therapeutic agent, in the case of polymeric nanoparticles, or as cosmetic ingredient, in the case of ethosomes. However, further studies should be carried out, hopefully attracting interest from pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
... 2,39 Fullerenes Used in skin whitening and sunscreen products. 41 Nanocrystals Nanocrystals are developed to improve the solubility of cosmetic products. ...
... 27 Nanoparticles can prevent hair loss and maintain healthy hair. 41 Sericin, derived from the silkworm, nanoparticles are used in hair conditioners since these cationic NPs have good adherence to hair seal surface, contributing to repairing flaky cuticles and restoring hair gloss and texture. 10,64,75 Carbonates, phosphates, oxides, and hydroxides are all chemicals if formulated into nanoparticles could be added to hair care products as excipients to control the grease of the hair. ...
... The carbons are arranged either in a hollow spherical pattern, in oval or in tubes. Carbon fullerenes are highlighted in cosmetics due to their biological properties.They claimed to have antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and UVA blocking activities.41 2.5.3 | NanocrystalsIn this nanosystem, hundreds to thousands of atoms are aggregated in a single or poly-crystalline form. ...
Article
Background The qualified and paradigm jump in the formulation and production of cosmeceuticals refer in some way to the great revolution in nanotechnology. Nowadays, the industry of nano-formulated cosmeceuticals plays a significant and essential role in the evolution and growth of the pharmaceutical industries. This review manuscript focuses on the use of nanocarriers in delivering the cosmetic agents into the target area such as skin, hair, and nails. Methods Many steps were performed in the preparation of this review including identification of different classes of nanocarriers for delivery of nanocosmeceuticals, literature survey of relevantstudies regarding the applications of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals and their toxicological effects. Results When nanoparticles introduced in the cosmetic industry, the quality and the elegance of the final products were raised significantly. Sadly, this revolution is accompanied by many health hazards as these tiny molecules can penetrate intact skin barriers and cause undesired effects. Cosmeceuticals with nanotechnology include sunscreens, hair cleansing products, nail products, and agents fighting fine lines. Conclusions The expansion and growth of the cosmetic industry and the introduction of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals industry necessitates the urgent need for scientific research investigating their efficacy, safety profile and use.
... As fullerenes aren't widely used in consumer goods, cosmetics are likely to be the major way people are exposed to them [131]. For more information on the antioxidant characteristics of fullerenes, see Table 5.1. ...
... It is uncommon for the amounts of fullerenes in beauty products to be specified. Concentrations of fullerenes in liposomes in such products typically range from 0.2% to 0.5% [131,139]. Although the concentration of fullerene in skin cream is unlikely to be precisely known, it can be safely assumed to be lower than 0.5%, given the wide range of liposome concentrations that may be present. ...
... Owing to the limited investigations, without proper clinical trials, FRL is used in cosmetics in the form of creams as an antiaging product with strong antioxidant properties. [121][122][123][124] The other officially registered use of fullerenes for prevention is related to special glasses in ophthalmology. 125 The antioxidant and protective uses of FRLs should be validated in chemotherapy as well as in potential cytostatic treatments. ...
... The only 2 officially registered applications of fullerenes for prevention are related to cosmetology [121][122][123][124] and ophthalmology. 125 C 60 exhibits extraordinary quantum properties, including a unique rotational twist rate of 18 billion times/s. ...
Article
Full-text available
Fullerenes are carbon molecules that are found in nature in various forms. They are composed of hexagonal and pentagonal rings that create closed structures. Almost 4 decades ago, fullerenes were identified in the form of C 60 and C 70 , and following the award of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery in 1996, many laboratories started working on their water-soluble derivatives that could be used in different industries, including pharmaceutical industries. One of the first fullerene forms that was the focus of different research groups was fullerenol, C 60 (OH) n ( n = 2-44). Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies have shown that polyhydroxylate fullerene derivatives can potentially be used as either antioxidative agents or cytostatics (depending on their co-administration, forms, and concentration/dose) in biological systems. The current review aimed to present a critical view of the potential applications and limitations of fullerenols in oncology, as understood from the past 2 decades of research.
... As it stands, cosmetics are likely the primary route of human exposure to fullerenols. They are used in cosmetics as antioxidants and skin conditioners, typically added in amounts ranging from 0.5 to 1%, although they are generally not explicitly labeled [21]. As a relatively new nanomaterial, regrettably, there are currently no specific population exposure data for fullerenols to reference [17]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Fullerenols, a water-soluble polyhydroxy derivative of fullerene, hold promise in medical and materials science due to their unique properties. However, concerns about their potential embryotoxicity remain. Using a pregnancy mouse model and metabolomics analysis, our findings reveal that fullerenols exposure during pregnancy not only significantly reduced mice placental weight and villi thickness, but also altered the classes and concentrations of metabolites in the mouse placenta. Furthermore, we found that fullerenols exposure reduced the levels of CYP3A4, ERα and estriol (E3), while increasing the levels of estradiol (E2) and oxidative stress both in mouse placenta and placental trophoblast cells, and exogenous supplementation with E3 and ER agonists was effective in restoring these changes in vitro. Moreover, CYP3A4 inhibition was effective in decreasing intracellular E3 levels, whereas overexpression of CYP3A4 resisted the fullerenols-induced decrease in E3 expression Additionally, we synthesized glutathione-modified fullerenols (C60-(OH)n-GSH), which demonstrated improved biocompatibility and reduced embryotoxicity by enhancing intracellular glutathione levels and mitigating oxidative stress. In summary, our results demonstrated that fullerenols exposure decreased E3 synthesis by inhibiting CYP3A4 and exacerbated oxidative stress through downregulation of estrogen receptor activation and decreased glutathione levels. These findings highlight the risks of fullerenols exposure during pregnancy and offer strategies for safer nanomaterial development.
... To deliver vitamins and extracts, researchers have created unique stimuli-responsive nano capsules, which were then added to semisolid formulations like creams. The application of these formulations to the skin caused the nano capsules to release their active components at a specific site on the skin due to stimuli created by injured skin, including pH changes and the presence of enzymes (61). The dimensions of the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are submicrometer. ...
Article
Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the treatment of skin diseases in cosmetics, offering safe and targeted delivery of active medications and cosmetic ingredients. The use of carrier systems in nanotechnology improves skin penetration and sustained drug action. Formulators are using technology exclusive to cosmetic products, such as vesicular, particulate systems, emulsions, nano capsules, nanotubes, nanocrystals, and dendrimers. Nanomaterials are also used in hair care products and nail formulations. Nanomaterials are used in modern cosmetic products, particularly in sunscreens due to their ability to protect the skin from harmful UV radiation which is carcinogenic. This review explores nanotechnologies in the cosmetic industry and their potential as next- generation smarter carrier systems. It highlights the advances in nano cosmeceuticals and the applications of nanotechnology in cosmetics. It also focuses on the regulations of nanotechnology in cosmetics and describes various routes of exposure to nano particles in the human body. Keywords: Nanotechnology, cosmetics, nanoparticles, regulations, advances
... Carbon fullerene, recognized for its antioxidative properties, has been extensively integrated into cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Particularly in formulations aimed at skin rejuvenation, fullerenes are preferred for their potent ability to scavenge free radical oxygen species, assisting in mitigating the effects of UV damage such as hyperpigmentation and wrinkles (Lens, 2009). ...
... Mechanical biocompatibility is just as important as biological biocompatibility for long-term implantation (Lens, 2009). It refers to the appropriate mechanical properties required for the function and area of implantation. ...
Article
Full-text available
Biomaterials are materials that temporarily or permanently replace injured/lost tissue/organ functions for any reason, are used directly or are included in systems developed for this purpose. It is divided into two: natural and synthetic. Biomaterials have chemical, physical, mechanical, etc. properties to compensate for the said loss. It must have certain properties and be biocompatible. Non-biocompatible materials can have many significant negative effects on the body; for example, they can range from mild to severe, cause irritation, be allergenic or toxic and even create very tragic situations, leading to tumor formation. Biomaterials are often used temporarily for soft and hard tissue injuries/losses. Our body has the knowledge and ability to repair itself; soft tissue can usually regenerate within a few weeks, while hard tissue can regenerate within a few months or even a year. During this period, it is necessary to protect and support the injured tissue to ensure healthy regeneration (“healing”). Biomaterials are used for this purpose.
... 131 Numerous producers are keen to include fullerene and its derivatives in cosmetics and topical therapies since they are among the novel particles that have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in dermatology and skin care technologies. 132 Studies have examined the potential contribution of fullerene to increase the skin's antioxidant capability and defend it against harm caused by UV rays. 133 Various human skin cells were exposed to fullerene-derived substances in in vitro investigations before, during, or after UV exposure, and their ROS removal or cytoprotective activities were assessed. ...
Article
Cosmeceuticals have gained great importance and are among the top-selling products used for skin care. Because of changing lifestyles, climate, and increasing pollution, cosmeceuticals are utilized by every individual, thereby making cosmeceuticals a fruitful field for research and the economy. Cosmeceuticals provide incredibly pleasing aesthetic results by fusing the qualities of both cosmetics and medicinal substances. Cosmeceuticals are primarily utilized to improve the appearance of skin by making it smoother, moisturized, and wrinkle-free, in addition to treating dermatological conditions, including photoaging, burns, dandruff, acne, eczema, and erythema. Nanocosmeceuticals are cosmetic products that combine therapeutic effects utilizing nanotechnology, allowing for more precise and effective target-specific delivery of active ingredients, and improving bioavailability.
... They are commonly used because of their capacity to scavenge free radical oxygen species. They are frequently utilized in rejuvenating skin formulas, helping to lessen UV damage, including hyperpigmentation and wrinkles [38]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Cosmeceuticals are the fastest growing sector of the personal care industry, and the use of several topical cosmeceutical treatments has increased significantly over the years. Nanotechnology has an impact on the cosmetics industry. Novel nanocarriers, such as liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs), solid lipid NPs, and nanospheres, have superseded the use of conventional delivery systems. In nano-cosmetics and nano-cosmeceuticals for skin, hair, nails, lips, and teeth, nanomaterials (NMs) have improved product performance and customer satisfaction. Nanotechnology-based cosmeceuticals offer the advantages of product diversity, improved bioavailability of active ingredients, and higher visual attractiveness of cosmeceutical products with long-lasting effects. However, the increasing use of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals has raised concerns about potential health risks and ability of NPs to pass through the skin. This review discusses the various types of NPs used in various classes of cosmeceuticals, the availability of nanotechnology-based cosmeceuticals, the potential dangers associated with exposure to NPs, and the most recent developments in their regulation. The purpose of this review article is to provide consumers and regulators with an overview of nano-cosmetics and nano-cosmeceuticals and their applications in the cosmetic industry, as well as information on toxic effects associated with continued and sustained use of these products, which may help them gain a better understanding of benefits and encourage prudent use. Fullsize Image
... It shows more Sun Protection factor (SPF) along with higher transparency compare to normal range of TiO2. Zinc oxide (ZnO) in nano range is also used as sun protective cream ingredient, as ZnO can effectively obstruct UVA of sunlight and in nano rage range it exhibits better restorative and scattering effect [32][33][34]. Due to better antibacterial, antifungal and anti-aging activity of nano-Gold particle, these are highly used in cosmetics preparation. Diverse shape, size, higher stability, biocompatibility and higher cellular uptake make nano gold particles suitable for skin cosmetics which provides improve and elegant skin contour along with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and wound healing effect [35][36][37]. ...
Article
The application of nanotechnology continues to expand rapidly across the world. The application of nanoparticles in biological system has opened a new avenue in medicine and biotechnology. Like conventional medicine, engineered nano-particles are playing important role in traditional herbal medicines. In spite of enhanced popularity in chronic diseases management, nutrition and health promotion, herbal medicine and herbal products need more specificity in terms pharmacokinetic parameters and efficacy. In recent years, we observed that herbal materials with nano-engineered carrier enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in biological system. Combination of nano a particle in herbals now not only have overcome the challenges of poor solubility and absorption barrier of herbal extracts and active constituents but also enhances the efficacy and safety in number of cases. Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals are not only fulfilling the purpose of beautification, they are now essential for well-being and hygiene of skin, nails and hairs. Application of nanomaterials like solid lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels, liposomes, and nano-emulsion can enhance the properties of ingredients of cosmetics in terms of solubility, colour, diffusibility, spreadability, finish quality and ultimate appearance.
... Fullerenes are carbon-based nanostructures that has emerged in the field of cosmetics as rejuvenating the skin due to their antioxidant potential. These have been used in antiaging, antiwrinkle, and sunscreen products, where they act as acceptor of electrons and bind to free radicals [192]. Moreover, fullerenes have ability to enter into the epidermal layer without causing irritation on skin [193]. ...
Article
Full-text available
In recent years, there has been a rising trend in using nanoscale materials to develop nanocosmetics. Several types of nanomaterials are of supreme interest for applications in the cosmetic industry, owing to their unique structural, chemical, physical, physiochemical, and functional features, which are mostly lacking in non-nanoscale counterparts. Regardless of the materials type, shape, morphology, and composition, there are two main uses of nanomaterials in cosmeceutical products, i.e., (1) nanoconstructs as ultraviolet (UV) filters and (2) nanoconstructs as bioactive agents for topical and other cosmeceutical related products, e.g., moisturizers, hair care products, skincare, makeup, sunscreen, etc. In the former case, several types of nanoparticles, e.g., silver, gold, titanium, and zinc, have been used as UV filters or UV protectants that block or absorb UV light to protect the skin from harmful effects. In the second scenario applications, nanoliposomes are used as delivery vehicles. Thus, nanomaterials enriched nanocosmetics have been identified as potential next-generation cosmeceutical products for a blooming beauty that provides improved skin hydration, bioavailability, stability of the agent, and controlled UV occlusion. In spite of several noteworthy applications, safety considerations and regulatory aspects of nanomaterials in cosmetic products cannot be ignored, which are mostly lacking in the existing literature. Therefore, considering the above potentialities of nanomaterials and critiques, herein, we first reviewed the valuable aspects of nanoparticles and nanoliposomes as UV filters and delivery vehicles. The second half of the work focuses on the safety considerations and regulatory aspects of nanomaterials used in cosmetic formulations. Finally, the work is summed up with concluding notes and recommendations for future research that will be helpful for the material scientists to safely exploit the nanomaterials in commercial scale products.
... Liposomes are used in cosmetics to increase the concentration of active agents such as vitamin A and vitamin E [158], as well as solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers provide a control release profile for cosmetic agents [159]. Fullerene has also become suitable in skin rejuvenation cosmetic formulations [160]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Development of nanobiomaterials has become essential in the field of biomaterials engineering, specifically in bone replacement, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and cardiovascular treatment. In general, ceramics, metals, polymers, and their advanced composites and hybrids have been used as the matrix owing to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical durability. However, there have been continued efforts to improve the properties of such matrix materials to minimize toxicity while introducing various smart characteristics resulting in a new generation of novel biomaterials with unexpected properties. Nanotechnology has provided a template for developing a plethora of new biomaterials whose ultimate properties are derived from the synergistic effects arising from the nanomaterial and the matrix. Nanofibers, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and 2-D structural materials have received the highest priority in such advanced applications. This review focuses on a survey of the nanomaterials used in bio-materials/bio-composites, their historical evolution, how their structural characteristics enhance the properties of biomaterials, and evaluation of their potential in revolutionizing the field of biomaterials.
... Carbon fullerene has been extensively used in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals due to its antioxidative properties. Fullerenes are widely used in skin-rejuvenating cosmeceutical formulations because of their potent scavenging ability of free radical oxygen species, thus helping to reduce the effects of UV damage, such as hyperpigmentation and wrinkles [51]. Fullerene is a three-dimensional spherical compound that comprises a carbon ring with an odd number of carbon atoms [52] and is hence called "buckyballs" or buckminsterfullerene. Fullerenes alone have limited applications because of their hydrophobic nature, but the use of surface-active agents in a suitable concentration has improved their aqueous solubility and hence has successfully increased their utilization in pharmaceutical applications [36,53]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Nanotechnology has the potential to generate advancements and innovations in formulations and delivery systems. This fast-developing technology has been widely exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Today, cosmetic formulations incorporating nanotechnology are a relatively new yet very promising and highly researched area. The application of nanotechnology in cosmetics has been shown to overcome the drawbacks associated with traditional cosmetics and also to add more useful features to a formulation. Nanocosmetics and nanocosmeceuticals have been extensively explored for skin, hair, nails, lips, and teeth, and the inclusion of nanomaterials has been found to improve product efficacy and consumer satisfaction. This is leading to the replacement of many traditional cosmeceuticals with nanocosmeceuticals. However, nanotoxicological studies on nanocosmeceuticals have raised concerns in terms of health hazards due to their potential skin penetration, resulting in toxic effects. This review summarizes various nanotechnology-based approaches being utilized in the delivery of cosmetics as well as cosmeceutical products, along with relevant patents. It outlines their benefits, as well as potential health and environmental risks. Further, it highlights the regulatory status of cosmeceuticals and analyzes the different regulatory guidelines in India, Europe, and the USA and discusses the different guidelines and recommendations issued by various regulatory authorities. Finally, this article seeks to provide an overview of nanocosmetics and nanocosmeceuticals and their applications in cosmetic industries, which may help consumers and regulators to gain awareness about the benefits as well as the toxicity related to the continuous and long-term uses of these products, thus encouraging their judicious use.
... Teeth remineralization in oral care products [46,47] Carbon-based Fullerenes C70, C76, C84, C90 e C36 but mainly C60 buckyballs Antioxidants, antimicrobial [48] Carbon nanotubes ...
Article
Full-text available
Nanosystems exhibit various innovative physico-chemical properties as well as a range of cosmetic functions, including increased skin retention for loaded compounds. The worldwide nano-market has therefore been consistently extensive in recent decades. This review summarizes the most important properties of nanosystems that are employed in cosmetics, including composition, functions and interactions with skin, with particular attention being paid to marketed products. Moreover, the worldwide regulatory landscape of nanomaterials used as cosmetic ingredients is considered, and the main safety concerns are indicated. In general, advanced physico-chemical characterization is preliminarily needed to assess the safety of nanomaterials for human health and the environment. However, there is currently a shortfall in global legislation as a universally accepted and unambiguous definition of a nanomaterial is still lacking. Therefore, each country follows its own regulations. Anyhow, the main safety concerns arise from the European context, which is the most restrictive. Accordingly, the poor dermal permeation of nanomaterials generally limits their potential toxic effects, which should be mainly ascribed to unwanted or accidental exposure routes.
... The fullerenes are able to scavenge the free radicals and protect the cells from apoptosis. Because of such antioxidant nature of fullerenes, they are highly useful in anti-aging cosmetic products, for example, fullerene-C60 (Lipo-Fullerene) is used as a potential ingredient because of the anti-wrinkle property of fullerenes [91][92][93]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The field of nanotechnology is being greatly explored by cosmetic industries in order to improve the efficacy of cosmetic products. The increased use of nanomaterials in the field of cosmetics can have two sides as health-related benefits and detrimental effects. This review mainly seeks the pros and cons of the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics along with some examples of nanomaterials that are widely used in cosmetic industries along with different types of nanotechnology-based cosmetic products. The benefits of nanomaterials in cosmetic formulations are huge. Moreover the study regarding the toxic effects on the health also equally matters. This review gives a brief outline of the advantages as well as disadvantages of nanotechnology in cosmetics.
... There are several synthesis mechanisms for the production of buckyball, necessary in various applications across cosmeceuticals. One such method resulting in bulk production of buckyball follows the combustion synthesis, where a hydrocarbon and oxygen reacts together under low pressure yielding approximately 95% pure buckyballs (Lens et al., 2009;Goodarzi et al., 2017). Figure 12: Buckyball or Fullerene. ...
Preprint
Arguably enough, cosmetics are an essential part of human evolution and advancement. Invented to enhance and take care of face, body and human appearance, cosmetology forms a huge industry in the modern era. With the surge of technology, innovation in nanoscience and nanotechnology swiftly ventured its way into cosmetology. Cosmetic industry adapted various applications of nanotechnology in their process since the beginning of nanotechnological innovations. With increasing research and remarkable development of nanomaterials and nanoparticles, the use of nanotechnology in the field of cosmeceuticals gradually increased, giving rise to nano-cosmeceuticals (Cosmetics Info, 2020; Melo et al., 2015). So, what is nano-cosmeceuticals exactly? Nano-cosmeceuticals, an emerging field as we know it, is the cosmetic formulation that uses nanomaterials as a delivery mechanism to enhance the performance of bioactive components present in cosmetics. The major classes of nano cosmeceuticals consist of moisturizers, sunscreens, cleansers, anti aging products, hair, nail and skin care formulations (Kaul et al., 2018; Cosmetics Info, 2020). Nanotechnology-based applications in cosmeceutical industries are so vast that from UV-protective sunscreens to makeup, deodorant and many more, nanoparticles are fundamental aspects in cosmetic production. In this regard, nanotechnology-based applications include utilization of metallic nanomaterials, nanoemulsions, nanosomes, polymeric based nanoparticle, silica nanoparticle, micellar nanoparticle, nanopigments, solid lipid nanoparticle, nanocrystal, buckyball, fullerene, nanodiamonds and so on. Despite having several beneficial properties of these nanotechnology-based applications, there are controversies associated with its sustainability and negative impacts. This chapter aims to critically analyze some of the major properties, mechanisms and impacts of nanotechnology applications in cosmeceuticals. In doing so, this chapter essentially explores widely used nanotechnology concepts that are relevant to cosmetology. Additionally, it covers nano-cosmeceutical associative advantages and risks towards the sustainable health and environment sector.
... The ability to moderate the production of reactive oxygen species helps to prevent cell damage, such as mitochondrial injury and DNA fragmentation and makes them promising antioxidant agents for the treatment of oxidative stress-related disease [10][11][12]. C 60 fullerenes have also shown cytoprotective action against UVA irradiation [13] that makes them successful for development of cosmetic products, which are widely used nowadays [14]. Many recent studies have demonstrated the wide range of avenues of the use of C 60 fullerenes for their antioxidant, anti-viral, anticancer, and immunological properties [5]. ...
Article
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C60 fullerenes have proved their therapeutic effects and efficacy by the results of countless experiments. For further usage of these nanoparticles, the systematic toxicological investigations are required. Blood compatibility should be studied for C60 fullerenes due to the potential blood contact. Currently, available data is not systematic and has not provided insights into possible side effects of C60 fullerenes on blood components. In this study, water-soluble pristine C60 fullerenes were tested in vitro to assess their biocompatibility in rabbit. The blood compatibility has been evaluated looking at the impact of C60 fullerenes on erythrocyte integrity, platelet aggregation, and some blood factors involved in coagulation. Our results revealed that C60 fullerenes cannot elicit hemolysis at studied concentrations and did not show any effect on coagulation process. C60 fullerenes in concentration-dependent manner increased ADP-dependent platelet aggregation and changed the key kinetic parameters of these processes. C60 fullerenes inhibited thrombin amidolytic activity but did not affect the activities of other studied coagulation factors. The prothrombotic property of C60 fullerenes could be the potential risk factor that leads to enhancement of vascular thrombosis. The ability of fullerene to inhibit thrombin activity is important for the pharmacological use of these carbon nanoparticles as anticoagulant agents.
... Presently, published reports provide sufficient evidence on bioactive properties of fullerenes in relevance to their applications in cosmetics and there are published patents to illustrate the application of fullerenes in the cosmetics industry. The future developments in the area of fullerene-based cosmetic formulations have been reported [42]. ...
Chapter
Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) with changed physical and chemical properties find numerous applications affecting the quality of human life. They have entered almost all industrial sectors, namely cosmetics, pharmaceutical, medical, food, agrochemicals, fuel, and textiles, with commercial value. They are also used in paints, chemical and biological sensors, optics, and as effective UV-absorbers and free-radical scavengers. Engineered nanoparticles are prepared using top-down or bottom-up approaches and are characterized on the basis of dispersion, homogeneity, and shape. Several types of NPs with altered surface properties are used in the cosmetic industry including silica, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, gold, silver, cerium and iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide. The cosmetic industry is one of the most relevant industries with respect to monetary income and profit and in the present scenario in which consciousness about physical appearance and personal care is considered important, advancements in technology are of utmost concern. Nanotechnology has become an integrated part of the cosmetic development process because of its favorable qualities such as small particle size, antimicrobial properties, UV protection, increased stability and shelf-life, free radical scavenger qualities, and long lasting. However, these engineered nanoparticles, which are ingredients of many cosmetics at the present time, pose a danger to the environment and hazards to human health. More rigorous research and application guidelines are required in the area of nanocosmeceuticals to avoid their toxic effects on human life and environmental hazards. In this chapter, future prospects of engineered nanoparticles in the cosmetic industry are discussed along with their limitations.
... 32 Shenderova et al. have demonstrated the effectiveness of ND as UV filter in sunscreens, 32,34 and many skin rejuvenating products have already harnessed the radical scavenging ability of fullerene derivatives. 35,36 However, a comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant and anti-UV properties of ND and C 60 in the specific context of TiO 2 sunscreens is still lacking. Herein, we focus on UVlight transmittance, free radical scavenging ability and intracellular oxidative stress. ...
Article
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by common sunscreen agents such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) has prompted much research to incorporate effective antioxidants into sunscreens. Nanodiamonds (ND) and fullerenes (C60) are potent antioxidants (radical scavengers) and effective UV filters, making them prime candidates as additives in sunscreens. The radical scavenging potentials of ND and C60 are compared to the common antioxidant vitamin C using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay. We found that the radical scavenging potentials of ND and C60 are well sustained as compared to vitamin C in the presence of UV irradiation and ROS-generating TiO2 nanoparticles. This suggests that ND and C60 can be used as long lasting antioxidants to complement sunscreens. ND and C60 are further incorporated into prototype creams along with TiO2 nanoparticles. When these prototype creams are subjected to simulated solar irradiation, the transmission spectra show that the anti-UV properties of the creams are well maintained after prolonged irradiation. This suggests that ND and C60 are photo-stable UV filters that can supplement the sun protection efficacy of sunscreens. Cell studies using human dermal fibroblasts are also conducted to demonstrate the ability of ND and C60 to scavenge the intracellular ROS generated by TiO2 nanoparticles. This work establishes the antioxidant and anti-UV benefits of adding ND and C60 to sunscreens.
... Due to their bactericidal properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commonly nano-sized particles used in a large range of consumer products and applications such as medicine, textiles, cosmetics, bactericides, renewable energies, environmental remediation and electronic devices (Zhang, 2003;Barnett et al., 2007;Kachynski et al., 2008;Wei et al., 2008;Lens, 2009;Buffet et al., 2014). Accordingly, 438 consumer products incorporating AgNPs exist, making them the largest and fastest growing class of nanomaterials in market products (Volland et al., 2015). ...
Article
Silver is a ubiquitous metal in the marine environment which can be accumulated by marine organisms. In order to assess the effect of dissolved silver (AgD) and AgNPs in R. philippinarum, the organisms were exposed to 20 μg L-1 of AgD and AgNPs (15 nm) over 7 days. Bioaccumulation of the metal and oxidative and detoxification biomarkers were studied in control and exposed clams. Ag was accumulated in gills and digestive glands. Results for biochemical biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activity, lipid peroxidation and metallothionein provoked a general increase in the integrated biomarker response index (IBR) values) indicating the induction of oxidative stress in the clams exposed to both Ag treatments. Therefore, the presence of Ag forms at the tested concentration in the aquatic medium represent a risk for R. philippinarum.
... В работе [16] приведена таблица, в которой на примере более десяти пациентов описано использование фуллеренов для защиты кожи от УФ-облучения, антиоксидантов в виде дезодорантов, композиций для защиты волос, наполнителей, пигментов, антимикробных и противовирусных средств и т. п. Однако это далеко не полный перечень патентов [111,112]. К сожалению, проблема, как уже отмечалось выше, заключается еще и в достоверности и достаточности сведений, насколько данные этих патентов подтверждены экспериментом. Собственный опыт указывает на то, что во всяком случае некоторые патенты не имеют под собой реальной основы. ...
Article
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The review focuses on the possibilities and prospects of the use of fullerenes and their derivatives in cosmetics, the only industrial area where fullerenes have found practical application today. Based on the literary data and the results of their own experiments, the authors substantiate the safety of using fullerene for living organisms, as well as the usefulness of introducing fullerene as antioxidant in cosmetic compositions. Other useful properties of fullerene used in cosmetics and dermatology are discussed.
... En ce qui concerne les particules stables, celles-ci ne font pas référence à la stabilité colloïdale mais caractérisent l'insolubilité des particules ou leur non désintégration. Ainsi, les particules métalliques (nanoparticules d'or, d'argent, ...), les oxydes métalliques (dioxyde de titane, oxyde de zinc, ... ), les quantum dots ou encore les fullerènes sont classés dans cette catégorie [325,326,327]. Elles sont plus particulièrement utilisées dans les crèmes en tant qu'anti-radicaux libres afin de protéger la peau de la pollution, des effets de l'âge ou bien des UV. ...
Thesis
L'utilisation massive des nanomatériaux pose de réels enjeux sanitaires et environnementaux. C'est pourquoi ils sont désormais soumis à une réglementation qui prévoit une traçabilité de ceux-ci depuis leur fabrication jusqu'à leur distribution et l'établissement d'une fiche d'identité de la substance (composition, taille, état d'agglomération, forme, etc.). Une routine de caractérisation de nanoparticules en suspension a ainsi été développée. La Microscopie Électronique en Transmission (MET) a permis d'établir une majorité des paramètres de la fiche d'identité, en combinant à la fois imagerie et spectroscopie (analyses chimiques). La préparation, dont dépendra la qualité des observations, nécessite un développement pour chaque matériau analysé. Pour cela, trois techniques ont été mises au point : le dépôt en voie sèche qui permet une observation directe et simple, la cryogénie qui permet de fixer l'état de la suspension et l'in-situ liquide qui permet d'observer directement la suspension sans changement d'état. Les analyses MET étant locales, une comparaison avec des techniques indirectes a été effectuée par Diffusion Statique (MALS) et Dynamique (DLS) de la Lumière avec et sans fractionnement par couplage flux-force (FFF). Deux matériaux modèles ont été choisis. Le premier est une nanoémulsion de lipides stabilisés par des surfactants, servant de vecteurs à des principes actifs. Une étude de vieillissement par interaction avec des protéines a été menée et de légères variations de taille ont été obtenues. Le second matériau sélectionné est une poudre de nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane, remises en suspension, utilisée dans les crèmes solaires en tant que filtres UV. Ces particules ont été observées avant et après passage en enceinte climatique afin d'observer les effets des rayons UV sur celles-ci. Ceci a confirmé la stabilité des particules. Les protocoles de caractérisation développés au cours de cette thèse peuvent ainsi servir de supports à l'étude d'autres nanoparticules en suspension.
... Pristine form of fullerene C 60 and its derivatives possess strong antiviral activity which make complex with human immunodeficiency virus-protease and active pocket of polymerase acidic endonuclease thereby inhibiting acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Sijbesma et al., 1993) and influenza (Shoji et al., 2013), respectively. It is also widely applied for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases (Dugan et al., 1997(Dugan et al., , 2001, and used in the cosmetic industry, especially in antiaging formulations (Lens, 2009(Lens, , 2011. ...
Article
The interaction of any substance with the body is determined by several parameters, namely: its penetration, distribution, transformation and excretion, in other words, ADME properties. Naturally, this fully applies to such a class of compounds as carbon nanostructures (CN). They are mainly formed by sp2-hybridized carbon atoms (with the exception of nanodiamonds formed by sp3-hybridized atoms). However, their properties differ markedly from each other. This review is devoted to examining these differences. This review includes fullerenes, nanoionions, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, graphene and its derivatives, and nanodiamonds.
Article
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Nanoparticles are structures that possess unique properties with high surface area-to-volume ratio. Their small size, up to 100 nm, and potential for surface modifications have enabled their use in a wide range of applications. Various factors influence the properties and applications of NPs, including the synthesis method and physical attributes such as size and shape. Additionally, the materials used in the synthesis of NPs are primary determinants of their application. Based on the chosen material, NPs are generally classified into three categories: organic, inorganic, and carbon-based. These categories include a variety of materials, such as proteins, polymers, metal ions, lipids and derivatives, magnetic minerals, and so on. Each material possesses unique attributes that influence the activity and application of the NPs. Consequently, certain NPs are typically used in particular areas because they possess higher efficiency along with tenable toxicity. Therefore, the classification and the base material in the NP synthesis hold significant importance in both NP research and application. In this paper, we discuss these classifications, exemplify most of the major materials, and categorize them according to their preferred area of application. This review provides an overall review of the materials, including their application, and toxicity.
Article
The term cosmetics refers to any substances or products intended for external application on the skin with the aim of protection and better appearance of the skin surface. The skin delivery system promotes the controlled and targeted delivery of active ingredients. The development of this system has been driven by challenges encountered with conventional cosmeceuticals, including low skin retention of active components, limited percutaneous penetration, poor water dispersion of insoluble active ingredients, and instability of effective components. The aim is to create cosmeceuticals that can effectively overcome these issues. This review focuses on various nanocarriers used in cosmeceuticals currently and their applications in skin care, hair care, oral care, and more. The importance of nanotechnology in the sphere of research and development is growing. It provides solutions to various problems faced by conventional technologies, methods, and product formulations thus taking hold of the cosmetic industry as well. Nowadays, consumers are investing in cosmetics only for better appearance thus problems like wrinkles, ageing, hair loss, and dandruff requires to be answered proficiently. Nanocarriers not only enhance the efficacy of cosmeceutical products, providing better and longer-lasting effects, but they also contribute to the improved aesthetic appearance of the products. This dual benefit not only enhances the final quality and efficacy of the product but also increases consumer satisfaction. Additionally, nanocarriers offer protection against UV rays, further adding to the overall benefits of the cosmeceutical product. Figure 1 represents various advantages of nanocarriers used in cosmeceuticals. Nanotechnology is also gaining importance due to their high penetration of actives in the deeper layers of skin. It can be said that nanotechnology is taking over all the drawbacks of the traditional products. Thus, nanocarriers discussed in this review are used in nanotechnology to deliver the active ingredient of the cosmeceutical product to the desired site.
Chapter
Science of combining active pharmaceutical ingredients with the cosmetics for the purpose of therapeutic effects in addition to beautifying, cleansing, coloring, and other beneficial effects are growing nowadays very rapidly. As combining active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and active phytoconstituents are becoming beneficial for the consumers and the manufacturers both, but due to some limitation like poor stability, poor skin permeability, low solubility, and less availability to the targeted region of the body parts of the active ingredients were hindering the formulation of efficient cosmeceutical products. But the emergence of nanotechnology era became the excellent fortune to the cosmetic companies to reduce these drawbacks issues by combining the nanocarriers with the API and phytoconstituents of cosmetics, known as nanocosmeceuticals. Nanocosmeceuticals’ concept improved the stability, skin penetration capability, targeted drug delivery, and long-term impacts of active ingredients of cosmeceutical products. Despite of these advantages of the nanosystems implications in the cosmeceutical products, concerns about toxicity issues to the consumers and harmful effects on environment are also raising as still there are no implicated safety regulation by the governments. Hence, manufacturers should keep in mind about safety and perform clinical trials of the nano-based cosmeceutical products and should label the nano-materials used to avoid any hazardous health effects.
Chapter
Nanomaterial-based cosmetics and dermatological products are used for cosmetics, therapeutics, skin disorders, and diagnostic applications. Nanomaterials are designed with the aim of the targeted and efficient delivery carrier. Applications of nanomaterials are now extrapolating to cosmetics and dermatology. Polymer, lipid, and inorganic material-based nanomaterials play a significant role in cosmetics and dermatology. Severe skin disorders can be efficiently treated by nanomedicine. Enhanced permeation through the skin, uniform spreading, and quick effect are the major advantages of nanomaterials. In skin, cancer nanomaterials play an important role in targeting the specific biomolecule with minimum side effects to normal cells. The functionalization of these nanomaterials also improves their safety, efficiency, and results for broad-spectrum applications. Recent advancements in nanomaterials help to overcome the biological barriers which restrict the development of conventional cosmetics science and dermatology. This chapter emphasizes on classification and various applications of nanomaterials in cosmetics and dermatology, their methods of preparation, characterization, and toxicity assessment method. The advancement of functionalized nanomaterials is also highlighted in the chapter. The chapter also includes the global patent scenario, limitations, current nanotechnology-based products, and future perspectives.
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Nanotechnology demonstrates progress in research and development by enhancing the efficiency of the product by providing innovative solutions. To overcome certain disadvantages associated with traditional products, the application of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals has escalated. Cosmeceuticals are considered to be the fastest-growing sector in the personal care industry, and over the years they have increased dramatically. Nano-cosmeceuticals are widely used in the treatment of skin, hair, nail, and lip, in conditions such as wrinkles, photography, hyperpigmentation, pimples and hair injuries. The use of conventional supply systems has been replaced by new nanocarriers such as liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid nanostructures, and nanospheres. These new nanocarriers have increased skin penetration, controlled and sustained drug release, increased stability, specific targeting at the site, and increased trapping efficiency. Nevertheless, nanotoxicological studies have shown concern about the effects of increased use of nanoparticles in cosmeceuticals, as nanoparticles may penetrate the skin and cause health risks. This review of nanotechnology used in cosmeceutical products highlights the various new transport companies that are used to supply cosmeceutical products, their positive and negative aspects, marketable formulations, nanocosmeceutical toxicity and regulations.
Article
Background Nanoparticle formulations development for anti-aging treatment is increasing due to their multifunctional properties. These nanotechnological strategies can target cellular/molecular pathways of the skin affected by the aging process. However, a review of these strategies is required to discuss their efficacy/safety and establish the needs for further research. Objective Innovative nanotechnological advances for skin anti-aging/rejuvenation are summarized and discussed in this work. Method The information in this review was extracted from recent and relevant studies using nanotechnology for anti-aging treatment from scientific databases. Results and discussion Results show an enhanced skin anti-aging effect of actives-loaded nanoparticles of next generation (nanostructured lipid carriers, fullerenes, transfersomes, protransfersomes, niosomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, glycerosomes, phytosomes) compared with nanocarriers of first generation or conventional formulations. Anti-aging active ingredients such as, flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, quercetagetine, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, myricetin, silibinin, curcuminoids, isoflavones); vitamins (E, D3, CoQ10); acids (hyaluronic, ascorbic, rosmarinic, gallic); extracts (Citrus sinensis, Tagetes erecta L., Achillea millefolium L., Citrus aurantium L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Aloe vera, propolis earned by Apis mellifera); and other compounds (adenosine, beta-glucan, heptapetide DEETGEF, resveratrol, cycloastragenol, melatonin, botulinum toxin, grapeseed oil), have been successfully entrapped into nanoparticles for skin rejuvenation. This encapsulation has improved their solubility, bioavailability, stability, permeability, and effectivity for skin anti-aging, providing a controlled drug release with minimized side effects. Conclusion Recent studies show a trend of anti-aging herbal active ingredients-loaded nanoparticles, enhancing the moisturizing, antioxidant, regenerating and photoprotective activity of the skin. Suitable safety/shelf-life stability of these novel formulations is key to a successful translation to the clinic/industry.
Chapter
Nanocosmetics are personal care products containing nanocarriers or nanoparticles. These carriers increase formulation efficacy and promote controlled release of active ingredients. Cosmeceuticals are regarded as the fastest growing segment of the personal care industry, and the use has risen drastically over the years. For successful product development and production of nanocosmeceuticals, the interplay between material properties, formulation, process equipment, and process parameters must carefully be understood. Formulation with additives is crucial for the process performance as well as for product stability. Equipment should be operated in optimal parameter settings to combine the advantages of low energy consumption, high productivity, high product quality, and low product contamination. This chapter describes nanocarrier-based cosmeceuticals production, characterization, patent indeed on production method, and use of nanocosmeceuticals and also regulatory issues related to production of nanocosmeceuticals.
Chapter
Colloidal nanocarriers can be produced using nanotechnological approaches in which the material is reengineered to the nanoscale to bestow unique attributes in terms of physicochemical facets and bioavailability. The use of colloidal nanocarriers in cosmetics provides additional benefits in terms of higher efficacy which leads to exceptionally improved cosmetic performance. Organic nanocarriers like liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, etc. are marketed by leading cosmetic companies, whereas titanium dioxide- and zinc oxide-based inorganic colloidal nanocarriers that exhibit enhanced ultraviolet blocking action perceive vast scope in formulation of sunscreen products. The nanotechnology-abled colloidal nanocarriers are being seen as great boon in modern cosmetic industry that was worth 1055.1millionin2018,andisforecastedtoexpandataCompoundAnnualGrowthRateof10.51055.1 million in 2018, and is forecasted to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 10.5% to reach 2231.4 million by 2025. In this chapter, various colloidal carriers and their suitability for nanocosmeceutical applications along with their commercial status are explored. Besides, the routes of exposure of nanocosmeceuticals including their toxicity, safety, and regulatory concerns are addressed.
Chapter
Unprotected exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation leads to profound public health implications. Short-term physical distresses such as episodic sunburns or blistering, shockingly, could snowball into long-term hazards, including skin cancer. In an effort to suppress these damaging effects of UV radiation, photo-protective measures have been put in place, with sunscreens being an integral part of the strategy. Typically, topical sunscreen formulations comprise organic and inorganic ingredients, which act as chemical and physical UV filters, respectively. An ideal sunscreen includes non-toxic active components with pronounced absorption properties in the broadband UV spectrum and enhanced photostability. Some of these components, however, are photo-labile and display a poor aesthetic elegance. The recent introduction of nanotechnology, which involves the design, production and application of materials in nano-dimensions, seems to circumvent many of the shortcomings associated with the traditional micro-sized topical agents as a preventive modality of the sun-damaging activities. Present-day studies also underpin the use of nanomaterials in sunscreen formulations to have significantly improved cosmesis, ease of application while retaining their UV-protective attributes. There are, however, rising concerns over the size-related properties of nanomaterials, which could elicit unintended negative consequences, such as the formation of free radicals and aggravated cellular toxicity. In this chapter, we review the emerging use of nanonutrition and nanoparticles in UV protection, as well as their mechanism of action and safety concerns. We propose several photoprotection recommendations as a presetting framework for future research to meet the functional demands in the cosmetics and wellness industry.
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Nanotechnology-based formulations have revolutionized the cosmetics industry. Nanoformulations can improve the behavior release of the ingredients and their skin penetration, two important factors in advanced cosmetics technology. Recently, fullerene nanoparticles and their derivatives have gained attention as one of the most developed types of cosmetic additive ingredients. Fullerene nanoparticles are useful in dermatological formulations because of their high antioxidant activities and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging functions. This review summarizes recent trends in the development of fullerene-containing cosmetic skincare products. https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/magazine/article/22144416
Article
Numerous applications exist for graphene-based materials, such as graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. Increased concentrations of GO nanosheets in the environment have the potential to have a large negative effect on the aquatic environment, with consequences for benthic organisms, such as polychaetes. The polychaete Hediste diversicolor mobilises the sediments, hence altering the availability of contaminants and the nutrients biogeochemical cycle. As such, this study proposes to assess the effects of different GO nanosheets concentrations on the behaviour, feeding activity, mucus production, regenerative capacity, antioxidant status, biochemical damage and metabolism of H. diversicolor. This study evidenced that H. diversicolor exposed to GO nanosheets had a significantly lower ability to regenerate their bodies, took longer to feed and burrow into the sediment and produced more mucus. Membrane oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation) increased in exposed specimens. The increased metabolic rate (ETS) evidenced a higher energy expenditure in exposed organisms (high use of ready energy sources – soluble sugars) to fight the toxicity induced by GO nanosheets, such as SOD activity. The increase in SOD activity was enough to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by GO on cytosol at the lowest concentrations, avoiding the damage on proteins (lower PC levels), but not on membranes (LPO increase). This study revealed that the presence of GO nanosheets, even at the lower levels tested, impaired behavioural, physiological, and biochemical traits in polychaetes, suggesting that the increase of these engineered nanomaterials in the environment can disturb these benthic organisms, affecting the H. diversicolor population. Moreover, given the important role of this group of organisms in coastal and estuarine food webs, the biogeochemical cycle of nutrients, and sediment oxygenation, there is a real possibility for repercussions into the estuarine community.
Chapter
Cosmetics are chemical compounds which have been known to human beings for thousands of years. According to the cosmetics regulatory body, i.e., Food and Drug Administration, USA, cosmetics are applied to the human body to enhance its appearance without affecting the body functioning and causing any harm to human health. Cosmetics are not a vital component for human beings, but the desire for beauty, together with the increasing consciousness of people toward physical appearance, has made cosmetics a billion-dollar industry. People are increasingly demanding viable, substantial, or natural products that are not harmful to them and to the environment. The most recent evolution in cosmetics is the use of nanomaterials in cosmetics, due to their more effective impact as compared to conventional agents. However, the production of engineered or man-made NPs involves toxic and harmful chemicals. To counter the problem, green NPs have proved to be a better and alternative substitute. The green word refers to the greener methods of NPs fabrication by employing the use of algae, fungi, bacteria, and plant resources as a raw material under mild reaction conditions. In the present article, the potential of a greener approach as a more effective tool for NP production and its application in the cosmetics industry has been highlighted.
Chapter
Fullerenes, the third allotropic form of carbon, have attracted considerable attention since they were first observed in 1985 and have been widely explored in the past three decades. In this chapter, we review the synthetic methods to prepare empty fullerenes as well as endohedral fullerenes; introduce the structural characteristics of fullerenes, including the isolated pentagon rule, topology, and naming according to the spiral algorithm, Stone-Wales transformations; and describe structures that have been characterized to date. In addition, general remarks about the most important aspects of the chemical reactivity, including hydrogenation, halogenation, oxidation, reduction, cycloaddition reactions, and nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical additions are presented. Applications, such as in medical treatments and photovoltaic devices, are also systematically described.
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Nanotechnology manifests the progression within stage of research and development, by increasing the efficacy of the merchandise through delivery of innovative solutions. to beat certain drawbacks associated with the traditional products, application of nanotechnology is escalating within the world of cosmeceuticals. In private care industry, cosmeceuticals are considered the fastest growing segment and thus the use has risen drastically over the years. Nanocosmeceuticals used for skin, hair, nail, and lip care, for conditions like wrinkles, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, dandruff, and hair damage, have inherit widespread use. Novel nanocarriers like nano emulsions, liposomes, microemulsions, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanospheres and nanostructured lipid carrier have replaced the usage of conventional delivery system. These novel nanocarriers have advantages of controlled and sustained drug release, enhanced skin penetration, higher stability, high entrapment efficiency and site-specific targeting. However, nanotoxicological researches have indicated concern regarding the impact of increased use of nanoparticles in cosmeceuticals as there are possibilities of nanoparticles to penetrate through skin and cause health hazards. This review on nanotechnology utilized in cosmeceuticals highlights the various novel carriers used for the delivery of cosmeceuticals, marketed formulations, their positive and negative aspects, toxicity, and regulations of nanocosmeceuticals.
Research
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Nanotechnology is one of the fast developing scientific fields and in current scenario, it is used in manufacturing of skin care products. The merchandise of the nanoscience has grown to be a phase of our day-today lives. Cosmeceuticals are the fast developing sector in worldwide as remedies for many conditions like hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and wrinkle, pores, dandruff and hair damage. The exclusive kinds of nanocarriers are used in place of conventional delivery system like liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, niosomes, microemulsion, nanoemulsions and nanostructure lipid carrier. Nanotechnology based on phytocompounds has been extremely used in manufacturing of cosmeceutical for different type of beauty products including antiaging cream and lotion, sunscreen, moisturizer etc. Phytoherbal cosmeceutical accelerates the different type of skin rejuvenate process by activating proliferation and mobilization for skin cells. It is also beneficial in increasing different types of antioxidants in cells. This review is focused on synthesis of silver phytonanoparticles, with a short description of the essential use of plants and their functions in cosmetic.
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Nanotechnology has become one of the fastest growing industries in the current century because nanomaterials (NMs) are present in an ever-expanding range of consumer products increasing the chance of their release into natural environments. In this study, the impacts of two metal nanoparticles (Ag-NPs and CuO-NPs) and their equivalent ionic forms (Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺) were assessed on the lentic freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and on its ability to adapt and recover through generations. In our study, Ag-NPs and CuO-NPs inhibited the rotifer population growth rate and caused mortality at low concentrations (< 100 μg L⁻¹). Ag-NPs and CuO-NPs decreased in the medium when organisms were present (48 h exposure: 51.1 % and 66.9 %, respectively), similarly Ag⁺ and Cu²⁺ also decreased from medium in presence of the organisms (48 h: 35.2 % and 47.3 %, respectively); although the metal concentrations removed from the medium were higher for nanoparticles than metal ions, metal ions showed higher effects then their respective nanoparticle forms. Rotifer populations exposed for 4 generations to the toxicants were able to recover the population growth rate, but some rotifers showed developmental delay and inability to reproduce even after the removal of the toxicants. Intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species as well as plasma membrane damage were found in the rotifers at concentrations corresponding to EC10 (Ag-NPs = 1.7 μg L⁻¹, Ag⁺ = 4.5 μg L⁻¹, CuO-NPs = 46.9 μg L⁻¹, Cu²⁺ = 35 μg L⁻¹) of the population growth rate. Our results showed, for the first time, that effects of metal nanoparticles and metal ions on rotifer populations may persist along several generations. This should be taken into account when assessing risks of metal nanoparticles in freshwaters.
Article
Extensive melanin production and accumulation inside the skin may result in a number of disorders, among which is acquired hyperpigmentation, such as melasma. Skin hyperpigmentation is attributed to either the increase in the number of melanocytes or the hyperactivity of melanogenic enzymes. Genetic susceptibility, ultraviolet radiation, hormonal remedies as well as the abnormal release of the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) represent the provoking factors contributing to such disorder. On the account of their prominent localization in skin-exposed areas, hyperpigmentation may possess cosmetic and psychosocial relevance, and subsequently many efforts have been exerted to help rectify this skin disorder. The current review presents the approaches adopted to treat melasma. It also reviews the active molecules counteracting the melanogenesis process and the diverse nanotechnology-based delivery systems, which showed successful topical delivery of hypopigmenting agents for the treatment of melasma.
Thesis
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are presently among the most widely used nanomaterials. With the extraordinary advances in nanotechnologies, enormous amounts are expected to be released into the environment and to reach freshwaters. The inherent antimicrobial properties of silver ions (Ag+) has raised concern on whether natural microbiota can be affected in the same way as pathogenic microbes. Moreover, the mechanisms of toxicity of AgNPs remain unclear particularly the discrimination of the role of Ag+ released from AgNPs in toxicity is not fully elucidated. We assessed the impacts of AgNPs and Ag+ based on omic approaches and on the activities of selected antioxidant enzymes in two aquatic fungal ecotypes of Articulospora tetracladia, one isolated from a non-polluted stream (At72) and the other from a metal-polluted stream (At61), and in the bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. M1 (PsM1), isolated from a metal-polluted stream.
Article
Nano-sized Sr1−xAgxTiO3 system was prepared using modified Pechini method (x = 0, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.07). XRD, TEM and DRS are utilized for the prepared sample characterization. The doping impact on the structural and the antimicrobials properties was studied. The undoped SrTiO3 has cubic-like perovskite structure while Ag-doped samples have traces of metallic silver in addition to the cubic-like perovskite structure. Doping of SrTiO3 with silver resulted in red shift of the absorption to the visible light range. Antimicrobial properties were detected for nano-sized undoped and Ag-doped SrTiO3, whereas the parent SrTiO3 has not clear zone. Different concentrations of silver were applied in matrices of polymer to be utilized as active coating materials on paper sheets. Physico-mechanical properties of coated paper, thickness, water absorption, tensile, elongation at break and short span, were investigated. Active nanocomposite coating enhanced the mechanical and short span behaviors. Interested throughout assessment was presented for nanocomposites coating and its uses on packaging materials.
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