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It has been reported previously that the upper body musculature is continually active during high intensity cycle ergometry. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of prior upper body exercise on subsequent Wingate (WAnT) performance. Eleven recreationally active males (20.8 ± 2.2 yrs; 77.7 ± 12.0 kg; 1.79 ± 0.04 m) completed two trials in a randomised order. In one trial participants completed 2 × 30 s WAnT tests (WAnT1 and WAnT2) with a 6 min recovery period; in the other trial, this protocol was preceded with 4 sets of biceps curls to induce localised arm fatigue. Prior upper body exercise was found to have a statistically significant detrimental effect on peak power output (PPO) during WAnT1 (P < 0.05) but no effect was observed for mean power output (MPO) (P > 0.05). Handgrip (HG) strength was also found to be significantly lower following the upper body exercise. These results demonstrate that the upper body is meaningfully involved in the generation of leg power during intense cycling.
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Research Article
The Effect of Prior Upper Body Exercise on
Subsequent Wingate Performance
Marie Clare Grant,1,2 Robert Robergs,3Marianne Findlay Baird,1and Julien S. Baker1
1Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Exercise Science Research Laboratory, School of Science,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton ML3 OJB, UK
2Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Social & Health Sciences, Abertay University, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK
3School of Human Movement Studies, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
Correspondence should be addressed to Marie Clare Grant; marieclare.grant@abertay.ac.uk
Received  February ; Revised  April ; Accepted  April ; Published  May 
Academic Editor: Michael Greenwood
Copyright ©  Marie Clare Grant et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
It has been reported previously that the upper body musculature is continually active during high intensity cycle ergometry. e
aim of this study was to examine the eects of prior upper body exercise on subsequent Wingate (WAnT) performance. Eleven
recreationally active males (. ±. yrs;  . ±. kg; . ±. m) completed two trials in a randomised order. In one trial
participants completed 2×30s WAnT tests (WAnT and WAnT) with a  min recovery period; in the other trial, this protocol
was preceded with  sets of biceps curls to induce localised arm fatigue. Prior upper body exercise was found to have a statistically
signicant detrimental eect on peak power output (PPO) during WAnT ( < 0.05) but no eect was observed for mean power
output (MPO) ( > 0.05). Handgrip (HG) strength was also found to be signicantly lower following the upper body exercise.
ese results demonstrate that the upper body is meaningfully involved in the generation of leg power during intense cycling.
1. Introduction
High intensity cycle ergometry has been widely employed
in sport and exercise science research to assess indices of
muscular performance [,]. Among these power variables,
the measurement of PPO has received considerable interest.
PPO measurement has traditionally been attributed to the
activity of the lower body musculature. Previous work and
recent investigations in our laboratory have shown that
the upper body may signicantly contribute to PPO [].
Surface electromyography (sEMG) has revealed that several
upper body muscles (brachioradialis (BR), biceps brachii
(BB), triceps brachii (TB), and upper trapezius (UT)) are
continually active during high intensity cycle ergometry
when a standard handlebar grip is used []. With the current
cycle ergometer design, evidence suggests that the forearm
muscles and therefore the handlebar grip are inuential to
overcome high resistive loads to produce an optimum PPO.
is is supported by the ndings of Baker et al. () []
whofoundPPOtobesignicantlygreaterwhenastandard
handlebar grip was in place compared to no grip ( < 0.05).
e eects of prior upper body exercise on subsequent
cycling performance have previously been examined []. In
this study, blood lactate concentrations [La]wereelevated,
via arm-crank exercise, and dynamic performance during
two  s WAnT was assessed. It was found that prior arm
exercise was related to a decline in PPO during the second
WAnT with the authors suggesting that the resulting elevated
[La]causedanincreaseduptakeinLa
and H+by the
inactive leg muscles, leading to an overall performance
decrement. Karlsson et al. () []havealsosuggestedthat
a period of exhausting anaerobic exercise by the arms or
legs might decrease the performance time of anaerobic eort
in the nonexercising arm or leg region due to the possible
detrimental eects of elevated [La]and[H
+].
Although it is now known that Laper se does not
directly cause muscle fatigue, a rise in other metabolic by-
products such as inorganic phosphate (Pi)[], Piis likely to
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
BioMed Research International
Volume 2014, Article ID 329328, 7 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/329328
BioMed Research International
HGHGHGHGHG
Warm-up
0123 12345 123456 123456 123456
Upper body exercise
ARF trial
4th set to exhaustion
(3×10 reps)
Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood
WA nT 1
WA nT 2
30 s recovery
F : Schematic representation of both experimental protocols. HG = hand grip; WAnT = Wingate Test ; WAnT = Wingate Test ; and
BS = blood ngertip sample.
play a major role in muscular fatigue during high intensity
exercise. Potential mechanisms whereby high [Pi] can impair
contractile function thus aecting muscle force production
include hindering crossbridge transition to the strongly
bound high force state; reducing myobrillar calcium (Ca2+)
sensitivity; increasing the opening probability of the sar-
coplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channels; inhibiting
Ca2+ uptake by the SR; and precipitating with the Ca2+
in the SR, so decreasing the amount of Ca2+ available for
release []. A rise in metabolic by-products is concomitant
with partial depletion and inhibition of the phosphagen
and glycolytic energy systems [] during exercise may aect
muscle function in the nonexercising arm or leg []. is
eect may contribute to decline in muscular force production
and overall performance. Based on previous research high-
lighting the importance of the upper body musculature in
high intensity cycle ergometer performance, it is plausible
that when the upper body is fatigued, it will be less able to
support or stabilize the body to allow for more eective leg
power development [].
e experimental design of the present study was largely
basedonthatofBogdanisetal.[]withtheaimoffurther
examining the eects of prior fatiguing upper body exercise
on subsequent WAnT performance. A secondary aim was to
investigate if HG strength was correlated with power proles.
2. Methodology
2.1. Participants. Eleven healthy, recreationally active males
(20.8 ± 2.2yrs; 77.7 ± 12.0kg; 1.79 ± 0.04 m) volunteered
to participate in the study. e study was approved by the
university ethical committee and all participants completed
an informed consent form and medical history questionnaire.
Participants were instructed to maintain their normal diet
during the days leading up to and on the days of testing and
they were asked to refrain from vigorous exercise and avoid
the consumption of caeine and alcohol during the  hours
preceding the testing date. Food was not consumed during
testing and water was available ad libitum.
Participants attended the laboratory on three separate
occasions, at the same time of day, separated by  to  hrs.
Participants did not report any muscle soreness before any of
the sessions. e rst session was a familiarisation session to
control for the potential eects of learning a novel task and
increase reliability of the results. During this session partic-
ipants were briefed on experimental procedures, instructed,
and familiarised with high intensity cycle ergometry, bicep
curls, and maximal HG testing. Body mass (kg), stature (m),
and RM were also determined during this session.
e following two experimental trials were completed
in a randomised order. For the no arm fatigue (NOF)
trial, participants were required to perform two maximal
 s sprints (WAnT and WAnT) on a cycle ergometer
with a standard handlebar grip, separated by  min passive
recovery. In the other arm fatigue (ARF) trial, bicep curls
were completed prior to WAnT and WAnT. Blood [La]
and handgrip strength were obtained at predetermined time
points throughout the protocols (Figure ).
2.2. Cycle Ergometry. A leg cycle ergometer (Monark E,
Vansbro, Sweden) was used for each experimental protocol.
For each participant the saddle height was adjusted so their
knee remained slightly exed aer the completion of the
power stroke (with nal knee angle approximately –).
Toe clips were used to ensure that the participants’ feet were
held rmly in place and in contact with the pedals. e cycle
ergometer was connected to a PC to allow for data capture via
theMonarkanaerobictestsoware(version..).
Before any experimental testing, each individual com-
pleted a standardised warm-up on the cycle ergometer ( min
at  rpm,  kg resistance).
For both WAnT and WAnT, participants were given
a rolling start before resistive force application. Once the
subjects had accelerated to  rpm the weight basket automat-
ically dropped and participants began to pedal maximally.
Each participant was required to pedal with maximum eort
for a period of  s against a xed resistive load of  grams
per kilogram (gkg−1) total body mass as recommended by
Bar-Or () []. All participants were given the same level
of verbal encouragement and instructed to remain seated for
the duration of the test while maintaining a standard han-
dlebar grip. Variables obtained from the Monark anaerobic
test soware (version ..) were PPO (W), relative PPO
(Wkg−1), MPO (W), and relative MPO (Wkg−1). For the
population used within the study the WAnT has a high test-
retest reliability ( = 0.950.97)[].
2.3. Bicep Curls. In a familiarisation session before any
experimental testing, each individual carried out a series of
bicep curls to allow for their RM to be estimated. With each
settheweightwasadjustedsothatnomorethanrepetitions
could be completed with the nal weight. Participants were
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T : Power output variables recorded during WAnT and WAnT for both experimental conditions.
WA nT 
PPO (W)
WA nT 
PPO (W)
WA nT 
PPO
(Wkg−1)
WA nT 
PPO
(Wkg−1)
WA nT 
MPO (W)
WA nT 
MPO (W)
WA nT 
MPO
(Wkg−1)
WA nT 
MPO
(Wkg−1)
NOF 980.0 ± 166.5 865.4 ± 168.112.7 ± 1.5 11.2 ± 1.7656.0 ± 84.0 589.2 ± 89.3 8.5 ± 0.5 7.6 ± 0.7
ARF 929.9 ± 167.7 871.7 ± 22.6912.0 ± 1.3 11.2 ± 2.0649.3 ± 86.6 576.4 ± 81.8 8.4 ± 0.7 7.5 ± 0.7
is indicates signicant dierences between WAnT and WAnT (𝑃 < 0.05).
given -minute recovery between each set. All participants
were familiar with the exercise; therefore no more than
three sets were required. e Brzycki formula was then used
to estimate RM based on the nal weight and repetitions
recorded ()[]. % of the RM was subsequently calculated
for each participant to establish the weight required to fatigue
the arms for protocol :
1RM =weight lied
1.0278 − repetitions × 0.0278.()
For protocol  (ARF), participants completed  sets of
 repetitions and a th set until exhaustion (R s between
sets) at % RM. During the bicep curls, participants’ palms
wereinthesupinatedpositionandtheywereinstructedto
keep the feet a shoulder width apart with their elbows close to
their sides and complete each curl with a continuous, smooth
movement with minimum body disruption.
2.4. Handgrip. HG strength (kg) was measured  min aer
warm-up and  min aer each exercise bout (Figure ). Each
maximal static HG test was completed with the participant’s
dominant hand, while being in a seated position using a HD
dynamometer (Model TKK, Takei, Japan).
2.4.1. Blood Sampling. Capillary blood samples (– L)
for the measurement of blood [La] were taken from the
ngertip using standard lancets and capillary tubes. Samples
were taken at rest, min following warm-up and  and
 min following each exercise bout (Figure ). All samples
were immediately mixed (min) and duplicate samples were
analysed to determine the whole blood lactate concentration
(Analox P-LM, Analox Instruments Ltd, London, UK).
e full protocol for each testing session is outlined in
Figure .
2.4.2. Statistical Analysis. Data was statistically analysed
using SPSS (version ) (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). For a
single missing data point, data was replaced with a mean
dierenceadjustedvaluefortheindividualcomparedto
the other trial data point. For each of peak power, relative
peak power, mean power, relative mean power, and fatigue
index (FI, %), repeated measures two-way ( [TRIAL] ×
[TEST]) ANOVAs were performed to detect main eect and
interaction eects. For the blood lactate data, a balanced
design was only evident for the postexercise data ( and
 min following exercise). For these data, data were analyzed
by repeated measures three-way ( [TRIAL] × [TEST] ×
 [TIME]) ANOVA. For HG data, a balanced design was
evident when using the post-warm-up data for the NOF trial
and the post-arm fatigue test data for the ARF trial as the
preexercise data. Preexercise was then compared to postex-
ercise ( min WAnT versus  min WAnT) using a repeated
measures two-way ( [TRIAL] × [TIME]) ANOVA. For
all data variables, specic contrasts were performed to test
for mean dierences for signicant main or contrast eects.
Isolated paired mean dierences outside of the balanced
ANOVA designs were assessed by a paired t-test. Pearson’s
correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation
between PPO and HG strength. Eect size statistics (ES)
for selected statistically signicant t-andF-ratios were also
established. ese calculations were based on Cohen’s (d)
classication of a small (0.2 ≤  < 0.5), moderate (0.5 <
 < 0.8), and large ( ≥ 0.8)ES[]. Signicance was set a
priori at  < 0.05. All data is presented as mean ±standard
deviation (SD).
3. Results
3.1. Cycle Parameters. ere was a signicant main eect for
the TEST for each of PP (W: 1,8 = 19.5, < 0.01,
df =0.84), relative PP (Wkg−1:1,8 = 22.6, < 0.01,
df = 0.86), and relative MPO (1,8 = 43.8  < 0.01,
df = 0.91)(Table ), revealing lower power values for WAnT
compared to WAnT. Peak power produced in WAnT was
lower in the ARF protocol compared to NOF protocol (<
0.01,df = 0.75); however, no signicant interaction was
found ( > 0.05). No signicant dierences were found in
FI (%) for TEST or TRIAL ( > 0.05)(NOF:57.0 ± 10.5%
and 57.8 ± 10.7% f o r WA nT  a n d WA n T  , r e s p e c t i v e l y, A R F :
57.3 ± 9.9%and59.1 ± 9.6% f o r WA nT  a n d WA n T  ) .
3.2. Blood Lactate. ebloodlactateresponsetoeachofthe
experimental protocols is displayed in Figure .erewasa
signicant TIME eect (1,8 = 15.8, < 0.01,df = 0.81)
and a signicant TRIAL ×TEST interaction ( = 0.041,
df = 0.57). e three-way interaction eect of TRIAL ×
TIME ×TEST revealed a trend toward statistical signicance
( = 0.089,df = 0.54). Blood lactate was signicantly higher
 min aer the arm fatigue exercise in the ARF trial compared
to post-warm-up in the NOF trial ( = 0.001). Based
on the main eect and interaction ANOVA results, blood
lactate was signicantly higher throughout the recovery aer
WAnT than WAnT. In addition, the interaction eect was
caused by a net decrease in blood lactate between  and  min
of recovery in WAnT, whereas blood lactate continued to
increasebetweenandminofrecoveryaerWAnT.
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Baseline
Before
WA nT 1
WA nT 1
WA nT 2
WA nT 2
Sample
NOF
ARF
Lactate (mmol·L−1)
3min aer
5min aer
3min aer
5min aer
F : Blood [La] responses prior to and during recovery from
e a c h o f WA nT  a n d WA nT  . = signicant dierence between
NOF and ARF.
3.3. Handgrip. e HG strength response to each of the
experimental protocols is displayed in Figure .erewasa
signicant TRIAL eect ( = 0.004,df = 0.81). erefore,
HG strength was signicantly lower at all time points for the
ARF versus NOF trial.
ere was a nonsignicant correlation between HG
strength and PPO during NOF ( = 0.29, = 0.38).
However, in the ARF where bicep curls were completed
before WAnT, there was a meaningful trend of a positive
linear relationship ( = 0.59, = 0.06) between PPO from
WA nT  a n d H G s t r e n g t h a  e r WA nT  ( Figure ).
4. Discussion
emainaimofthepresentstudywastoevaluatetheeects
of prior fatiguing upper body exercise on subsequent high
intensity cycle ergometer performance. e results demon-
strate that fatiguing the upper body had a detrimental eect
on PPO during WAnT with nonsignicant impact on any
other power variables. Interestingly, the connection between
prior upper body exercise and PPO was best revealed as a
fair correlation between HG strength and PPO in protocol 
(Figure ). Consequently, the functional connection between
HG strength and PPO is more relevant aer prior exercise of
the upper body.
In the ARF protocol, HG strength was lower at all mea-
sured time points compared to the NOF protocol. Further-
more, PPO was signicantly lower ( < 0.05) in WAnT in the
ARFprotocolcomparedtotheNOFprotocolwhichsuggests
that in the absence of leg fatigue, the strength of the grip upon
the handlebar may be inuencing PPO. is is in agreement
with the ndings of Baker and colleagues () []who
found that handlebar grip was essential in the production
of PPO. Perhaps unexpectedly, the only correlation between
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Force (kg)
Sample
WA n t 1
1min aer
WA n t 2
1min aer
WA n t 2
6min aer
NOF
ARF
Before
F : Handgr ip strength (kg) measured b efore and aer exercise
for both trials.
PPO and HG strength reaching signicance was between
PPO obtained in WAnT and HG strength aer WAnT
in the ARF protocol ( = 0.59, = 0.06). A possible
explanation for this nding is that as HG strength shows signs
of recovery following the fatiguing arm exercise (Figure ),
the relationship between HG strength and PPO becomes
more evident.
e lack of statistically signicant dierences between the
two protocols in the MPO data is likely to be partly due to the
added variability of this measure compared to PPO. However,
itcanbespeculatedthatthepriorhighintensityupperbody
exercise would have resulted in faster
VO2kinetics facilitating
an earlier and greater shi to aerobic metabolism in the
rst sprint in protocol  (ARF). is shi has the potential
to improve MPO by reducing the O2decit and rate of
fatigue induction [,]. is reduction in fatigue can be
highlighted through the lack of dierence in FI (%) found
between WAnT and WAnT in both protocols.
Despite the statistically signicant increase in blood [La]
during high intensity exercise, it is now widely accepted
that Ladoes not have a direct role in muscular fatigue
[].However,therateofblood[La
]accumulationand
removal can be used as a measure of the status of muscle
metabolism with trained individuals reported as having
a greater lactate transport capacity than their untrained
counterparts []. During intense exercise, the predominate
mechanism which moves Laand H+outofcontracting
muscle is the monocarboxylate transporter system, MCT
and MCT [,], with the transport eciency dependent
upon various factors including intramuscular and blood pH,
densityofMCTandMCT,andonbloodowinworking
muscles and other tissues []. In the present study, there
was a small increase in the standard deviation values from
to  min aer exercise suggesting participant variability in
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400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Peak power output (W)
Force (kg)
(a)
400
600
800
1000
1200
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Peak power output (W)
Force (kg)
(b)
F : Correlations between handgrip strength aer WAnT and peak power from WAnT for (a) NOF ( = 0.29, = 0.38) and (b) ARF
( = 0.59, = 0.06).
lactate transport eciency which reects possible between-
subject dierences in training status.
During ARF, participants commenced the WAnTs with
signicantly greater circulating blood [La]. Apart from
the added intense upper body exercise that induced this
increase, it has also been established that the upper body
has a higher percentage of type II bres than the lower
body which in turn causes upper body musculature to be
less ecient in lactate clearance and subsequently also has
aslowerrecovery[,]. Despite the metabolic benets
of Laproduction now being widely recognised, there is
a denite association between elevated blood [La]and
impaired exercise performance []. erefore, this elevated
[La]intheARFprotocolislikelytobeareectionofother
metabolic disturbances including metabolic acidosis and an
increase in intramuscular Piand blood K+thus partially
accounting for the decrease in PPO [,]. It is important
to highlight that despite the common belief that muscle
acidosis is a major cause of fatigue, there is now reasonable
evidence to suggest that the eects of H+on force production
may be largely temperature dependent and may have little
direct eect on human muscle at physiological temperature
[].
In addition to the metabolic disturbances within the
muscles, prior high intensity exercise also causes partial
depletion and inhibition of the phosphagen and glycolytic
energy systems leading to decline in muscular force produc-
tion. In terms of energy depletion inuencing subsequent
performance, PCr recovery is likely to be a key factor.
Research has shown that aer exhaustive exercise, near
complete replenishment of PCr may take from < min to in
excess of  min, depending on the extent of PCr depletion,
severity of metabolic acidosis (slower if more acidic), and
themusclemotorunitandbretypecharacteristicsofthe
exercised muscle []. erefore, in the present study it is
unlikely that the -minute rest period between exercise bouts
would be sucient for complete replenishment of PCr stores,
thus having a detrimental eect on power proles obtained
following a previous bout of high intensity exercise. Further-
more as outlined previously, blood [La]remainselevated,
suggesting intramuscular H+activity also remains higher,
thus slowing the replenishment process. is is supported
by Bogdanis and colleagues [] who found that decreased
[PCr] did result in a reduction in power output. However,
it is likely that the detrimental eects of prior exercise on
subsequent performance will be muted when the recovery
period is adequate [,]. For example, when Bouhlel et
al. [] investigated the possible impact on estimated peak
anaerobic power when a leg test was preceded by an arm
test (or vice versa), they found that subsequent performance
was not reduced. e  min recovery period within this study
suggests that the opposite muscle group is unaected by any
continuing metabolic disturbances or other changes from the
preceding bout of exercise if the recovery period is adequate.
In a previous study by Bogdanis and colleagues [], a
very similar methodology was used. e authors aimed to
elevate [La] through prior arm exercise (arm ergometry)
and determine the eects of this on subsequent high intensity
cycle ergometry performance. In contrast to our results
they found PPO to be signicantly lower during the second
sprint following prior arm exercise but similarly there were
nonsignicant changes in MPO between the two protocols.
It is dicult to directly compare results with Bogdanis et
al. [] due to dierences in equipment, participants, and
experimental procedures employed. We have hypothesised
that the dierences between the two investigations may be
due to our upper body exercise (bicep curls) having a directly
fatiguing eect on HG strength which we hypothesised would
be more likely to aect PPO during the initial sprint. We
interpret our results to conrm this hypothesis.
5. Limitations
As with most maximal cycle ergometer tests, prior to the load
being applied there was an initial high rpm. is inertia was
BioMed Research International
not accounted for in the calculation; therefore the consider-
able energy which had already been accumulated before the
 s test may have resulted in a possible overcalculation of
PPOandMPO[].
All participants were physically active and accustomed
to high intensity exercise. However no physiological tness
testing was undertaken prior to data collection which meant
there was no control over the exercise capacity of each
individual. is is an extraneous variable which may have
led variation in power proles observed among participants
which was not related to the exercise protocol.
6. Conclusion
In conclusion, this investigation has shown that prior fatigu-
ing upper body exercise has a statistically signicant detri-
mental eect on PPO during the rst of two WAnTs. is can
be related to a number of factors, including the decrease in
HG strength following the upper body exercise suggesting
the upper body is less able to help overcome the high
resistive loads, conrming results of previous investigations
which suggest that the upper body is crucial in achieving an
optimum PPO. It was also found that MPO was able to be
maintained, which could be explained by prior intense exer-
cise resulting in faster
VO2kinetics and therefore increasing
the contribution from oxidative metabolism.
Conflict of Interests
e authors declare that there is no conict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
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... Bogdanis et al. (1994) already showed that the rate of La accumulation after cycle ergometer sprints was decreased by approximately 50% when La was already pre-elevated by hand crank exercise. In a recent study, which was largely based on the experimental design of Bogdanis et al. (1994), Grant et al. (2014) also showed a decrease in La accumulation in 30 s maximal Wingate sprints after La concentration was pre-elevated by intense arm exercise (biceps curl). Although La increase was significantly blunted, there was no effect on performance outcomes in this study. ...
... The reduced net La increase can be explained by the lactate shuttle theory (Brooks, 1985(Brooks, , 2007(Brooks, , 2009. For example, our results are in line with findings of other studies performing anaerobic exercise prior to a high-intensity exercise in order to induce an elevated systemic La concentration at the onset of exercise (Klausen et al., 1972;Bogdanis et al., 1994;Müller et al., 2013;Grant et al., 2014;Purge et al., 2017). These studies showed a reduction in net La increase between approximately 44 and 53%, when La was pre-elevated by anaerobic arm exercise and followed by a high-intensity leg exercise. ...
... The smaller increase and rapid return to baseline levels of RER during recovery in MPC can be explained by a reduced local acidosis due to a reduced net La production, respectively, the reduced H + ions emission (Wasserman et al., 1973). This was already shown in previous studies, investigating the metabolic effects of high intensity intermitted exercise as well as of different warm-up strategies on performance (Parolin et al., 1999;Wittekind and Beneke, 2011;Grant et al., 2014). Contrary to the net La accumulation, the parameters of VE increased substantially in MPC. ...
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... In contrast to peak power, mean power during maximal sprint cycling after any type of priming exercise did not differ from the Control condition. This finding is consistent with previous studies that demonstrated that elevated BLC and associated changes in gas exchange kinetics after priming exercise did not necessarily improve exercise performance (Bishop et al., 2001;Bogdanis et al., 1994;Gerbino et al., 1996;Grant et al., 2014;Klausen et al., 1972;Purge et al., 2017;Valiulin et al., 2021;Wilkerson et al., 2004). ...
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Priming exercises improve subsequent motor performance; however, their effectiveness may depend on the workload and involved body areas. The present study aimed to estimate the effects of leg and arm priming exercises performed at different intensities on maximal sprint cycling performance. Fourteen competitive male speed-skaters visited a lab eight times, where they underwent a body composition measurement, two V̇O2max measurements (leg and arm ergometers), and five sprint cycling sessions after different priming exercise conditions. The five priming exercise conditions included 10-minute rest (Control); 10-minute arm ergometer exercise at 20% V̇O2max (Arm 20%); 10-minute arm ergometer exercise at 70% V̇O2max (Arm 70%); 1-min maximal arm ergometer exercise at 140% V̇O2max (Arm 140%); and 10-min leg ergometer exercise at 70% V̇O2max (Leg 70%). Power outputs of 60-s maximal sprint cycling, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, muscle and skin surface temperature, and rating of perceived exertion were compared between the priming conditions at different measurement points. Our results showed that the Leg 70% was the optimal priming exercise among our experimental conditions. Priming exercise with the Arm 70% also tended to improve subsequent motor performance, while Arm 20% and Arm 140% did not. Mild elevation in blood lactate concentration by arm priming exercise may improve the performance of high-intensity exercise.
... Concernant le rôle des membres supérieurs, il a par exemple été largement démontré une diminution de la puissance maximale lorsqu'on retire aux sujets le point de fixation des mains sur le guidon (Baker et al., 2000 ;Doré et al., 2006). Dans le même sens, il a également été montré une diminution de la puissance maximale atteinte après un exercice fatigant au niveau du biceps brachial (Grant et al., 2014 et al., 2016). De plus, leurs niveaux de sollicitation semblent évoluer avec l'intensité de l'exercice puisque ces auteurs rapportent également une augmentation du niveau d'activité des synergies associées à la stabilisation et à la compensation des accélérations du tronc à mesure que la puissance augmente, particulièrement pour des puissances élevées au-delà de 500 W. ...
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Le développement de la puissance représente le principal critère de performance en cyclisme, particulièrement dans les disciplines de sprint. Cette thèse s’intéresse au rôle des groupes musculaires, en lien avec leurs capacités de production de force et les coordinations musculaires, dans l’optimisation de la puissance maximale en pédalage. Trois études ont été menées sur des cyclistes de très-haut niveau en sprint. Les résultats ont montré que la production de puissance maximale peut être limitée par les propriétés de force des muscles distaux, particulièrement les fléchisseurs plantaires, diminuant le transfert de la force produite par les muscles proximaux (extenseurs du genou et de la hanche). Ce travail a également montré que la distribution des puissances entre les articulations n’est pas représentative de l’engagement des groupes musculaires dans la tâche de pédalage, notamment en raison des co-activités et de l’action des muscles bi-articulaires générant des transferts de puissance entre les articulations. La capacité de production de puissance en sprint est également liée à la capacité à fixer la position de l’articulation proximale (la hanche) favorisant l’engagement des masses musculaires et le transfert de puissance à la pédale. La fixation du pelvis est assurée par la force transmise par le haut du corps ainsi que par la production d’une force de traction dans la phase de flexion controlatérale. Ce travail offre une meilleure visibilité sur les facteurs limitant la capacité de certains athlètes à améliorer leur puissance maximale, ou les difficultés qu’ils peuvent rencontrer à produire des forces élevées lors de certains efforts spécifiques (e.g. départ arrêté).
... cross-over fatigue primarily examined contralateral homologous muscles, it has been argued that global mechanism effects upon fatigue are unlikely to be limited to just contralateral homologous muscles [11][12][13][14][15]. Hence, investigators began to examine heterologous muscles, incorporating the broader term of 'non-local' muscle fatigue (NLMF) to indicate a temporary deficit in performance of non-exercised homologous and/or heterologous muscle groups that could be located contralaterally or ipsilaterally, as well as inferiorly or superiorly, to the fatigued muscle groups [7,[14][15][16][17]. Halperin et al. [7] most recently reviewed this area and identified several trends and inconsistencies in the NLMF literature. ...
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... For example, prior to a rehabilitation exercise, an individual can perform unilateral stretching to access a greater contralateral ROM when performing the activity without fear of further injuring the affected muscles or tendons. The genesis of non-local stretching effects research originated with studies examining crossover or non-local muscle fatigue [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. The term non-local muscle fatigue was incorporated to indicate a temporary deficit in performance of non-exercised homologous and heterologous muscle groups that could be located contralaterally, or ipsilaterally, as well as inferiorly or superiorly to the fatigued muscle groups [45]. ...
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... Biomechanical alterations have also been discussed as possible factors influencing the apparent presence of NLMF [7]; that muscle groups not 'directly' involved in the fatiguing task still contribute to the performance of working muscle groups using factors such as stabilization and mechanical energy transference and thus have the potential to influence NLMF effects [105][106][107][108]. For example, a 20% reduction of power production during 30 seconds of lower body cycling was observed when the lower body cycling was performed without gripping the handlebar for stability [108]; thus, a reduction in grip strength could contribute to reduced performance through this mechanism. ...
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Objective: To examine whether non-local muscle fatigue occurs following performance of a fatiguing bout of exercise of a different muscle(s). Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Search and Inclusion: A systematic literature search using a Boolean search strategy was conducted with PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar in April 2020 and was supplemented with additional ‘snowballing’ searches up to September 2020. To be included in our analysis, studies had to include at least one intentional performance measure (i.e., strength, endurance, or power), which if reduced could be considered evidence of muscle fatigue, and also had to include the implementation of a fatiguing protocol to a location (i.e., limb or limbs) that differed to those for which performance was measured. We excluded studies that measured only mechanistic variables such as electromyographic, or spinal/supraspinal excitability. After search and screening, 52 studies were eligible for inclusion including 57 groups of participants (median sample = 11) and a total of 303 participants. Results: The main multilevel meta-analysis model including all effects sizes (278 across 50 clusters [median = 4, range = 1 to 18 effects per cluster) revealed a trivial point estimate with high precision for the interval estimate (-0.02 [95%CIs = -0.14 to 0.09]), yet with substantial heterogeneity (Q(277) = 642.3, p < 0.01), I2 = 67.4%). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that NLMF effects were not moderated by study design (between vs. within-participant), homologous vs. heterologous effects, upper or lower body effects, participant training status, sex, age, the time of post-fatigue protocol measurement, or the severity of the fatigue protocol. However, there did appear to be an effect of type of outcome measure where both strength (0.11 [95%CIs = 0.01 to 0.21]) and power outcomes had trivial effects (-0.01 [95%CIs = -0.24 to 0.22]), whereas endurance outcomes showed moderate albeit imprecise effects (-0.54 [95%CIs = -0.95 to -0.14]). Conclusions: Overall, the findings do not support the existence of a general NLMF effect; however, when examining specific types of performance outcomes there may be an effect specifically upon endurance-based outcomes (i.e., time to task failure). However, there are relatively fewer studies that have examined endurance effects or mechanisms explaining this possible effect, in addition to fewer studies including women or younger and older participants, and considering causal effects of prior training history through the use of longitudinal intervention study designs. Thus, it seems pertinent that future research on NLMF effects should be redirected towards these still relatively unexplored areas.
... for both WanT 1 and WanT 2, subjects were instructed to start pedaling before resistance was applied (75 g per kg of body weight). 25 once the subjects reached a pedaling speed at 180 rpm, the basket automatically dropped, and subjects began to pedal until exhaustion for 30 sec. all subjects were given verbal encouragement during the test and were instructed to remain seated during the test. ...
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... According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 46 guidelines, 30 full-text publications were thoroughly read and once the inclusion criteria were applied, a total of 6 publications were included for analysis ( Figure 1). There were 27 full-text publications excluded from the analysis; 5 examining contralateral homologous effects; 5,7,9-10,13 , 13 examining NLMF but did not include data for proper ES calculation nor variables of interest; 15,[18][19][20][22][23][24][26][27][28][29][30]34 8 studies that did not examine NLMF (e.g., coactivation, tremor, concurrent contraction, stretching, training intervention); [16][17]21,25,[31][32][33]47 and 1 study which was the review by Halperin, Chapman, and Behm. 1 ...
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