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The effect of olive leaf supplementation on the constituents of blood and oxidative stability of red blood cells
... Trials with a limited number of observed parameters were conducted to study the antioxidant effects of olive polyphenols in pigs. Results were inconclusive, since dietary olive leaves in 5-10% concentrations showed no clear effects on lipid peroxidation [3]. However, Botsoglou et al. [4] reported that the dietary supplementation of 0.5 and 1% olive leaves decreased lipid oxidation in pork, measured as malondialdehyde (MDA). ...
... The dietary inclusion of olive leaves as a source of olive polyphenols in pigs is questionable, since it may have negative effects on feed intake and growth performance [3,5]. Therefore, the use of polyphenol-rich olive extracts could be beneficial but has not been studied in pigs. ...
... Nomenclature as in Table 1. 1 Calculated following the energy requirements of a 10-kg piglet (2.5× maintenance energy requirement) 2 Calculated from hydroxytyrosol equivalents (EQ) and its derivatives in OLE. 3 Calculated as 1 IU = 1 mg of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate; 0.67 mg of D-α-tocopherol, and 10 mg of γ-tocopherol. 4 Calculated values as % of total energy. ...
The aim of the current study was to assess the antioxidative effects of the dietary supplementation of olive leaf extract (OLE) in different concentrations compared to those of vitamin E in piglets under conditions of dietary n-3 PUFA-induced oxidative stress. Forty-eight castrated male piglets (10.6 ± 0.99 kg) were fed the following experimental diets: Cont− (low-fat diet, no supplement), Cont+ (high linseed oil diet, no supplement), Vit-E (as Cont+, 105 IU vitamin E/day), OLE-1 (as Cont+, 3.84 mg hydroxytyrosol equivalents (HEQs)/day), OLE-2 (as Cont+, 38.4 mg HEQ/day), and OLE-3 (as Cont+, 96 mg HEQ/day). After 21 days of feeding, the experimental diets, blood and urine samples were collected to assess the extent of the oxidative stress. Results indicated that diet OLE-1 lowered the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase, protected DNA (measured as DNA tail %) and altered urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Dietary vitamin E lowered the levels of urinary F2-isoprostanes, as well as of plasma malondialdehyde and γ-tocopherol, but raised the plasmatic α-tocopherol and altered the level of urinary 8-OHdG. In conclusion, only minor positive effects of dietary OLE on the oxidative stress parameters were observed. Additionally, OLE did not show concentration dependence.
... Olive (Olea europaea L.) polyphenols have many positive effects on human health and possibly in farm animals (Botsoglou et al., 2012;Paiva-Martins et al., 2014a). A limited number of studies performed in pigs showed that olive leaves can suppress lipid peroxidation (Botsoglou et al., 2012;Leskovec et al. (unpublished)). ...
... A limited number of studies performed in pigs showed that olive leaves can suppress lipid peroxidation (Botsoglou et al., 2012;Leskovec et al. (unpublished)). In spite of this, in others they did not have any favourable effect on oxidative stress (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014a), productive parameters (Botsoglou et al., 2012) and nutrient digestibility (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014a). Since olive leaves have a low energy content and can deteriorate nutrient digestibility (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014b), the use of extracts could ameliorate the negative effects and retain the favourable properties of olive polyphenols (OP). ...
... A limited number of studies performed in pigs showed that olive leaves can suppress lipid peroxidation (Botsoglou et al., 2012;Leskovec et al. (unpublished)). In spite of this, in others they did not have any favourable effect on oxidative stress (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014a), productive parameters (Botsoglou et al., 2012) and nutrient digestibility (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014a). Since olive leaves have a low energy content and can deteriorate nutrient digestibility (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014b), the use of extracts could ameliorate the negative effects and retain the favourable properties of olive polyphenols (OP). ...
It is widely accepted that olive (Olea europaea L.) polyphenols (OP) have many favourable properties (e.g. antioxidative, antimicrobial, antifungal). OP can improve the growth and nutrient digestibility of animals via affecting digestion and health, even though they could negatively affect the mineral absorption by forming insoluble complexes with minerals in the intestine. In the present study, the effects of a dietary olive leaves extract (OLE) on nutrient digestibility in pigs were studied. Twenty-four weaned castrated male piglets were fed a no supplemented (C) or a supplemented diet with three different levels of OLE (O1, O2 and O3: 3.84 mg, 38.4 mg, 96 mg hydroxytyrosol equivalents/day, respectively). Retention and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), organic matter (OM), nitrogen free extract (NFE), ash, neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fibres (ADF), gross energy (GE), Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, K and Na were measured. Results showed that OLE lowered the retention of Fe and K, and revealed a numerical tendency to lower the retention of Cu and ATTD of Fe and Cu. In conclusion, a low dietary supplementation of OLE has no effect on the digestibility and retention of major nutrients, although some minor negative effects on mineral digestibility can be present.
... Elevated content of hepatic free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol were reduced due to administration of oleuropein. Further, it inhibited the expression of liver X receptor, PPARγ2, adipocyte protein-2, lipoprotein lipase, and cathepsin-S in liver of high-fat diet-induced subjects (Drira, Chen, and Sakamoto 2011;Paiva-Martins et al. 2014;Park et al. 2013). ...
... Hypolipidemic andAnti-obesity properties decreased serum ldlC-c (nordestgaard 2016;Mahmoudi et al. 2018;Hadrich et al. 2016;Khalili, nekooeian, and Khosravi 2017;Priore, siculella, and Gnoni 2014;Malliou et al. 2018;drira, Chen, and sakamoto 2011;Paiva-Martins et al. 2014;Park et al. 2013) reduces serum triglyceride and cholesterol increased serum Hdl-c upregulated PPar-α mrna inhibited the activity of HMG-Coa inhibited PParγ2 and cathepsin-s Antidiabetic properties inhibits α-glucosidases activity(Murotomi et al. 2015; alkhateeb, duais, and Qnais 2018; rigacci and stefani 2016; wu et al. 2017; Hadrich et al. 2015; Hadrich et al. 2016) upregulated antioxidative enzymes reduced blood glucose levels stimulated β-secretion cells inhibited α-amylase activity systems along with cellular screening systems, oleuropein and its derivative oleacin suppressed the production of nitrogen (NO) and reactive oxygen species (H 2 O 2 , & HOCl). Oleuropein decreased the release of MPO (myeloperoxidase) by neutrophils in a dose dependent manner (Czerwińska, Kiss, and Naruszewicz 2012). ...
Olive family (Oleaceae) contains several species among which Olea europaea L. is mostly used for production of olive oils. Various parts of olive tree are rich source of diverse bioactive compounds such as Apigenin, elenolic acid, Hydroxytyrosol, Ligstroside, Oleoside, Oleuropein, Oleuropein aglycone, Tyrosol, etc. Among these, oleuropein, a secoiridoid is predominantly found in olive leaves and young olive fruits of different species of Oleaceae family. Scientists have adopted numerous extraction methods (conventional & latest) to increase the yield of oleuropein. Among these techniques, maceration, soxhlet, microwave-assisted, ultrasonication, and supercritical fluid methods are most commonly employed for extraction of oleuropein. Evidently, this review emphasizes on various in-vitro and in-vivo studies focusing on nutraceutical properties of oleuropein. Available literature highlights the pharmaceutical potential of oleuropein against various diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular complications, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, inflammation, microbial infections, and oxidation. This review will benefit the scientific community as it narrates comprehensive literature regarding absorption, metabolism, bioavailability, extraction techniques, and nutraceutical perspectives associated with oleuropein.
... Erythrocytes, the main morphotic components of the blood, are highly sensitive to endogenous factors such as oxidation. Red blood cells have effective antioxidant mechanisms that remove reactive oxygen species that are produced outside or inside erythrocytes [58]. According to Tatay et al. [59], ZEN is a powerful antioxidant, and one of the side effects of ZEN exposure is a decrease in RBC counts, which could be attributed to "antioxidant competition". ...
The aim of this study was to determine whether low doses of zearalenone (ZEN) influence the carry-over of ZEN and its metabolites to the bone marrow microenvironment and, consequently, haematological parameters. Pre-pubertal gilts (with a body weight of up to 14.5 kg) were exposed to daily ZEN doses of 5 μg/kg BW (group ZEN5, n = 15), 10 μg/kg BW (group ZEN10, n = 15), 15 μg/kg BW (group ZEN15, n = 15), or were administered a placebo (group C, n = 15) throughout the entire experiment. Bone marrow was sampled on three dates (exposure dates 7, 21, and 42—after slaughter) and blood for haematological analyses was sampled on 10 dates. Significant differences in the analysed haematological parameters (WBC White Blood Cells, MONO—Monocytes, NEUT—Neutrophils, LYMPH—Lymphocytes, LUC—Large Unstained Cells, RBC—Red Blood Cells, HGB—Haemoglobin, HCT—Haematocrit, MCH—Mean Corpuscular Volume, MCHC—Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentrations, PLT—Platelet Count and MPV—Mean Platelet Volume) were observed between groups. The results of the experiment suggest that exposure to low ZEN doses triggered compensatory and adaptive mechanisms, stimulated the local immune system, promoted eryptosis, intensified mycotoxin biotransformation processes in the liver, and produced negative correlations between mycotoxin concentrations and selected haematological parameters.
... Olive leaves are considered an agricultural residue of olive tree pruning [64] and a byproduct in the olive industry (olive leaves represent 10% of the total weight of the olives arriving at mills) [35,37,39,65]. Olive leaves are considered an interesting source of bioactive compounds; great interest has been mainly shown by cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [36,66]. ...
The Mediterranean diet includes virgin olive oil (VOO) as the main fat and olives as snacks. In addition to providing nutritional and organoleptic properties, VOO and the fruits (olives) contain an extensive number of bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, which are considered to be powerful antioxidants. Furthermore, olive byproducts, such as olive leaves, olive pomace, and olive mill wastewater, considered also as rich sources of phenolic compounds, are now valorized due to being mainly applied in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. The digestive system must physically and chemically break down these ingested olive-related products to release their phenolic compounds, which will be further metabolized to be used by the human organism. The first purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current status of in-vitro static digestion models for olive-related products. In this sense, the in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion methods are widely used with the following aims: (i) to study how phenolic compounds are released from their matrices and to identify structural changes of phenolic compounds after the digestion of olive fruits and oils and (ii) to support the functional value of olive leaves and byproducts generated in the olive industry by assessing their health properties before and after the gastrointestinal process. The second purpose of this review is to survey and discuss all the results available to date.
... Borges, Cabrera-Viqueb, & Seiquer, 2015;Kouka et al., 2017), VOO(Covas, Nyyssönen, et al., 2006;Quintero-Florez et al., 2017), leaves(Paiva-Martins et al., 2014), cake(Rubió et al., 2014), wastewater, and pomace oil have strong antioxidant activity due to the presence of tangible amount of biologically active compounds. Around 50% ...
Noncommunicable diseases have increasingly grown the cause of morbidities and mortalities worldwide. Among them, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be the major contributor to deaths. CVDs are common in the urban community population due to the substandard living conditions, which have a significant impact on the healthcare system, and over 23 million human beings are anticipated to suffer from the CVDs before 2030. At the moment, CVD physicians are immediately advancing both primary and secondary prevention modalities in high-risk populations. The cornerstone of CVD prevention is a healthy lifestyle that is more cost-effective than the treatments after disease onset. In fact, in the present scenario, comprehensive research conducted on food plant components is potentially efficacious in reducing some highly prevalent CVD risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Polyphenols of olive oil (OO), virgin olive oil (VOO), and extra virgin olive oil contribute an essential role for the management of CVDs. Olive oil induces cardioprotective effects due to the presence of a plethora of polyphenolic compounds, for example, oleuropein (OL), tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol. The present study examines the bioavailability and absorption of major olive bioactive compounds, for instance, oleacein, oleocanthal, OL, and tyrosol. This review also elucidates the snobbish connection of olive polyphenols (OP) and the potential mechanism involved in combating various CVD results taken up from the in vitro and in vivo studies, such as animal and human model studies.
... Different concentrations of a dried olive leaf powder were administered to pigs for 8 weeks to investigate the effect on haematology and lipid profile of blood and on the oxidative stability of red blood cells (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014). Thirty male pigs (Large White 9 Landrace 9 Pietrain), 12 week old (67.4 AE 4.7 kg), were assigned to three experimental groups: a control group fed unsupplemented diet and two groups fed diet supplemented with 50 and 100 g/kg dried olive leaf powder, containing 2.2% oleuropein. ...
Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a dried aqueous ethanol extract of leaves from Olea europaea L., when used as a sensory feed additive for all animal species. The extract is specified to contain ≥ 20% oleuropein. As a full analysis of the extract was not provided, about 70% of the extract remained uncharacterised. In view of the inadequate chemical and toxicological characterisation of the additive, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety for the target species, the consumers and the users. O. europaea L. is a native species to Europe where it is widely grown for commercial purposes. Use of the extract from the plant in animal production is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. In the absence of data showing the sensory properties of the additive under assessment, the Panel could not conclude on the efficacy of olive leaf extract from O. europaea L. when used as sensory additive.
... Olive leaf extract rich in Ole, Ole aglycone and HTyr lowered serum TC, TG and LDL cholesterol levels, and increased HDL cholesterol levels, slowed down the lipid peroxidation process and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity in Wistar rats [219]. The study on pigs treated with olive leaf supplement showed a significant decrease in plasmatic TG, lower body mass and fat storage with no significant reductions in LDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL levels [220]. In vitro studies on rat-liver cells revealed that possible lipid-lowering mechanism of olive polyphenols from OO extracts (Ole and ligstroside being most abundant) may include synergistic, rapid and direct inhibitory effect on the key regulatory enzymes involved in synthesis of fatty acid, cholesterol and TG in liver [165]. ...
The Mediterranean diet and olive oil as its quintessential part are almost synonymous with a healthy way of eating and living nowadays. This kind of diet has been highly appreciated and is widely recognized for being associated with many favorable effects, such as reduced incidence of different chronic diseases and prolonged longevity. Although olive oil polyphenols present a minor fraction in the composition of olive oil, they seem to be of great importance when it comes to the health benefits, and interest in their biological and potential therapeutic effects is huge. There is a growing body of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as intervention-based clinical trials, revealing new aspects of already known and many new, previously unknown activities and health effects of these compounds. This review summarizes recent findings regarding biological activities, metabolism and bioavailability of the major olive oil phenolic compounds—hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleocanthal and oleacein—the most important being their antiatherogenic, cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective and endocrine effects. The evidence presented in the review concludes that these phenolic compounds have great pharmacological potential, however, further studies are still required.
... In human, high levels of triglycerides are usually associated with coronary heart disease, pancreatitis and numerous genetic lipoprotein disorders (CVDs) [35]. The same triglycerides lowering effect, was registered when the diet of growing pigs was supplemented with dried olive leaves rich in polyphenols, such as oleuropein [36]. "In vivo" animal feeding trials [4,9], as well as, human clinical studies [37] describing the quantifications of antioxidant systemic levels, mainly involved plasma measurements [37]. ...
The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of a diet containing 5% dried GP on the antioxidant status (total antioxidant status (TAS), antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase-CAT, superoxide dismutase-SOD, and gluthatione peroxidase-GPx), and lipid peroxidation) on the key organs of the liver, kidneys, and spleen in relation to health status as indicated by blood biochemical parameters and total polyphenol content in the blood, organs (liver, spleen, kidney, mesenteric lymph nodes, heart, and brain) and Longissimus dorsi muscle in piglets. The GP diet results in a significant increase of TAS in the liver, spleen, and kidneys, with increased CAT activity in the spleen and kidneys, increased SOD activity in the liver, kidneys, and spleen, and increased GPx activity in the kidneys, as well as a decrease in lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidneys. The GP included in the piglets’ feed contained polyphenols that showed antioxidant activity and were absorbed in the plasma, contributing to maintaining the good health of the animals. The inclusion of 5% GP inclusion in the diets of piglets is beneficial for overall normal blood constituent metabolism and helps to maintain piglet health by increasing the polyphenol content in blood plasma and antioxidant activity in the liver, spleen, and kidneys.
... Olive plants are distributed, naturalized and cultivated in different places across the four continents of the world such as Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia and is primarily cultivated in the Mediterranean basin. Recent studies have verified the olive antioxidant potential with strong antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity [2]. In the recent years, a tremendous global interest has been observed in olive production and propagation for ornamental and commercial purposes in pharmaceutical and food industries [3]. ...
... Recent studies have shown that olive leaves have high contents of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, with diverse biological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, in addition to regulating blood pressure and cholesterol levels in animals [2,3]. Thus, the research community's interest in olive leaves and their extracts has intensified in recent years because of the olive's great potential for use in medicine and the pharmaceutical industry [4,5]. Furthermore, a previous study verified the effective antioxidant activity of olive leaf extract as a potential natural functional ingredient in food products [6]. ...
Aims
This study aimed to evaluate in vitro antioxidant capacity of olive leaf extract (OLE), Olea europaea L., and its protective effect on peroxyl radical-induced oxidative damage in human erythrocytes.
Main methods
The OLE was evaluated by the following assays: i) total phenolic and flavonoid content; ii) oleuropein content; iii) Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); iv) antioxidant activity against ABTS•⁺, DPPH• and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: superoxide anion (O2·−), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and nitric oxide (NO•) and v) protective effect on peroxyl radical-induced oxidative damages in human erythrocytes as hemolysis, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation and oxyhemoglobin oxidation.
Key findings
Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 131.7 ± 9.4 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (dw) and 19.4 ± 1.3 mg quercetin equivalents/g dw, respectively. Oleuropein content was 25.5 ± 5.2 mg/g dw. FRAP analysis was 281.8 ± 22.8 mg trolox equivalent/g dw and OLE inhibited ABTS•⁺ (50% effective concentration (EC50) = 16.1 ± 1.2 μg/mL) and DPPH• (EC50 = 13.8 ± 0.8 μg/mL). The extract demonstrated effective ability to scavenge O2·− (EC50 = 52.6 ± 2.1 μg/mL), NO• (EC50 = 48.4 ± 6.8 μg/mL) and HOCl (EC50 = 714.1 ± 31.4 μg/mL). The extract inhibited peroxyl radical-induced hemolysis (EC50 = 11.5 ± 1.5 μg/mL), TBARS formation (EC50 = 38.0 ± 11.7 μg/mL) and hemoglobin oxidation (EC50 = 186.3 ± 29.7 μg/mL) in erythrocytes.
Significance
OLE is an important source of natural antioxidants; it has effective antioxidant activity against different reactive species and protects human erythrocytes against oxidative damage.
... Several studies have shown the importance of flavonoids structure as antioxidants and anti-radical compounds (34). Paiva-Martins et al. (2014) reported that the TFC of OL (Portugal variety) was 2.17 mg/g of DM (35). Also, it was determined that TFC of a OL Tunisia variety was obtained in the range of 56.57 ...
... Excluding weeks II and VI, MCHC values were higher in group E. Red blood cells are the main morphotic component of blood, and they are particularly susceptible to endogenous factors, such as oxidative stress. Red blood cells have an effective antioxidant system which plays a key role in removing excess reactive oxygen species produced outside or inside erythrocytes (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014). Zearalenone is characterized by high levels of antioxidant activity, whereas the reverse is true of DON (Kalaiselvi et al., 2013). ...
The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to low doses of ZEN + DON induces changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters in pre-pubertal gilts. In the evaluated groups, minor but statistically significant changes were noted in selected serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, total cholesterol, ALT, AST, AP, total bilirubin, Pin, Fe, K and Cl, and in hematological parameters, including WBC, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, Ht, Hb, MCHC, HDW and PLT. A statistical analysis of the results revealed significant differences between groups in the values of WBC, eosinophils, basophils, Hb, Ht, PLT, glucose, ALT, AP, total bilirubin, Fe and K. Change trends were noted mainly in weeks II and V-VI. An analysis of the metabolic profile of pre-pubertal gilts exposed to ZEN + DON indicates that homeostasis and biotransformation of ZEN + DON can be toned down at the expense of the animals' energy reserves. Body weight gains were lower in group E, and BW gains were not observed in weeks II and VI. The activity levels of gilts decreased in the first weeks of exposure (I and II), but the drop was minimized by a compensatory effect, or in the last two weeks of exposure due to nutrient deficiency or insufficient supply of protein and energy with feed and feed additives, which decreased BW gains. Low doses of mycotoxins induce completely different changes in the metabolic test than higher doses. The above can probably be attributed to: (i) a negative compensatory effect, (ii) initiation of adaptive mechanisms and stimulation of the immune system, probably due to the allergizing properties of mycotoxins, (iii) excessive loss of energy and protein due to more effective feed utilization, or (iv) involvement in detoxification processes which leads to fatigue. Depending on the body's energy stores, the above processes tend to tone down the biotransformation of low doses of the examined mycotoxins but in the present study, the BW of gilts did not increase under exposure to a combination of ZEN + DON.
... Therefore, interest in the potential health benefits of olive leaves has increased. Antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, antihypertensive and antiatherosclerotic effects of olive leaves extracts have been reported in various animal studies (Eidi, Eidi, & Darzi, 2009;Paiva-Martins et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2008). The production of olive leaves from pruning yields~25 kg per olive tree, and 5% of the weight of harvested olives collected at the oil mill can be added to that weight. ...
The olive oil polyphenols 3,4-DHPEA-EA and 3,4-DHPEA-EDA displayed an endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect in rat aorta, starting at ~1 µM and abolished by NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA) or N-acetylcysteine, and an endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effect, starting at ~10 µM. Hydroxytyrosol only presented an endothelium-independent effect at 100 µM. DHPEA-EA and 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, but not hydroxytyrosol, also increased NO generation within endothelial cells. At higher concentrations, the three compounds reduced arginine-vasopressin-induced increase of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) in vascular myocytes. By UV-visible spectroscopy, we found that these polyphenols undergo autoxidative processes in organ-bath conditions. Thus, 3,4-DHPEA-EA and 3,4-DHPEA-EDA have an endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect caused by an enhanced NO production, probably through a redox mechanism within endothelial cells and an endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effect mediated by a reduction of agonist-induced [Ca2+]c increase in vascular myocytes. Bearing in mind the plasmatic concentrations of these polyphenols following dietary intake of olive oil, these effects could modulate vascular tone in vivo.
... The production of this by-product represents about 10% of the total weight arriving to mills (∼25 kg per olive tree). Recently, OL and oleuropein have emerged as commercially valuable nutraceuticals either as liquid extracts or capsules (de Bock et al., 2013;Paiva-Martins et al., 2014) and have been incorporated in biodegradable polyesters films for food packaging (Marcos et al., 2014). ...
... Multiple studies have shown that such iron supplements are not readily absorbed, especially when combined with a poor diet [29]. Instead of direct iron-supplements, the use of functional foods to gently increase iron uptake and alleviate the symptoms of iron-deficient anemia has seen increased research attention [30,31]. Other studies have also shown the positive impact of animal and yeast protein hydrolysates on increasing hemoglobin [32,33]. ...
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world today. This placebo-controlled, iron-deficient anemic, patient study measured the changes in serum ferritin concentration, as well as circulatory hemoglobin concentration, after daily supplementation of their normal diet with 16 grams per day of salmon protein hydrolysate tablets. Salmon protein hydrolysate has a low iron content of 3.1 mg/kg versus 20 mg/kg for the whey protein isolate tested here. Yet, our results show that iron-deficient subjects treated with salmon protein hydrolysate for 6 weeks, showed a 14% increase in hemoglobin levels, while treatment with whey protein isolate showed only a 2% increase. Bioactive peptides in the salmon protein hydrolysate may be playing a significant role in increasing iron uptake from a normal diet.
... The Mediterranean diet pattern attenuates cognitive decline in elderly populations and this is attributed to the high percentage of oleic acid (OA,18:1, in olive oil, generally in the range of 55-83% (Paiva-Martins et al., 2014;Panza et al., 2004). Olive oil has been demonstrated to defend mitochondrial function, reduce intracellular oxidative stress, and increase antioxidant gene expression (Oliveras-López, Berná, Jurado-Ruiz, López-García de la Serrana, & Martín, 2014;Perez-Jimenez et al., 2005). ...
Beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) damage is one of major potential causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its modulation has emerged as a promising approach to control the onset of AD. In the present study, the effects of oleic acid (OA) against Aβ25–35-stimulated neurotoxicity, inflammatory responses, and further molecular mechanism underlying the neuroprotective properties of OA in PC12 cells were investigated. Pre-treatment of OA significantly decreased Aβ25–35-mediated cytotoxicity by increasing cell viability through the attenuation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and downregulation of pro-apoptotic activated caspase-3, thereby mitigating apoptotic morphological alterations. Improper up-regulation of both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by Aβ25–35 was significantly suppressed by preconditioning of OA through repression of the inhibitory unit I-κB degradation, which impedes subsequent nuclear translocation of the functionally active subunit of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). OA noticeably attenuated Aβ25–35-stimulated phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). Taken together, these findings suggest that the mechanisms responsible for anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties of OA in Aβ25–35-mediated neuronal damage is associated with COX-2 and iNOS downregulation through activation of NF-κB mediated by upstream kinases including JNK, ERK and p38 MAPK.
... It was also found that oleuropein attenuated the high-fed diet-induced elevation in the hepatic concentration of cholesterol, TG and FFA with a concomitant downregulation of the hepatic expression of adipogenic nucleartranscription factors (i.e. PPARγ2 and LXR: liver X receptor), their target genes (LPL: lipoprotein lipase and aP2: adipocyte protein 2), and cathepsin S (CTSS) (Drira et al., 2011;Paiva-Martins et al., 2014;Park et al., 2011). In contrast, in humans, the few report from randomized controlled trials revealed that the intake of oleuropein-rich EVOO did not induce remarkable changes in the BMI (body mass index) and the concentrations of LDL-C and TG, but they exerted changes in the cholesterol, TG and phospholipid content of human very low-density lipoprotein and protected LDL against ex vivo oxidation in hyperlipidaemic patients (Masella et al., 2001;Perona, Fitó, Covas, Garcia, & Ruiz-Gutierez, 2011). ...
An emerging body of evidence indicates that oleuropein, a biophenol usually found in olive leaves, extra-virgin olive oil and in some species of the Oleaceae family has potent biological and pharmacological properties. Its main pharmacological activities such as anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, gastroprotective, hepato-protective, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity and radioprotective, among others, are in large part attributed to its putative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This mini-review collects and discusses the scattered data available in the literature concerning oleuropein and/or oleuropein-rich extracts and highlights its chemistry, biosynthesis, biological activities and its possible mechanisms of action.
An experiment in broilers was conducted to investigate the effect of olive (Olea europea) leaves and marigold (Calendula officinalis) petal extract supplementation on oxidative stress, characteristics of intestinal contents, and on the morphology of the small intestine. Oxidative stress was induced by a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich diet. 1-day-old male broiler chickens, Ross 308, were housed in a deep litter system. After the first 21 days, animals were randomly divided into three groups of 16 animals in two replicates and fed, until slaughter on day 39, a diet that contained 7% linseed oil. Control diet (Cont) remained unsupplemented, while both experimental diets were supplemented with olive leaves (OliveEx) or marigold petal (MarigEx) extracts. Oxidative stress was evaluated in blood and liver by measuring markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA), isoprostanes), rate of DNA damage in lymphocytes and in blood (comet assay, 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), and activity of antioxidant and liver enzymes in blood. In different parts of the intestine, levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and viscosity of intestinal contents were measured, and the health of the gastrointestinal tract was assessed using histological measurements. OliveEx significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the MDA and 8-OHdG concentration in plasma, and the level of ethanoic acid in small intestinal contents and total SCFA in caecum, indicating improved oxidative status and increased microbial activity in the intestine. MarigEx significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the rate of lymphocyte DNA damage and the crypt depth in duodenum, indicating potentially beneficial effects on the immune system and the health of the small intestine. In conclusion, dietary OliveEx and MarigEx supplementation improved some markers of oxidative stress and intestinal health. However, positive effects could be more pronounced in more unfavorable environmental conditions or in cases of diseases, but further studies are needed.
A large spectrum of beneficial health properties has been attributed to olive leaves. This study was undertaken to characterize the bioactive compounds of commercial olive leaf extracts and olive leaves and their infusions. A high variability of bioactive compounds was found among commercial samples. Polyphenol was detected in a range of 44-108 g/kg and 7.5-250 g/kg for olive leaves and olive leaf extracts, respectively. The main phenol was oleuropein, representing 74-94% of total phenols. However, only 17-26% of polyphenols were diffused to the aqueous phases when olive leaf infusions were prepared. Triterpenic acids were found in a range of 26-37 g/kg in olive leaves, but not detected in the infusions. Hence, the absence of the latter substances and the low oleuropein diffusion in olive leaf infusions make new studies necessary to maximize the presence of these bioactive compounds in the final product.
Background: Regarding to the patient's unwillingness toward lifestyle modification or drug therapy for hypertension and asymptomatic nature of this disease, the control of hypertension is difficult and may be resistant is some instants. On the other hand the popular tendency to the herbal medicines to treat disease including hypertension is grown. Objective: Based on animal and human individual reports of antihypertensive effects of olive leaf extract, and lack of well controlled human clinical trials, in this study the effects of olive leaf on mild to moderate and resistant blood pressure was evaluated. Method: In this placebo controlled double blind randomized clinical trial, 64 patients with mild to moderate hypertension referring to Heart Clinic, Baghyatollah Hospital were randomly assigned to receive treatment with olive leaf powder, 1000 mg daily or placebo. Patients underwent Holter monitoring for 24 hours at the beginning and end of the treatment. For each patient demographic information, risk factors of atherosclerosis and co-morbid medical conditions were recorded as well as maximum systolic and diastolic blood pressure, minimum systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and maximum and minimum heart rate before, during and after the treatment were recorded by holter manitoring. Results: The treatment groups were similar according to sex, age, height, weight, BMI (Body Mass Index), and risk factors of atherosclerosis. Significant reduction occurred in mean and maximum systolic blood pressure in the olive leaf extract group, but reduction in diastolic and mean arterial pressure was not significant in this group. In the other hand, in the placebo group, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure underwent significant increase after the treatment. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, olive leaf extract is an effective agent in reducing the blood pressure especially systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Based on the role of isolated systolic hypertension in patient's complications, this botanical material is a suitable adopted drug for reducing the cardiovascular risks in the hypertensive subjects.
ABSTRACT: Over the past three decades accumulated laboratory and epidemiological studies have lead to the consensus that the consumption of virgin olive oil helps prevent chronic diseases and that many of the health benefits can be attributed to the presence of polar phenolic compounds. The latter are mainly tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol and their derivatives (aglycones of oleuropein and ligstroside, deacetoxy and dialdehydic forms of the aglycones), hydroxytyrosol acetate, the lignans pinoresinol and 1-acetoxypinoresinol, luteolin, apigenin and phenolic acids. In table olives free hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol prevail. The levels of total phenols and individual phenols profiles in the raw olives and the extracted oil depend on agronomic factors, maturity of olives, processing, packaging and storing. Health benefits attributed to olive oil phenols have been linked to their antioxidant properties and their potential to scavenge radicals and reactive species. Attempts to understand better the biological role of these biophenols focus on mechanisms related to improvement of in vivo antioxidant defences, biochemical markers for the assessment of oxidant stress and metabolism in the body.
Leaves obtained from olive trees (Olea europaea L.) were stored under various conditions for periods up to 42 months. Duration of storage had a marked effect on crude protein digestibility of leaves when fed to sheep. Protein appeared to be unavailable to animals fed leaves stored for 24 months or longer. The effect of storage on organic matter digestibility was less dramatic and due largely to the loss of soluble cell contents (r = 0.97). As a result, the proportion of water-insoluble dry matter and lignin present in leaves increased with duration of storage while the proportion of water or acetone-water (60:30 v/v) soluble material decreased. Despite being unavailable in vivo, cellulase digestion released protein from the water-insoluble residues of stored leaves in greater amounts than that released from freshly-dried leaves. It appears likely that protein released from stored leaves was in the form of a complex and remained unavailable to the animal. Hydrolysable and condensed tannins were not detected in fresh or dried leaves and could not have acted as complexing agents. The seco-iridoid glycoside oleuropein was found in fresh tissue (69.9 g kg(-1)) but concentrations decreased on storage in parallel with the observed decrease in crude protein digestibility (r = 0.80). ((C) Elsevier/Inra).
The Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower incidence of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer. The apparent health benefits have been partially attributed to the dietary consumption of virgin olive oil by Mediterranean populations. Most recent interest has focused on the biologically active phenolic compounds naturally present in virgin olive oils. Studies (human, animal, in vivo and in vitro) have shown that olive oil phenolics have positive effects on certain physiological parameters, such as plasma lipoproteins, oxidative damage, inflammatory markers, platelet and cellular function, and antimicrobial activity. Presumably, regular dietary consumption of virgin olive oil containing phenolic compounds manifests in health benefits associated with a Mediterranean diet. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the physiological effects of olive oil phenolics. Moreover, a number of factors have the ability to affect phenolic concentrations in virgin olive oil, so it is of great importance to understand these factors in order to preserve the essential health promoting benefits of olive oil phenolic compounds.
The polypeptides of the human erythrocyte membrane were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Six major bands (I-VI) together make up over two-thirds of the protein staining profile. Component III (mol wt 89,000) predominates in the ghost membrane; it constitutes 30% of the protein and numbers over 106 chains/ghost. Components I and II form a slow-moving doublet (approximate mol wt 250,000) containing 25% of the protein. The molar amounts of I + II, IV (mol wt 77,500), V (mol wt 41,300), and VI (mol wt 36,200) are similar, falling in the range 3.4-4.6 × 105 chains/ghost. Four bands were recognized in gels stained by the periodic acid-Schiff procedure. A broad Schiff-positive zone just behind the tracking dye corresponds to membrane lipids. Three bands of lower mobility are sialoglycoproteins. The most prominent of these has an apparent molecular weight of 83,500 and contains at least 57% of the sialic acid of ghosts. The Schiff-positive bands were not colored by protein stains. Sialidase treatment of ghosts selectively increased the mobilities of the sialoglycoproteins without affecting the protein-staining profile. Attempts to produce subunits from the large polypeptides by treatment with various denaturing agents were unsuccessful. Normally, no polypeptides of size less than 15,000 were seen in ghost electrophorograms. However, heating ghosts with low levels of sodium dodecyl sulfate and high levels of salt produced diffuse bands of low average molecular weight. This highly variable effect is attributed to degradation by proteinases. Components I, II, and V were solubilized by incubating ghosts at low ionic strength. Component VI was released by washing with buffered saline at concentrations above 0.1 M. Both elution procedures were rapid (15 min), complete, and selective; they were also conservative in that new bands were not created and the electrophorograms of released and retained material were complementary. The eluted material contained negligible sialic acid and no Schiff-positive lipids. Two classes of membrane protein were distinguished by their response to the elution procedures. Components I, II, V, and VI compose one class. They make up 30-35 % of the protein and are tenuously related to the membrane, possibly by predominantly ionic bonds. The second class, which includes components III, IV, and the sialoglycoproteins, together with various minor components, constitutes 65-70% of the protein. These polypeptides are tightly bound; their properties may reflect participation in hydrophobic protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.
Hydroxytyrosol acetate was synthesized, and the antioxidant activity of this olive oil component was assessed in comparison with that of other olive oil components, namely hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, 3,4-DHPEA-EA, and alpha-tocopherol in bulk oil and oil-in-water emulsions. The activity of the compounds was also assessed by scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Hydroxytyrosol acetate had a weaker DPPH radical scavenging activity than hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, or 3,4-DHPEA-EA but it had a radical scavenging activity similar to that of alpha-tocopherol. In oil, the antioxidant activity of hydroxytyrosol acetate was much higher than that of alpha-tocopherol or oleuropein, but in an emulsion 3,4-DHPEA-EA and alpha-tocopherol were more effective as antioxidants than hydroxytyrosol acetate. The antioxidant activity of hydroxytyrosol acetate was rather similar to that of hydroxytyrosol in oil and emulsions despite the difference in DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Red cell (RBC) deformability and membrane-bound immunoglobulin G (IgG) were studied to better understand premature clearance of erythrocytes in hereditary spherocytosis. Averaged deformability profiles from cells having comparable cell age revealed that splenectomy was more beneficial for spectrin/ankyrin-deficient than for band 3-deficient RBCs. Splenectomy prevented an early loss of young cells in both types of deficiencies. It had an additional beneficial effect on spectrin/ankyrin-deficient but not band 3-deficient RBCs. It prolonged the survival of mature spectrin/ankyrin-deficient RBCs such that they lost their deformability more slowly than RBCs from patients who had not undergone splenectomy. Band 3-deficient RBCs lost their deformability at the same rate before and after splenectomy. In HS patients with band 3 deficiency who underwent splenectomy, RBC deformability inversely correlated with the number of RBC-bound IgG (up to 140 molecules per cell). In spectrin/ankyrin deficiency, RBC-bound IgG remained at control levels (60 IgG or less per cell). It appears that spectrin/ankyrin-deficient RBCs escaped opsonization by releasing band 3-containing vesicles because their band 3 content and deformability dropped in parallel with increasing cell age. Band 3-deficient RBCs did not lose band 3 with increasing cell age. Hence, it is possible that band 3 clusters required for bivalent binding of low-affinity-IgG, naturally occurring antibodies were retained in band 3-deficient RBCs with a relative excess of skeletal proteins but were released from spectrin/ankyrin-deficient RBCs, in which vesicle budding was facilitated by an impaired skeleton.
The correct functional development of the gastrointestinal tract is of special importance during the neonatal and weaning phases of reared piglets. Nutrition is obviously a critical determinant in the growth of the gut in the young swine. The mucosal epithelium of the small intestine is reputed anatomically and functionally immature in neonatal pigs, a feature that appears to be exacerbated at weaning, when a colonization of the gut occurs by "new" microorganisms entering the alimentary canal with the solid feed. This frequently exposes piglets to diarrhoeic syndromes and other intestinal disturbances. Functional feed additives, also called nutraceuticals, appear as promising alternative substances to the use of chemotherapeutics as growth promoters in the rearing farm, above all considering the near banning of them by the European Parliament in the view of reducing antibiotic resistance phenomena in human therapies. Several feed additives are available that may play a role in the pig nutritional plan because of their trophic and cyto-protective effects on the gastrointestinal apparatus. Paying special attention to the quantitative consequences (histometry) upon the gut of the examined dietary supplements, this review, even if not fully exhaustive, will focus on the function (and possibly the mechanism/s of action) of certain gut-trophic nutrient substrates. This in turn will sustain the potential use of these substances in human therapy, especially the one directed at resolving intestinal diseases, both in adult and infant ages. In nutritional studies as well as in other biomedical research fields, the swine is an excellent animal model.
Olive oil is the most representative food in the traditional Mediterranean diet and its most important source of MUFA. The healthy benefits of MUFA-rich diets on plasma cholesterol levels, were the first to generate interest in this dietary model. In addition to the benefits conferred by its lipids, olive oil has other biological effects, some of them also related to MUFA. However, most recent studies have shown that there are a number of properties that depend on, or are potentiated by, the consumption of olive oil, such as virgin olive oil, that is rich in microcomponents. This foodstuff, thanks to its double set of benefits, thus tends to produce a better lipid profile and a less prothrombotic environment, promoting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, with a greater endothelial protective capacity. In view of these effects, it would appear that when olive oil is the basic source of dietary alimentary fat it has a major antiatherogenic capacity, which is not shared to the same extent by other oils that are rich in oleic acid but lack its characteristic micronutrients.
A protein determination method which involves the binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to protein is described. The binding of the dye to protein causes a shift in the absorption maximum of the dye from 465 to 595 nm, and it is the increase in absorption at 595 nm which is monitored. This assay is very reproducible and rapid with the dye binding process virtually complete in approximately 2 min with good color stability for 1 hr. There is little or no interference from cations such as sodium or potassium nor from carbohydrates such as sucrose. A small amount of color is developed in the presence of strongly alkaline buffering agents, but the assay may be run accurately by the use of proper buffer controls. The only components found to give excessive interfering color in the assay are relatively large amounts of detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, and commercial glassware detergents. Interference by small amounts of detergent may be eliminated by the use of proper controls.
The capacity of important hydroxytyrosol metabolites (homovanillyl alcohol, hydroxytyrosol acetate, homovanillyl alcohol acetate, hydroxytyrosol 3' and 4'-O-glucoronides and homovanillyl alcohol 4'-O-glucoronide) to protect red blood cells (RBCs) from oxidative injury induced by the radical initiator 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) or by the natural radical initiator H2O2 was evaluated. In the presence of AAPH, all compounds showed to protect RBCs from hemolysis in a dose dependent manner, exccept for the homovanillyl alcohol glucuronide, being the order of activity at 20 M hydroxytyrosol > hydroxytyrosol glucuronides = hydroxytyrosol acetate = homovanillyl alcohol = homovanillyl acetate > homovanillyl alcohol glucuronide. At 10 M, hydroxytyrosol, hydroxytyrosol acetate and hydroxytyrosol glucuronides still protected hemoglobine from oxidation and from morphological RBC changes. In the presence of H2O2, hydroxytyrosol showed to significantly protect RBCs from oxidative heamolysis in a dose dependent manner but the hydroxytyrosol glucuronides showed only a limited protection that was independent of the concentration used.
The olive polyphenols oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol were reported recently to produce extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) under standard culture conditions. The precise factors responsible for this production and the conditions promoting or retarding it are critical for the interpretation of the in vitro results. In this study, a systematic evaluation of the components of the most commonly used culture media revealed that sodium bicarbonate is the defining cause for the production of H(2)O(2) by these polyphenols. The produced H(2)O(2) caused extensive oxidative DNA damage and significant decrease in cell viability of cancer (MDA-MB-231) and normal (MCF-10A, STO) cells alike. Sodium pyruvate and the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) totally reversed these effects. Therefore, we conclusively identified the culture conditions that promote H(2)O(2) production by these polyphenols, producing artifacts that may be misinterpreted as a specific anticancer activity. Our findings raise considerable questions regarding the use of culture media with sodium bicarbonate or sodium pyruvate as components, for the in vitro study of these and possibly other plant polyphenols.
The effects of the ionic strength and pH of the hemolyzing solution on the hemoglobin content of human erythrocyte ghosts were studied in phosphate buffers and found to have a pronounced influence upon hemoglobin binding in the ghosts. Buffer concentrations between 10 and 20 ideal milliosmolar (imOsm), at pH values 5.8 – 8.0, resulted in maximum hemoglobin removal from ghosts. The pH optimum for hemoglobin binding to ghosts was between 5.8 and 5.9 in a 20 imOsm buffer. The influence of these variables suggest an electrophysical interaction of hemoglobin with membrane constituents.This study provides a basis for comparison of existing methods for ghost preparation, as well as a means for prediction of the conditions required for preparation of ghosts containing any desired amount of hemoglobin. Conditions were found that allowed the preparation of hemoglobin-free ghosts by single-stage hemolysis and washing. Hemoglobin-free ghosts were prepared in 20 imOsm phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. Essentially all the lipid was recovered in the ghosts, but non-hemoglobin nitrogen-containing substances were lost.The pyridine hemochromogen method for hemoglobin determination was adapted for the measurement of very small quantities of hemoglobin through use of the Soret band (418 mμ) for absorbancy measurements.
Olive oil is the principal source of fats in the Mediterranean diet and it has been postulated that the components in olive oil can contribute to a lower incidence of coronary heart disease and cancers (prostate, colon, breast, and skin). The positive effects on human health can be attributed to the high level of phenolic compounds present in olive oil, the major ones being oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oleuropein on enzymes involved in specific pathways of metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.In particular, the effects of oleuropein on enzymes, such as trypsin, pepsin, lipase, glycerol dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycerokinase, were investigated.Results demonstrate that oleuropein is able to activate pepsin and shows an inhibitory effect toward all the other enzymes tested, which suggests a new role for this polyphenol. In addition, a new method for lipase activity assay is presented.
The anti-atherogenic effect of olive leaf extract is supposed to be related to its activities of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation.
To prove the effect of anti-atherosclerosis by olive leaf extract (OLE) and to elucidate the mechanism behind.
Twenty-four rabbits were assigned to the control, high lipid diet (HLD) and OLE group that were fed with standard diet, HLD and HLD supplemented with OLE, respectively. Serum levels of atherosclerosis related markers, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected at the ends of week 2, 4 and 6. Surface lesions and thickness of intimas were measured at the end of week6. The protein and/or mRNA expressions of inflammation factors, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were investigated by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR.
Atherosclerotic lesions were found in the HLD and OLE groups but not in the control group. In comparison with that in the HLD group, reduced size and thickness of intima (0.31 +/- 0.26 in the HLD group versus 0.10 +/- 0.03 mm in the OLE group) were found in the OLE group. The MDA level, an indicator of antioxidant status, was 35.27 +/- 15.37 in the HLD group and 20.63 +/- 11.52 nmol/ml in the OLE group. The level of CHO, TG and LDL-C were 104.46 +/- 30.34, 2.48 +/- 1.11, 82.83 +/- 28.44 mmol/l in the HLD group versus 83.03 +/- 27.23, 1.84 +/- 0.44, 59.51 +/- 23.72 mmol/l in the OLE group. Down-regulated expressions of MCP-1, VCAM-1, NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha at both protein and mRNA level (P < 0.05) were also found with the administration of OLE.
This study proved the effect of OLE on inhibition of atherosclerosis, which is related to the suppressed inflammatory response.
In Mediterranean folk medicine Olea europaea L. leaf (Ph.Eur.) preparations are used as a common remedy for gout. In this in vitro study kinetic measurements were performed on both an 80% ethanolic (v/v) Olea europaea leaf dry extract (OLE) as well as on nine of its typical phenolic constituents in order to investigate its possible inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XO), an enzyme well known to contribute significantly to this pathological process. Dixon and Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis were used to determine K(i) values and the inhibition mode for the isolated phenolics, which were analysed by RP-HPLC for standardisation of OLE. The standardised OLE as well as some of the tested phenolics significantly inhibited the activity of XO. Among these, the flavone aglycone apigenin exhibited by far the strongest effect on XO with a K(i) value of 0.52 μM. In comparison, the known synthetic XO inhibitor allopurinol, used as a reference standard, showed a K(i) of 7.3 μM. Although the phenolic secoiridoid oleuropein, the main ingredient of the extract (24.8%), had a considerable higher K(i) value of 53.0 μM, it still displayed a significant inhibition of XO. Furthermore, caffeic acid (K(i) of 11.5 μM; 1.89% of the extract), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (K(i) of 15.0 μM; 0.86%) and luteolin (K(i) of 2.9 μM; 0.086%) also contributed significantly to the XO inhibiting effect of OLE. For oleuropein, a competitive mode of inhibition was found, while all other active substances displayed a mixed mode of inhibition. Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, which makes up for 0.3% of the extract, were inactive in all tested concentrations. Regarding the pharmacological in vitro effect of apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, it has to be considered that it is transformed into the active apigenin aglycone in the mammalian body, thus also contributing substantially to the anti-gout activity of olive leaves. For the first time, this study provides a rational basis for the traditional use of olive leaves against gout in Mediterranean folk medicine.
A double-blind, randomized, parallel and active-controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hypertensive effect as well as the tolerability of Olive leaf extract in comparison with Captopril in patients with stage-1 hypertension. Additionally, this study also investigated the hypolipidemic effects of Olive leaf extract in such patients. It consisted of a run-in period of 4 weeks continued subsequently by an 8-week treatment period. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract (EFLA(®)943) was given orally at the dose of 500 mg twice daily in a flat-dose manner throughout the 8 weeks. Captopril was given at the dosage regimen of 12.5 mg twice daily at start. After 2 weeks, if necessary, the dose of Captopril would be titrated to 25 mg twice daily, based on subject's response to treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from baseline to week-8 of treatment. The secondary efficacy endpoints were SBP as well as diastolic blood pressure (DBP) changes at every time-point evaluation and lipid profile improvement. Evaluation of BP was performed every week for 8 weeks of treatment; while of lipid profile at a 4-week interval. Mean SBP at baseline was 149.3±5.58 mmHg in Olive group and 148.4±5.56 mmHg in Captopril group; and mean DBPs were 93.9±4.51 and 93.8±4.88 mmHg, respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, both groups experienced a significant reduction of SBP as well as DBP from baseline; while such reductions were not significantly different between groups. Means of SBP reduction from baseline to the end of study were -11.5±8.5 and -13.7±7.6 mmHg in Olive and Captopril groups, respectively; and those of DBP were -4.8±5.5 and -6.4±5.2 mmHg, respectively. A significant reduction of triglyceride level was observed in Olive group, but not in Captopril group. In conclusion, Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract, at the dosage regimen of 500 mg twice daily, was similarly effective in lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressures in subjects with stage-1 hypertension as Captopril, given at its effective dose of 12.5-25 mg twice daily.
The influence of olive leaves supplementation on feed digestibility, growth performance of pigs and pork meat quality was investigated. Pigs fed diets with olive leaves at 5% (OL5) and 10% (OL10) levels had lower daily weight gain (DG) and daily feed intake (DFI) than pigs fed a conventional diet (OL0) but differences were not observed between groups fed with the different quantities of leaves. Additionally, pigs fed diets with leaves had the worst feed:gain ratio and showed a decrease in overall backfat. Chops from pigs fed the leaf diets had lower peroxide (PV) and conjugated diene (CD) contents than chops from pigs fed conventional diets. Moreover, chops from pigs fed with the higher quantity of leaves also showed a lower drip loss. After a storage period of 8 days at 4°C, meat obtained from both OL5 and OL10 animals also differed (P<0.05) in PV and %CD values from those fed a conventional diet. Since the fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscles was not different, differences in oxidative stability could only be explained by the significantly higher α-tocopherol concentration in intramuscular fat and backfat in pigs fed with olive leaf diets.
The present work studied and compared the capacity of four important olive oil polyphenolic compounds, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and the oleuropein aglycones 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid (3,4-DHPEA-EA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid dialdehyde (3,4-DHPEA-EDA), to protect red blood cells (RBCs) from oxidative hemolysis induced by the physiological initiator H2O2. The amount of hemolysis was evaluated spectrophotometrically. The compounds were also tested in the presence and absence of the naturally occurring antioxidant ascorbic acid. All compounds were revealed to significantly protect RBCs from oxidative hemolysis induced by H2O2 at 40 and 80 microM, with the order of activity being 3,4-DHPEA-EDA>3,4-DHPEA-EA>hydroxytyrosol=oleuropein. At 20, 10, and 5 microM, only 3,4-DHPEA-EDA showed a significant protection against the oxidative injury. In the presence of ascorbic acid at physiological concentration, the addition of individual compounds at 40 microM increased the stability of erythrocytes. The addition of phenolic compounds at 20 and 10 microM did not produce further protection when compared with the protection given by ascorbic acid alone, except for 3,4-DHPEA-EDA. This compound was shown to produce further protection even at 5 microM. In summary, 3,4-DHPEA-EDA plays an important protective role against reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative injury in RBCs, and this effect is more potent than the one evidenced by hydroxytyrosol or oleuropein.
Many studies have investigated the protective effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol against cell injury, but few have investigated the protective effects of oleuropein aglycones 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid (3,4-DHPEA-EA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid dialdehyde (3,4-DHPEA-EDA). The present work studied and compared the capacity of these four compounds, found at high concentrations in olive oil, to protect red blood cells (RBCs) from oxidative injury. The in vitro oxidative stress of RBCs was induced by the water-soluble radical initiator 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. RBC changes were evaluated either by optical microscopy or by the amount of hemolysis. All compounds were shown to significantly protect RBCs from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner. The order of activity at 20 microM was: 3,4-DHPEA-EDA > hydroxytyrosol > oleuropein > 3,4-DHPEA-EA. Even at 3 microM, 3,4-DHPEA-EDA and hydroxytyrosol still had an important protective activity. However, deleterious morphological RBC changes were much more evident in the presence of hydroxytyrosol than with 3,4-DHPEA-EDA. For the first time it was demonstrated that 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, one of most important olive oil polyphenols, may play a noteworthy protective role against ROS-induced oxidative injury in human cells since lower doses of this compound were needed to protect RBCs in vitro from oxidative mediated hemolysis.
We determined the effect of dietary supplementation with an olive leaf capsule or liquid extract on oxidative status of young and healthy male and female subjects.
This was a single-center, randomized, single-blinded, prospective pilot comparison of the effect of dietary supplementation with olive leaf extracts. Healthy young adult male and female subjects (n = 45) were randomized into three groups and received daily doses of control, capsule, or liquid extract of olive leaf. Urinary F(2 alpha)-isoprostane, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and Folin-Ciocalteu total reducing power were measured to assess the impact of supplementation.
Baseline values (mean +/- standard deviation) of the biomarkers were 0.24 +/- 0.13 microg, 9.16 +/- 2.94 microg, and 424.9 +/- 121.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of creatinine, respectively, for the control group. Using these markers, supplementation with liquid or capsule did not alter oxidative status compared with the control group. Possible reasons for the lack of an observed correlation are presented.
Dietary supplementation with olive leaf extract did not alter the oxidative status of healthy young adults.
The antidiabetic effect of an alcohol extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves was investigated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The oral administration of the olive leaves extract (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg body wt) for 14 days significantly decreased the serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) while it increased the serum insulin in diabetic rats but not in normal rats (p < 0.05). A comparison was made between the action of olive leaves extract and glibenclamide (600 microg/kg), a known antidiabetic drug. The antidiabetic effect of the extract was more effective than that observed with glibenclamide.
Hypertension is a harmful disease factor that develops unnoticed over time. The treatment of hypertension is aimed at an early diagnosis followed by adequate lifestyle changes rather than pharmacological treatment. The olive leaf extract EFLA943, having antihypertensive actions in rats, was tested as a food supplement in an open study including 40 borderline hypertensive monozygotic twins. Twins of each pair were assigned to different groups receiving 500 or 1000 mg/day EFLA943 for 8 weeks, or advice on a favourable lifestyle. Body weight, heart rate, blood pressure, glucose and lipids were measured fortnightly. Blood pressure changed significantly within pairs, depending on the dose, with mean systolic differences of < or =6 mmHg (500 mg vs control) and < or =13 mmHg (1000 vs 500 mg), and diastolic differences of < or =5 mmHg. After 8 weeks, mean blood pressure remained unchanged from baseline in controls (systolic/diastolic: 133 +/- 5/77 +/- 6 vs 135 +/- 11/80 +/- 7 mmHg) and the low-dose group (136 +/- 7/77 +/- 7 vs 133 +/- 10/76 +/- 7), but had significantly decreased for the high dose group (137 +/- 10/80 +/- 10 vs 126 +/- 9/76 +/- 6). Cholesterol levels decreased for all treatments with significant dose-dependent within-pair differences for LDL-cholesterol. None of the other parameters showed significant changes or consistent trends. Concluding, the study confirmed the antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering action of EFLA943 in humans.
A protein determination method which involves the binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 to protein is described. The binding of the dye to protein causes a shift in the absorption maximum of the dye from 465 to 595 nm, and it is the increase in absorption at 595 nm which is monitored. This assay is very reproducible and rapid with the dye binding process virtually complete in approximately 2 min with good color stability for 1 hr. There is little or no interference from cations such as sodium or potassium nor from carbohydrates such as sucrose. A small amount of color is developed in the presence of strongly alkaline buffering agents, but the assay may be run accurately by the use of proper buffer controls. The only components found to give excessive interfering color in the assay are relatively large amounts of detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, and commercial glassware detergents. Interference by small amounts of detergent may be eliminated by the use of proper controls.
There is a need to standardize the NDF procedure. Procedures have varied because of the use of different amylases in attempts to remove starch interference. The original Bacillus subtilis enzyme Type IIIA (XIA) no longer is available and has been replaced by a less effective enzyme. For fiber work, a new enzyme has received AOAC approval and is rapidly displacing other amylases in analytical work. This enzyme is available from Sigma (Number A3306; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). The original publications for NDF and ADF (43, 53) and the Agricultural Handbook 379 (14) are obsolete and of historical interest only. Up to date procedures should be followed. Triethylene glycol has replaced 2-ethoxyethanol because of reported toxicity. Considerable development in regard to fiber methods has occurred over the past 5 yr because of a redefinition of dietary fiber for man and monogastric animals that includes lignin and all polysaccharides resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes. In addition to NDF, new improved methods for total dietary fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides including pectin and beta-glucans now are available. The latter are also of interest in rumen fermentation. Unlike starch, their fermentations are like that of cellulose but faster and yield no lactic acid. Physical and biological properties of carbohydrate fractions are more important than their intrinsic composition.
Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown
proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been
identified with specific gene products. Four major components of the
head are cleaved during the process of assembly, apparently after the
precursor proteins have assembled into some large intermediate
structure.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of demethyldiisoeugenol to protect normal and beta-thalassemic human red blood cells (RBCs) against oxidative damage in vitro. Oxidative hemolysis and lipid peroxidation of normal and beta-thalassemic human RBCs induced by aqueous peroxyl radical were suppressed by demethyldiisoeugenol in a concentration-dependent manner. The formation of proteins with high molecular weight and concomitant decrease of the low-molecular-weight proteins of RBCs challenge with aqueous peroxyl radical were inhibited by demethyldiisoeugenol. It also prevented the shortening of the Russell's viper venom (RVV)-clotting time mediated by prelytic radical-treated RBCs. In contrast, demethyldiisoeugenol inhibited oxidative hemolysis but not those metHb and ferrylHb formations caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in normal RBCs. Furthermore, demethyldiisoeugenol did not prevent the consumption of the cytosolic antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), in radical-treated RBCs. It also did not cause of a loss of sulfhydryl group during incubation with GSH. However, the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of demethyldiisoeugenol was dramatically increased in the presence of GSH. These results imply that demethyldiisoeugenol can regenerate from its oxidized form to its active reduced form in the presence of GSH. It may be useful in diminishing oxidative damage to pathological RBCs.
Storage of olive (Olea europaea) leaves for 22 h at 37 degrees C in closed plastic bags caused the content of a nonglycosidic secoiridoid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyl 4-formyl-3-formylmethyl-4-hexenoate (3,4-DHPEA-EDA) to rise from 15% to 50% of the phenolic extract with corresponding falls in the content of oleuropein and two oleuropeindials, which were identified as precursors of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA. Pure product was isolated from one set of stored olive leaves in a 0.16% yield. Storage of olive leaves under various conditions showed that the moisture present in closed plastic bags was important for the formation of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA. The time taken to reach the maximum concentration of the product varied widely for different samples of olive leaves, with a shorter time for the sample with lower initial oleuropein content. The oleuropeindial precursors of the product were readily hydrolyzed to carboxylic acid derivatives, which have been identified by NMR. The antiradical activity of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, evaluated by scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals, was comparable to that of alpha-tocopherol.
The efficient sequestration of hemoglobin by the red blood cell membrane and the presence of multiple hemoglobin clearance mechanisms suggest a critical need to prevent the buildup of this molecule in the plasma. A growing list of clinical manifestations attributed to hemoglobin release in a variety of acquired and iatrogenic hemolytic disorders suggests that hemolysis and hemoglobinemia should be considered as a novel mechanism of human disease.
Pertinent scientific literature databases and references were searched through October 2004 using terms that encompassed various aspects of hemolysis, hemoglobin preparations, clinical symptoms associated with plasma hemoglobin, nitric oxide in hemolysis, anemia, pulmonary hypertension, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and sickle-cell disease.
Hemoglobin is released into the plasma from the erythrocyte during intravascular hemolysis in hereditary, acquired, and iatrogenic hemolytic conditions. When the capacity of protective hemoglobin-scavenging mechanisms has been saturated, levels of cell-free hemoglobin increase in the plasma, resulting in the consumption of nitric oxide and clinical sequelae. Nitric oxide plays a major role in vascular homeostasis and has been shown to be a critical regulator of basal and stress-mediated smooth muscle relaxation and vasomotor tone, endothelial adhesion molecule expression, and platelet activation and aggregation. Thus, clinical consequences of excessive cell-free plasma hemoglobin levels during intravascular hemolysis or the administration of hemoglobin preparations include dystonias involving the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and urogenital systems, as well as clotting disorders. Many of the clinical sequelae of intravascular hemolysis in a prototypic hemolytic disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, are readily explained by hemoglobin-mediated nitric oxide scavenging.
A growing body of evidence supports the existence of a novel mechanism of human disease, namely, hemolysis-associated smooth muscle dystonia, vasculopathy, and endothelial dysfunction.
Vertical and horizontal interactions between membrane constituents account for integrity, strength and deformability of the erythrocyte. Disruption of vertical interactions caused by membrane protein deficiencies in hereditary spherocytosis (HS), favor membrane vesiculation with development of spherocytic cells. Our aim was to evaluate the hematological and clinical presentation of HS according to the type and amount of protein deficiency. We studied 81 Portuguese individuals, 71 belonging to 21 families plus 10 unrelated subjects, and found that 51 of them were HS patients. Patients were classified as presenting mild, typical or severe HS, according to laboratory results and clinical follow-up. We performed screening tests and the standardized electrophoretic membrane protein analysis to identify and quantify protein deficiencies. We found band 3 and ankyrin deficiencies as the major causes for HS. The ratios between the value of the primary and/or secondary protein deficiencies showed significantly different values according to the severity of HS, and a significant inverse correlation with the severity of HS was observed. In mild HS, the ratios between protein deficiencies reflected equivalent protein deficiencies, while an unbalance was observed in typical HS, which was enhanced in severe HS. Our data suggest that the relative quantification of each major membrane protein and of the ratios between the values of protein deficiencies may be helpful in providing additional data about the clinical outcome of HS.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and is projected to become the leading cause of mortality in the world. Atherosclerosis is the most important single factor contributing to this disease burden. In this study, we characterize relationships between endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease in an animal model of diet-induced, early-stage atherosclerotic vascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that hypercholesterolaemia induces vascular disease and impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in conduit arteries of adult male Yucatan pigs. Pigs were fed a normal fat (NF) or high fat cholesterol (HFC) diet for 20-24 weeks. Results indicate that, while the HFC diet did not alter EDR in femoral or brachial arteries, EDR was significantly decreased in both carotid and coronary arteries. Sudanophilic fatty streaks were significantly present in the abdominal aorta and common carotid artery. Histopathology revealed increased intima-media thickness (IMT) and foam cell accumulation in Stary Stage I-III lesions in the abdominal aorta, common carotid artery and femoral arteries. In the coronary arteries, the accumulation of foam cells in Stary Stage I and II lesions resulted in a trend for increased IMT. There was no evidence of vascular disease in the brachial arteries. These results indicate that early stages of CVD (Stary Stage I-III) precede decreases in EDR induced by HFC diet, because femoral arteries exhibited foam cell accumulation and an increased IMT but no change in endothelial function.
The integrity of the red-cell membrane depends on molecular interactions between proteins and protein–lipid interactions: vertical interactions stabilize the membrane lipid bilayer; horizontal interactions provide resistance against shear stress.
This disorder affects 1 in 25 000 individuals of northern European descent. There is typically a dominant family history, but the condition is genetically heterogeneous: combined spectrin and ankyrin deficiency is the most common defect observed, followed by band 3 deficiency, isolated spectrin deficiency, and protein 4.2 deficiency. These affect vertical membrane interactions with loss of surface area relative to red-cell volume....
Ossabaw swine have a 'thrifty genotype' (propensity to obesity) that enables them to survive seasonal food shortages in their native environment. Consumption of excess kcal causes animals of the thrifty genotype to manifest components of the metabolic syndrome, including central (intra-abdominal) obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. We determined whether female Ossabaw swine manifest multiple components of the metabolic syndrome by comparing lean pigs fed a normal maintenance diet (7% kcal from fat; lean, n = 9) or excess chow with 45% kcal from fat and 2% cholesterol (obese, n = 8). After 9 wk, body composition, glucose tolerance, plasma lipids, and intravascular ultrasonography and histopathology of coronary arteries were assessed. Computed tomography (CT) assessed subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat deposition and was compared with traditional methods, including anatomical measurements, backfat ultrasonography, and proximate chemical composition analysis. Compared with lean animals, obese swine showed 2-fold greater product of the plasma insulin x glucose concentrations, 4.1-fold greater total cholesterol, 1.6-fold greater postprandial triglycerides, 4.6-fold greater low- to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, hypertension, and neointimal hyperplasia of coronary arteries. The 1.5-fold greater body weight in obese swine was largely accounted for by the 3-fold greater carcass fat mass. High correlation (0.79 to 0.95) of CT, anatomical measurements, and ultrasonography with direct chemical measures of subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, and visceral fat indicates high validity of all indirect methods. We conclude that relatively brief feeding of excess atherogenic diet produces striking features of metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease in female Ossabaw swine.
In humans, diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a hetero- geneous metabolic disorder. Swine have been used as a model for many human conditions including type 1 (insulin- deficient) and type 2 (insulin-resistant) DM research be- cause of their phenotypic similarities to humans including: cardiovascular anatomy and function, metabolism, lipopro- tein profile, size, tendency to obesity, and omnivorous hab- its. There is phenotypic overlap between the two types of DM and pig models show characteristics and complications of both. Streptozotocin and alloxan have been used to create insulin deficient diabetes in pigs. One of the most unique and useful phenotypes is that these insulin-deficient pigs develop more severe coronary atherosclerosis than nondia- betic controls. It is not fully understood why patients with either type 1 or type 2 DM have increased severity and diffuseness of atherosclerosis compared with nondiabetic patients. The current human epidemic of type 2 DM and its attendant cardiovascular complications underscore the un- met need for creating a useful, readily available animal model of type 2 insulin resistant DM that also develops coronary artery atherosclerosis. The phenotypic susceptibil- ity to coronary atherosclerosis makes pigs an attractive spe- cies to identify causative mechanisms. Suggested criteria for validation of an animal model of humanoid type 2 DM are described. The goal would be to develop a useful animal model for mechanistic studies as well as to develop and test novel therapeutics both for type 2 DM as well as its car- diovascular complications.
The possibility of preparing olive oil, with the same nutritional value and stability characteristics found in virgin olive oil, by the enrichment of refined olive oil with olive leaf polyphenols was studied. To obtain antioxidant phenols similar to those found in virgin olive oil, these components were extracted from the leaves of several olive cultivars from the Northern region of Portugal, namely, Carrasca, Ripa, Negruche, Cordovil, Verdeal, Madural, and Bical cultivars, under several conditions. The concentration of a leaf extract required for addition to refined olive oil to obtain the same stability as virgin olive oil was determined. The extract from 1 kg of leaves was sufficient to fortify 50-320 L of refined olive oil to a similar stability as a virgin olive oil sample depending on the metal concentration of the oil, cultivar, and time of the year when the leaves were picked.
Xenotransplantation using pigs offers the prospect of an unlimited number of organs and cells for clinical transplantation. A major step forward has been achieved with the introduction of pigs homozygous for alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockouts that do not express the major antigenic target for primate antipig antibodies (i.e., Galalpha1,3Gal). Heterotopic heart transplants have survived for 2-6 months in baboons. However, other immune and pathophysiologic barriers remain, including: i) anti-non-Gal antibodies and cells of the innate immune system; and ii) thrombogenesis associated with incompatibilities in the coagulation-anticoagulation systems of pig and primate. Further genetic modification of the organ-source pig to overcome these barriers is being undertaken.
Red cell membrane disorders. Hematology/ The Education Program of the
- P G Gallagher
Gallagher, P. G. (2005). Red cell membrane disorders. Hematology/
The Education Program of the American Society of Hematology, 13-18.