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Conjugated linoleic acid suplementation decreased the body fat in Wistar rats

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  • University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Conjugated linoleic acid, a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid, has been greatly investigated due to its effect on body composition, mainly the reduction of body fat. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on the body composition of healthy, growing Wistar rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and supplemented daily for 3 weeks with AdvantEdge® conjugated linoleic acid (EASTM) at concentrations of 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% of the daily feed intake, corresponding to groups AE1, AE2 and AE4, and with linoleic acid at 2.0% (control) corresponding to group C. The animals were supplemented via a stomach tube. For the body composition analyses, the gut contents were removed to obtain the empty carcass weight. The carcasses were then frozen in liquid nitrogen, chopped, dried, ground and stored at –25ºC, until analyzed for water, ash, protein and fat. The AE1 group showed higher feed intake and weight gain, but did not differ in food efficiency from the other groups (p< 0.05). In terms of body composition, body fat reduced in groups AE2 (11.2%) and AE4 (11.6%), as compared to the control (13.9%). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation at a rate of 2.0% and 4.0% with respect to the daily feed intake, decreased body fat by 18.0% in Wistar rats.
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ÁCIDO LINOLÉICO CONJUGADO E GORDURA CORPORAL | 561
Rev. Nutr., Campinas, 18(4):561-565, jul./ago., 2005 Revista de Nutrição
1Curso de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de
Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brasil.
2Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Caixa
Postal 6121, 13083-862, Campinas, SP. Correspondência para/Correspondence to: A.C. OLIVEIRA. E-mail:
<admarco@fea.unicamp.br>.
NOTA CIENTÍFICA | NOTE RESEARCH
A suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado
reduziu a gordura corporal em ratos Wistar
Conjugated linoleic acid suplementation
decreased the body fat in Wistar rats
Adriana Prais BOTELHO1
Lilia Ferreira SANTOS-ZAGO1
Soely Maria Pissini Machado REIS2
Admar Costa de OLIVEIRA2
R E S U M O
O ácido linoléico conjugado, um conjunto de isômeros geométricos e de posição do ácido linoléico, vem
sendo muito estudado devido ao seu efeito sobre a composição corporal, promovendo redução da massa
gorda. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado sobre a
composição corporal de ratos Wistar saudáveis em crescimento. Um total de 40 ratos, divididos em quatro
grupos, foram suplementados diariamente durante três semanas com AdvantEdge® ácido linoléico conjugado
(EASTM) nas concentrações 1,0%, 2,0% e 4,0% sobre o consumo diário de dieta, constituindo, respectivamente,
os grupos AE1, AE2 e AE4, e com ácido linoléico na concentração de 2% sobre o consumo diário de dieta,
constituindo o grupo-controle. Os animais foram suplementados por meio de entubação orogástrica. Para a
avaliação da composição corporal centesimal foi removido o conteúdo intestinal para obtenção da carcaça
vazia. Em seguida, a carcaça foi congelada em nitrogênio líquido, fatiada, liofilizada, moída e armazenada
a -25°C, até o momento das determinações de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta e gordura. O grupo AE1
apresentou maior consumo de dieta e ganho de peso, mas não diferiu quanto à eficiência alimentar dos
demais grupos (p0,05). Em relação à composição corporal, constatou-se redução dos teores de gordura
corporal dos grupos AE2 (11,2%) e AE4 (11,6%), quando comparados ao teor do grupo-controle (13,9%).
A suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado nas concentrações de 2,0% e 4,0% sobre o consumo diário
de dieta promoveu redução de gordura corporal de 18,0% nos ratos Wistar.
Termos de indexação: ácido linoléico, suplementação, ganho de peso, ratos.
A B S T R A C T
Conjugated linoleic acid, a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid, has been greatly
investigated due to its effect on body composition, mainly the reduction of body fat. The purpose of this study
562 |A.P. BOTELHOI et al.
Rev. Nutr., Campinas, 18(4):561-565, jul./ago., 2005
Revista de Nutrição
was to evaluate the effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on the body composition of healthy,
growing Wistar rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and supplemented daily for 3 weeks
with AdvantEdge® conjugated linoleic acid (EASTM) at concentrations of 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% of the daily feed
intake, corresponding to groups AE1, AE2 and AE4, and with linoleic acid at 2.0% (control) corresponding to
group C. The animals were supplemented via a stomach tube. For the body composition analyses, the gut
contents were removed to obtain the empty carcass weight. The carcasses were then frozen in liquid nitrogen,
chopped, dried, ground and stored at –25ºC, until analyzed for water, ash, protein and fat. The AE1
group showed higher feed intake and weight gain, but did not differ in food efficiency from the other
groups (p 0.05). In terms of body composition, body fat reduced in groups AE2 (11.2%) and AE4 (11.6%), as
compared to the control (13.9%). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation at a rate of 2.0% and 4.0% with
respect to the daily feed intake, decreased body fat by 18.0% in Wistar rats.
Indexing terms: linoleic acid, supplementary, weight gain, rats.
I N T R O D U Ç Ã O
O ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), um
grupo de isômeros de posição e geométricos com
duplas ligações conjugadas do ácido octadeca-
dienóico (C18:2), é encontrado em pequenas
quantidades em uma grande variedade de
alimentos e estima-se a existência de 56 possíveis
isômeros1,2. A discussão a respeito da suplementa-
ção com CLA tem sido acirrada, frente aos efeitos
fisiológicos reportados por muitos grupos de
pesquisa nos últimos anos. Sendo assim, são
muitas as investigações no sentido de avaliar os
efeitos benéficos do consumo de CLA, como
alterações na composição corporal, redução da
aterosclerose, prevenção e tratamento do diabetes
mellitus tipo 2, potencialização da mineralização
óssea, modulação do sistema imune e efeito
antitrombogênico1. Possíveis efeitos adversos,
como piora da resistência à insulina e aumento
da suscetibilidade à autoxidação lipídica, também
foram estudados3,4. O CLA pode ser originado no
rúmen por meio da bioidrogenação incompleta
de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados provenientes da
dieta e também endogenamente, pela dessatura-
ção do ácido graxo C18:1 trans 11. Na
bioidrogenação, o isômero cis9, trans 11 é o
primeiro intermediário formado a partir do ácido
linoléico pela 12 e 11 trans isomerase. Em
seguida, ocorrem reduções das ligações cis, até
C18:1 trans 11, que podem ainda ser reduzidas
até C18:0. Na produção endógena do CLA, o
ácido graxo C18:1 trans 11 sofre dessaturação pela
enzima 9 dessaturase presente na glândula
mamária e no tecido adiposo5. Um dos efeitos
mais estudados com relação à suplementação de
CLA é sua capacidade em alterar a composição
corporal, promovendo aumento da massa magra
e redução da massa gorda em diferentes espécies,
tais como: camundongos6,7, ratos8,9, hamster10,
porcos11,12, humanos13,14, entre outras. Os possíveis
mecanismos de ação que explicam esse efeito
são diminuição da proliferação e diferenciação de
pré-adipócitos evidenciadas pela inibição do
receptor ativado por proliferadores de peroxissoma
gama (PPARγ), aumento do gasto energético,
alteração da atividade das enzimas carnitina
palmitoiltransferase e lipase lipoprotéica e da
concentração de leptina15-19.
M É T O D O S
Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos saudá-
veis e recém-desmamados, da linhagem Wistar,
provenientes do Centro Multidisciplinar de
Investigação Biológica da Universidade Estadual
de Campinas. Durante todo o período experimen-
tal os animais permaneceram em gaiolas de
crescimento individuais consumindo água e dieta
AIN93G20 com concentração de proteína de 12%21
sob o sistema de livre acesso, sendo a temperatura
e a umidade do ar controladas na faixa de
22 ± 1ºC e 60%-70%, respectivamente, e ciclo
de claro/escuro de doze horas. Após um período
de sete dias de adaptação, os ratos foram
divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos
ÁCIDO LINOLÉICO CONJUGADO E GORDURA CORPORAL | 563
Rev. Nutr., Campinas, 18(4):561-565, jul./ago., 2005 Revista de Nutrição
(controle e experimentais) e suplementados por
21 dias. O acompanhamento do ganho de peso e
o consumo de dieta eram realizados a cada dois
dias. Os grupos receberam ácido linoléico
conjugado AdvantEdge® CLA (EASTM) nas
concentrações 1%, 2% e 4% sobre o consumo
diário de dieta, constituindo, respectivamente, os
grupos AE1, AE2 e AE4 (experimentais), e ácido
linoléico na concentração de 2% sobre o consumo
diário de dieta, constituindo o grupo C (controle).
Os animais foram suplementados por meio de
entubação orogástrica, utilizando seringa descar-
tável de 1mL e agulha de gavage. Ao final do
experimento os animais foram mortos por
deslocamento cervical e em seguida todo o trato
gastrointestinal foi limpo e devolvido à carcaça6,
que foi então congelada em nitrogênio líquido,
fatiada, liofilizada, moída e armazenada a -25ºC
até o momento das determinações de umidade
segundo método 930.15, cinzas segundo método
942.05 e proteína bruta segundo método
954.01, todos descritos pela Association of
Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC)22. A
determinação de gordura total foi feita pelo
método de Soxhlet, conforme Lees23. Os teores
de proteína, lípides, cinzas e umidade foram
também determinados na dieta. Os dados
foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA,
seguida de teste de Tukey, com nível de
significância de 5%. O software utilizado para a
análise foi o Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Este
trabalho foi aprovado pela Comissão de Ética
na Experimentação Animal (CEEA - IB/
Unicamp) - Protocolo nº 564-1.
R E S U L T A D O S
Os valores de consumo de dieta e ganho
de peso estão expressos na Tabela 1, na qual se
observa que apenas o grupo AE1 apresentou
valores estatisticamente diferentes (p0,05) em
relação aos demais grupos, mas não diferiu quanto
à eficiência alimentar.
Com relação à avaliação da composição
corporal centesimal (Figura 1), constatou-se que
os grupos AE2 e AE4 apresentaram teores de
gordura corporal de 11,17 ± 0,79% e 11,62 ± 0,93%,
respectivamente, e o grupo-controle apresentou
13,9 ± 1,23%, o que corresponde, em relação ao
grupo AE2, a uma redução de aproximadamente
20,00% da gordura corporal. Esses dados são
similares aos resultados obtidos por Delany et al.24,
que relataram uma redução de 30,00% da gordura
corporal de camundongos após suplementação
com CLA por 39 dias. Mais recentemente, Azain
et al.25 também encontraram redução de 13,00%
a 30,00% da gordura retroperitoneal em ratas
suplementadas com CLA por 35 dias. Outros
trabalhos relatam reduções mais expressivas da
gordura corporal, como o estudo realizado por
Park et al.6, em que camundongos apresentaram
redução de 60,00% da gordura corporal quando
suplementados com 0,50% de CLA durante 32
dias.
Vale ressaltar que o período de suplemen-
tação utilizado por esses autores foi superior ao
empregado neste trabalho, o que pode justificar
os maiores valores de redução de gordura corporal,
e também que os modelos experimentais utilizados
são caracterizados por acúmulo de gordura visceral
e uma leve obesidade, diferentemente dos animais
deste estudo.
Tabela 1. Valores médios ± desvio-padrão (n= 10) do consumo de dieta, ganho de peso e eficiência alimentar dos ratos dos grupos-
controle e experimentais.
241,4 ± 22,9a
285,6 ± 17,9b
243,0 ± 23,5a
230,0 ± 23,8a
78,4 ± 16,1a,b
99,0 ± 08,4b,b
83,4 ± 13,0a,b
75,8 ± 17,7a,b
a,
0,32 ± 0,04a
0,35 ± 0,02a
0,35 ± 0,03a
0,32 ± 0,04a
C
AE1
AE2
AE4
Valores com letras iguais na mesma coluna não apresentam diferença significativa (p>0,05) ao teste de Tukey.
Grupos Consumo (g) Ganho de peso (g) Eficiência alimentar
M ± DP
M ± DP M ± DP
564 |A.P. BOTELHOI et al.
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Revista de Nutrição
As suplementações com ácido linoléico
conjugado nas concentrações de 2% e 4% sobre
o consumo diário de dieta reduziram a gordura
corporal em ratos Wistar saudáveis em cresci-
mento, indicando que a suplementação com 2%
é economicamente mais viável. É importante
destacar que a utilização de ratos em crescimento,
neste trabalho, foi sustentada pela hipótese de
que o CLA age sobre a lipogênese17. Trabalhos
com períodos de suplementação mais extensos
são necessários visando uma diminuição mais
expressiva da gordura corporal, assim como um
aumento de massa magra.
A G R A D E C I M E N T O S
Ao Laboratório de Micronutrientes da Faculda-
de de Nutrição da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de
Campinas pela utilização do liofilizador. À Fundação
de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo pelo
auxílio financeiro (Processo nº 03/07648-4) e ao
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico pela bolsa concedida (APB) (Processo
nº 133874/2003-6).
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Recebido para publicação em 26 de julho de 2004 e aceito
em 18 de novembro de 2004.
... One of these substances is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) -a fatty acid which presents a linoleic acid isomer (C18:2, n-6) and has been considered an antiobesity agent, and can be useful in the weight reduction process [7]. Although the initial results were found only in an animal model [8,9], more recent research on humans suggests that CLA would act to reduce adiposity through modulating properties in the lipid metabolism [10,11]. However, doubts remain as to the action mechanisms of CLA in adipocytes, leading to the reduction of body fat and, especially, the safety of supplementation of this compound. ...
... Considering that the size of the adipose cells is directly elated to the triglyceride content inside the cells, its reduction results in a smaller cell size. The increased β-oxidation of mitochondrial fatty acids induced by CLA may be responsible for the reduction of triacylglycerol synthesis, not depositing them in the adipocyte, but reducing their size [8]. ...
... Thus, collectively, the increased lipolysis, the reduction of lipase lipoprotein activity and increased carnitine-palmitoil-transferase-1 (CAT-1) activity lead to the reduction of the accumulation of fatty acids in the adipose and muscle tissues. These action mechanisms are those most discussed by the researchers [8]. Inside the mitochondria the fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation reactions and Cycle of Krebs (CK), releasing the H + and ewhich are carried (NADH +2 and FADH 2 ) to the respiratory chain (1). ...
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is highly found in fats from ruminants and it appears to favorably modify the body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. The capacity of CLA to reduce the body fat levels as well as its benefic actions on glycemic profile, atherosclerosis and cancer has already been proved in experimental models. Furthermore, CLA supplementation may modulate the immune function, help re-synthetize of glycogen and potentiate the bone mineralization. CLA supplementation also could increase the lipolysis and reduce the accumulation of fatty acids on the adipose tissue; the putative mechanisms involved may be its action in reducing the lipase lipoprotein activity and to increase the carnitine-palmitoil-transferase-1 (CAT-1) activity, its interaction with PPARγ, and to raise the expression of UCP-1. Although studies made in human have shown some benefits of CLA supplementation as the weight loss, the results are still discordant. Moreover, some have shown adverse effects, such as negative effects on glucose metabolism and lipid profile. The purpose of this article is to review the available data regarding the benefits of CLA on the energetic metabolism and body composition, emphasizing action mechanisms.
... In studies with Wistar rats, Botelho et al. (2005) evaluated the effect of dietary CLA at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3% of its daily diet. When compared with the control (linoleic acid 2%), animals that received 1% of CLA showed less weight loss. ...
... With the aim to investigate the potential mutagenic/ antimutagenic effects, this research adopted the 2 and 4% of CLA, due to the results of fat loss found by Botelho et al. (2005) at the same concentrations. However, in this study, in animals that received a concentration of 4% CLA on food intake during the experiment, an aggressive behavior and at the end of the experiment, clinical signs of malnutrition as a change of coat and apathy were observed. ...
... CLA can increase lipolysis in adipocytes, diminish fatty acids synthesis, and reduce lipogenesis. Moreover, CLA can increase beta-oxidation of mitochondrial fatty acids and as a result decreases triacylglycerol synthesis (23)(24)(25). ...
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Background The findings of trials investigating the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) administration on lipid profile are controversial. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to explore the effects of CLA supplementation on lipid profile. Methods Two authors independently searched electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus until March 2022, in order to find relevant RCTs. The random effects model was used to evaluate the mean and standard deviation. Results In total, 56 RCTs with 73 effect sizes met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for the meta-analysis. CLA supplementation significantly alter triglycerides (TG) (WMD: 1.76; 95% CI: −1.65, 5.19), total cholesterols (TC) (WMD: 0.86; 95% CI: −0.42, 2.26), low-density lipoprotein cholesterols (LDL-C) (WMD: 0.49; 95% CI: −0.75, 2.74), apolipoprotein A (WMD: −3.15; 95% CI: −16.12, 9.81), and apolipoprotein B (WMD: −0.73; 95% CI: −9.87, 8.41) concentrations. However, CLA supplementation significantly increased the density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (WMD: −0.40; 95% CI: −0.72, −0.07) concentrations. Conclusion CLA supplementation significantly improved HDL-C concentrations, however, increased concentrations of TG, TC, LDL-C, apolipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier: CRD42022331100.
... In adipocytes, CLA feeding regulates the gene expression of acyl CoA-synthetase, fatty acid synthase (FASN), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in lipid metabolism. The reduction in body fat is due to size reduction in adipocytes but not due to decrease in number of adipocytes [23]. Therefore, CLA supplementation would be expected to increase AT lipolysis, reduce the activity of LPL, and increase carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase-1 (CAT-1) activity in AT. ...
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Phosphoproteomics is a cutting-edge technique that can be utilized to explore adipose tissue (AT) metabolism by quantifying the repertoire of phospho-peptides (PP) in AT. Dairy cows were supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, n = 5) or a control diet (CON, n = 5) from 63 d prepartum to 63 d postpartum; cows were slaughtered at 63 d postpartum and AT was collected. We performed a quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis of subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) AT using nanoUPLC-MS/MS and examined the effects of CLA supplementation on the change in the phosphoproteome. A total of 5919 PP were detected in AT, and the abundance of 854 (14.4%) were differential between CON and CLA AT (p ≤ 0.05 and fold change ± 1.5). The abundance of 470 PP (7.9%) differed between OM and SC AT, and the interaction treatment vs. AT depot was significant for 205 PP (3.5% of total PP). The integrated phosphoproteome demonstrated the up- and downregulation of PP from proteins related to lipolysis and lipogenesis, and phosphorylation events in multiple pathways, including the regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, mTOR signaling, insulin signaling, AMPK signaling, and glycolysis. The differential regulation of phosphosite on a serine residue (S777) of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in AT of CLA-supplemented cows was related to lipogenesis and with more phosphorylation sites compared to acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACSS2). Increased protein phosphorylation was seen in acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA;8 PP), FASN (9 PP), hormone sensitive lipase (LIPE;6 PP), perilipin (PLIN;3 PP), and diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLA;1 PP) in CLA vs. CON AT. The relative gene expression in the SC and OM AT revealed an increase in LIPE and FASN in CLA compared to CON AT. In addition, the expression of DAGLA, which is a lipid metabolism enzyme related to the endocannabinoid system, was 1.6-fold higher in CLA vs. CON AT, and the expression of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 was reduced in CLA vs. CON AT. Immunoblots of SC and OM AT showed an increased abundance of FASN and a lower abundance of CB1 in CLA vs. CON. This study presents a complete map of the SC and the OM AT phosphoproteome in dairy cows following CLA supplementation and discloses many unknown phosphorylation sites, suggestive of increased lipid turnover in AT, for further functional investigation.
... The possible mechanisms of action of CLA to alter the body composition involve metabolic changes favoring the reduction of the lipogenesis and the potentiation of lipolysis, together with the increased oxidation of fatty acid in the skeletal muscles because of increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity (Churruca et al. 2009). A study on Wistar rats to supplement CLA at a rate of 2.0% and 4.0% with respect to the daily feed intake reported 18% reduction in body fat (Botelho et al. 2005). A recent study has reported an inverse association between serum CLA level and risk of heart failure in older men (Wannamethee et al. 2018). ...
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The limited agricultural land resource in Sri Lanka is being exploited to achieve food security in the country and generate foreign exchange. After the “green revolution”, this has often been done by adding only synthetic N, P, and K fertilizers into soil, using improved crop varieties that require large quantities of plant nutrients, while neglecting other important aspects of soil fertility. As a result, more than 50% of the agricultural lands in Sri Lanka have already been degraded as evidenced by very low organic carbon reserves, nutrient depletion or accumulation, and increasing soil acidity. Man-made heterogeneity in soil fertility appears to be surpassing the inherent variability in intensively cultivating agricultural lands in Sri Lanka. Hence, the requirement of a paradigm shift in soil fertility management from managing external inputs to renewable soil fertility replenishment for environmentally conscious sustainable production is required. For this, the development of effective site-specific soil fertility management technologies and strategies to encourage farmers to practice those is essential. This chapter is aimed to review the history of soil fertility management in Sri Lanka along with new directions for integrated soil fertility management to increase productivity while minimizing environmental issues related to plant nutrient management.
... The possible mechanisms of action of CLA to alter the body composition involve metabolic changes favoring the reduction of the lipogenesis and the potentiation of lipolysis, together with the increased oxidation of fatty acid in the skeletal muscles because of increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity (Churruca et al. 2009). A study on Wistar rats to supplement CLA at a rate of 2.0% and 4.0% with respect to the daily feed intake reported 18% reduction in body fat (Botelho et al. 2005). A recent study has reported an inverse association between serum CLA level and risk of heart failure in older men (Wannamethee et al. 2018). ...
Chapter
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... Evidences from the experimental trials showed that the impact of CLA is not the same in all animal models like rats supplemented with 0.5% of CLA, for instance, presented a small, but rapid (seven days) reduction of adipose tissue as compared to that in mice (Gaze et al., 2007). Supplementing healthy Wistar rats with CLA at the concentrations of 1, 2 and 4% of the diet on the basis of daily consumption showed that the groups that were supplemented at a concentration of 2 and 4% of CLA presented a greater body fat reduction as compared to that in the control group (Botelho et al., 2005). When different diets (supplemented with coconut oil, coconut oil and CLA, maize oil and maize oil and CLA) were compared, it was observed that the triglycerides were reduced in the diet supplemented with coconut oil and CLA, and that the HDLcholesterol were reduced when supplemented with maize oil diet. ...
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... We herein characterized the longitudinal changes in ACC both in circulation and in skeletal muscle in dairy cows during the transition from pregnancy into lactation by means of targeted metabolomics and investigated whether dietary supplementation (from 1 DIM) with CLA altered these compared with control-fat supplemented cows. In laboratory animals, CLA supplementation has been associated with metabolic changes favoring the increase of lipolysis and the reduction of lipoprotein lipase activity, accompanied by the oxidation of FA in the adipose and muscle tissues due to increased CPT-1 activity and action or possibly as a result of inhibiting adipocyte differentiation (Botelho et al., 2005;Churruca et al., 2009;Lehnen et al., 2015). In contrast to our hypothesis, treatment with CLA did not affect the variables targeted herein or other classical variables used to characterize the metabolic effects, such as FA. ...
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