Morphologie der Nutzpflanzen
... Hierbei geht er auf den ährig-kolbigen Bau der Infloreszenzen ein, an deren verdickten Achsen die unscheinbaren Blüten in den Brakteen-Achseln sitzen. Er beschreibt, wie Blüten und Deckblätter zusammen das Fruchtfleisch bilden, und dass die Kulturformen samenlos sind und deshalb nur vegetativ vermehrt werden können (Rauh 1950 Weiter finden sich morphologische Studien stets auch in Rauhs monographischen Publikationen, wie "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der peruanischen Kakteenvegetation" (Rauh 1958) und "Kakteen an ihren Standorten" (Rauh 1979), oder regelmäßig in Artikeln und Erstbeschreibungen. In "Bromelien" (Rauh 1990) findet sich z. ...
Werner Rauh (1913–2000) war einer der bedeutendsten deutschen Feldbotaniker und Pflanzenjäger im 20. Jahrhundert. Sein Interesse galt zunächst der Archäologie, dennoch entschied er sich Botanik, Zoologie, Chemie und Geologie zu studieren. Nach der Dissertation in Halle (Saale) und der Habilitation in Heidelberg nahm Rauh seine Lehrtätigkeit an der Universität Heidelberg auf, wo er bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1982 und darüber hinaus lehrte. Dabei war die Morphologie, d.h. die Lehre vom Bau der Pflanzen, sein erster Schwerpunkt. Mindestens 36 große Expeditionen führten ihn u.a. nach Peru und Madagaskar, aber auch in zahlreiche andere Länder der Alten und Neuen Welt. Im „Werner Rauh Heritage
Project“ werden seit 2009 die Feldbücher von Werner Rauh mit seinen Aufsammlungen lebender und herbarisierter Pflanzen aufgearbeitet, die heute den Grundstock von Botanischem Garten und Herbarium Heidelberg (HEID) bilden.
... A: Gerstenwurzel-Längsschnitt-Schema (Rauh, 1950) ...
Heidelberg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2004 (Nicht für den Austausch).
La carotte et le pastinais - l'histoire - Vavilov, Mackevic, Dioskoride, Banga - morphologie - diversité des couleurs et résistance - la collection de la banque des genes. 55 p. 54 fig. 19.6 Mb. 2022.
Untersuchungen über den morphologischen Aufbau der Lebermoosgametophyten sind nicht neu. Etwa seit Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts haben sich Forscher darum bemüht, die Entwicklungsgeschichte und den anatomischen Bau der Lebermoospflanze im einzelnen aufzuklären. Doch hat bei all diesen Arbeiten, welche den Entwicklungsverlauf vom Beginn der Sporenkeimung an bis zum erwachsenen Individuum zum Inhalt hatten, vor allem der Modus der Zellteilungen und die Entwicklung einzelner Organe im Vordergrund gestanden, wodurch man allerdings zu einer umfassenden Kenntnis über das Verhalten der Scheitelzelle und der gesamten Scheitelregion gelangt ist. Es sei in diesem Zusammenhang besonders auf die Arbeiten von Gottsche, Hofmeister, Leitgeb, Kny u. a. hingewiesen.
Unter dem Begriff Droge im weiten Sinne sind Rohstoffe aus dem Pflanzen- und Tierreich zu verstehen, die zu Arzneimitteln, Riechstoffen, Gewürzen, Geschmackskorrigenzien und Hilfsstoffen der Arzneiformung verwendet werden. Unter pflanzlichen Arzneidrogen versteht man
die durch Trocknen in den Drogenzustand übergeführten Pflanzen oder Pflanzenorgane oder Teile von Pflanzenorganen,
ferner die aus Pflanzen gewonnenen Produkte, die keine Organstruktur mehr aufweisen wie die ätherischen Öle, fette Ole, Harze und Gummen
Werner Rauh (1913–2000), one of the most famous German Botanists of the 20th century, was a member of IOS from 1959 until his death, Vice-President 1976–1982, President 1982–1984 and first recipient of the Cactus d’Or (1978). His enormous scientific assets, archived at Heidelberg and Bonn, are being opened up systematically by the ‘Werner Rauh Heritage Project’ (Koch et al. 2013), generously funded by the Klaus Tschira Foundation. On the occasion of the 10th IOS Intercongress Meeting at Berlin this brief presentation of recent results of research on his biography was given, a few days before the centenary of Rauh’s birth.
Figure 38.1 Various types of fruits: (A) Rumex obtusifolius; (B) Capsella bursa-pastoris; (C) Linaria vulgaris; (D) Solanum nigrum. Figure 38.2 Longitudinally sliced pod of Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Syn.: Cassia obtusifolia L.) with developing seeds – one carpel! Figure 38.3 Longitudinally opened silique of Raphanus raphanistrum L. with developing seeds – two carpels! Figure 38.4 Longitudinal section through a berry of Solanum nigum L. Figure 38.5 Aggregate fruit of Adonis annua L.
Until now it has been presumed that the primary root of Zea mays L. dies very soon after the formation of the seedling. On the basis of this presumption maize root-system development has been used as an example for monocotyledons (z.B. Troll, 1937; Rauh, 1950).
After passing the seedling stage, monocotyledons are said to have shoot-born roots only. There are a few hints in the literature of exceptions to this principle known in the case of some palms (Falkenberg, 1876; Fitting, 1954; Kausch, unpublished). In this paper it is shown that the primary root of maize does not die off soon, but remains living during the entire vegetation period. Investigations were made within the greenhouse, where in the stage of flowering of the plants the primary root reached downwards into the soil as far as 1.60 m (see also Fig. 2). There are also some observations in the open field showing that here too the primary root remains living until the plant dies in autumn.
Nevertheless Zea mays has “sekundäre Homorhizie” and “heterogene Radication” (Troll, 1949). However, there is surely a large group within the monocotyledons which is capable of keeping the primary root system along with shoot-born roots. Of this group it may be said that it is of the “Mais-Wurzel-Typ.”
The occurence and size of plastoglobuli were studied in the different types of plastids from Allium cepa. The function of plastoglobuli as a reservoir for lipoquinones is discussed. 1. The white turgescent leaves of the onion contain chloroplasts in the cells close to the vascular bundles. These chloroplasts show the usual thylakoid arrangement and possess numerous plastoglobuli (av. diameter 65 nm). There also exist plastid-like components with concentrically arranged membranes and osmiophilic lipid inclusions (av. diameter 200 nm). 2. The chloroplasts in green sprouting leaves contain less and smaller plastoglobuli (diameter ca. 45 nm). 3. The plastoglobuli from leucoplasts possess the same size as plastoglobuli from chloroplasts in the onion leaves. The leucoplasts of the epidermis cells contain, however, less plastoglobuli than leucoplasts of the onion mesophyll. 4. The lipoquinone content in chloroplasts from green parts of the white turgescent onion leaves is much higher than in chloroplasts from green sprouting leaves. The concentrations of plastoquinone 45 are 25 X, of \ga-tocopherol 21 X, of \ga-tocoquinone 3,7 X and of vitamin K1 2,5 X higher with reference to chlorophyll a. 5. There is a direct correlation between lipoquinone and plastoglobuli content of plastids.
Introduction:
In past decades, ecological research often concentrated on processes and patterns of homogenous ecological systems. This research produced important estimates of primary production, standing crop, nutrient cycling (e.g., Larcher 1980, Lange et al. 1983), vegetation processes (e.g., Harper 1977, Grime 1979), and classifications of vegetational composition (e.g., Braun-Blanquet 1964, Ellenberg 1978, Walter and Breckle 1986). Transition zones between relatively homogenous systems have often been neglected due to the perception that their importance is minimal because of the small ecosystem area they represent (Weinstein, Chapter 19, this volume). The unique characteristcs of boundary areas, however, have long been recognized by some ecologists (see van der Maarel 1976, di Castri et al. 1988). Clements (1905) introduced the term ecotone, referring to the tension supposedly manifested to underly these zones. For example, plants growing in such zones often show specific stress symptoms or adaptations (e.g., Tranquillini 1979; Küppers 1987; Slatyer and Noble, Chapter 17, this volume). Because of their transitional characteristics, some ecotones may be sensitive to external disturbances (Hansen et al. 1988). Therefore, at a time when global atmospheric changes are the focus of increasing attention (Schneider 1987), the lack of systematic information on ecotones becomes evident.
Following the introduction of the general BBCH scale, the specific BBCH scale for the soybean plant is presented, with crop-specific descriptions and detailed assessment instructions.
The phenological development process of the plant is described in terms of periods (principal growth stages) and steps (secondary growth stages). A two-digit and a three-digit decimal code suitable for data processing in crop production experiments is assigned to each developmental step.
Es wurde die Variabilität des Holzgehaltes in 435 Sproßachsen des Markstammkohls bestimmt. Im unteren Drittel der Sproßachse lag der Gehalt maximal bei 62, in der Mitte bei 47 und im oberen Drittel bei 40% der Gesamttrockenmasse. Die geringsten Gehalte an Holz lagen bei 18, 12 bzw. 8% der Gesamttrockkenmasse. Im Zusammenhang mit der Frage der Züchtung holzarmer Markstammkohlformen wurde der Einfluß eines unterschiedlichen Holzgehaltes auf die Stand- und Winterfestigkeit und auf den Futterwert der Sproßachse besprochen.
Die Gattung Parabarium ist eine eigene Gattung, die durch deutliche Differenzierungsmerkmale von den übrigen Gattungen der Subtribus Urceolinae getrennt ist. Die Infloreszenzen ihrer Sippen sind heterokladische Pleiothyrsen, Rumpfsynfloreszenzen oder Pleiochasien. Gegenstand weiterer morphologischer und anatomischer Untersuchungen waren Blütenknospen, Blätter, Pollen, Früchte, Samen und andere. Auf Grund der hieraus resultierenden Merkmalsanalyse wird die Gattung Parabarium in zwei Untergattungen mit zwei Sektionen und zwei Subsektionen gegliedert, der 16 Arten zugeordnet werden. Von letzteren wurde eine Art neu beschrieben und weiterhin wurden drei Varietäten neu aufgestellt. Aus der Gattung Ecdysanthera wurden zwei Arten in die Gattung Parabarium überführt. Ferner wurden drei Parabarium‐Arten eingezogen und einige weitere taxonomische Korrekturen vorgenommen. — Die möglichen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen innerhalb der Gattung Parabarium wurden herausgearbeitet. Dabei sind P. micranthum und damit die Subsektion Parabarium (Untergattung Parabarium) als die ursprünglicheren Sippen gegenüber P. quintaretii resp. der Untergattung Pleiochasium anzusehen. Eine Sonderstellung nimmt innerhalb der Gattung die Sektion Burmanicum aus der Untergattung Parabarium ein.
A concept for a primitive angiospermous branch system is given in order to have a starting point for the derivation of the diverse and highly differentiated branch systems observed in contemporary angiosperms. Hitherto Troll's (1964, 1969) comparative study of the synflorescences in this plant group — developed out predominantly on herbaceous plants — was the most comprehensive and sophisticated treatment dealing with branch systems. Unfortunately, the work on tropical tree architecture by Hallé et al. (1978) has no reference to the classical studies of Troll and his pupils. Thus Müller-Doblies and Weberling (1984) emphasized the high degree of terminological incompatibility between the two works. Angiosperms are seen as a monophyletic plant division. Consequently, the branch system of the first primitive angiosperms must be the starting point in the evolution of the abundant diversity of branch systems and growth forms of modern angiosperms. If it is accepted that primitive angiospermous shoots were terminated by a large flower, one may assume, that the reproductive end of the shoot was enriched by paracladia early in evolution, thereby developing a terminal inflorescence instead of a single flower. Thus the primitive shoot unit was divided into a basal vegetative region — the trophotagma, branching retardively — and the reproductive terminal region, the anthotagma, branching simultaneously. It is demonstrated through a selection of different examples, that the construction of such a system possesses the options for several modifications, enabling the evolution of the abundant diversity of branch systems which characterizes contemporary angiosperms.
The roots of the neotropical species Juncus microcephalus form tubers with swollen cortical parenchyma, whose cells are densely filled with starch grains in loose groups. Storage tubers formed by roots are documented here for the first time for a member of Cyperales. According to Honduranian students the tubers are edible, representing a potential crop new to science.
Essbare Wurzelknollen von Juncus microcephalus Kunth in H.B.K.
Die Wurzeln der neotropischen Art Juncus microcephalus bilden Knollen mit angeschwollenem Rindenparenchym, dessen Zellen dicht mit Stärkekörnern in losen Gruppen angefüllt sind. Damit werden zum ersten Mal für eine Art der Cyperales Wurzelspeicherknollen dokumentiert. Nach Aussage von Studenten in Honduras sind diese Knollen essbar, stellen also in der Wissenschaft ein bisher unbekanntes potentiell nutzbares Pflanzenprodukt dar.
Growth of woody species has two components, one pertaining to increment of biomass, the other to the architectonic arrangement of dry matter in space. Only the combination of both components explained the competitive strength of species that dominate in different stages of a hedgerow succession in Central Europe. Biomass increment was measured using an empirical volumetric method, and plant architecture was investigated from branching patterns which determined the growth form of species. Assimilate partitioning was determined from total plant carbon gain and biomass increment in different above-ground plant parts. Those species with lower dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus costs for occupying and shading space during canopy development were the stronger competitors and replanced pioneers, even though their rate of CO2 uptake was low. Ecological implications of different partitioning patterns for the survival of a plant and for successional changes in vegetation are discussed.
Topological developmental models with local (position of internodes) and global (branch lengths) characteristics are proposed to investigate the relationships between fundamental branching patterns of plants such as acrotony, mesotony, and basitony, including the coincidence of different patterns on the same plant. Modification of the basic acrotony during the development by means of, (1) the final expected main axis length results in either basitony or an extension of acrotony over a shortened main axis, (2) the final expected lateral branch length yields either lateral unlimited sympodial branching or the absence of proximal branches. Combinations of these schemes can have variable quantitative expressions on main and lateral axes.
As applications, progressive morphological changes introduced by monotonic variations of parameter values give an insight into the relationships between determinate and indeterminate growth, using Lycopersicon as an example. - A theoretical framework is proposed as a possible aid for formalizing plant typology.
An einer Zwiebel-bildenden Pflanze (Allium cepa L.) wurden zwischen 1957 und 1960 (Schuphan) experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Stoffwechselwege durchgeführt und 1969 mit anderen Methoden (Schwerdtfeger) fortgesetzt. 1) Die Zwiebelbildung beiA. cepa beginnt in einem frühen Stadium der Pflanzenentwicklung und tritt über Zwischenstufen in das Stadium der physiologischen Reife (Marktreife). Während der Entwicklung erfolgt in der Zwiebela) zunächst ein Anstieg und später ein leichter Rückgang der Trockensubstanz, b) ein Rückgang der Monosaccharide bei gleichzeitiger Zunahme der Disaccharide, c) ein beträchtlicher Anstieg der S-haltigen ätherischen Öle, d) ein leichter Rückgang der Ascorbinsäure, e) ein Rückgang des ‘relativen Eiweißgehaltes’ (Protein-N als % des Gesamt-N) und f) differenzierte Veränderungen in den Gehalten an Aminosäuren, wobei Arginin offenbar als N-Pool fungiert. Während des Wachstums nimmt der Arginin-Gehalt (+ 29%) stärker als der Glutaminsäure/Glutamin-Gehalt (+ 7%) zu, während die übrigen Aminosäuren mehr oder minder zurückgehen. 2) Die Sonderstellung des Arginins erhellt sich auch aus früheren Untersuchungen (1958), wo im Februar bei ausgetriebenen Zwieben ein stärker Rückgang des Arginins als bei nicht ausgetriebenen gefunden wurde, während in den Trieben die meisten essentiellen Aminosäuren zunehmen. 3) Der Arginin-Pool ist in den inneren Schalen der Zwiebel, die die Knopse umgeben, lokalisiert. Die äußeren fleischigen Schalen (−27%) und die Knospe (−35%) enthalten weniger Arginin.
Using scanning electron microscopy, we present new morphological and developmental data on rhizomes and aerial flowering shoots
of two Japanese Paris species, P. tetraphylla and P. verticillata. Differences in rhizome characters between the species were identified, including 2(–3) annual nodes in P. tetraphylla versus 3–4 in P. verticillata, and thick and elastic rhizomes in the former versus thin and fragile ones in the latter. Numerous cauline leaves, commonly
ranging from (4)5 to 8 in P. verticillata, are due to further separation and formation of abaxially situated leaf primordia on the shoot apex. This dorsiventral formation
is unique among vegetative foliage leaf whorls. Paris tetraphylla is unusual among Paris in having apetaliferous flowers; this is due to the suppression of petal primordia formed early in development. The origin
of the apetaliferous flower state differs between Paris and the closely related Trillium by the suppression of petal primordia in the former and homeosis or loss in the latter. As a result, four carpels with stylar
branches have the same antesepalous position in both Paris species, whereas the organs are antesepalous in petaliferous T. camschatcense and alternate with sepals in apetaliferous T. apetalon.
We examined the effect of ectopic expression of WUS on the morphology of tobacco seedlings and the segments in vitro. WUS was amplified from Arabidopsis cDNA and introduced into the tobacco genome under the transcriptional control of the beta-estradiol-inducible expression system. When 1-week-old transgenic seedlings were cultured in the presence of beta-estradiol, only the root tip region developed bulbous tissues followed by shoot formation and plant regeneration, suggesting its applicability for improving the strategy of micropropagation in recalcitrant species. Evident abnormality was not observed in the cotyledons, hypocotyl nor root except for the tip. However, ectopic WUS seemed to be functional in those parts through the observation of gene expression and the behavior of cultured segments. Small root segments with a root tip treated with beta-estradiol also showed bulbing but no shoots unless exogenous cytokinin was supplied. These findings suggest the existence of unknown factors regulating ectopic WUS function in the seedling.
The incidence of allergic reactions to nuts, seeds and grains is increasing. Reactions to nuts are typically observed as part of a pollen-associated food syndrome (oral allergy syndrome). Nevertheless, anaphylactic reactions such as shock with lethal outcome may occur. With the increasing use and consumption of eastern and Asian cuisine, with foodstuffs such as sesame, paranuts or cashew nuts, these allergies are more frequent than they were formerly. Peanut allergy has become an epidemic problem in the United States. In this article allergic reactions to nuts, seeds and grains are discussed. Illustrative cases are presented.
Rain-cracking of sweet cherry fruit has been related to water absorption through the fruit surface and large fruit has been reported to be more susceptible to cracking than small fruit. Therefore, the effect of fruit size on water conductance of the cuticular membrane (CM) of exocarp segments excised from cheek, suture or stylar end region of mature sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L. cv. Sam) was investigated. Segments consisting of epidermis, hypodermis and several layers of mesocarp cells were mounted in diffusion cells filled with deionized water. Mass loss due to transpiration was monitored gravimetrically during an 8-h incubation period (25 +/- 2 degrees C) over dry silica in the dark. Conductance was calculated from the amount of water transpired per unit surface area and time divided by the difference in water vapour concentration across the segment. For an average size cv. Sam sweet cherry CM conductance was 1.06 x 10-4, 0.91 x 10-4 and 2.09 x 10-4 m s-1 in cheek, suture and stylar end region, respectively. Fruit size had no significant effect on conductance in cheek or suture regions, but for the stylar end region conductance was positively related to fruit size. Stomatal density in the cheek, but not the suture or stylar end region increased as fruit size increased. The area of the stylar scar was positively related to fruit size. Conductance of the stylar scar averaged 37.6 +/- 4.0 x 10-4 m s-1 and was 54-fold higher than that of the CM between stomata in the cheek region (mean 0.69 x 10-4 m s-1). Conductance calculated on a whole fruit basis is estimated to increase by 108% as fruit size increases from 6 to 12 g. Increased conductance on a whole fruit basis may be attributed to increased fruit surface area and increased conductance per unit fruit surface area, particularly in the stylar end region.
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