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Processing of Brazil nut and meal and cassava flour: quality parameters
Abstract
A castanhadoBrasil (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) e mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) são matériasprimas importantes que constituem a base de subsistência para os povos da região Amazônica. Devido à falta de incentivo às suas utilizações pela indústria de alimentos no mercado interno, buscouse processar a castanhadoBrasil para obtenção de amêndoa e torta, e de mandioca para obtenção de farinha, objetivando identificar parâmetros de qualidade que justificassem e incentivassem o apelo aos seus aproveitamentos. Os resultados mostraram que a negatividade de aflatoxinas na amêndoa e torta apontaram a alta qualidade do lote da castanhadoBrasil em relação a segurança alimentar. Os teores encontrados de selênio 2,04mg/kg na amêndoa e 7,13mg/kg na torta, os percentuais de fibra alimentar de 8,02 na amêndoa, de 15,72 na torta e de 5,68 na farinha, proteína bruta de 40,23% na torta e carboidratos 79,33% na farinha, permitiram caracterizar o produto a base de castanha como protéico, rico em selênio e fibras; e o de mandioca como rico em carboidratos e fibras. A proteína bruta da amêndoa é completa, rica em aminoácidos sulfurados, estando uns aminoácidos em quantidades superiores e outros equivalentes aos do padrão da FAO, podendo a castanha e derivados devido a estes aminoácidos, ao selênio e fibras serem considerados um apelo ao seu consumo, pelas funções de grande relevância que desempenham à manutenção da saúde do ser humano.
... These data show that the content of unsaturated fat in the Brazil nut is higher than that of any other nut. Brazil nuts are a good source of vitamin E (Da Costa et al., 2011) and of essential amino acids (Ampe et al., 1986;Souza and Menezes, 2004;Silva et al., 2010). It is also a source of micronutrients, especially selenium (Se), phytosterols, tocopherols, squalene, and phenolic compounds; all of them are associated with potential health benefits. ...
... In addition, it can be tested in the biotechnology field to obtain enzymes with industrial potential. Among the products obtained from industrial processing of whole nuts or pieces of nuts are oil and cake (partially or fully defatted) obtained by nut pressing and/or by extracting the fatty material (Souza and Menezes, 2004). The oil can be obtained by extraction using n-hexane and ethanol, and it can be used in food or in cosmetic formulations (Freitas et al., 2007). ...
... The brown residue obtained by extracting the kernel oil, generally called "cake", has aroused great interest among researchers given its high protein content (Gloria and Regitano -D'arce, 2000). According to Ferreira et al., (2006), the cake, besides containing on average 19.17% lipids, 28.34% protein, and 39.63% carbohydrates, it is also an excellent source of Se. Souza and Menezes (2004) found 0.714 mg Se/100 g of cake, which is 3.56 times higher than the content of Se found in the Brazil nut kernel (0.204 mg /100 g). This difference can be explained by the large number of kernels with their skin that are generally used to obtain the cake and also by its lower lipid content, suggesting that the kernel skin may contain high concentrations of selenium (Berno et al., 2010). ...
Brazil nut is a seed with high nutritional value and of great economic importance to the Northern region of Brazil. In addition to enabling direct consumption, its nutritional potential enables the development of various products. Among its nutrients, emphasis is given to the amino acid-rich proteins, lipid content and selenium, which exhibits antioxidant properties. This review addresses the nutritional value and approaches different technologies applied in the Brazil nut products process. Key words: Bertholletia excelsa , selenium, oleic acid
... Besides the amount exported from Brazil -around 23.600 t in 2008/2009(MICD 2010) -Brazil nuts have been used in industrial products, such as biscuits, oil, sweets, cereals and bakery products (Souza and Menezes 2004). However, the export of Brazil nuts to Europe has suffered drastic reductions due to the presence of aflatoxins at concentrations exceeding those accepted by European legislation (EU 2003; 4 µg kg -1 ). ...
... Pacheco et al. (2010) reported that samples obtained after drying (i.e., collected at the end of the process) were not contaminated by aflatoxins. Other researchers have reported no detection of aflatoxins in shelled Brazil nuts (Souza and Menezes 2004;Ioannou-Kakouri et al. 1999). According to the report of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC 2010), a change in the limit of aflatoxins from 4 µg kg -1 to 10 µg kg -1 in shelled Brazil nuts for consumption was recently established, and this limit was further changed to 15 µg kg -1 for shelled nuts destined for further processing. ...
A study was carried out to evaluate the association of levels of radioactivity, selenium and aflatoxin in shelled Brazil nuts, which were classified in different sizes, for export. The selenium determinations were performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (LOQ = 3.0 µg g-1), and aflatoxins were detected by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LOQ = 0.85 µg kg-1), recovery rates were between 92 and 100%. Radioactivity was measured by high-resolution gamma spectrometry. The selenium mean concentration was (22.7 ± 7.4) µg g-1. (n = 30). Mean activities determined for the following radium isotopes were: 15.77 Bq kg-1 for 224Ra, 104.8 Bq kg-1 for 226Ra and 99.48 Bq kg-1 for 228Ra. For 226Ra, the levels did not vary significantly with nut sizes, although such differences were observed for 224Ra and 228Ra. There was no statistically significant association between the level of selenium and the activity of radionuclides, however, there was correlation between the radionuclides. Aflatoxins above the quantification limit were not found.
... Currently, the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) is 55 μg/day for healthy adult men or women [382,383]. Selenium-rich foods include Brazil nuts, whole grain rice, and sunflower seeds [384]. This oligoelement is an active component of the Gpx [385], which plays an antioxidant role and protects the body cells, reducing the toxic substances caused by the oxidative stress [386]. ...
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly and the oxidative stress is considered the main triggering factor of this disease. Several laboratory studies, performed in vitro and in vivo, have demonstrated the beneficial effects of non-enzymatic antioxidants on the reduction of oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as the increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Such effects have been expected to culminate in the stabilization or cure of AMD. Nevertheless, the results obtained from large populational studies are not so consistent and positive as observed in laboratory experiments. Consequently, this review aims to approach the role and effects of the main non-enzymatic antioxidants in AMD. The adverse effects regarding the abusive use of antioxidants are also discussed.
... The greatest resistance to diffusion through the mucosa occurs due to the viscosity of the bolus in a high fiber diet (Sartorelli and Cardoso, 2006). The insoluble fibers decrease the intestinal transit time, increase the fecal volume, make slower absorption of glucose and slow hydrolysis of starch (Souza and Menezes, 2004). ...
The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo glycemic index of carob tablets with healthy subjects and to determine the in vitro glycemic index of carob tablets and carob flour by the hydrolysis index. Seven healthy volunteers consumed portions of carob tablets containing 26g of available carbohydrate. Their capillary blood was taken at intervals after carob or glucose consumption. The glycemic hydrolysis index by an in vitro technique was based in the release of glucose after enzymatic treatment of carob tablets and carob flour. The determination of the fiber content was performed using the enzymatic- gravimetric method. By the in vivo determination, the estimated glycemic index of carob tablets could be considered low (≤ 55). By the in vitro determination, the estimated glycemic index ranged from 40.1+0.02 of carob tablets to 40.6+0.05 of carob flour. The total fiber values obtained for carob flour samples were from 42.6% ± 0.49 to 42.9% ± 0.68 with no statistical significant differences between samples. Carob tablets and carob flour could be classified as low glycemic index food and low glycemic load food. Carob flour is a high fiber food, containing mainly high levels of insoluble fiber.
Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.
Whereas selenium (Se) is an important antioxidant in human metabolism to prevent cancer, aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic. Brazil nuts from Eastern and Western Amazon regions were evaluated to find any relationship between Se and aflatoxins levels. A total of 80 (in-shell and shelled) nuts samples were collected directly from different forest sites and analyzed for Se by atomic emission spectrometry and aflatoxins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for Se was 2.0 mg/kg, and LOQ for total aflatoxins was 0.390 microg/kg. Nut Se levels from the Eastern region were higher than the Western, in addition to the aflatoxins. The moisture content (mc) and water activity (aw) of the raw nuts from the two regions did not present a significant difference, for either in-shell or shelled. The mc was 24.5% (minimum of 20.1% and maximum of 30.4%) and 22.1% (minimum of 14.6% and maximum of 28.9%) and a w of 0.85 for both regions. Further studies need to be carried out to discover the role of Se on fungi growth stress and aflatoxin production mechanisms.
RESUMO: O estudo procura acompanhar a evolução do interesse dos pesquisadores pela fração dos alimentos que, em 1885, foi chamada “fibra”, representando a ganga sem valor nutricional, qualificada para, no máximo, favorecer o peristaltismo no tubo digestivo e aumentar o volume dos dejectos. Quando observações clínicas, divulgadas na década de 1960, apontaram para a eventual correlação entre o consumo de “fibra” e a ausência ou escassez de moléstias comuns em coletividades industrializadas, abriu-se imensa perspectiva de investigação nessa área. È o caminho que vem sendo percorrido nessa trilha, visando a confirmar e a explicar o papel dos vários integrantes da fração fibra dietética, que a revisão pretende tornar claro, mostrando, também, as trilhas que se abrem para o futuro. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fração fibra.
Foram determinadas as melhores condições para a obtenção de um concentrado e um isolado protéicos, a partir da torta desengordurada da castanha do Pará. O pH de precipitação protéica foi 3,5 - 4,0 e o de extração protéica foi 9,0. A produção do concentrado resultou num rendimento de 70% e a do isolado, de 35%. Estes foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades de solubilidade, absorção de água e óleo (%CAA e %CAO) e capacidade de formação de espuma. As %CAA e %CAO do concentrado foram cerca de duas vezes maiores do que as do isolado. Tanto o concentrado como o isolado protéico obtido da torta desengordurada de castanha do Pará apresentaram boas condições de funcionalidade, com exceção da capacidade de formação de espuma em que o isolado foi muito superior.
Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) natively contain very high concentrations of selenium. Since dietary selenium, including Brazil nuts, have been associated with protection against tumor development in laboratory animal studies, it was of interest to determine the selenium content of the nuts from different nut-growing regions of Brazil. In the work reported, 162 nuts from each of two regions (Acre-Rondonia and Manaus-Belem) were individually analyzed for selenium. The average +/- standard deviation and range of selenium concentrations in ppm, fresh weight for nuts from Acre-Rondonia and Manaus-Belem regions were, respectively, 3.06 +/- 4.01 (0.03-31.7) and 36.0 +/- 50.0 (1.25-512.0). The toxicology of Brazil nut consumption is discussed.
A method is presented that is suitable for the analysis of aflatoxins in meats. Ham, bacon, salami, and fresh beef were treated with four levels of aflatoxins, and the toxins were recovered by chloroform extraction. A silica gel column was used to partially purify the chloroform extract, when necessary, and the aflatoxin levels were quantitatively measured by visual comparison with aflatoxin standards on TLC plates. Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 in meat as low as 2.5 ppb could be detected with this method.
Uma versão anterior deste artigo foi publicado na revista Terra Fértil, nº 4, de Fevereiro de 1999. O texto que Millenium publica nesta edição constitui uma reformulação e actualização da citada versão. ** Professora-Coordenadora da ESAV. RESUMO A possível existência de aflatoxinas nos alimentos, substâncias altamente tóxicas e carcinogenéticas para o homem e animais, tem levado nos últimos anos a uma intensa investigação no sentido de as detectar e prevenir. Neste artigo iremos apresentar uma pequena amostra do trabalho desenvolvido no sentido de investigar a relação entre as aflatoxinas e o cancro primário do fígado (PLC) humano. Faremos também referência à discrepância entre os valores dos limites máximos de resíduos de aflatoxinas admitidos por lei numa grande parte de países do mundo, o que vem permitir que alguns países possam receber e comercializar produtos que outros não aceitam. INTRODUÇÃO Em finais de 97 veio a lume, através dos orgãos de comunicação social, uma notícia sobre pistácios que entraram em Portugal, vindos do Irão, contaminados com aflatoxina B1, com limites de resíduos muito superiores aos tolerados para consumo humano e que, por esse motivo, foram retirados do mercado. As aflatoxina, são micotoxinas produzidas por fungos do género Aspergillus. Merecem especial atenção por parte da indústria dos alimentos e do público em geral porque apresentam uma alta toxicidade quer para o homem quer para os animais constituindo uma preocupação mundial. Os bolores do género Aspergillus, mais propriamente as espécies Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus, são susceptíveis de elaborar essas substâncias extraordinariamente tóxicas durante o crescimento quando as condições são favoráveis.
The official first action AOAC fluorometric method for selenium in plants, 3.074-3.078, has been modified to simplify the method and to make it more accurate. The digestion time has been increased from 15 to 30 min past the appearance of perchloric acid fumes to better assure complete oxidation of all forms of selenium to selenite. Preparation of the 2,3-diaminonaphthalene solution, the reagent used for fluorometric analysis, has been changed so that the reagent is stable for several weeks; in the previous writeup, this solution had to be prepared daily. Special equipment (micro-Kjeldahl flasks with ground glass joints) has been eliminated and cyclohexane has been substituted for decahydronaphthalene. The modified method is convenient and applicable to a wide range of materials; it yields results comparable to those from the official method.
A previously published method for ochratoxin A was evaluated and proved appropriate for simultaneous determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone, with considerable savings in time and reagent costs. The detection limits were 2, 5, 15, and 55 micrograms/kg, respectively. The recoveries and coefficients of variation obtained with artificially contaminated samples were 91-101% and 0-16% for aflatoxin B1, 98-117% and 0-17% for sterigmatocystin, and 96-107% and 0-17% for zearalenone, respectively. The coefficients of variation for naturally contaminated samples (aflatoxins in rice and ochratoxin A in beans) ranged from 0 to 8%. The method was used to survey 296 samples that included 10 cultivars of dried beans, 8 types of corn products, 3 types of cassava flour, and both polished and parboiled rice between May 1985 and June 1986 in Campinas, Brazil. Only aflatoxin B1 (9 samples, 20-52 micrograms/kg), aflatoxin G1 (4 samples, 18-31 micrograms/kg), and ochratoxin A (5 samples, 32-160 micrograms/kg) were found. The average contamination percentage was 4.7%; beans showed the highest (6.6%) and rice showed the lowest (3.3%) incidence rates. Zearalenone and sterigmatocystin were not detected. Positive samples were confirmed by chemical derivatization, corroborated by development in 3 solvent systems.
Feeding trials were conducted with swine, beef cattle, dairy cattle and poultry to determine adverse effects, if any, of graded
levels of aflatoxins in rations. In addition, samples of meat, eggs and milk from these animals were analyzed chemically to
determine if aflatoxin was transmitted into these products. In growing-fattening swine, no evidence of toxic effects was observed
when the aflatoxin level fed was 233 ppb or less. In a swine reproduction experiment, no adverse effects were detected in
pigs produced from sows fed 450 ppb aflatoxin. No toxic effects were observed at levels of 300 ppb or lower in cross-bred
beef steers fed aflatoxin rations for 4.5 months. Using recognized chemical methods, we detected no aflatoxin in meat from
swine and cattle fed rations containing 800 and 1000 ppb of aflatoxin, respectively. In dairy cows, weekly intakes of 67 to
200 mg of aflatoxin B1 per cow produced 70 to 154 ppb aflatoxin M1 in lyophilized milk. Rapid disappearance of aflatoxin M1 in the milk took place after withdrawal of aflatoxin from the ration. No adverse effects were discernible in broilers fed
from one day to eight weeks of age a ration containing 400 ppb aflatoxin. Lyophilized meat from broilers fed 1600 ppb aflatoxin
for eight weeks contained no detectable aflatoxin. Striking differences in aflatoxin susceptibility were observed in 17 different
breeds and strains of poultry and game birds fed from two to six weeks of age a ration of 800 ppb aflatoxin B1. New Hampshire chicks and turkey poults were highly susceptible to aflatoxin in contrast to the resistance of Barred Rock
and Australop chickens and guinea fowl. Hybrid chicks from a New Hampshire-White Leghorn cross were highly resistant to aflatoxin.
Eggs and meat from White Leghorn hens fed a ration containing 2700 ppb aflatoxin contained no detectable aflatoxin.
Two methods are described for the determination of tryptophan in proteins which eliminate inaccuracies inherent in the previously described Intact protein method, in one method, protein is hydrolyzed in oxygen-free sodium hydroxide with basic lead and histidlne, In the after method protein is hydrolyzed with the enzyme Pronase.
Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is one of very few consumable products with exceptionally high levels of selenium. The mean selenium concentrations of two shipments of Brazil nut used in the present study were determined to be 16 and 30 micrograms/g. In contrast, most common foods contain much less selenium, from 0.01 to 1 micrograms/g. Previous research on selenium cancer chemoprevention invariably used a pure compound, whereas little information is available on the efficacy of selenium delivered naturally in a food form. This paper reports the results of two mammary cancer prevention experiments in the rat dimethylbenz[a]anthracene model by continuous feeding of selenium-rich Brazil nut (processed to a smooth-textured nut material for mixing in the diet). A dose-dependent inhibitory response was observed at dietary selenium concentrations of 1-3 micrograms/g. Interestingly, Brazil nut was found to be just as powerful as sodium selenite, if not more so, at similar levels of dietary selenium intake. Mammary cancer protection gland, and plasma. The magnitude of tissue selenium accumulation was proportional to the amount of Brazil nut added to the diet. The nutritional biopotency of selenium in Brazil nut was also evaluated by the repletion of two selenoenzymes, glutathione peroxidase and type I 5'-deiodinase, in selenium-deficient rats. Supplementation with Brazil nut as the sole source of selenium produced an efficient gradient of enzyme restoration at 0.05-0.2 microgram/g of dietary selenium. A parallel comparison with sodium selenite indicated that the selenium in Brazil nut and selenite selenium were equally bioactive. Although at this point it can only be inferred that the above biologic effects are likely to be attributable to the high selenium content of Brazil nut, there is persuasive evidence to suggest that the models under investigation are responding to the selenium rather than to the other components of Brazil nut.
The present report describes the biological effects associated with the feeding of three selenium-rich natural products in rats: high-selenium garlic, high-selenium onion and Brazil nut. The first two are experimental crops cultivated with selenium fertilization. Brazil nut is probably the only unadulterated high-selenium food that is available commercially. Tissue selenium profiles, liver glutathione concentrations and mammary cancer inhibition (in the dimethylbenz[a] anthracene model) were the endpoints of investigation. Parallel designs were set up to compare the three high-selenium products with selenite and selenomethionine. Previous studies have shown that treatment with seleno-methionine resulted in significantly greater tissue selenium accumulation, particularly in skeletal muscle, than treatment with selenite. In contrast, selenite, but not selenomethionine, induced a modest increase in liver glutathione concentrations. The objective was to determine whether the high-selenium natural products elicited responses that were similar to that of selenite or selenomethionine. Our experiments suggested that the high-selenium garlic and onion might have some unique attributes. First, their ingestion did not lead to an exaggerated accumulation of tissue selenium, a concern that was shared by both selenomethionine and Brazil nut. Second, unlike selenite, they did not cause any perturbation in glutathione homeostasis. Third, they expressed good anticancer activity that was equal to, if not better than, that of selenite. The chemical form(s) of selenium present in the high-selenium Allium vegetables will be discussed in relation to the manifestation of the above characteristics.
Shelled and broken Brazil nuts easily lose quality, if not properly stored. Pressing is an alternative use of these nuts and the crude oil stability was studied. Our previous studies demonstrated that TBHQ (200 mg kg-1) was very efficient to prevent rancidity development in oils bottled in brown and clear glass. As TBHQ has higher price than other phenolic antioxidants like BHT and BHA, an oven test (at 63 degrees C) was conducted to determine the economical and best concentration of TBHQ for Brazil nut crude oil. An assay at ambient temperature was conducted in brown and clear glass flasks with and without the economical concentration of TBHQ calculated (83 mg kg-1) for 90 days. Acid, peroxide, and iodine indices and the absorptivity at 232 nm were determined. TBHQ, even at this low dosage, was very efficient in both brown and clear glass flasks. Peroxide value increased from 11.5 meq O2 kg-1 to average 15 and 35, in TBHQ and control samples after 90 days. The absorptivity at 232 nm remained at 1.3 in samples with TBHQ while the control increased to 1.6.
This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.
Based on the Institute of Medicine's review of the scientific literature regarding dietary micronutrients, recommendations have been formulated regarding vitamins A and K, iron, iodine, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and other potentially beneficial trace elements such as boron to determine the roles, if any, they play in health. The book also:
• Reviews selected components of food that may influence the bioavailability of these compounds.
• Develops estimates of dietary intake of these compounds that are compatible with good nutrition throughout the life span and that may decrease risk of chronic disease where data indicate they play a role.
• Determines Tolerable Upper Intake levels for each nutrient reviewed where adequate scientific data are available in specific population subgroups.
• Identifies research needed to improve knowledge of the role of these micronutrients in human health.
This book will be important to professionals in nutrition research and education.
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