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Efectos del Hatha-Yoga sobre la salud: Parte I

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Abstract

It is expressed that the ever increasing interest on the promotion of health has encouraged the practice of exervises based on Indian traditional medicine. For this reason, we intend to set forth some of the scientific research works carried out to prove the benefits of Hatha Yoga system exercises on the body functions and therefore, for its application in the treatment of several diseases at different ages. Likewise, some considerations on the main limitations of these research works are provided.
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Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr 1998;14(4):393-7
MEDICINA ALTERNATIVA
EFECTOS DEL HATHA-YOGA SOBRE LA SALUD. PARTE I.
Vivian López González1 y Alejandro Díaz-Páez Waterland2
RESUMEN: Se expone que el interés cada vez creciente en la promoción de la salud, ha
incrementado la práctica de ejercicios provenientes de la medicina tradicional India. Por esta razón
pretendemos en este artículo exponer algunas de las investigaciones científicas llevadas a cabo
para demostrar los beneficios de los ejercicios del sistema Hatha-Yoga en el funcionamiento del
organismo y por consiguiente su aplicación para el tratamiento de diversos padecimientos, para
distintas edades. También se ofrecen algunas consideraciones sobre las principales limitaciones de
dichas investigaciones.
Descriptores DeCs: YOGA; SALUD; TECNICAS DE RELAJACION
1Investigadora Agregada. Centro de investigaciones psicológicas y sociológicas. Laboratorio de Estudios
Psicosociales de la Salud. Ciudad de La Habana.
2Investigador Agregado. Centro de Investigaciones Psicológicas y Sociológicas. Laboratorio de Estudios
Psicológicos de la Salud.
Es ampliamente reconocida la función
del ejercicio físico como promotor de la sa-
lud y de la calidad de vida del individuo,
razón por la cual en el mundo se incrementa
cada vez más el interés por la práctica de
éstos.
En la cultura occidental hay un acerca-
miento progresivo a la medicina tradicional
India, la cual está encaminada funda-
mentalmente a la promoción de la salud,
siendo el Yoga uno de sus principales ex-
ponentes.
El Yoga es un método de autorre-
gulación conciente que conduce a una in-
tegración armónica de los aspectos físicos,
mentales y espirituales de la personalidad
humana. Es, además, una filosofía de la vida
y una disciplina de autoperfeccionamiento
que posibilita el desarrollo de la relación
armónica del hombre con el medio que lo
rodea.
Sin embargo, en Occidente, frecuente-
mente se identifican con la práctica de ejer-
cicios Hatha-Yoga, modalidad preparatoria
que consiste en un conjunto de posturas,
ejercicios respiratorios o pranayamas, de
limpieza, de concentración y de meditación
en los que trabajan al unísono el cuerpo y
394
la mente. Éstos han ganado adeptos gra-
cias a sus valores preventivos y curativos
para diversos padecimientos.
En nuestro país, desde hace ya algu-
nos años, se han venido practicando ejer-
cicios Hatha-Yoga y cada vez, gozan de
mayor popularidad. No obstante, su empleo
pudiera tener un mayor alcance en la medi-
da que se extienda a programas de inter-
vención comunitaria, en la búsqueda no
sólo de prevención y curación, sino tam-
bién de promoción de salud.
En el presente artículo nos propone-
mos mostrar algunas de las investigacio-
nes científicas que demuestran el beneficio
para la salud de los ejercicios Hatha-Yoga,
que esperamos resulten de utilidad para los
especialistas interesados en estas prácticas.
Modificaciones
producidas en el
organismo como
resultado de la práctica
de técnicas Yoga
En investigaciones realizadas durante
la ejecución del Kapalabhati (KB) técnica
de limpieza del tracto respiratorio se encon-
traron variaciones significativas en la in-
tensidad y distribución de los procesos
de inhibición y excitación del cerebro, me-
diante el EEG.1 Hubo un incremento relati-
vo de la actividad de las ondas alfas, teta y
Beta 1, estas 2 últimas principalmente en la
región occipital.2 De forma similar con el
Santhi Kriya ejercicio de respiración y rela-
jación, se obtuvo un incremento de la acti-
vidad alfacerebral a nivel occipital y
prefrontal de ambos hemisferios.3
Por otro lado, el KB promueve los me-
canismos de descarboxilación y oxidación
en el cerebro y otros órganos del cuerpo, lo
cual se expresa en el decrecimiento de los
niveles de urea en sangre, el incremento de
la creatinina y la tiroxina.4 Se observan, ade-
más, modificaciones en la respuesta
metabólica cerebral mientras se realiza la
meditación Yoga. Hay una alteración impor-
tante en la proporción de glucosa, con un
ligero incremento en el área frontal y una
reducción más pronunciada en la occipital.5
Durante la práctica de un tipo de
pranayama respiración rítmica controlada
concientemente en que se midieron los po-
tenciales evocados auditivos de latencia
media, se encontró un incremento de la am-
plitud y la disminución de la latencia de la
onda Na, sin embargo, la onda Pa no se
modificó. La causa de esto puede deberse a
una alteración generalizada en el proceso
de información a nivel tálamo!cortical pri-
mario mientras se realiza el ejercicio.6
La mayor parte de los hallazgos, sin
embargo, se refieren a los cambios en la res-
puesta cardiovascular y respiratoria. Por
ejemplo, el Jalandharabandha un ejercicio
de bloqueo de la laringe, que actúa como
facilitador de apnea (Kumbhaka) incrementa
el número de vasodilataciones y acorta la
latencia de éstas, así como la duración y
amplitud de las reacciones vasomotoras, sin
que cambie la posición del máximo y el mí-
nimo, en contraste con lo que ocurre con la
apnea sola.7 En sentido general, las perso-
nas entrenadas en Hatha-Yoga incrementan
la estabilidad del sistema vasomotor, con
una latencia más corta y un retorno más
rápido a niveles básicos de dicha respues-
ta,8 así como también elevan la presión res-
piratoria y el tiempo de su retención.9,10
También se ha observado un aumento
de la actividad del sistema nervioso simpá-
tico durante la práctica de la Vrikshasana
postura Yoga de equilibrio en posición de
pie! incrementándose los minutos de venti-
lación, la frecuencia respiratoria, la elimina-
ción de dióxido de carbono, el consumo de
395
oxígeno, la frecuencia cardíaca y el pulso.11
Mientras que la actividad del sistema ner-
vioso simpático se inhibe con la savasana
o postura de relajación, que disminuye los
niveles de presión sanguínea diastólica y
sistólica.12-16 Incluso se aprecian reaccio-
nes diferentes en el tiempo de ejecución de
un mismo ejercicio, como ocurre, por ejem-
plo, en el Ujjayi pranayama un tipo de res-
piración extremadamente lenta que incluye
retención de la respiración en cada ciclo
respiratorio en el que hay un incremento
significativo del consumo de oxígeno cuan-
do la retención de la respiración (kumbhaka)
es corta y un decrecimiento considerable
en éste durante el período de kumbhaka
prolongado.17
Algunas técnicas de control de la res-
piración Yoga conducen a un aumento de
la temperatura de la piel18 y oral.3 Esto es
posible porque incrementan la respuesta
cardíaca, el tiempo en que decrece el flujo
sanguíneo renal y hepático, así como el flu-
jo sanguíneo a nivel cerebral y de los vasos
periféricos.18
En el funcionamiento del sistema óseo-
muscular, se aprecian modificaciones sig-
nificativas. La capacidad anaeróbica se
incrementa, al aumentar los niveles de LDH
lípidos de alta densidad enzima utilizada du-
rante el ejercicio para proveer de energía
para la contracción muscular y por tanto
uno de los medidores de la capacidad físi-
ca.19 Las prácticas permiten, además, el au-
mento de la fuerza de las manos9 y el resta-
blecimiento en las contracturas de las arti-
culaciones mediante posturas como la
Pachimottanasana y la Ustrasana.20
Las personas entrenadas en técnicas
Yoga incrementan sus habilidades en el
control muscular general que comprende la
relajación y la contracción. Igualmente son
capaces de ejercer control, de manera se-
lectiva, de grupos de músculos. Por ejem-
plo, en una investigación realizada21 se pudo
comprobar que los sujetos podían lograr,
incluso reducir la presión anal voluntaria-
mente, lo cual se midió mediante la
electromiografía y la manometría. Esta dis-
minución se debió a una relajación activa
del esfínter anal externo y pudiera tener im-
portantes implicaciones clínicas en perso-
nas con trastornos en la defecación.
La ejecución de ejercicios Yoga, como
se ha podido apreciar, proporcionan una
serie de transformaciones y beneficios en
el funcionamiento de todo el cuerpo. Asi-
mismo permiten el mejoramiento de las fun-
ciones psíquicas tanto cognitivas como
afectivas y el control voluntario de las fun-
ciones habitualmente involuntarias.
Las diferentes técnicas de Pranayama
producen un incremento significativo no
sólo en la capacidad física del individuo sino
también en la percepción por parte de éste
de su capacidad tanto física como mental.22
Las prácticas Yoga, en sentido general con-
ducen a un significativo aumento del co-
ciente de ejecución, de memoria, el índice
de fatiga y la capacidad vital,23 una reduc-
ción del tiempo de reacción visual y auditi-
vo,9,24 así como a una mejora del estado de
ánimo, la disminución de la tensión emo-
cional, la depresión, la ansiedad, la irritabi-
lidad y la fatigabilidad.25
Hasta aquí hemos abordado una serie
de investigaciones científicas, que tienen
como objetivo esclarecer los cambios que
tienen lugar como resultado de las prácti-
cas Hatha-Yoga en diferentes órganos, sis-
temas y niveles de regulación, expresado
por los cambios fisiológicos y bioquímicos
registrados, así como las respuestas mani-
festadas verbalmente.
En la segunda parte de este artículo,
nos referiremos a la utilidad de estas prácti-
cas para el tratamiento de diversos padeci-
mientos y su aplicación, inclusive en niños
y ancianos.
396
SUMMARY: It is expressed that the ever increasing interest on the promotion of health has
encouraged the practice of exervises based on Indian traditional medicine. For this reason, we
intend to set forth some of the scientific research works carried out to prove the benefits of Hatha
Yoga system exercises on the body functions and therefore, for its application in the treatment of
several diseases at different ages. Likewise, some considerations on the main limitations of these
research works are provided.
Subject headings: YOGA, HEALTH; RELAXATION TECHNIQUES
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Recibido: 3 de junio de 1997. Aprobado: 14 de
noviembre de 1997.
Lic. Vivian López González. Laboratorio de Estu-
dios Psicosociales de la Salud. Lombillo No. 904,
entre Panorama y Bellavista, Alturas del Vedado,
Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.
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