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The use of non-conventional feeding resources (NCFR) for livestock feeding in the tropics: A review.

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Abstract

The use of non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) either as replacement or as a supplement in the nutrition of livestock is discussed in this paper. The shortage of feed resources for livestock and poultry feeding diverted majority of research in the field of animal nutrition to look into possibilities to overcome this nutritional crisis. A possible and perhaps the most viable position could be the inclusion of non-conventional feed resources with maximum efficiency. For the purpose of this review, potentially available NCFR include agro-industrial by products, some common tropical browse plants and leaf meals. It is known that some of these products are low in energy, proteins and contain high concentrations of lignin, silica and several anti-nutritional substances. Numerous multipurpose browse plants and leaf meals have been identified as having significant potential in agro-forestry systems in the tropics. Browse plants that have been identified and have recently been studied include: Gmelina arborea, Myrianthus arboreus, Terminalia catappa, Dacroydes edulis, Parkia filicoidea and Tephrosa braceteolata.. Protein from plant leaf sources is perhaps the most naturally abundant and cheapest source of protein, such that there has been growing utilization in use of plant leaf meals in livestock diets. Several authors have conducted studies on these leaves to determine their nutritive values and usefulness in livestock nutrition. These include such plants as wildflower, Centrceama pubescens, cassava leaf meal, Microdermus puberula leaf meal, Vernonia amygdaliana leaf meal and Gliricidia sepium leaf meal. Results obtained from these studies have shown beneficial and economic values from the inclusion of these leaf meals in the diet of livestock.

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... The shortage of feed resources for livestock and poultry feeding diverted most of the research in the field of animal nutrition to investigate possibilities to overcome the crisis. A possible and perhaps the most viable proposition could be the inclusion of non-conventional feed resources in livestock rations with suitable and complete feed technology that can utilize the feed sources with maximum efficiency (Amata, 2014) [2] . Agro-industrial by-products like brewers' dried grain, cashew apple waste, cashew nutshell, rice kani (broken rice), bajra, ragi, palm oil, poultry hatchery waste and legume green fodder (cowpea leaf meal) are having good nutritive value for poultry feed formulations (ICAR, 2014) [4] . ...
... The shortage of feed resources for livestock and poultry feeding diverted most of the research in the field of animal nutrition to investigate possibilities to overcome the crisis. A possible and perhaps the most viable proposition could be the inclusion of non-conventional feed resources in livestock rations with suitable and complete feed technology that can utilize the feed sources with maximum efficiency (Amata, 2014) [2] . Agro-industrial by-products like brewers' dried grain, cashew apple waste, cashew nutshell, rice kani (broken rice), bajra, ragi, palm oil, poultry hatchery waste and legume green fodder (cowpea leaf meal) are having good nutritive value for poultry feed formulations (ICAR, 2014) [4] . ...
Article
An experiment was planned in to evaluate the inclusion of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seeds in commercial broilers. We have procured 240 day old chicks from commercial hatchery. Divided these chicks in four treatment groups. Each treatment contained five replicates 12 birds. Management aspects were similar for all birds including housing, feeding and watering. Bird's feed for pre-starter, starter, and finisher phases was formulated using conventional feeds. Treatments from T1 to T4 were formulated in all phases by including Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seeds at 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% in that order. Total experimental period was for 42 days. End results showed better performance even at higher level of jamun seed inclusion. Performance indices evaluated were found to be statistically similar among all the treatments. So we concluded the trial for inclusion of 1.5% Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seeds in broilers.
... The requirements of huge land area and high technical skills are the major issues associated with the technologies. The consumption of major proportion of global human water use (about 8%) is another challenging issue threatening the sustainability and economic viability (Amata, 2014). Subsequently, high price of conventional animal feed resources, poor quality feed and the major gap between the demand and supply are other constraints. ...
... Subsequently, high price of conventional animal feed resources, poor quality feed and the major gap between the demand and supply are other constraints. To meet the requirements, non-conventional feed resources are being developed from agricultural crop residues and agro-industrial by-products but processing of such resources is a difficult task indeed (Amata, 2014). Creating additional value chains, BSF larvae composting is gaining huge attention as a sustainable alternative for animal husbandry, livestock raising, feed for aquaculture and thereby strengthening economic resilience of small-scale industries (Diener, 2010;Cickova et al., 2015). ...
Article
Solid waste management and its stabilization are a sophisticated task and the most challenging one as it requires improved collection and treatment strategies. From the past decades, there is a huge emphasis on valorisation of waste along with its management i.e. an integrated and income generating sustainable approach for solid waste management. Use of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) in organic waste composting is a novel and an environment friendly approach which holds enormous potential and therefore, is strongly captivating people's attention worldwide. The Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae composting is a self-sustained cost-effective method promoting high resource recovery and generating value added products thereby developing new economical niches for industrial sector and entrepreneurs in developing countries. Here, we reviewed the importance of BSF larvae in organic waste treatment and delineated the life cycle patterns, feeding habits and environmental conditions affecting the survival of the species. This review paper has also congregated the efficiency of BSF larvae to compost different types of organic wastes or biomasses and a portion of various possible end applications of these avid eaters. Through this literature review the authors have also made an attempt to evaluate the present constraints, research gaps and future directions associated with this technology. BSF larvae composting is a comprehensive approach indeed providing the waste an aforementioned value wherein technological innovations can boost up the efficiency of system. Thus, the present study is an aggregate of applications of BSF larvae for societal benefit in a holistic way.
... For example, bitter leaf (Vernonia), corn plant, snake weed and commelina [5] have an acceptable metabolisable energy (ME) of >7 MJ/kg DM, which is comparable to well-known Lucerne hay (7.8 MJ/kg DM; [6]). Browse plants include Gmelina arborea, Myrianthus arboreus, Terminalia catappa, Dacroydes edulis, Parkia filicoidea and Tephrosia braceteolata [7], Moringa oleifera (Adediran, A per com.) and accession of Sesbania sesban. The young leaves of Myrianthus arboreus (native of Angola, ) are popularly consumed in West Africa as vegetables and contain appreciable levels of protein, calcium, iron and phosphorous [8]. ...
... Nutrient profile of the fresh leaves of Gmelina arborea (originates from Southeast Asia but is planted in tropical Africa) revealed appreciable levels of crude protein (146 g/kg DM) and ether extract (127 g/kg DM) [9]. Dacroydes edulis can substitute 40-60% maize in poultry without any effect on production, yet it is rich in alkaloids [7]. Other energy-and protein-rich feeds are Guizotia abyssinica (Noug seed cake), Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber seed cake), Leucaena leucocephala leaves and pods, citrus pulp, jackfruit, palm kernel meal, tea waste, millet (seeds, bran, stover) and coconut pith. ...
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The aim of the chapter was to evaluate and predict the nutritive and feeding value of unknown and underutilised forages. Underutilised forages were collected from various regions. Chemical composition and degradability of forages in the rumen were determined. A dataset was created bearing degradability parameters of feeds from 40 studies. Using the dataset, a step-wise regression procedure was used to develop regression equations to predict rumen degradability. Of the underutilised forages, crude protein content tended to be double for Brassica oleracea var. acephala compared to Colophospermum mopane leaves and pods. Forage grasses tended to have very low crude protein contents compared to legumes and concentrates. Underutilised Brassica oleracea var. acephala tended to have higher crude protein levels compared to commonly used protein sources. The regression model for predicting the soluble fraction accounted for 59% (development) and 71% (validation) of the variation. The regression model for predicting the potential degradability accounted for 65% (development) and 24% (validation) of the variation. In conclusion, the nutritive value of underutilised forages was good, high in crude protein and high potential degradability. After correcting for factors that significantly affected degradability parameters, predicted solubility and effective degradability lay near the ideal prediction line, giving good predictions.
... Rumen contents, which are commonly known as "digesta", are considered as waste, but when re-processed or utilised, can become a product of high significance and economic value for the livestock industry [92]. The recovery of rumen digesta from ruminant animals in abattoirs offers a great opportunity as an alternate source of nutrients to complement the prevailing limited feed resources [92,93]. ...
... Rumen contents, which are commonly known as "digesta", are considered as waste, but when re-processed or utilised, can become a product of high significance and economic value for the livestock industry [92]. The recovery of rumen digesta from ruminant animals in abattoirs offers a great opportunity as an alternate source of nutrients to complement the prevailing limited feed resources [92,93]. However, many studies do not encourage rumen digesta to be fed alone to livestock but rather to be supplemented with other feed ingredients at a recommended rate during feed formulation [11,[94][95][96]. ...
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The consumption of animal by-products has continued to witness tremendous growth over the last decade. This is due to its potential to combat protein malnutrition and food insecurity in many countries. Shortly after slaughter, animal by-products are separated into edible or inedible parts. The edible part accounts for 55% of the production while the remaining part is regarded as inedible by-products (IEBPs). These IEBPs can be re-processed into sustainable products for agricultural and industrial uses. The efficient utilization of animal by-products can alleviate the prevailing cost and scarcity of feed materials, which have high competition between animals and humans. This will also aid in reducing environmental pollution in the society. In this regard, proper utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta can result in cheaper feed, reduction in competition and lower cost of production. Over the years, the utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta as feed in livestock feed has been successfully carried out without any adverse effect on the animals. However, there are emerging gaps that need to be further addressed regarding the food security and sustainability of the products. Therefore, the objective of this review highlights the efficacy and effectiveness of using animal by-products as alternative sources of feed ingredients, and the constraints associated with their production to boost livestock performance in the industry at large.
... Rumen contents, which are commonly known as "digesta", are considered as waste, but when re-processed or utilised, can become a product of high significance and economic value for the livestock industry [92]. The recovery of rumen digesta from ruminant animals in abattoirs offers a great opportunity as an alternate source of nutrients to complement the prevailing limited feed resources [92,93]. ...
... Rumen contents, which are commonly known as "digesta", are considered as waste, but when re-processed or utilised, can become a product of high significance and economic value for the livestock industry [92]. The recovery of rumen digesta from ruminant animals in abattoirs offers a great opportunity as an alternate source of nutrients to complement the prevailing limited feed resources [92,93]. However, many studies do not encourage rumen digesta to be fed alone to livestock but rather to be supplemented with other feed ingredients at a recommended rate during feed formulation [11,[94][95][96]. ...
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A new alkaloid, 2-methoxycanthin-6-one ( 1) has been isolated from the methanol extract of the stem wood of QUASSIA AMARA. In addition quassin ( 6) was also isolated. The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic methods.
... Rice husk, a major by-product of rice milling, is abundant and inexpensive, with an annual production of approximately 40 million tons in China (4). Research indicates that the cellulose content in rice husks is high and has potential to partially replace traditional roughage for ruminants (5). However, the coarse and hard texture of rice husks results in poor palatability, low intake, and low digestibility when fed directly (6). ...
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Introduction This study aimed to examine the effects of fermented rice husk powder feed on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, and rumen microbial communities in fattening Hu sheep. Methods Twenty-one male Hu sheep with similar body weights (32.68 ± 1.59 kg) were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group (CON) receiving a TMR with soybean straw, a rice husk powder group (RH), and a fermented rice husk powder group (FHR). Results The results indicated that the FHR group exhibited a significant increase in ADG and FBW of Hu sheep compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). The digestibility of CP and EE was significantly higher in the CON and FHR groups than in the RH group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the digestibility of DM in the CON group was higher than in the FHR and RH groups (p < 0.01). The FHR group showed lower NDF and ADF digestibility compared to the CON group, but higher than the RH group (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum ALB and ALT levels in the CON group were elevated compared to those in the two groups (p < 0.05). The rumen concentrations of TVFA, butyrate, and valerate in the FHR group were significantly elevated compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Succinimonas, UCG-010_norank, UCG-005, p-251-o5_norank, and Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group were significantly diminished in the FHR group compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). In contrast, the relative abundance of Succinivibrio was significantly higher (p < 0.05), while the abundances of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group_norank and Quinella were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the RH group compared to the CON group. Spearman correlation analysis revealed negative correlations between the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and propionate, butyrate, and TVFA, as well as between Prevotellaceae UCG-003 and both propionate and TVFA. Conversely, Ruminococcus showed a positive correlation with propionate and TVFA. Discussion In conclusion, replacing 15% of soybean straw with fermented rice husk powder feed modified the rumen microbiota and improved the growth performance of fattening Hu sheep.
... Generally, NCFR refers to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used for feeding livestock and are not commercially used in the production of livestock feed (Areaya, 2018). Thus, in our paper, the NCFR term has been used to describe different sources such as oil seeds byproducts with applicability in animal consumption (Amata, 2014). In this sense, one alternative solution is based on reducing food waste and trying to extract the maximum values from their by-products (Rakita et al., 2022). ...
... In animal production systems, it is customary to provide livestock with conventional feeds such as cereals, oil cakes and meals. However, a major gap exists between the demand and supply of conventional feed resources for feeding livestock worldwide (Amata, 2014). ...
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This study aimed to determine nutrient composition and chemical properties of some cakes obtained by cold pressed method proposed as alternative protein sources, and to reveal their usability in animal feeding. The feed materials used in this study are safflower, black cumin (e and m), flaxseed (e and m), carrot seed, walnut, hempseed, and camelina seed cakes. The proximate analysis, metabolic energies, total phenolic content, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity of these cakes were determined and compared. The average percentage nutrients content of the cakes varies from 95.8 (walnut cake) to 91.9 (flaxseed cake e) for dry matter, from 13.1 (carrot seed) to 3.9 (safflower cake) for crude ash, from 23.5 (flaxseed e cake) to 5.5 (hempseed cake) for ether extract, from 46.8 (flaxseed cake m) to 20.0 (safflower cake) for crude protein, from 45.4 (walnut meal) to 21.9 (safflower cake) for nitrogen-free extract, and from 9.4 (flaxseed m) to 2.2 (safflower cake) for sugar. Starch content was below detectable level in all feed samples. The highest crude fiber was at 37.1, NDF at 52.7, and ADF at 40.4 were found in safflower cake. The highest metabolic energies for poultry (12.8 Mcal kg-1) and for ruminants (14.01 Mcal kg-1) were obtained from black cumin seed cake (e). The highest total flavonoid content (3.15 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid (2.64 mg QE/g) were found in walnut cake. The antioxidant activity (%) varied from 31.3 for black cumin seed cake (m) to 6.7 for camelina seed cake. Considering the high amount of crude protein (>20%) in the investigated cakes, it is concluded that they can be recommended as alternative protein sources for feeding livestock.
... Bagasse-based diets mixed with molasses provides the required dry matter consumption in cattle due to its bulky and high fiber content (Amata et al., 2014). Tree fodders and shrubs are valuable sources of nutrition for cattle, sheep, and goats during dry seasons. ...
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Over the years human civilization has witnessed the domestication of various types animals for food production, agricultural purposes and as a companion. In our modern society dairy industry is playing a major role in food production. Many advancements have been made possible due to majority number of research being undertaking in the fields of dairy science and dairy technology to encourage growth, automation, and sustainability. The scale and scope of cattle farming have grown dramatically over the past decades which has resulted in an advantageous effect on the several developing country's economy by increasing production, improving the hygiene and nutritional value of dairy products, lowering the overall price of production of dairy goods, enhancing genetically superior breed, and improving feed conversion efficiency in the Indian Veterinary Association, Kerala 57 ISBN No : 978-93-340-4428-7 dairy cattle. Other facets of long-term sustainability includes economical security for employees in farm, animal welfare, and farm environment. Modern improvements in the dairy farming operations led to decreased floor space for animals, aggressive handling methods and disruption in their normal behaviors. The animal welfare community has reacted negatively to these methods due to moral and ethical concerns. The dairy industry is undergoing a surge in aspect of manufacturing and consumer demand made it to transform into an internationally linked, diversified and rapidly evolving food-producing sector. Dairy and milk-based goods are becoming more common needs for the lower and middle-class people in the society. This sector grows into a consumers friendly choice compared to other sectors. Currently, the dairy sector feeds more than seven billion customers and employs roughly one billion individuals in the dairy farms and industries globally. In order to fulfill the requirements of increasing world population size manufacturing sufficient amount of dairy products is vital. However, factors like increased feed cost, labour cost, treatment cost, animal welfare and various health conditions must be taken into account for sustainable production. These elements will result in increased cost of charge for each kilogram of dairy products produced. Increasing cost of food products can result in imbalance in supply and demand gap. Innovative strategies are incorporated to enhance management techniques at dairy farms and to measure complicated biological data using sensors for future technological developments. In addition to it diary sector should optimize economic viability, cutting-edge integrated device-based farming infrastructures. This can enable the correction of traditional farming methods. A modern agricultural idea known as "precision livestock farming" is centered on accurately monitoring and providing the needs for every single individual animal in the herd to maximize their performance, productivity, and general health. This is done by accurately acquiring, storing, and analyzing records regularly. In developing nations, the dairy industry plays a critical role in ensuring quality food products to the society. Expanding trade (import and export) between countries will improve the global economy, and technological developments.
... Previous records by Nkwocha et al. (2014) and Offor (2014) on the nutrient profile of Gmelina arborea have shown that the leaf meals contained 18.00 -20.05% crude protein, 14.40 -15.05% crude fibre, ash 4.55% and fat 0.79%. Metabolizable energy values were found to be appreciable (1368 Kcal Kg-1) an indication of its suitability as an energy source for livestock diets (Amata, 2014). ...
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West African Dwarf (WAD) goat plays an important socio-economic role, hencethe effect of 82days of feeding Gmelina leaf meal (GLM)diets on feed intake, body weight changeand blood indicesof WAD goats were investigated.36WAD goats averaging 9.04kg in weight were randomly divided into four groups of nine goatseach with three goats constituting a replicate. The groups were randomly assigned four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3, and T4) in a completely randomized design. Results indicatedsignificant (p<0.05) improvementfor body weights and feed conversion ratiofor T2, T3, and T4. There was significant difference (P<0.05) for all the haematological parameters except packed cell volume (PCV). White blood cells (WBC)was improved (p<0.05) with incremental levels of GLM in the diets.Allthe serum biochemical indices showed significant (p<0.05)differencewith glucose and cholesterol concentration reduced(p<0.05) with incremental levels of GLM.It could be concluded thatGLMcan be included in the diets of goats up to 36% without deleterious effects on the performance of WAD goats.
... While conventional and non-conventional farmers produce products for different markets, they require different skills. Conventional farming often relies on chemical use and tillage, which traditionally require less professional and organizational skills passed down through generations [20,21]. In contrast, entrepreneurial agriculture demands advanced professional and organizational skills from formal education and training. ...
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A growing body of research has examined farmers’ increasing economic challenges in the United States and the new models adopted to help them increase profit, remain in business, and achieve agricultural sustainability. However, the entrepreneurial strategies that Western Corn (Zea mays) Belt farmers use to overcome economic challenges and achieve agricultural sustainability remain understudied. The model system used in this study was eastern South Dakota, and it examined the entrepreneurial aspirations of commodity crop producers using mail and online survey data collected in 2018. Using the diffusion of innovations framework, we investigated how innovation and entrepreneurialism spread among farmers; whether frequent training, building, and using social networks were essential to farmers’ business success; and how age, education level, and farm size relate to their entrepreneurial aspirations. We analyzed these three socio-demographic characteristics of farmers against their adoption of entrepreneurship and engagement in networking and training. Our results show that (1) farmers are looking for ways to adopt entrepreneurship; (2) education and farm size are positively related to the adoption of entrepreneurship; (3) age is negatively related to farmers’ adoption of entrepreneurship, and (4) a larger farm size is associated with farmers’ use of social networks and their participation in training. This study highlights the importance of providing farmers with entrepreneurial training, equipping them with necessary skills, maximizing their use of social networks and opportunities, and encouraging strategic planning and best management practices.
... However, such substitutes ought to be more affordable and nutritious as orthodox feedstuff if not more than conventional protein and energy sources (Oladunjoye et al. 2004). Drought-resistant crops or tree products have to be explored as substitute feedstuffs (Amata, 2014). Since feed costs make up between for 60-70% of the overall cost of production, significant efforts are being made to identify potential substitutes (Mitchell, 2008). ...
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Inadequate availability, price hikes, and rivalry between food and feed means there is an incessant request for unconventional feedstuffs for livestock. As a result, other sustainable feed material needs to be explored. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is a tropical tree known for its apple and nut. Cashew apple, cashew kernel waste meal, and cashew nut shell liquid residue have the potential as a valuable ingredient in livestock feeds and have gained increasing attention. They are becoming more and more valuable ingredients in livestock diets, owing to their availability. Systematic utilization has been shown to drive down feed costs, enhance animal nutrition and productivity making them suitable for incorporation into animal diets. However, available research output on the use of cashew apple, cashew kernel waste meal, and cashew nut shell liquid residue in livestock feed is lacking in consistency among quantified nutritive benefits. This review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the nutrient composition of cashew products, byproducts, and their potential uses as alternative ingredients in livestock diets.
... Although conventional and non-conventional farmers produce products for various markets, they require different skills. Conventional farming, which often relies on heavy chemical use and tillage, usually requires less professional and organizational skills and competencies (the knowledge and skills that farmers could pass down generationally) that are acquired through formal training and education [30,31]. ...
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A growing body of research has examined farmers' increasing economic challenges in the United States and the new models adopted to increase profit, remain in business, and achieve agricultural sustainability. However, the entrepreneurial strategies that western corn (Zea mays) belt farmers use to overcome economic challenges and achieve agricultural sustainability remain understudied. The model system used in this study was eastern South Dakota, and it examined the entrepreneurial aspirations of commodity crop producers using mail and online survey data collected in 2018. Using the diffusion of innovations framework, we investigated how innovation and entrepreneurialism spread among farmers, whether frequent training, building, and using social networks were essential to farmers' business success, and how age, education level, and farm size relate to their entrepreneurial aspirations. We analyzed these three socio-demographic characteristics of farmers against their adoption of entrepreneurship and engagement in networking and training. Our results show that: 1) farmers are looking for ways to adopt entrepreneurship; 2) education and farm size were positively related to the adoption of entrepreneurship; 3) age was negatively related to farmers' adoption of entrepreneurship, and 4) larger farm size is associated with farmers' use of social networks and participation in training. This study emphasizes the need to train farmers, equip them with entrepreneurial skills, maximize their utilization of social networks and opportunities, and encourage them to adopt strategic planning and best management practices.
... Non-conventional feedstuffs such as crop residue, agro-industrial by-products, and food waste have been found to supply the necessary nutrients for chickens while also decreasing environmental effects. Additionally, introducing non-conventional feedstuffs into chicken diets can help minimize the wastage of potential feed resources, and foster a more circular economy within the agricultural business (Amata, 2014). By employing these alternative feed ingredients, farmers can also minimize their demand on conventional feed supplies such as maize, soybean meal, groundnut cake, etc. making their operations more resilient to fluctuations in feed prices and availability (Dumont et al., 2013). ...
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A total of two hundred and ten one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were utilized in this study to investigate the effects of incorporating Dried Cashew Apples (DCA) in the diet of broiler chickens on growth performance, total tract digestibility, and gut health. The birds were weighed and randomly allotted to seven treatment groups with three replicates, each having 10 birds. The experimental design was a (2 X 3) + 1 augmented factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Diet D1 (control diet) was a maize-soybean meal-based; diets D2, D3, and D4 comprised 10, 20, and 30% DCA without exogenous enzyme supplementation, whereas diets D5, D6, and D7 included 10, 20, and 30% DCA treated with exogenous enzyme. Data were collected on growth performance, total tract digestibility, and gut morphology. Collected data were analyzed using SAS (2002) and separation of means was done using Duncan's Multiple Range Tests of the same statistical software. The difference was set at p < 0.05. The study found that birds fed diets containing 10% DCA, with or without enzyme supplementation (D2 and D5), had a significantly higher Average Daily Gain (ADG) compared to those fed the control diet (D1). The ADG of birds fed diets D3 and D6 was similar to that of birds fed the control diet (D1). However, a significant decrease in ADG was observed as the dietary inclusion level of DCA increased to 30%, as seen in birds offered diets D4 and D7. In addition, a significant linear rise (p < 0.05) in Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) was seen when DCA was included in the diet. In addition, birds that were given diets containing DCA showed significantly higher nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) compared to birds that were given the control diet (D1), except for birds that were given a diet containing 30% DCA without enzyme supplementation (D4), which showed significantly lower nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05) compared to birds that were given the control diet (D1). Ultimately, birds that were given meals containing DCA exhibited a significant enhancement in GIT development compared to birds on the control diet. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that including DCA in the diet of broiler chickens at a level of up to 20% does not have any detrimental effects on their performance. Os efeitos da incorporação de caju desidratado na dieta de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho do crescimento, a digestibilidade total do trato e a saúde intestinal Resumo Um total de duzentos e dez pintos de corte Ross 308 de um dia de idade foram utilizados neste estudo para investigar os efeitos da incorporação de maçãs de caju secas (DCA) na dieta de frangos de corte no desempenho de crescimento, digestibilidade total do trato e saúde intestinal. As aves foram pesadas e distribuídas aleatoriamente em sete grupos de tratamento com três repetições, cada um com 10 aves. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um arranjo fatorial aumentado (2 X 3) + 1 em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A dieta D1 (dieta controle) era à base de milho e farelo de soja; as dietas D2, D3 e D4 incluíram 10, 20 e 30% de DCA sem suplementação enzimática exógena, enquanto as dietas D5, D6 e D7 incluíram 10, 20 e 30% de DCA 60 tratada com enzima exógena. Foram coletados dados sobre desempenho de crescimento, digestibilidade total do trato e morfologia intestinal. Os dados coletados foram analisados pelo SAS (2002) e a separação das médias foi feita por meio dos Testes de Faixa Múltipla de Duncan do mesmo software estatístico. A diferença foi fixada em p < 0,05. O estudo constatou que as aves alimentadas com dietas contendo 10% de DCA, com ou sem suplementação enzimática (D2 e D5), tiveram um Ganho Médio Diário (GMD) significativamente maior em comparação com aquelas alimentadas com a dieta controle (D1). O GMD das aves alimentadas com as dietas D3 e D6 foi semelhante ao das aves alimentadas com a dieta controle (D1). No entanto, foi observada uma diminuição significativa no GMD à medida que o nível de inclusão dietética de DCA aumentou para 30%, como observado nas aves que receberam as dietas D4 e D7. Além disso, foi observado um aumento linear significativo (p < 0,05) no consumo médio diário de ração (CMDA) quando o DCA foi incluído na dieta. Além disso, as aves que receberam dietas contendo DCA apresentaram digestibilidade de nutrientes significativamente maior (p < 0,05) em comparação com as aves que receberam a dieta controle (D1), exceto as aves que receberam dieta contendo 30% de DCA sem suplementação enzimática (D4).), que apresentaram digestibilidade dos nutrientes significativamente menor (p < 0,05) em comparação às aves que receberam a dieta controle (D1). Em última análise, as aves que receberam refeições contendo DCA exibiram uma melhoria significativa no desenvolvimento do TGI em comparação com as aves na dieta controle. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a inclusão de DCA na dieta de frangos de corte em um nível de até 20% não tem quaisquer efeitos prejudiciais sobre o seu desempenho. Palavras-chave: frango de corte, ração não convencional, caju desidratado, desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade de nutrientes
... The list of non-conventional feed resources is inexhaustible comprising of fruit wastes/rejects [3], crop residues, by-products such as rice offal [4] and wield or some horticultural plants such as neem plant [5]. They are essentially generated from agricultural and agro-industrial processes, most of them are usually regarded as waste but can be converted and utilized by livestock to bring forth products that are beneficial to man [6]. ...
... The list of non-conventional feed resources is inexhaustible comprising of fruit wastes/rejects [3], crop residues, by-products such as rice offal [4] and wield or some horticultural plants such as neem plant [5]. They are essentially generated from agricultural and agro-industrial processes, most of them are usually regarded as waste but can be converted and utilized by livestock to bring forth products that are beneficial to man [6]. ...
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Novel feedstuffs have great potential for sustainability of the livestock industry because they minimize cost of production and increase availability of animal products. This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of Mango fruits Rejects Meal (MFRM) as a feed ingredient for rabbits. MFRM was incorporated into rabbit diets at 0, 22, 28, 34 and 40 % levels respectively, replacing maize in equal amounts to evaluate its effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics internal organs and economics of production of rabbits. Twenty (20) weaner rabbits with average weight of 392.75 g were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments of four replicates each in a completely randomized design (CRD) and fed for 70 days. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ration were evaluated. Also, three rabbits were randomly selected from each group, starved of feed, stunned and slaughtered for carcass and organ evaluation at the end of the study. 30 The dressed carcass was cut into primal parts and internal organs were separated and weighed. Growth performance indices, carcass yield and organs measurements were similar (p>0.05) across all the treatments except for large intestine and caeca which varied without pattern. Costs decreased (P<0.05) as MFRM in the diets increased while benefits improved (p<0.05) as MFRM increased in diets. Thus, it was concluded that MFRM is a safe and profitable feed resource for rabbit production, which could also reduce environmental pollution if adequately harnessed. Hence, it is recommended that MFRM should be incorporated in rabbit diets up to 40% or completely replaced maize in rabbit diets.
... Gliricidia can help to ( ). Budowski, 1993 Amata, 2014Xu et al., 2017Álvarez et al., 2022Wood et al.,1998Oladotun et al., 2003Bawala et al., 2006 Atapattu improve the soil's physical qualities. In gliricidiagrowing areas, soil agglomeration, water infiltration, and soil retention capacity are improved, whereas water runoff and soil erosion are decreased ( ). ...
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Gliricidia is a medium-sized leguminous tree native to Central America and Mexico that serves multiple purposes. The genus name gliricidia is mainly connected with Gliricidia sepium because it is the most well-known and prevalent species. Gliricidia maculata and Gliricidia brenningii, are lesser known than Gliricidia Sepium and are unfamiliar outside of their native range of tropical America. This species was introduced to Sri Lanka as a shade tree for coffee and tea cultivations, and it has now become a naturalized species in the country. Because of its versatile nature and multipurpose use, scientists have identified gliricidia as a potential crop in the Sri Lankan agroforestry systems. The optimal status and management approach for gliricidia planting in Sri Lanka have been determined through different field studies. The diverse aspects of gliricidia were identified and evaluated in this review article witha focus on botany, potential uses, crop distribution, growing conditions, and critical constraints. The review article concluded that gliricidia is highly beneficial as a fodder crop, for increasing soil fertility and soil moisture conditions, and as a sustainable bioenergy crop for Sri Lankan agroforestry systems. The priority consideration for the promotion of gliricidia-based agroforestry systems in Sri Lanka is the need to enhance awareness programmes and technology transfer services to popularize these farming systems in different agricultural systems.
... It can also include those from sugar processing, cereal grains, citrus fruits, and vegetables for human consumption. (Amata, 2014) [2] . Derivatives from chemical or microbiological processes, such as those involved in creating single-cell proteins, can be added to this list. ...
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The use of non-conventional animal protein (NCAP) sources as alternative feed resources for poultry production has been a topic of interest in recent years. NCAP sources, such as insects, have the potential to significantly reduce feed costs, which account for 80% of total production costs. Insects, in particular, offer protein-rich options with excellent amino acid profiles, resulting in remarkable taste and market value. However, it's essential to consider potential challenges and limitations before implementing these alternatives. One challenge is the lack of regulatory frameworks and guidelines for the use of insects as feed. This can lead to concerns regarding food safety and animal health. Additionally, the cost of production for certain NCAP sources may not be feasible for large-scale commercial operations. Despite these challenges, NCAP sources are a viable option for poultry feed supplementation and should be further explored by the industry. Research has shown that insect meal can be included in poultry diets without adverse effects on performance or carcass quality. Furthermore, using NCAP sources can reduce the environmental impact of poultry production, as they require less land, water, and feed compared to traditional feed sources. In conclusion, using non-conventional animal protein sources, such as insects, can revolutionise the poultry industry by reducing production costs and environmental impact.
... To solve this problem, scholars have tested and advocated the use of agro-industrial wastes and other nonconventional feed ingredients, which are abundant in the country, such as cassava peels, palm kernel cake (PKC) and brewer's spent grain (BSG) (Tewe et al., 2008;Nnadi et al., 2010;Adesehinwa et al., 2011;Woyengo et al., 2014;Orororo et al., 2014;Tonukari et al., 2016). Most non-conventional pig feeds, however, have low nutrient value and density, and thus require additives and supplements for optimum results (Amata, 2014). One essential supplement is vegetable oil, but reports on it as a supplement for pig feed in Nigeria are rare. ...
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental increase of vegetable oil in pig feed formulated from agro-industrial waste on body weight and biochemical parameters of pigs. Twelve female large White x Dunroc weaner pigs (15.5 ± 0.82kg) were divided into four treatment groups (A-D) corresponding to four formulated diets. Diet A (control) contained compounded diet without vegetable oil, while diets B, C, and D contained compounded diet with 1, 2, and 3% supplemental vegetable oil respectively. The animals were treated for two weeks. Significant (p<0.05) body weight gain was recorded in pigs feed with diets containing vegetable oil (Groups C and D) compared to the control (Group A). A Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in total protein value between the control and pigs feed diet supplemented with 2% vegetable oil. There was also a significant difference (p<0.05) in albumin levels in control pigs compared to the test groups, but no significant difference was observed in albumin levels between the test groups. Serum urea and calcium levels were not significantly different across the groups, whereas cholesterol levels differed significantly across the groups. This study has demonstrated that pig feed formulated from agro-industrial waste can be supplemented with up to 3% vegetable oil without deleterious effects on the health status of pigs. The supplementation of pig diet with vegetable oil resulted in increased body weight of pigs. The 2% supplementation with vegetable oil resulted in the highest weight gain and had better effects on health status of pigs as revealed by the biochemical parameters examined.
... Different parts of cassava such as root, leaves, pulp, foliage, and peels have been found to be suitable for inclusion into poultry diets (Amata, 2014;Diarra, 2018). However, the utilization of cassava in poultry diet is limited by its low protein concentrations and deficiency of fat, minerals, vitamins, and essential amino acids such as methionine (Chauynarong et al., 2009). ...
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Diversification and expansion of the poultry industry with fast-growing and highly prolific birds such as the quail ( Coturnix coturnix ), could contribute significantly in achieving global food and nutrition security. However, sustainable intensification of the quail relies on the cost of dietary ingredients used during feed formulations. The use of non-conventional energy sources such as sorghum, millet, and cassava in lieu of expensive energy sources such as maize, could ensure sustainable quail businesses. Generally, alternative feedstuffs should be cost-effective and possess comparable nutritional qualities as maize. In tropical countries such as South Africa, the use of sorghum, millet, and cassava in quail diets can serve as ideal alternatives because they have relatively comparable energy values as maize. Furthermore, these alternatives are largely available and easily accessible in many farming areas of South Africa. However, the presence of antinutritional factors such as tannins, cyanides and phytic acid, among others, as well as their high fiber levels may limit their utilization in quail nutrition. Nevertheless, attempts have been made to develop improved varieties with low antinutrient compositions, for instance, low-tannin sorghum varieties are increasingly being fed to poultry birds. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that certain processing techniques such as sun-drying, soaking, boiling and fermentation, among others, can lower the concentrations of antinutrients in these alternative feedstuffs, thus increasing their feeding value. To this end, nutritional feeding trials on the positive effects of sorghum, millet and cassava in quail nutrition are inconsistent, mainly due to differences in cultivar type, harvesting site or environmental conditions, sampling, and handling methods amongst other factors. Thus, the present review aimed to discuss the potential of substituting maize with sorghum, millet, and cassava in quail diets.
... Hasan (2001) stated that feed ingredient with crude fibre exceeding 8-12% is not desirable for fish feed production because it will lead to a decrease in nutrient digestibility and eventually the poor performance of the fish. However, the crude fibre composition of both L. leucocephala and E. cyclocarpum seeds is within the range suggested for livestock feed ingredients (Amata, 2014). ...
... Various attempts have been made to replace fish meals by using conventional and unconventional feed ingredients to replace fish meals. Non-conventional feed generally refers to any feed that has not been used traditionally to feed livestock and is not used commercially in animal feed production (Amata, 2014). One of the potential alternative feed ingredients is H. illucens larvae as a protein feed source because the larvae have excellent nutritional content, namely 42% crude protein, and 35% ether extract (Newton et al., 2005). ...
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This study determines the life cycle and nutritional content of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae cultured on fermented tofu waste. The materials used in the study were tofu pulp, fermented tofu pulp, tempeh yeast, and the eggs of H. illucens fly. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments with five replications. The treatments were T0: tofu pulp (0% yeast tempeh); T1: fermented tofu pulp (0.25 % yeast tempeh); T2: fermented tofu pulp (0.5% tempeh yeast), and T3: fermented tofu pulp (0.75 % tempeh yeast). The variables measured included: the life cycle, dry matter conversion, dry matter extraction, and proximate composition of H. illucens larvae. The collected data were processed using variance analysis. The results showed that the H. illucens fly's life cycle follows: from laying eggs to hatching is four days, and growing into adult larvae takes 26-28 days. The dry matter conversion was 11.9 to 22.1%, and dry matter extraction was 55.8 to 67.5%. There was no effect (p>0.05) of adding tempeh yeast on crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, and ash content. The result showed that the conversion and extraction of dry matter media were higher in the more media. The fermentation of tofu pulp did not increase the nutritional value of H. illucens larvae.
... These low-quality feeds reduce intake, digestion, and utilization of nutrients. Most legume trees and shrubs have high protein content, which makes them promising supplements and are the practical solution to alleviate nutrient deficiencies in poor quality natural pastures (Kumar, 2011;Amata, 2014). Among locally existing protein enrich feed resources, tree legume forages such as Vachellia species have an indispensable role as protein supplements (Bayssa, 2016). ...
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An experiment was conducted at Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agricultural Research Center in Oromia National Regional State to evaluate the effects of local and conventional feed supplementation on milk yield and milk composition of Borana cows. Twelve lactating Borana cows of first parity and second parity with a similar stage of lactation were used. The experiment had four treatments with three replications using a randomized complete block design. Treatments included noug seed cake (NSK)+ wheat bran + free grazing (T1), Vachelliatortilis pods + wheat bran + free grazing (T2), Vachelliatortilis pods + free grazing(T3), and the control (free grazing) (T4). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in milk yield between cows fed in control and supplemented as well as within supplemented groups. Higher (P<0.001) significant interaction of parity with the treatment of milk yield was also observed. Significantly (P<0.001) higher (3.10 kg/cow/day) and lower (1.95 kg/cow/day) milk yield was obtained from cows fed T2 and T4, respectively. Except for solid not fat and lactose content all analyzed milk compositions were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatment groups. Higher fat (7.69%), protein (3.59%) and Page80 total solids (15.98%) and lower ash (0.73%) were recorded from cows fed T1, T2, T4, and T3, respectively. The treatment diets increased the net profit/cow/day by Ethiopian Birr (ETB) 16.35 (T1), 31.57 (T2), and 13.67 (T3) over the control (T4). In conclusion, supplementation of Vachelliatortilis pods with different feed to Borana cows on natural pasture improved milk yield, milk composition as well as net profit. Therefore, using Vachelliatortilis pods with different feeds as supplementation for lactating cows can be recommended for milk production in the pastoral and agro-pastoral areas.
... This has necessitated the importance of exploring the use of non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) in livestock production systems. Namely, crop residues, agro-industrial by-products, leaf and seed meals such as the leaves and seeds of Gmelina arborea, slaughterhouse by-products, cassava leaf meal, browse foliage and many others, are potential NCFR that are available [12]. One of such NCFR that this study seeks to focus on is the fleshy fruit pulp of the Vitellaria paradoxa tree, an agro-industrial by-product. ...
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Background The cost involved in feeding poultry is very high especially in most developing countries. To this end, the effectiveness of the fruit pulp of Vitellaria paradoxa (shea), an agro-industrial by-product that is discarded in the processing of the nut for shea butter extraction was investigated on twelve poultry birds assigned to three groups A, B and C (control). Dried samples of the fruit pulp were analysed for their nutrients. Results Proximate analysis of the shea fruit pulp revealed a carbohydrate content of 41.14%, crude fibre 26.62%, crude protein 10.34%, ash 9.23%, crude fat 3.55% and 9.13% for moisture. It also contained essential minerals such as Ca (587 mg /100 g dw), Na (138.30 mg /100 g dw), Mg (1358 mg /100 g dw), K (771.5 mg /100 g dw), Fe (29.88 mg/100 g dw), Zn (40.31 mg/100 g dw) and Cu (8.11 mg/100 g dw). Heavy metals such as Cd, Mn, Pb and Cr were below detectable limits. Measured parameters were live body weights and some selected blood chemistry tests. Broilers in groups A and B fed on shea fruit pulp formulated with maize meal showed a significant growth performance in weight ( p < 0.05) as compared to group C fed on maize meal only. Selected blood chemistry tests carried out included Ca, Na, K, Albumin, Triglyceride and Chloride. Statistical analysis showed that formulated feed had a significant effect ( p < 0.05) on blood chemistry values of broilers, however, there was an insignificant effect ( p > 0.05) in the control group, fed on maize meal only. Conclusion The fruit pulp of Vitellaria paradoxa could be considered a good source of macro and micronutrients and could be used as a supplement in poultry feed.
... Rabbits can utilize unconventional feedstuffs and diverse forage legumes such as Crotalaria retusa (Yashim et al., 2016). To make rabbit rearing more viable researches have been conducted to identify alternative substances used for rabbit feed production, but the search for alternative feed resources for rabbit farming as a way of reducing production costs, improving carcass quality and making livestock products more readily available to the populace have continued to gain momentum in recent years (Amata, 2014). ...
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AB S T RA C T Experimental evidences have shown that R. mangle possess important bioactive and medicinal potentials hence the study to investigate growth response and apparent nutrient digestibility of rabbits fed diet containing the pith of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). The study was carried out at the teaching and demonstration farm of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education (Ndele campus) Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The experimental diet was formulated to which extracted Rhizophora pith was added at different inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%). Twenty-four clinically certified healthy weaner rabbits of mixed breeds with initial body weight (BW) of about 0.5kg were used in the feeding trial that lasted for 8 weeks (56 days). Six rabbits (two rabbits per replicate were randomly distributed to 4 treatments (T1-control 0% Rhizophora pith), (T2-5% Rhizophora pith), (T3-10% Rhizophora pith), and (T4-15% Rhizophora pith). Parameters measured include feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA using the general linear model of statistical analysis for sciences while differences among means were determined using Duncan's multiple tests. The findings of the study showed that rabbits fed diets with 10 and 15 % rhizopith gained weight (P<0.05) faster than those fed the control diet. Feed efficiency increased with levels of rhizopith in the diets with rabbits on 15% rhizopith being most efficient. Crude protein digestibility decreased (P<0.05) with increased level of rhizopith. It was concluded that inclusion of 5% rhizopith in diets for weaner rabbits supported improved growth and nutrient digestibility.
... Nevertheless, ruminant feed production strongly impacts the environment, promoting degradation of natural carbon sinks 2,6,58 . A common practice to overcome feed production limitations is recycling molasses, straws and grains otherwise discarded [59][60][61] . However, such agricultural by-products are highly brous, require longer fermentation and foment methane production 54,59,61 . ...
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Livestock contributes to 14.5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, with ruminants being the largest contributor through enteric methane emissions. Although several strategies are available to mitigate livestock methane, no consensus exists on which methods are the most effective. Here, we projected by 2050 the impact of the most pragmatic strategies to reduce enteric methane, modelling cattle emissions. The projection shows that supplementing ruminant feed with anti-methanogenic seaweed and converting grassland into silvopasture offer the greatest potential to reduce emissions. A synergic combination of strategies can aid Europe and most of Asia to can reach ruminant carbon neutrality by 2035 and 2038, respectively. However, global cattle CO2-eq emissions will be reduced by no more than 34 percent by 2050, remaining far above the carbon neutrality target. Mitigation strategies alone are insufficient to lower emissions, and reducing the demand for ruminant products is also necessary – particularly in Africa and Western Asia.
... Effect of Gmelina leaf meal diets on productive and physiological parameters of West African dwarf goats were found to be appreciable (1368 Kcal kg -1 ) -an indication of its suitability as an energy source for livestock diets (Amata, 2014). The leaves, flower, roots and bark are used in medicine. ...
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West African Dwarf (WAD) goat plays an important socio-economic role, hence the effect of 82 days of feeding Gmelina leaf meal (GLM) diets on feed intake, body weight change and blood indices of WAD goats were investigated. A total of 36 WAD goats averaging 9.04 kg in weight were randomly divided into four groups of nine goats each with three goats constituting a replicate. The groups were randomly assigned four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3, and T4, containing GLM at 0%, 12%, 24% and 36%, respectively) in a completely randomized design. Results indicated significant (p<0.05) improvement for body weights and feed conversion ratio for T2, T3, and T4. There was significant difference (p<0.05) for all the haematological parameters except packed cell volume (PCV). White blood cells (WBC) increased in their number (p<0.05) with incremental levels of GLM in the diets. All the serum biochemical indices showed significant (p<0.05) difference with glucose and cholesterol concentration reduced (p<0.05) with incremental levels of GLM. It could be concluded that GLM can be included in the diets of goats up to 36% without deleterious effects on the productive and physiological indices of WAD goats.
... In view of this rising cost, the sole use of these conventional feed ingredients for intensive animal production is no longer justifiable. Inclusion of alternative non-conventional feed resources in animal feed has been advocated as a way out of this nutritional crisis [1]. Crop residues and agro industrial byproducts abound in Nigeria [2]. ...
... The gap between demand and supply of conventional feed resources for feeding livestock on the planet is increasing. To meet this shortfall, feed resources with potential application in ruminant feeding and particularly in the development of fully sustainable food systems have been studied (Amata, 2014). Bananas have been identified as an alternative source of energy for the animal production system (Archimède et al., 2010;Wadhwa et al., 2015). ...
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The use of new feed resources, particularly local agroindustrial byproducts, such as banana, may be an option for replacing those traditionally used for sheep feed to reduce production costs. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary effects of replacing corn bran with banana leftovers on performance, carcass, non-carcass components, meat traits, and fatty acid profile of Santa Inês lambs. Twenty-four Santa Inês female lambs with an average weight of 23.73 kg were fed diets containing 60 % coast cross hay and 40 % concentrate (30 % corn bran and 10 % soybean meal). Treatments consisted of corn bran replaced by banana leftovers at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 75 % on a dry matter basis. The experiment lasted 120 days. Animals were slaughtered and carcasses and non-carcass components were evaluated. The half-carcasses were weighed and sectioned into commercial cuts. The 12th and 13th ribs were dissected to collect bones, muscle and fat proportions. Cooking loss, color, shear force and sarcomere length were measured. Fatty acid profiles were obtained by gas chromatography. Hot and cold carcass weight, leg, neck, lung, loin eye area, fat thickness, initial sample weight of the 12th and 13th ribs, fat and bone, presented a negative linear effect of banana leftovers replacing corn in the diet. Loin, fat thickness, cooking loss and carcass redness showed a negative quadratic effect, while full and empty abomasum, full omasum, sarcomere length and yellowness presented a positive quadratic effect. Replacement of up to 75 % of corn bran by banana leftovers did not interfere in the intake, performance, meat traits and the fatty acid profile of lambs. The use of banana leftovers may be an alternative for reducing animal production costs.
... The presence of high levels of tannins and cyanogenic glucosides in MSK has limited its use in diet formulation; however, it has been reported that properly processed meal can be used at levels of 5-10 % in poultry (Dakare et al. 2012). Foidl et al. (2001) have shown that Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) is an excellent source of nutrients and can serve as a rich source of protein (60 % DM), beta-carotene (582 mg/kg DM) and vitamin (400 mg/kg DM) in broiler diets (Amata 2014). Total protein digestibility of MOLM is high and the leaves are very low in ANFs such as tannins, phenols and saponins (Foidl et al. 2001;Titgemeyer and Loest 2001). ...
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The demand for meat in developing countries is on the increase, and this trend is expected to continue over the years. The ability of poultry and rabbit to meet the animal protein demand in developing countries cannot be overemphasized. However, the main constraint limiting effective and efficient use of these choice animals is the high cost of traditional feed ingredients such as maize, soybean meal, fish meal and groundnut cake which are in strict competition with man’s dietary need. However, it is also becoming clear that the requirements for the traditional feed ingredients cannot be met, even according to optimistic forecasts. The gap between local supply and demand for these traditional ingredients is expected to widen over the coming decades, providing a compelling reason for exploring the usefulness of locally available, alternative feedstuffs in feed formulations. Alternative feedstuffs include, but not limited to, agro-industrial by-products and leaf meals of some common tropical plant species. They are good nutrient sources, but their use in animal production has been limited owing to constraints imposed by anti-nutritional and socio-economic factors. Protein from the leaf and seed meals of tropical plants is perhaps the most naturally abundant and cheapest source of plant protein. Several studies regarding the nutritive values of alternative feedstuffs and their usefulness in animal nutrition have been published. The effect of alternative feedstuffs based diets on some physiological parameters of rabbits and chickens have been reported by several authors. The use of alternative feedstuffs in rabbit and poultry diets and their effects on blood chemistry and haematology was reviewed. The review also covered their chemical compositions, economics and availability.
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Small ruminants are of great importance to the livelihoods of many people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since they act as a source of meat, income, hides and skins and for cultural identity. Despite their great importance, especially to rural smallholder farmers, their production in Africa is hindered by poor nutrition. The first stage of establishing development strategies to increase feed quality and quantity is to conduct a comprehensive inventory of the feed resources that are currently available, especially in SSA. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the availability and nature of the common feed resources that are used in the feeding of small ruminants in Uganda. This study involved a comprehensive review of various scientific, technical and economic literature that has been published up to date. Our results show that the available feed resources in Uganda can be grouped mainly into:- crop wastes and residues, agro-industrial by-products, conserved feeds, natural pastures and browse. The main feed resources for small ruminants in Uganda have been identified as natural pastures, which are generally characterised by a low nutritive value. However, browses are seen to have a high crude protein content and could be used as a supplement to grass forages and crop residues. It has been noted that farmers lack knowledge related to feed processing and management, in addition to a lack of policy governing feed quality. Therefore, there is a need to train farmers on how to process and utilise crop residues, in addition to proper feed management practices like pasture cultivation and conservation. It is also necessary to introduce widely new pasture species with better nutritional values that are suitable for the local production systems.
Article
Cypyrafluone, a novel hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicide, can successfully control a wide species of grass and broadleaf weed in wheat fields. However, the dissipation behaviors and terminal residues of cypyrafluone in wheat fields remain unclear. Here, a simple, accurate, and dependable approach for the analysis of cypyrafluone in soil, wheat plant, and grain was constructed utilizing an adapted QuEChERS extraction combined with UPLC-MS/MS. For accurate quantification, matrix-matched calibrations with high linearity (R2 >0.99) were employed to eliminate matrix interference. The method possessed high accuracy with recoveries in the range of 85.5%- 100.6% and precision with relative standard deviations < 14.3%, as well as high sensitivity with limits of quantifications of 0.001 mg kg-1 in the three matrixes. The dissipation kinetics and terminal residues of cypyrafluone were determined at two separate locations with different climates, soil types and cropping systems in 2018. The half-lives of cypyrafluone in soil and wheat plant were 1.47-1.55 d and 1.00-1.03 d, respectively. At harvest, the terminal residue values of cypyrafluone detected in wheat plants were 0-0.0025 mg kg-1 and 0.0044-0.0057 mg kg-1 at the recommended dose and 1.5 times of the recommended dose, respectively, and 0.0049 mg kg-1 of this herbicide was detected in grain at 1.5 times of the recommended dose, which was below the maximum residue limit (MRL). Finally, the risk quotient for cypyrafluone ranged from 0.33% to 0.81% (<1) for different age groups in China, indicating that the impact of residues from the cypyrafluone application on wheat was acceptable. These findings above will offer scientific guidelines for cypyrafluone application in the wheat field ecosystem.
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Pakistan's conventional feed supply is rapidly depleting, forcing the country to turn to non-conventional sustainable feed to meet the demand of the livestock and fishery sectors. The current study investigates the effect of pH on the nutritional composition of Lemna minor L., a freshwater macrophyte and a potential alternative feed. Fronds were grown in a pH range of 4-10 and replicated three times. The growth rate was highest (90 g m −2 day −1) at pH 7 while lowest (40 g m −2 day −1) at pH 4. Protein content dropped sharply at pH 4, but the highest (31 g/100 g) was found at pH 7 and 8. The lipid fraction was high at greater pH values (9, 10), while low in acidic conditions. Carbohydrate was maximum (59.3 g/100 g dw). A higher level of Ca (34, 37, 38 mg/100 g dw) was observed in pH 5 and 6 while low Ca content (24 mg/100 g dw) was recorded for the control group. In contrast, the Mg level slightly increased with increasing pH while the maximum concentration (32 mg/100 g dw) was observed at pH 10 and in the control group. High Fe moiety (936 mg/100 g) was found at pH 5 and 6. Higher Mn (3.0 mg/100 g) was seen at a slightly acidic pH. The lowest level of Mn (1.7 mg/100 and 2.0 mg/100) was recorded at pH 9 and 10, respectively. The highest fraction of Zn (0.08 mg/100 g) was observed in pH 6 and 7 while the lowest Zn came at pH 9. The study concluded that L. minor grows best between pH 6 and 10 under the current agroclimatic conditions of Pakistan with an optimal nutritional profile.
Chapter
Feed unavailability has become a major concern in sustenance of livestock rearing adopted as an occupation. To meet the increasing demand for livestock products, higher quantities of feed resources are required in the coming years. In this context, there is a need to look for alternate feed resources, which are available in sufficient quantity but have not been given much attention for their efficient utilization in livestock feeding. Among these, crop residues have enormous potential for their utilization as a potential livestock feed.
Chapter
Livestock rearing plays a significant role in agricultural sector. Both livestock and agricultural production are interdependent components of the farming system in the country. In the Himalayan region, the farmers are still conserving feed resources and continuing with conventional practices of livestock feeding. However, the ample availability of feed resources has become challenging in the present phase of urbanization and increased anthropogenic activities in the region. Therefore, the limited availability of green fodder, continuous rise in prices of feeds available in markets and overdependence on low-quality feeds are emerging as major concerns in achieving sustainable livestock production not only in the Indian Himalayan region but also in other countries under similar topographies. A viable strategy for sustainable livestock productivity is the efficient use of available feed resources including enlargement of the feed resource base through a quest for novel feed resources, particularly those not competing with human food (Katoch et al. 2018a). Therefore, it is high time to look for alternative feeding resources for supplementation of available resources for meeting the nutritional as well as feed requirements of livestock. Under these circumstances, the nonconventional feed resources (NCFR) is a viable option for filling the gap between the supply and demand of animal feeds and nutritional sufficiency.
Chapter
Climate change is inevitable and thus there is an immediate need to plan for the future amelioration and mitigation strategies to sustain livestock production. This chapter is therefore aimed to shed some light on few supreme strategies that need to be considered while planning to tackle future climate change effects in livestock sector. To begin with, improvisation of thermal indices which reveal the impact of stress is necessary. Furthermore, adoption of predicted livestock early warning systems, advanced molecular tools to assess thermo-tolerance and also assess animal welfare, incorporation of nanotechnology in animal production and so on are some of the proposed strategies. Additionally, a lot more consideration should also be given to animal management and livestock farming practices like, improvising the nutritional charts in animals, encouraging climate smart livestock farming keeping a regular check on the soil, climate and livestock harmony. Along with these, approaches to reduce the livestock further contribution to climate change should be considered. Animal breeding is another major division that can play a promising role in future livestock farming in the face of global warming threat. Screening large livestock populations, breeding for climate-resilient livestock, actively incorporating the local indigenous germplasm and further substantiating the target to identify agro-ecological zone specific breeds are some of the vital aspects to be considered. The proposed approaches to effectively combat climate change are of great relevance and hence these concepts should be disseminated across the globe to ensure future sustainability in livestock farming.
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The effect of supplementation of grazing cattle with unconventional agro-industrial by-products on milk production and economic performance was evaluated in the Amazon region of Peru. Ten lactating cows were used in a simple crossover design with two periods of 21 days (11 days of adaptation and 10 days of measurements), and two treatments: conventional supplementation (rice polishing) and a mixture of unconventional agro-industrial by-products-MUABP (rice polishing, rice middling, cocoa hull, and coconut meal). Cattle supplemented with MUABP produced more milk than those fed the conventional supplement (10.2 vs. 8.8 kg/cow/day, p <0.001). No differences were found between the two treatments in protein, fat, or lactose content of milk (3.9%, 3.17%, 4.54% on average respectively; p ≥0.05). Daily weight gain with the MUABP treatment was 0.09 kg/day, while with conventional supplementation cow lost −0.04 kg/day (p =0.01). Body condition did not differ between treatments (p ≥0.05). Income due to supplementation with unconventional agro-industrial by-product was US $0.2 in comparison with only rice polishing. Cattle supplemented with MUABP improved milk production and their economic profitability.
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Livestock contributes to 14.5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, with ruminants being the largest contributor through enteric methane emissions. Although several mitigation strategies are available to reduce livestock methane, no consensus exists on which methods are the most effective. Here, the mitigation impact of the most pragmatic strategies to reduce enteric methane has been projected to 2050, using cattle emissions as a model. The projection shows that supplementing ruminant feed with anti-methanogenic seaweed and converting grassland into silvopasture offer the greatest potential to reduce emissions. With a synergic combination of strategies, the livestock sector in Europe and most of Asia can reach carbon neutrality by 2035 and 2038, respectively. However, global cattle CO2-eq emissions will be reduced by no more than 34 percent by 2050, remaining far above the carbon neutrality target. Mitigation strategies alone are insufficient to lower emissions, and reducing the demand for ruminant products is also necessary – particularly in Africa and Western Asia.
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West African Dwarf (WAD) goat plays an important socio-economic role, hence the effect of 82 days of feeding Gmelina leaf meal (GLM) diets on feed intake, body weight change and blood indices of WAD goats were investigated. A total of 36 WAD goats averaging 9.04 kg in weight were randomly divided into four groups of nine goats each with three goats constituting a replicate. The groups were randomly assigned four experimental diets (T1, T2, T3, and T4, containing GLM at 0%, 12%, 24% and 36%, respectively) in a completely randomized design. Results indicated significant (p<0.05) improvement for body weights and feed conversion ratio for T2, T3, and T4. There was significant difference (p<0.05) for all the haematological parameters except packed cell volume (PCV). White blood cells (WBC) increased in their number (p<0.05) with incremental levels of GLM in the diets. All the serum biochemical indices showed significant (p<0.05) difference with glucose and cholesterol concentration reduced (p<0.05) with incremental levels of GLM. It could be concluded that GLM can be included in the diets of goats up to 36% without deleterious effects on the productive and physiological indices of WAD goats.
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One hundred fifty Anak and 120 Nigerian heavy local ecotype (NHLE) chickens were used to study the effects of feeding graded levels of mango seed kernel meal (MKM) replacing maize diet on growth traits and haematological parameters. A 2 × 5 factorial arrangement was employed: two breeds and five diets. The birds were randomly allocated to five finisher diets formulated such that MKM replaced maize at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) inclusion levels, respectively. The effect of breed and dietary treatments on growth performance and blood characteristics were determined. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) breed effect on body weight and gain, shank length, thigh length, body width and body length. The growth traits of Anak breed were found to be superior to NHLE chickens. Within treatments, chicks on T1, T2 and T3, grew heavier than those on T4 and T5. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and haematological indices (RBC, Hb, MCV, MCH and MCHC count) were not significant (P > 0.05) when the breeds and treatments were compared. It was concluded that inclusion of dietary MKM below 30 % could replace maize in the diets of Anak and NHLE growing chickens without adverse effect on growth performance and blood constituents. This work suggests that genetic differences exist in growth traits of these breeds of chickens. This advantage could be useful in breed improvement programmes and better feeding managements of the NHLE and Anak chickens.
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