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Antibacterial and antioxidant activities and acute toxicity of Bumelia sartorum, a Brazilian medicinal plant

Authors:
Halliny Siqueira Ruela at Marinha do Brasil
Halliny Siqueira Ruela
Ivana Correa Ramos Leal at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Ivana Correa Ramos Leal
Michelle R. A. de Almeida
Michelle R. A. de Almeida
Michelle R. A. de Almeida
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Kátia Regina Netto dos Santos at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Kátia Regina Netto dos Santos
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In order to validate the Bumelia sartorum Mart., Sapotaceae, traditional use for infection diseases, this study evaluates the antibacterial activity of the stem bark fractions against methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) Staphylococcus aureus strains by using the agar dilution method and reported as MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration). In addition, the DPPH scavenging activity of these fractions was measured and the chemical composition and acute toxicity of the active fraction were also determined. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract was chemically analyzed by LC/MS, direct ionization APCI/MS, 1H NMR and 13C-NMR. All fractions, except butanol extract, presented high antioxidant activity, especially the methanol and the EtOAc extracts, which showed EC50 values (5.67 and 5.30 µg/mL, respectively) considerably lower than the Gingko-standard EGb 761® (38.58 µg/mL). The antibacterial activity against S. aureus strains was observed in EtOAc (MIC 256-512 µg/mL), which showed a very low toxicity. The chemical study of this fraction revealed the abundant presence of polyphenolic compounds. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities reported in this paper for EtOAc extract from B. sartorum and the low toxicity of this fraction opens the possibility that it could be helpful for the developing of new antibacterial agents for treating S. aureus infections.
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... Rutoside, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin analytical standards were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Germany). Procyanidin B2 was used from the IPB-NWC in-house reference compound library (isolated from Bumelia sartorum Mart.) [48]. All the reagents and solvents used were of analytical and LC-MS grade. ...
Insights into the Phytochemistry of the Cuban Endemic Medicinal Plant Phyllanthus orbicularis: Fideloside, a Novel Bioactive 8-C-glycosyl 2,3-Dihydroflavonol
Article
Full-text available
Phyllanthus orbicularis (Phyllanthaceae) is an endemic evergreen tropical plant of Cuba that grows in the western part of the island and is used in traditional medicine as an infusion. The aqueous extract of this plant presents a wide range of pharmacological activitiessuch as antimutagenic, antioxidant and antiviral effects. Given the many beneficial effects and the great interest in the development of new pharmacological products from natural sources, the aim of this work was to investigate the phytochemistry of this species and to elucidate the structure of the main bioactive principles. Besides the presence of several known polyphenols, the major constituent was hitherto not described. The chemical structure of this compound, here named Fideloside, was elucidated by means of HR-ESIMS/MSⁿ, 1D/2D NMR, FT-IR, and ECD as (2R,3R)-(−)-3’,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside. The compound, as well as the plant aqueous preparations, showed promising bioactive properties, i.e., anti-inflammatory capacity in human explanted monocytes, corroborating future pharmacological use for this new natural C-glycosyl flavanonol.
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... 23 Frente isso, novas perspectivas no desenvolvimento de terapias para controlar este patógeno são discutidas atualmente e apesar da crescente ocorrência de resistência aos antibióticos, há relatos na literatura de susceptibilidade de micro-organismos à fotoinativação. 9, 24 Em estudo semelhante a este, Ferraz et al. 25 , obtiveram redução microbiana eficaz de cerca de 98% de Staphylococcus aureus utilizando a quimioluminescência como fonte de luz e o tempo de iluminação variou de 60 a Assim como Kossakowska et al. 27 , teve como um dos objetivos investigar a virulência da cepa de S. aureus como também a resistência à meticilina. Os dados obtidos permitiram demonstrar a eliminação da resistência a fotoinativação de S. aureus e que ambas as cepas, altamente virulentas e pouco virulentas, poderiam ser facilmente erradicadas com o uso de TFD. ...
Potencial fotossensibilizante de extratos de plantas do agreste na técnica de terapia fotodinâmica
Article
  • Dec 2018
Objetivo: Avaliar in vitroa ação dos extratos de Myracrodruon urundeuva, Stryphnodendron adstringense Sideroxylon obtusifolium como fotossensibilizantes da Terapia Fotodinâmica (TFD). Métodos:A atividade antimicrobiana frente Staphylococcus aureus foi testada utilizando uma matriz de planejamento fatorial 23com a finalidade de exibir os pontos experimentais nos distintos níveis das variáveis independentes, sendo estas: tempo de pré-irradiação, concentração do fotossensibilizante e tempo de irradiação. E os resultados foramavaliados através do modelo de regressão logístico no software R. Nos ensaios a fonte de luz empregada foi o laser vermelho InGaAlP no comprimento de onda de 660 nm e fluência de 70, 140 e 210 J/cm2, na potência de 100mW. Após a aplicação do laser, o conteúdo dos poços foi semeado em placas de Petri contendo Agar Müeller Hinton, incubadasem estufa microbiológica a 37 °C por 24 horas. Em seguida, a leitura das placas foi realizada usando o conceito de crescimento ou não de unidades formadoras de colônias. Resultados: Houve maior tendência de inibição bacteriana quando o tempo de pré-irradiação foi 5 minutos, concentração do extrato de 100µg/mL e tempo de irradiação de 60 segundos, utilizando os extratos de M. urundeuva eS. adstringens. Entretanto, S. obtusifolium não apresentou eficiência fotossensibilizante. Conclusão:Dentro das condições avaliadas, dois dos extratos de plantas testados apresentaram potencial como agente fotossensibilizante na terapia fotodinâmica. E foi possível apresentar para os mesmos modelos estatísticos de predição adequada para a atividade antimicrobiana nas condições estudadas.
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... The abundant presence of polyphenolic compounds was also reported for ethyl acetate bark extract of S. obtusifolium and may be linked to the antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity presented against S. aureus. 32 This extract corroborates the antimicrobial activity results related to the EC extract in this study, which showed the greatest quantification of total polyphenols, as shown in Table 2, and was the only one that showed inhibitory potential on the growth of S. mutans as shown in Table 1. Condensed tannins were quantified in all of the freezedried and ethanol extracts, which presented moderate inhibitory activity on the growth of C. albicans. ...
Antimicrobial Potential of Plant Extracts and Chemical Fractions of Sideroxylon Obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D. Penn on Oral Microorganisms
Article
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and chemical fractions of Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Candida albicans as well as to identify the chemical classes found in the bioactive extracts possessing better activity. Materials and methods: Freeze-dried hydroalcoholic extracts of the bark and leaves (LC and LF respectively) and ethanol extracts of bark and leaves (EC and EF respectively) of S. obtusifolium were assessed for antimicrobial potential by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The tests were performed by microdilu-tion method (in triplicate) in three independent experiments. Phytochemical characterization was performed by quantification of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Results: The EC extract presented weak antimicrobial potential on the growth of S. mutans (MIC = 1000 μg/mL); all extracts showed moderate inhibitory activity on the growth of C. albicans (MIC = 500 μg/mL). The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions of LF extracts showed moderate growth inhibitory activity (MIC = 250 μg/mL) on C. albicans and fungicide potential (MFC/MIC = 2). The phytochemical characterization revealed a predominance of total polyphenols (EC = 29.23%; LC = 25.98%) and condensed tannins (LC = 38.84%; LF = 17.78%). Conclusion: The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions of S. obtusifolium LF extract showed antifungal activity against C. albicans, with the potential for bioprospection of phytocom-pounds for the treatment of periodontal fungal diseases caused by this microorganism. The effect may be related to phyto-chemical compounds from the polyphenol and condensed tannin classes. Clinical significance: Research for new oral microbial disease treatment alternatives in bioactive compounds from medicinal plants is of clinical relevance and scientific interest since many therapeutic antifungal agents do not obtain the effectiveness expected due to microbial resistance, or to adverse effects on human tissues.
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... The rats in the experimental groups were given a single dose (1 mL) of S2 at low (100 mg/kg) and high concentration (400 mg/kg) and the control group was given normal saline (1 mL) once every 15 d. The two doses (low and high) in this study were based on published results [11] . The extract was diluted in normal saline and was administered orally using a ball-tipped intubation needle fitted onto a syringe. ...
Safety of Malaysian marine endophytic fungal extract S2 from a brown seaweed Turbinaria conoides
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2014
Objective: To evaluate the in vivo acute toxicity and antioxidant activity of the marine endophytic fungus extract S2 isolated from Turbinaria conoides. Methods: Two doses (100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of the S2 extract were administered to rats orally for acute toxicity and antioxidant test. The body weight, relative weight of six organs, haematological, biochemical and antioxidant properties were investigated on Day 14. Results: A single oral dose treatment did not cause any mortality or observable adverse effects in rats. No significant variations in the body and organ weights between the control and the treated groups were observed. Heamatological analysis and clinical blood chemistry also did not reveal any toxic effects of the extract. The total white blood cell count and haemoglobin levels were increased. The levels of total serum cholesterol in males treated with 100 and 400 mg/kg were significantly (P
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... An in vivo study by Ruela et al. (2011) evaluated the acute toxicity in mice of the ethyl acetate fraction from the stem bark of S. obtusifolium. The authors found that such fraction, rich in polyphenols, has very low cytotoxicity with LD 50 of 777 mg/kg by intraperitoneal route. ...
The antifungal potential of Sideroxylon obtusifolium and Syzygium cumini and their mode of action against Candida albicans
Article
Context The emergence of resistant pathogens and toxicity of antifungals have encouraged an active search for novel candidates to manage Candida biofilms. Objective In this study, the little known species Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn (Sapotacea) and Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), from the Caatinga biome in Brazil were chemically characterized and explored for their antifungal potential against C. albicans. Materials and methods We determined the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts/fractions upon fungal growth (minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations, MIC/MFC), biofilm morphology (scanning electron microscopy) and viability (confocal laser scanning microscopy), proposed their mode of action (sorbitol and ergosterol assays), and finally investigated their effects against macrophage and keratinocyte cells in a cell-based assay. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post-test (α = 0.05). Results The n-butanol (Nb) fraction from S. obtusifolium and S. cumini extract (Sc) showed flavonoids (39.11 ± 6.62 mg/g) and saponins (820.35 ± 225.38 mg/g), respectively, in their chemical composition and demonstrated antifungal activity, with MICs of 62.5 and 125 μg/mL, respectively. Nb and Sc may complex with ergosterol as there was a 4–16-fold increase in MICs in the presence of exogenous ergosterol, leading to disrupted permeability of cell membrane. Deleterious effects were observed on morphology and viability of treated biofilms from concentrations as low as their MICs and higher. Sc was not toxic to macrophages and keratinocytes at these concentrations (p > 0.05), unlike Nb. Conclusions Nb and Sc demonstrated considerable antifungal activity and should be further investigated as potential alternative candidates to treat Candida biofilms.
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... Epicatechin, catechin, procyanidins B and ellagic acid were the most abundant polyphenolic compounds present in the ethanolic extract [34]. Ruela et al [35] showed that polyphenolic rich ethyl acetate partition and F5 fraction obtained from B.sartorum has a hypoglycemic effect on normoglycemic mice, more significant than that of the known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide used as a standard comparable compound. ...
Emergence of traditional antidiabetic treatments as starting points for development of modern medicine
Article
Full-text available
  • Jun 2015
It is projected by the World Health Organization (WHO) that by the year 2030, diabetes will be the leading cause of death in the world judging from the current trend of the disease. Medicinal plants are used in traditional systems all over the world since time immemorial. About 80% of the world population still rely on traditional herbal medicine to meet their primary health care needs especially in rural areas of developing nations. Scientific studies elucidating the mechanism of action of some traditional medicines have been instrumental in the development of some modern medicines. It is in the light of the above that the present review provides profiles of plants with hypoglycemic properties starting from the discovery of a well-known and acceptable medication for diabetes: metformin. We traced the origin of the discovery of metformin from the plant Galega officinalis (Family: Fabaceae) to the drug form and we have highlighted the various efforts taken for the final product to be arrived at. Plants discussed in this review include; Anacardium occidentale Linn, Bumelia sartorum Mart, Coccinia indica Wight & Arn, Phaseolus vulgaris L, Vaccinium myrtillus L, Rauwolfia vomitoria Afzel, Panax quinquefolius L, Panax ginseng C.A.Mey, Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.).
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The use of medicinal plants in the county of Tanquinho, State of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil
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  • Jan 2000
The present study attempts to record the folk medicinal uses of 97 plants of the county of Tanquinho, State of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Data were obtained from September to November 1997 by conducting open-ended interviews with practitioners and users of local traditional medicine. The most representative botanic families were Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Anacardiaceae, Verbenaceae, and Cucurbitaceae. Plant-based remedies are used to cure numerous ailments, such as influenza, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, lithiasis, tuberculosis, asthma, fever, diarrhea, toothache, dysentery, cough, and cystitis. The value of medicinal resources derived from plants is very significant. Ethnobotanical knowledge is to be included into programs of medicinal plant conservation in order to provide medicines, food, and income to the people.
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Antibacterial and brine shrimp lethality tests of biflavonoids and derivatives of Rheedia gardneriana
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The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves from Rheedia gardneriana yielded volkensiflavone (1), fukugetin (2), fukugiside (3), GB2a-I-7-O-glucoside (4) and epicatechin (5). Compounds 1–5, and some derivatives of 1 and 2 were evaluated for lethality to brine shrimp larvae and for antibacterial activity.
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Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Ad??mez (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts
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Grape seeds were powdered and the fatty material was extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with petroleum ether (60–80 °C) for 6 h. The defatted powder was extracted with acetone:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) and methanol:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) for 8 h each separately. The extracts were concentrated under vacuum to obtain crude extracts, which were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 280 nm. Monomeric procyanidin was found to be the major compound being at 48 and 40% in acetone:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) and methanol:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) extracts, respectively. These extracts were tested for antibacterial activity by pour plate method against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was found that, Gram-positive bacteria were completely inhibited at 850–1000 ppm, while Gram-negative bacteria were inhibited at 1250–1500 ppm concentration. Radical-scavenging activity of grape seed extracts of acetone:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) and methanol:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) were compared with BHA at 25 and 50 ppm concentrations by HPLC method using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The antioxidant capacities of grape seed extracts were determined by the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex method. It was found that acetone:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) extract was better radical scavenger than methanol:water:acetic acid (90:9.5:0.5) extract.
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Ceanothane and Lupane Type Triterpenes from Zizyphus joazeiro - An Anti-Staphylococcal Evaluation
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  • Aug 2009
  • PLANTA MED
The present paper describes the phytochemical and anti-staphylococcal activity investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the Brazilian plant Zizyphus joazeiro Mart. The purification steps were guided by bioassays against 17 bacterial strains of clinical sources, including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and -sensitive (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus as well as MRSA (ATCC 33591) and MSSA (ATCC 29213) reference strains. One of the more active fractions is comprised of three lupane-type triterpenes, the methylbetulinate (1) as well as the known betulinic (2) and alphitolic (3) acids and, for the first time in the Z. joazeiro, two ceanothane type triterpenes, the methylceanothate (4) and the epigouanic acid A (5). These substances were assayed against one clinical (PVL+) and the reference strains of S. aureus as well as the ATTC 12228 strain of S. epidermidis, in concentrations that varied from 128 to 0.125 microg/mL in order to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drugs. The minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) was also evaluated to distinguish the bactericidal from bacteriostatic activity of the crude fractions and single compounds. Compounds 3 and 4 possess the highest antibacterial activity. They inhibit all bacteria tested at 32 microg/mL and 16 microg/mL, respectively, while the other compounds showed no activity at 128 microg/mL. In contrast to single compounds, the triterpenoid fraction showed bactericidal activity at 256 microg/mL. Structural elucidations are based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as HR-FT-ICR-MS experiments.
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Patterns and Determinants of Inappropriate Antibiotic Use in Injection Drug Users
Article
  • Feb 2009
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Inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to the emergence and spread of drug resistant infections. Though injection drug users are at increased risk for drug resistant infections, few studies have examined antibiotic use in this population. To understand patterns and determinants of antibiotic use among injection drug users. Five focus groups were conducted with 28 current injection drug users recruited from a syringe exchange program in Philadelphia and analyzed using the constant comparative method to identify emergent themes. Twenty-six participants also completed a written survey instrument. Injection drug users reported frequent antibiotic exposure, with 12 of 26 participants reporting use of antibiotic medications at least once in the previous 30 days. Participants reported several patterns of antibiotic use that were potentially harmful, including delays in seeking medical care, failing to fill prescriptions, obtaining antibiotics from non-provider sources, and poor adherence to prescribed regimens. The major determinants of inappropriate antibiotic use were delayed recognition of severity of illness, reluctance to wait to be seen, previous mistreatment by providers, lack of insurance, prioritizing purchasing drugs of abuse over antibiotics, forgetting to take antibiotics because of distractions that accompany drug use, concerns about interactions between antibiotics and other substances, and an irregular diet. Additionally, injection drug users commonly misunderstood the concept of antibiotic resistance and equated it with tolerance. Injection drug users reported potentially dangerous antibiotic use behaviors and described determinants of these behaviors. Outreach and educational interventions to improve antibiotic use should target high-risk populations, such as injection drug users, and consider their distinct antibiotic use behaviors and determinants.
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Wound healing, anti-microbial and antioxidant potential of Dendrophthoe falcata (L.F) Ettingsh
Article
  • Sep 2008
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Ettingsh (Loranthaceae) of the order Santalales, is used ethnomedicinally for treating ulcers, asthma, impotence, paralysis, skin diseases, and wounds. In this context, validations of the ethnotherapeutic claims of the plant in wound healing activity was studied, besides anti-microbial activity and antioxidant activity were performed to understand the mechanism of wound healing potency. The ethanolic extract of aerial parts of Dendrophthoe falcata ethanolic extract (DFEE) was investigated for the evaluation of its healing efficiency on excision and incision wound models in rats. The results showed that Dendrophthoe falcata extract has potent wound healing capacity as evident from the wound contraction and increased tensile strength. Hydroxyproline and hexosamine expressions were also well correlative with the healing pattern observed. Three of the fractions A-C (petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol, respectively) obtained from the extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against the organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Serratia marcescens, and five fungi Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis: dimorphic fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger: systemic fungi, and some infectious bacteria Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. The results also indicated that DFEE possesses potent antioxidant activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase levels and increased the catalase activity.
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Probable mechanism of hypoglycemic activity of basic acid, a natural product isolated from. Bumelia sartorum
Article
  • May 1991
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
Bassic acid, an unsaturated triterpene acid isolated from an ethanol extract of Bumelia sartorum rootbark, elicited significant hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-diabetic rats and altered the pattern of glucose tolerance in these animals. In addition, bassic acid treatment increased significantly the glucose uptake process and glycogen synthesis in isolated rat diaphragm. Bassic acid treatment increased plasma insulin levels significantly in alloxan-diabetic rats. It is suggested that the hypoglycemia activity of bassic acid may be mediated through enhanced secretion of insulin from the pancreatic beta-cells.
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Chemistry and pharmacology of an ethanol extract of Bumelia sartorum
Article
  • Nov 1985
  • J ETHNOPHARMACOL
Bumelia sartorum has been mentioned in Brazilian folklore for its reputed use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and inflammatory disorders. An ethanol extract of root bark elicited a hypoglycemic effect in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In addition, the extract altered glucose tolerance in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and significantly inhibited glycogenolysis in the liver. These results indicate that the hypoglycemic effect may be similar to chlorpropamide and possibly due to an enhanced secretion of insulin from the islets of Langerhans or an increased utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues. Besides hypoglycemic activity, the ethanol extract also elicited significant anti-inflammatory activity, but did not show any significant effects on blood pressure, respiration or on the various isolated tissue preparations studied. Basic acid has been isolated from the ethanol extract and this component may be responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory activity. However, it is yet to be established whether basic acid is responsible for the observed hypoglycemic activity of the ethanol extract.
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