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Propiedades psicométricas preliminares de la forma española del Oxford Happiness Questionnaire Short-Form (OHQ-SF)

Authors:
Joaquín Tomás-Sábado at Escuelas Universitarias Gimbernat
Joaquín Tomás-Sábado
Montserrat Edo-Gual at Escuelas Universitarias Gimbernat
Montserrat Edo-Gual
Amor Aradilla-Herrero at Escuelas Universitarias Gimbernat
Amor Aradilla-Herrero
Josep V. Sorribes López
Josep V. Sorribes López
Josep V. Sorribes López
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15º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatria.com. Interpsiquis 2014
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1
PROPIEDADES PSICOMÉTRICAS PRELIMINARES DE LA FORMA ESPAÑOLA DEL
OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM (OHQ-SF)
PRELIMINARY PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE SPANISH FORM OF THE
OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM (OHQ-SF)
Joaquín Tomás-Sábado* **; Montserrat Edo-Gual*; Amor Aradilla-Herrero*; Josep V. Sorribes
López**; Beatriz Fernández-Najar**; Javier Montes-Hidalgo*
* Escola Universitària d’Infermeria Gimbernat.
** Institut Català de la Salut. SAP Mataró-Maresme.
jtomassabado@gmail.com
RESUMEN:
Hills y Argyle han construido el Cuestionario de Felicidad de Oxford (Oxford Happiness
Questionnaire = OHQ) para evaluar el bienestar subjetivo percibido. Asimismo, han desarrollado una
versión reducida de ocho ítems (OHQ-SF), que pretende ser una alternativa a la versión completa de
29 ítems cuando el tiempo disponible es reducido.
Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue traducir y adaptar al español el Cuestionario de
Felicidad de Oxford (OHQ) y determinar las propiedades psicométricas preliminares de la versión
reducida.
Método.
Traducción. La versión española del OHQ se desarrolló a partir de la forma original inglesa,
mediante sucesivos procesos de traducción y retrotraducción.
Sujetos. Participaron 319 estudiantes de enfermería, 257 mujeres, 57 hombres y 5 que no
respondieron a la pregunta sobre el sexo, con una edad media de 22,53 (DT = 5,49) y un rango de
17 a 50 años.
Instrumentos. Los estudiantes respondieron un cuestionario anónimo y autoadministrado, que
contenía además del OHQ, escalas de medida de ansiedad general (KUAS), depresión (Zung),
resiliencia (BRCS), competencia percibida (ECP), Autoestima (RSES) y optimismo (OPT).
Resultados y Discusión. Se obtuvo un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,73 para los ocho ítems
del OHQ-SF. Los coeficientes de correlación con el resto de medidas fueron en todos los casos
significativos, negativos con ansiedad general y positivos con resiliencia, competencia percibida,
autoestima y optimismo. En general, los resultados indican que el OHQ-SF presenta características
de fiabilidad y validez aceptables que justifican su uso en la evaluación del bienestar subjetivo en
población española.
ABSTRACT:
Hills and Argyle developed the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) to assessing perceived
subjective well-being. They have also developed an eight-item short version of the scale (OHQ-SF),
intended as an alternative to the full version of 29 items when time is limited.
Aim. The aim of this paper was to translate and adapt the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire
(OHQ) into Spanish and to evaluate the preliminary psychometric properties of the short version.
PROPIEDADES PSICOMÉTRICAS PRELIMINARES DE LA FORMA ESPAÑOLA DEL
OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM (OHQ-SF)
15º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatria.com. Interpsiquis 2014
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Method.
Translation. The OHQ was translated into Spanish from English. Then, the back translation
technique was carried out.
Subjects. The sample consisted of 319 undergraduate nursing students, 257 women, 57 men,
and 5 who did not report gender, with a mean age of 22.53 yr. (SD = 5.49) and a range of 17 to 50
years.
Instruments. Subjects responded to a self-administered anonymous questionnaire which
contained, in addition to the OHQ, scales measuring general anxiety (KUAS), depression (Zung),
resilience (BRCS), perceived competence (ECP), self-esteem (RSES) and optimism (OPT).
Results and Discussion. The scale’s internal consistency, estimated by the Cronbach coefficient
alpha was 0.73 for the eight items of the OHQ-SF. The correlation coefficients with the other
measures were significant in all cases, negative between the OHQ-SF and general anxiety, and
positive with resilience, perceived competence, self-esteem and optimism. Overall, the results
indicate that the OHQ-SF appears to be improved for assessment of well-being in Spanish people.
PROPIEDADES PSICOMÉTRICAS PRELIMINARES DE LA FORMA ESPAÑOLA DEL
OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM (OHQ-SF)
15º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatria.com. Interpsiquis 2014
www.interpsiquis.com - Febrero 2014
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INTRODUCCIÓN
En las últimas décadas, se ha producido un creciente interés por parte de clínicos e
investigadores hacia la denominada “psicología clínica positiva”, centrada en la comprensión y el
tratamiento de los aspectos positivos de la vida y su papel como moduladores del impacto que los
eventos negativos tienen sobre el distrés vital y el trastorno clínico (Wood & Tarrier, 2010).
Paralelamente, se han desarrollado constructos e instrumentos de evaluación psicométrica
relacionados con los rasgos o estados afectivos percibidos de carácter positivo, como, por ejemplo,
la autonomía, la bondad, el sentido del humor, el optimismo, la autoestima o la felicidad, que, en
general, se consideran reflejo de un buen ajuste psicológico y un adecuado estado de bienestar y
satisfacción con la vida.
Argyle, Martin and Crossland (1989) desarrollaron el Inventario de Felicidad de Oxford
(Oxford Happiness Inventory = OHI), una escala autoadministrada de 29 ítems para evaluar el
bienestar subjetivo, construida bajo el presupuesto de que la felicidad de las personas es,
básicamente, el resultado de tres elementos: la frecuencia o grado de afecto positivo o alegría; el
nivel medio de satisfacción vital durante un período de tiempo; y la ausencia de sentimientos
negativos, como la depresión o la ansiedad.
Aunque el OHI ha presentado buenas propiedades psicométricas, tanto en su forma original
inglesa (Furnham & Cheng, 2000; Joseph & Lewis, 1998; Valiant, 1993), como en su adaptación a
otros idiomas (Francis & Katz, 2000; Lewis, Francis, & Ziebertz, 2002; Liaghatdar, Jafari, Abedi, &
Samiee, 2008; Lu & Shih, 1997), presenta el inconveniente de que sus cuatro opciones fijas para
cada uno de los 29 ítems lo convierten en un cuestionario relativamente largo, que precisa un
considerable período de tiempo para su administración.
En un intento de solucionar este problema y mejorar el rendimiento psicométrico del OHI,
Hills y Argyle (2002) han desarrollado el Cuestionario de Felicidad de Oxford (Oxford Happiness
Questionnaire = OHQ), modificando algunos de los ítems y cambiando el formato de respuesta y el
método de puntuación. También proponen una forma corta de la escala de ocho ítems (OHQ-SF),
que pretende ser una alternativa a la versión completa cuando se dispone de poco tiempo para la
administración.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue traducir y adaptar al español el Cuestionario de Felicidad de
Oxford (OHQ) y determinar las propiedades psicométricas preliminares de la versión reducida:
consistencia interna, fiabilidad test retest y validez de constructo, según correlaciones con medidas
de constructos psicológicos positivos (autoestima, resiliencia, optimismo y competencia percibida) y
negativos (ansiedad y depresión).
PROPIEDADES PSICOMÉTRICAS PRELIMINARES DE LA FORMA ESPAÑOLA DEL
OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM (OHQ-SF)
15º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatria.com. Interpsiquis 2014
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MÉTODO
Sujetos. Participaron 319 estudiantes de enfermería, 257 mujeres, 57 hombres y 5 que no
respondieron a la pregunta sobre el sexo, con una edad media de 22,53 (DT = 5,49) y un rango de
17 a 50 años.
Instrumentos. Los estudiantes respondieron un cuestionario anónimo y autoadministrado,
que contenía la forma española de los siguientes instrumentos de medida:
Cuestionario de Felicidad de Oxford (Oxford Happiness Questionnaire = OHQ)(Hills &
Argyle, 2002). El OHQ es un cuestionario de 29 ítems que se puntúan mediante una escala
tipo Likert de seis puntos, desde “totalmente en desacuerdo” (1) a “totalmente de
acuerdo” (6), de manera que las posibles puntuaciones totales presentan un rango de 29 a
174, correspondiendo las puntuaciones más altas a mayores niveles de bienestar
subjetivo. En su versión original (Hills & Argyle, 2002), el OHQ presenta un alfa de
Cronbach de 0,90 y una correlación test-retest a siete semanas de 0,78. La versión corta
(OHQ-SF) se diseñó para su utilización cuando las condiciones de pasación limitan el
tiempo disponible y está formada por ocho ítems (1, 3, 12, 13, 16, 18, 21 y 29). La forma
española del OHQ se desarrolló a partir de la escala original inglesa, mediante sucesivos
procesos de traducción y retrotraducción.
Escala de Ansiedad de la Universidad de Kuwait (Kuwait University Anxiety Scale = KUAS)
(Abdel-Khalek, 2000). La KUAS es una escala desarrollada para evaluar la ansiedad rasgo,
que consta de 20 ítems con formato de respuesta tipo Likert de cuatro puntos, de
raramente (1) a siempre (4), que puntúan todos ellos en la misma dirección, de manera
que el rango de posibles puntuaciones totales es de 20 a 80, correspondiendo las
puntuaciones más altas a mayores niveles de ansiedad.
Escala Autoaplicada de Depresión (Self-Rating Depression Scale = SDS) (Zung, 1965) en
su versión española (Conde & Franch, 1984). La SDS es una escala autoaplicada formada
por 20 frases relacionadas con la depresión, formuladas la mitad en términos positivos y la
otra mitad en términos negativos. El sujeto cuantifica la frecuencia de los síntomas,
utilizando una escala de Likert de 4 puntos, desde 1 (raramente o nunca) hasta 4 (casi
todo el tiempo o siempre).
Escala breve de Resiliencia (Brief Resilient Coping Scale = BRCS) (Sinclair & Wallston,
2004). Está compuesta por cuatro ítems diseñados para evaluar la tendencia al
afrontamiento del estrés de manera eficazmente adaptativa. Los ítems presentan un
formato de respuesta con cinco opciones, desde 1 (no me describe en absoluto) a 5 (me
describe muy bien). En el estudio de adaptación al español (Limonero et al., in press), la
BRCS mostró un alfa de Cronbach de y un coeficiente test-retest de 0,67 y un coeficiente
test-retest a seis semanas, de 0,69.
PROPIEDADES PSICOMÉTRICAS PRELIMINARES DE LA FORMA ESPAÑOLA DEL
OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM (OHQ-SF)
15º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatria.com. Interpsiquis 2014
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Escala de Competencia Personal Percibida (Perceived Personal Competence Scale = PPCS)
(Wallston, 1992). En el presente trabajo se utilizó la versión adaptada al español por
Fernández Castro et al. (1998). Es una escala de ocho ítems, cuatro positivos y cuatro
negativos, con formato de respuesta tipo Likert de seis puntos, desde completamente en
desacuerdo hasta completamente de acuerdo, que se puntúan de uno a seis o de seis a
uno, según la dirección del ítem.
Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (Rosenberg self-esteem scale = RSES) (Rosenberg,
1965). Este cuestionario consta de 10 preguntas con un formato de respuesta tipo Likert
de 4 puntos, desde total desacuerdo a total acuerdo. Cinco de los ítems puntúan en
sentido positivo, de 1 para el total desacuerdo a 4 para el total acuerdo mientras que los
otros cinco ítems puntúan en sentido negativo, de 4 para el total desacuerdo a 1 para el
total acuerdo.
Escala de Optimismo (Life Orientation Test-Revised = LOT-R) (Scheier & Carver, 1985). La
LOT-R es un instrumento autoadministrado que fue desarrollado para evaluar las
diferencias individuales en el optimismo generalizado. Contiene seis ítems puntuables más
cuatro elementos de relleno. Tres de los ítems están expresados en términos positivos y
los otros tres en términos negativos, con puntuaciones invertidas.
Procedimiento. El estudio se ajustó a un diseño observacional, transversal, correlacional. Los
estudiantes respondieron al cuestionario de forma colectiva, en sus propias aulas de clase.
Previamente se les advirtió que la participación era voluntaria y se garantizó el anonimato y
confidencialidad de los datos. Para la tabulación y análisis de los datos se utilizó el Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 21.0) para Windows, calculándose índices
descriptivos y coeficientes de correlación de Pearson.
RESULTADOS
Se obtuvo un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,73 para los ocho ítems del OHQ-SF y una
correlación de 0,90 entre el OHQ y la versión abreviada. La tabla 1 contiene los coeficientes de
correlación entre el OHQ-SF y el resto de medidas utilizadas. Como puede observarse, los
coeficientes son en todos los casos significativos, negativos con ansiedad general y depresión y
positivos con resiliencia, competencia percibida, autoestima y optimismo. Cuatro semanas después
de la primera pasación, 84 de los estudiantes volvieron a responder OHQ-SF, obteniéndose un
coeficiente test-retest de 0,71.
PROPIEDADES PSICOMÉTRICAS PRELIMINARES DE LA FORMA ESPAÑOLA DEL
OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM (OHQ-SF)
15º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatria.com. Interpsiquis 2014
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Tabla 1. Coeficientes de correlación entre la forma abreviada del Cuestionario de Felicidad de Oxford
(OHQ-SF) y las medidas de ansiedad (KUAS), depresión (SDS), resiliencia (BRCS), competencia personal
(PPCS), autoestima (RSES) y optimismo (LOT-R)
OHQ-SF
KUAS
SDS
BRCS
RSES
KUAS
-0.457*
SDS
-0.631*
0.634*
BRCS
0.376*
-0.171*
-0.323*
PPCS
0.575*
-0.392*
-0.533*
0.392*
RSES
0.677*
-0.450*
-0.639*
0.398*
LOT-R
0.611*
-0.449*
-0.585*
0.394*
0.629*
*p<0.01
DISCUSIÓN
Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan evidencia satisfactoria acerca de la consistencia
interna y estabilidad temporal del OHQ-SF en nuestra muestra de estudiantes de enfermería
españoles. Ambas medidas se encuentran muy próximas a las obtenidas por otros autores con la
versión inglesa (Cruise, Lewis, & Mc Guckin, 2005; Hills & Argyle, 2002).
Asimismo, estos resultados están a favor de la validez de constructo del instrumento, que
muestra significativas correlaciones negativas con ansiedad y depresión y positivas con las medidas
de constructos positivos.
En general, puede considerarse que el OHQ-SF presenta características de fiabilidad y validez
aceptables que justifican su uso en la evaluación del bienestar subjetivo en población española,
como una alternativa válida a la versión larga de la escala, cuando las limitaciones de tiempo o su
inclusión en una larga batería de instrumentos así lo aconsejen.
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PROPIEDADES PSICOMÉTRICAS PRELIMINARES DE LA FORMA ESPAÑOLA DEL
OXFORD HAPPINESS QUESTIONNAIRE SHORT-FORM (OHQ-SF)
15º Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatria.com. Interpsiquis 2014
www.interpsiquis.com - Febrero 2014
Psiquiatria.com
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... Both the OHQ-29 and the OHQ-SF have been adapted to Turkish (Dogan & Çotok, 2011;Dogan & Sapmaz, 2012), Chinese (Lung & Shu, 2020), Portuguese (Figueiredo-Braga et al., 2021), Greek (Grigoriadou et al., 2024), and Spanish (Tomás-Sábado et al., 2014) populations, among others. In a study with 319 Spanish undergraduates, Tomás-Sábado et al. (2014) reported results for the OHQ-SF related to reliability coefficients (α and test-retest coefficient) and construct validity with several variables related to personal well-being (optimism, self-esteem, perceived competence, resilience, anxiety, and depression) ( Table 1). ...
... Both the OHQ-29 and the OHQ-SF have been adapted to Turkish (Dogan & Çotok, 2011;Dogan & Sapmaz, 2012), Chinese (Lung & Shu, 2020), Portuguese (Figueiredo-Braga et al., 2021), Greek (Grigoriadou et al., 2024), and Spanish (Tomás-Sábado et al., 2014) populations, among others. In a study with 319 Spanish undergraduates, Tomás-Sábado et al. (2014) reported results for the OHQ-SF related to reliability coefficients (α and test-retest coefficient) and construct validity with several variables related to personal well-being (optimism, self-esteem, perceived competence, resilience, anxiety, and depression) ( Table 1). The study by Tomás-Sábado et al. (2014) is the only one that has analyzed the psychometric properties of the OHQ-SF in the Spanish population, although it did not examine its structural validity. ...
... In a study with 319 Spanish undergraduates, Tomás-Sábado et al. (2014) reported results for the OHQ-SF related to reliability coefficients (α and test-retest coefficient) and construct validity with several variables related to personal well-being (optimism, self-esteem, perceived competence, resilience, anxiety, and depression) ( Table 1). The study by Tomás-Sábado et al. (2014) is the only one that has analyzed the psychometric properties of the OHQ-SF in the Spanish population, although it did not examine its structural validity. Likewise, no study has analyzed the structural validity of the OHQ-SF in a Spanish population using confirmatory procedures. ...
Psychometric properties of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form in Spanish Undergraduates (JCR)
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The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form (OHQ-SF), an 8-item scale that assess happiness, has been adapted with Spanish people. However, none study have examined its structural validity and invariance across gender in young adults. To check this, we analyzed the psychometric properties of the OHQ-SF in a sample of 625 Spanish undergraduates (175 men, 28%, and 450 women, 72%), age-ranged between 18 and 29 years (M = 20.80, SD = 2.40). Spanish adaptations of the OHQ-SF, Purpose In Life Test-10 Items (PIL-10), Satisfaction With Life Scales (SWLS) and Seeking of Noetic Goals (SONG) were used. The OHQ-SF showed an internal consistency of .66, a composite reliability of .68, an average inter-item correlation of .21, and a total-item correlations ranging from .27 to .52 (M = .36). Confirmatory procedures showed an excellent fit for the OHQ-SF (SBχ 2 (20) = 22.387, p = .320, CFI = .996, TLI = .995, RMSEA = .014), and configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance across gender groups. The difference between the girls’ mean (36.40, SD = 5.3) and the boys’ mean (36.27, SD = 5.09) in the OHQ-SF was not significant (t (623) = -.285, p = .776). Correlations between the OHQ-SF, the PIL-10, the SWLS and the SONG-8 were strong and significant (ρ = .61, p < .001; ρ = .64, p < .001; and ρ = -.38, p < .001 respectively). Our results showed the reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the OHQ-SF in Spanish undergraduates.
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... 36 It has a range of scores from 8 to 54 points, with higher scores corresponding to higher levels of subjective well-being. 37 iii) Caregiver burden in physical, psychological health, social activities and economic resources will be studied with Zarit's caregiver burden interview (CBI). 38 Each of the 22 items is scored on a 5-value Likert scale in a total range from 22 to 110 points, with the following cut-off points for the Spanish version: 39 (no burden), 47-55 (burden), 56-110 (intense burden). ...
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... Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ; Hills & Argille, 2002). The Spanish version of this 29-item Likert-Type scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 6 = Strongly agree) was used (Tomás-Sábado et al., 2014). The total score ranges from 29 to 174: the higher the score, the greater the happiness. ...
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Full-text available
  • Jan 2023
The feeling that one's life has meaning is important throughout the human lifespan, and it is considered a factor related to optimal psychological functioning. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the Presence and/or Search for Meaning and several positive psychological functioning variables in emerging adults, and analyze the differences associated with gender. Due to the transitional nature of emerging adulthood, it is important to know the relationships between meaning in life and variables of personal well-being, as well as the differences related to gender in emerging adults, in order to carry out educational and/or clinical interventions to improve their satisfaction with life, self-esteem, and happiness, among other personal well-being variables. The study involved 349 Spanish emerging adults (224 women, 64.20%, and 125 men, 35.80%) with ages ranging between 18 and 26 years, M = 20.81, SD = 2.17. Spanish adaptations of the Purpose-In-Life Test-10 Items, Seeking Of Noetic Goals-8 Items, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and Psychological Well-Being Scales were used. Descriptive statistics, t tests for differences between women and men, correlation analyses, and simple linear regression analyses were carried out. Presence of Meaning and Search for Meaning showed a negative correlationship. Presence of Meaning had a negative significant correlation with negative self-esteem, and a positive significant correlation with satisfaction with life, positive self-esteem, happiness, and psychological well-being. Search for Meaning had a negative significant correlation with satisfaction with life, positive self-esteem, happiness, and psychological well-being, and a positive significant correlation with negative self-esteem. Women obtained higher scores on Presence of Meaning, whereas men had higher scores on self-esteem. The experience of meaning in life (MiL) is a factor in optimal psychological functioning in emerging adulthood. Feeling that life has meaning is related to greater psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and happiness, and it is a significant predictor of positive psychological functioning. By contrast, Search for Meaning is associated with greater life dissatisfaction, less happiness , and lower well-being. The relationship between MiL and positive psychological functioning suggests the importance of providing resources to promote psychological well-being during emerging adulthood.
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... (1 = Strongly disagree; 6 = Strongly agree) was used (Tomás-Sábado et al., 2014). The total scores range from 29 to 174: the higher the score, the greater the happiness (HpN). ...
Psychometric properties of the Purpose In Life-Short Form in Spanish population (JCR)
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Purpose in Life Test-Short Form (PIL-SF), a brief self-report measure of the presence of meaning in life (MiL). Participants were 349 non-clinical Spanish undergraduates (225 women, 64.5%, and 124 men, 35.5%), age ranged between 18 and 26 years (M = 20.85; SD = 2.16). The PIL-SF, the Seeking of Noetic Goals-8 Items (SONG-8), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) were used. Descriptive analysis, estimation of the internal consistency and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the PIL-SF were conducted, and correlations between the PIL-SF and the SONG-8, the SWLS and the OHQ were calculated. The PIL-SF showed good internal consistency and an excellent fit as a unidimensional scale confirming its factorial structure. Regarding construct validity, correlations between the PIL-SF and SWLS (r = .59) and OHQ (r = .56) were positive, significant (p < .001), while correlation between PIL-SF and SONG-8 was negative, significant (r = -.23, p < .001). The Spanish adaptation of PIL-SF seems to be a valid measure of MiL with good internal consistency.
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... Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ; Hills & Argille, 2002). The Spanish version of this 29-item Likert-Type scale (1 = Strongly disagree, 6 = Strongly agree) was used (Tomás-Sábado et al., 2014). The total score ranges from 29 to 174: the higher the score, the greater the happiness. ...
Presence of/Search for Meaning and Positive Psychological Functioning in Spanish Emerging Adults (JCR)
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2021
  • CURR PSYCHOL
Background. The feeling that one's life has meaning is important throughout the human lifespan, and it is considered a factor related to optimal psychological functioning. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the Presence and/or Search for Meaning and several positive psychological functioning variables in emerging adults, and analyze the differences associated with gender. Due to the transitional nature of emerging adulthood, it is important to know the relationships between meaning in life and variables of personal well-being, as well as the differences related to gender in emerging adults, in order to carry out educational and/or clinical interventions to improve their satisfaction with life, self-esteem, and happiness, among other personal well-being variables. Method. The study involved 349 Spanish emerging adults (224 women, 64.20%, and 125 men, 35.80%) with ages ranging between 18 and 26 years, M = 20.81, SD = 2.17. Spanish adaptations of the Purpose-In-Life Test-10 Items, Seeking Of Noetic Goals-8 Items, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and Psychological Well-Being Scales were used. Descriptive statistics, t tests for differences between women and men, correlation analyses, and simple linear regression analyses were carried out. Results. Presence of Meaning and Search for Meaning showed a negative correlationship. Presence of Meaning had a negative significant correlation with negative self-esteem, and a positive significant correlation with satisfaction with life, positive self-esteem, happiness, and psychological well-being. Search for Meaning had a negative significant correlation with satisfaction with life, positive self-esteem, happiness, and psychological well-being, and a positive significant correlation with negative self-esteem. Women obtained higher scores on Presence of Meaning, whereas men had higher scores on self-esteem. Conclusions. The experience of meaning in life (MiL) is a factor in optimal psychological functioning in emerging adulthood. Feeling that life has meaning is related to greater psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and happiness, and it is a significant predictor of positive psychological functioning. By contrast, Search for Meaning is associated with greater life dissatisfaction, less happiness, and lower wellbeing. The relationship between MiL and positive psychological functioning suggests the importance of providing resources to promote psychological well-being during emerging adulthood.
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... Aunque los coeficientes de correlación no son muy elevados, alcanzan significación estadística y sugieren considerar seriamente el estudio de la procrastinación como uno de los factores que pueden afectar al bienestar emocional de los estudiantes e incrementar el riesgo suicida, en un colectivo considerado especialmente vulnerable. Asimismo, las escasas diferencias observadas entre las puntuaciones de hombres y mujeres en las tres escalas administradas están en consonancia, en general, con los resultados obtenidos en otros estudios realizados con muestras de estudiantes [21][22][23] . ...
Procrastinación, bienestar percibido y riesgo suicida en estudiantes de enfermería
Article
  • May 2021
Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la relación entre la procrastinación académica, el bienestar percibido y el riesgo suicida en una muestra de estudiantes de enfermería españoles. Método: participaron 128 estudiantes, 100 mujeres y 28 hombres, que respondieron un cuestionario anónimo y autoadministrado que contenía la Escala de Procrastinación de Tuckman (TPS; Tuckman Procrastination Scale), la Escala de Riesgo Suicida (SRS; Suicide Risk Scale) de Plutchik y la versión reducida del Cuestionario de Felicidad de Oxtord (OHQ-.SF; Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form). El análisis estadístico incluyó el cálculo de índices descriptivos, fa prueba de la t de Student para muestras independientes y los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados: en las tres escalas aplicadas, los hombres obtienen puntuaciones superiores a las mujeres, aunque sin significación estadística en ninguna de ellas. La medida de procrastinación se correlaciona de forma positiva con el riesgo suicida, y de forma negativa con el bienestar percibido, en ambos casos de forma significativa. Discusión: los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la relación inversa entre las conductas procrastinadoras y el bienestar percibido. Asimismo, sugieren que los estudiantes con tendencia a fa procrastinación y bajo nivel de satisfacción personal pueden ser más vulnerables a la ideación y a la conducta suicidas. Se plantea la importancia del personal docente en la detección y orientación de aquellos estudiantes que puedan presentar riesgo suicida. Palabras clave: procrastinación académica, riesgo suicida, bienestar percibido, estudiantes de enfermería.
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... Las puntuaciones más altas representan actitudes machistas, mientras que una baja puntuación se asocia a una actitud positiva hacia la sexualidad. -Escala abreviada de felicidad de Oxford (Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form= OHQ-SF) (29,30). Este cuestionario evalúa el nivel de felicidad o bienestar subjetivo. ...
Diseño y validación de un instrumento para medir actitudes machistas, violencia y estereotipos en adolescentes
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2018
Objetivo: diseño y validación psicométrica de un instrumento para evaluar las actitudes machistas, violencia y estereotipos en adolescentes. Método: a partir de las consideraciones teóricas se construyó un banco de ítems preliminares que fue sometido a la consideración de un panel de expertos, para garantizar la validez de contenido. El cuestionario formado por los 26 ítems se administró a una muestra de estudiantes de Educación Secundaria, junto con instrumentos que permitían medir: doble moral, bienestar subjetivo, autoestima y aTbX[XT]RXP �?PaP�\TSXa�[P�R^]bXbcT]RXP�X]cTa]P�� PQX[XSPS��ST�[P�TbRP[P�bT�dcX[XiÚ�T[�R^T RXT]cT�P[UP�ST�2a^]QPRW �;P�eP[XSTi�ST�R^]bcadRc^�se evaluó mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio. La tabulación y análisis de los datos se realizó con el programa SPSS 21.0. Resultados: la muestra estuvo formada por 283 estudiantes (174 mujeres y 109 hombres), con una media de edad (DE) de %�%'�� �'� �;P�TbRP[P�ST ]XcXeP��4E0�� �'% �'(��h�R^aaT[PRX^]Tb�_^bXcXePb�h�bXV]X RPcXePb��_+� � ��R^]�[Pb�medidas de: doble moral, bienestar subjetivo y resiliencia. EVAMVE presentó correlación positiva con la medida de la autoestima, pero ]^�UdT�bXV]X RPcXeP Conclusiones: la escala presenta propiedades satisfactorias de PQX[XSPS�h�eP[XSTi��`dT�_Ta\XcT�bd�db^�T]�[P�XST]cX RPRXÚ]�ST�PRcX-tudes machistas, violentas y estereotipos en la población adoles-cente, y la diferenciación de los diferentes componentes del fenó-meno. Se considera que este instrumento puede ser útil en la evaluación de actividades orientadas a la prevención de la violen-cia de género en dicha población. (PDF) Diseño y validación de un instrumento para medir actitudes machistas, violencia y estereotipos en adolescentes. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334969805_Diseno_y_validacion_de_un_instrumento_para_medir_actitudes_machistas_violencia_y_estereotipos_en_adolescentes [accessed Aug 21 2020].
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The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Spanish form
Article
  • Oct 2019
This study consists of a translation, intercultural adaptation and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of Suicide Behavior Questionnaire Revised using a sample of 325 undergraduates. Internal consistency, reliability and temporal stability, calculated through Cronbach’s alpha (α =.81) and test-retest correlations (ICC =. 88), respectively, were excellent. The criterion-related validity of the SBQ-R was established by correlating SBQ-R with other psychological constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated adequate fit of the measurement model. This SBQ-R Spanish adaptation is a reliable and valid tool that might be useful to researchers and clinicians wishing to identify young people at a high risk of suicide. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07481187.2019.1671544
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La felicidad en estudiantes universitarios. ¿Existen diferencias según género, edad o elección de estudios?
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2018
The present work deals with the study of happiness on university students, and the possible differences depending on their gender, age and choice of studies that may arise in their subjective perception, derived from an intervention in the classroom based on positive emotions and creativity. We use a quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest. The sample consisted in 83 university students and Higher Technical Degrees, who were evaluated with the “Subjective Happiness scale of Lyubomirsky and Lepper” (1999) and the “Oxford Happiness Questionnaire of Hills and Argyle” (2002). The results show that there are no significant differences in the perception of happiness depending on gender, age and choice of studies, however, the intervention in positive emotions program was effective and the subjective happiness of the students in the experimental group increased significantly compared to the control group. Happiness has been positively associated to academic success; encourages coping with stressful situations of university life; has positive effects on health and on personal and social well-being, also contributes improving people quality of life. Given the importance of preparing the student for working life and the benefits that positive emotions provide, we support their integrated use in university classrooms.
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Evidence for Validity of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale in a Young Spanish Sample
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2014
The aim of the present study was to provide evidence of validity of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale for use in Spanish young population. A total of 365 university students responded to the Spanish version of the BRCS as well as to other tools for measuring personal perceived competence, life satisfaction, depression, anxiety, negative and positive affect, and coping strategies. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the unidimensional structure of the scale. Internal consistency reliability and temporal stability through Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest correlations, respectively, were comparable to those found in the initial validation of the tool. The BRCS showed positive and significant correlations with personal perceived competence, optimism, life satisfaction, positive affect (p < .01), and some coping strategies (p < .05). Significant negative correlations were observed with depression, anxiety and negative affect. (p < .01). Multiple regression analysis with stepwise method showed that positive affect, negative affect, optimism and problem solving explained 41.8% of the variance of the BRCS (p < .001). The Spanish adaptation of the BRCS in a young population is satisfactory and comparable to those of the original version and with the Spanish version adapted in an elderly population. This supports its validity as a tool for the assessment of resilient coping tendencies in young people who speak Spanish and offers researchers and professionals interested in this area of study a simple tool for assessing it. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9266007
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Internal consistency, reliability, and temporal stability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short-form: Test-retest data over two weeks
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2006
  • SOC BEHAV PERSONAL
The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short-form (Hills & Argyle, 2002) is an 8-item measure of happiness. This study evaluated the internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short-form among 55 Northern Irish undergraduate university students who completed the measure on two occasions separated by two weeks. Internal consistency of the measure was satisfactory at both Time 1 (alpha = .62) and Time 2 (alpha = .58). Stability across the two administrations was satisfactory (r = .69), and there was no significant change between Time 1 (M = 34.5, SD = 5.4) and Time 2 (M = 34.6, SD = 5.2). These data support the internal consistency reliability and short-term test-retest reliability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire short-form.
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Hocus-Pocus, the Focus Isn't Strictly on Locus: Rotter's Social Learning Theory Modified for Health
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 1992
This paper shows how the author's original modification of Rotter's social learning theory (SLT) highlighting the construct of health locus of control beliefs is no longer adequate. It develops a new modification of SLT where the internal health locus of control beliefs moderate but do not mediate health-promoting behavior. It discusses the development and utility of global indicators of perceived control over health in preference to a strict focus on the locus of the control.
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Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator?
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 1997
  • PERS INDIV DIFFER
A general measure of happiness of the Chinese people was developed based on results from a qualitative research done with Chinese people in Taiwan, as well as translating items from a well-established Western instrument. Using systematic random sampling, 191 community residents in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, completed measures of extraversion, neuroticism, social desirability, mental symptoms and happiness. LISREL analysis showed there was a positive direct relation between extraversion and happiness; both a negative direct relation between neuroticism and happiness, and an indirect one through symptoms; both a positive direct relations between social desirability and happiness, and an indirect one through symptoms; whereas there was a negative direct relation between symptoms and happiness.
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Life events, happiness and depression: The half empty cup
Article
  • Oct 1993
  • PERS INDIV DIFFER
The present study investigates happiness and depressive mood and their relationship to events and individual perception of events in a sample of adults over a period of approx. 6 weeks. Happiness was measured using the Oxford Happiness Inventory; depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory. Subjects also completed five daily diaries which were analyzed for content and peers rated each subject's characteristic mood. Happiness was found to be more stable than depression over the time period. Depressive mood was significantly related to negative events and to a negative evaluation of these. Happiness was independent of life events of cognitive evaluation of events.
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The Depression–Happiness Scale: Reliability and validity of a bipolar self‐report scale
Article
This article reports two studies aimed at validating the 25-item self-report McGreal and Joseph (1993) Depression–Happiness Scale (D–H S). In the first study, principal component data are reported on the D–H S with 194 respondents. A forced 1-factor solution confirmed the unidimensionality of the scale (item loadings ranged from .38 to .77) and thus the feasibility of a statistically bipolar measure. In the second study, data on the convergent validity of the D–H S with the Beck Depression Inventory (r = −.75) and the Oxford Happiness Inventory (r = .59) with 100 respondents are reported confirming the construct validity of the scale. Implications for research in social and clinical psychology are discussed along with the possible uses of the D–H S in a clinical setting. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 537–544, 1998.
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The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being
Article
  • Nov 2002
  • PERS INDIV DIFFER
An improved instrument, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), has been derived from the Oxford Happiness Inventory, (OHI). The OHI comprises 29 items, each involving the selection of one of four options that are different for each item. The OHQ includes similar items to those of the OHI, each presented as a single statement which can be endorsed on a uniform six-point Likert scale. The revised instrument is compact, easy to administer and allows endorsements over an extended range. When tested against the OHI, the validity of the OHQ was satisfactory and the associations between the scales and a battery of personality variables known to be associated with well-being, were stronger for the OHQ than for the OHI. Although parallel factor analyses of OHI and the OHQ produced virtually identical statistical results, the solution for the OHQ could not be interpreted. The previously reported factorisability of the OHI may owe more to the way the items are formatted and presented, than to the nature of the items themselves. Sequential orthogonal factor analyses of the OHQ identified a single higher order factor, which suggests that the construct of well-being it measures is uni-dimensional. Discriminant analysis has been employed to produce a short-form version of the OHQ with eight items.
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Society And The Adolescent Self-Image
Book
  • Dec 1965
There are few topics so fascinating both to the research investigator and the research subject as the self-image. It is distinctively characteristic of the human animal that he is able to stand outside himself and to describe, judge, and evaluate the person he is. He is at once the observer and the observed, the judge and the judged, the evaluator and the evaluated. Since the self is probably the most important thing in the world to him, the question of what he is like and how he feels about himself engrosses him deeply. This is especially true during the adolescent stage of development.
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