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A $35 Firewall for the Developing World
Abstract
A number of recent efforts aim to bridge the global digital divide,
particularly with respect to Internet access. We take this endeavor one step
further and argue that Internet access and web security go hand in glove in the
developing world. To remedy the situation, we explore whether low-cost
platforms, such as Raspberry Pi (\$35) and Cubieboard (\$59), can be used to
implement security mechanisms. Using a firewall as a motivating security
application we benchmark its performance on these platforms to test our thesis.
Our results show that these platforms can indeed serve as enablers of security
functions for small sized deployments in the developing world, while only
consuming less than $2.5 worth of electricity per device per annum. In
addition, we argue that the use of these platforms also addresses maintenance
challenges such as update roll-out and distribution. Furthermore, a number of
additional network functions, such as caching and WAN acceleration can also be
implemented atop this simple infrastructure. Finally, we posit that this
deployment can be used for in-network monitoring to facilitate ICT4D research.
... Küçük ölçekli bilgisayar ağlarında güvenlik sistemlerinin alımı ve yönetimi zaman, maliyet ve bilgi olarak fazla yük getirdiği için düşük maliyetli ve pratik olan çözümlerin geliştirilmesi ve kullanımı oldukça talep görmektedir [1]. ...
The need of emerging markets telecom, specifically in the Indian telecom scenario, WiMAX is being looked as a broad-band access solution ahead of LTE and other competing technologies due its long range and high bandwidth. Voice Over IP (VoIP) will potentially be the killer application for emerging market like India. In this paper we propose a Kiosk based WiMAX infrastructure model to provide voice connectivity to rural Indian villages. In the proposed kiosk model, plain old telephones are connected to a WiMAX sub-scriber station using Foreign Exchange Subscriber and a Me-dia Gateway. The novelty of the kiosk based infrastructure models is that it has low deployment cost from a service provider perspective, and almost negligible equipment cost for the end user. In order to make the kiosk based model economically sus-tainable, the number of simultaneous voice calls that can be supported over the WiMAX subscriber stations needs to be maximized. To this end, the paper proposes a Dynamic Frame Profile algorithm to maximize the number of VoIP calls supported over a single subscriber station. A perfor-mance evaluation of the the proposed Dynamic Frame Pro-file algorithm is also carried out to study its effectiveness and reported in this paper.
The research work aims to explore the nature, role and relevance of the wireless technologies such as WiMAX connectivity for rural area of Jalgoan district, India. It focuses on development of the WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) network model using OPNET MODELER 14.5 and observe overall performance with fixed , mobile node with two base station .The model is Proposed to connect 50GKC (nodes), which are distributed all over coverage area of Jalgoan district using WiMAX connectivity. The 50 number of GKC are proposed to work in between 783Gram panchayats of Jalgoan district which is supposed to run with the support of Gram panchayat head . The scope of WiMAX is to provide last mile wireless broadband access for fixed and mobile users as an alternative to the wire line DSL and cable access. The physical and MAC layer of this technology refer to the IEE802.16e standard which supports five different data delivery service classes that can be used in order to satisfy QOS requirement of different applications such as VOIP, videoconference, FTP, web etc. The work is divided in three scenarios (network model), each scenario consist of different number of nodes with two BS and performance is observed with audio and video application such as VOIP and MPEG .All simulation results based on optimized network and area considered between two base station. The work provide the high speed wireless connectivity platform to build Electronic Governance project in Jalgoan district.
"The Internet is for everyone" claims Vint Cerf, the father of the Internet via RFC 3271. The Internet Society's recent global Internet survey reveals that the Internet should be considered as a basic human birth right. We strongly agree with these and believe that basic access to the Internet should be made free, atleast to access the essential services. However the current Internet access model, which is governed by market economics makes it practically infeasible for enabling universal access especially for those with socio-economic barriers. We see enabling benevolence in the Internet (act of sharing resources) as a potential solution to solve the problem of digital exclusion caused due to socioeconomic barriers. In this paper, we propose LCD-Net: Lowest Cost Denominator Networking, a new Internet paradigm that architects multi-layer resource pooling Internet technologies to support benevolence in the Internet. LCD-Net proposes to bring together several existing resource pooling Internet technologies to ensure that users and network operators who share their resources are not affected and at the same time are incentivised for sharing. The paper also emphasizes the need to identify and extend the stakeholder value chain to ensure such benevolent access to the Internet is sustainable.
We present Raabta, a video conferencing system for the developing world, which is designed specifically to cater to the technological, social, and economic condition of its target audience. Specifically, to minimize the cost and the energy footprint of the system, it uses the existing analog cable TV network as a communication substrate to connect Raspberry Pi end-hosts. The network stack is designed to operate over a largely unmodified broadcast-based coaxial network. The architecture is completely decentralized and can scale to hundreds of concurrent connections without requiring any backbone connectivity. To make smart use of the existing bandwidth, the video conferencing application uses multi-layered encoding and dynamically switches between selective retransmission and forward error correction based on the loss rate. Finally, the text-free user interface is simple enough to be used by low-literate users. To enable wider Internet connectivity, the architecture can easily be augmented using existing backbone technologies. While designed for direct communication between individuals, we also discuss how the same system can be used to enable community-based telemedicine and distance learning, among other applications.
We describe and discuss an affordable way to spread huge software without
relying on internet connection, via the use of self-replicating live USB keys.
The O8 III star Lambda Orionis is the dominant object in the Orion's Head Star Forming Region. It includes at least five individual regions with different ages and evolutionary stages. The oldest of them, Collinder 69, is located at the center and is about 5 Myr old. We have carried out a comprehensive study of the region, including X-ray, optical, near-infrared, and mid-IR using different ground-based and space observatories (Calar Alto and La Palma in Spain; Magellan and VLT in Chile; Subaru and Keck in Hawaii; and Akari, XMM-Newton and Spitzer in orbit). This wealth of data has been used to study a number of properties, namely the membership and the Initial Mass Function, accretion and circunstellar disk evolution and brown dwarf population. The central cluster has been used as a study case for a new VO-compliant tool.
This paper evaluates the ability of a low cost wireless mesh network to provide Internet access to a rural area in South Africa with limited broadband connectivity. The network was installed in a mountainous area with a wide range of distances between nodes ranging from long range 5.5 km links to short hops between buildings of only 30 to 50 m. Due to this combination of distances, a mix of unplanned node placement with omni-directional antennas and planned nodes using directional antennas was used. The current network consists of 9 nodes spread over an area of about 15 square kilometers. There is electricity at all the sites but power outages are common, occurring at average intervals of one outage in 7 days, lasting between 3 and 24 hours. The network provides a good service to the satellite based Internet with throughput rates ranging between 300 kbps for 4 hops and 11000 kbps for 1 hop and an average throughput rate of 2324 kbps. The paper evaluates the throughput and delay performance of the OLSR routing protocol being used in the mesh network as well as giving an overview of usage patterns and social behavioural patterns of the users. The users range from first time users in poorer areas of the network to fairly accustomed Internet users in wealthier farming areas.
This paper examines microblogging information diffusion activity during the 2011 Egyptian political uprisings. Specifically, we examine the use of the retweet mechanism on Twitter, using empirical evidence of information propagation to reveal aspects of work that the crowd conducts. Analysis of the widespread contagion of a popular meme reveals interaction between those who were "on the ground" in Cairo and those who were not. However, differences between information that appeals to the larger crowd and those who were doing on-the-ground work reveal important interplay between the two realms. Through both qualitative and statistical description, we show how the crowd expresses solidarity and does the work of information processing through recommendation and filtering. We discuss how these aspects of work mutually sustain crowd interaction in a politically sensitive context. In addition, we show how features of this retweet-recommendation behavior could be used in combination with other indicators to identify information that is new and likely coming from the ground.
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