No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Guidelines, standards, and style guides
Abstract
Designing interactive computer systems to be efficient and easy to use is important so that people in our society may realize the potential benefits of computer-based tools .... Although modern cognitive psychology contains a wealth of knowledge of human ...
... Currently, the WCAG are mainly a result of ideas and discussions in the WAI working group, since by nature, working toward standards is different from empirical research. An overview of guidelines, standards and style guides for human-computer interaction (HCI) is provided by Stewart and Travis (2003) WCAG's normative character, demonstrating positive impact on user behavior. Whereas HCI research has yielded many sets of user interface design guidelines , to date, it has solely focused on accessibility and technological aids for perceptually impaired people (cf. ...
... Many researchers have contributed to the development of user interface guidelines for sighted users (see e.g. , and the International Standards Organization (ISO) has published a vast body of work on them as well (as described in Stewart and Travis, 2003). ...
... This set of nine guidelines was constructed based on the two guidelines stated in Section 4.1, as well as qualitative insights from exploratory studies and interviews with blind ''power users'' (referred to in Section 3). In building these guidelines we followed the approach for human-centered design laid out in ISO 13407 (as explained in Stewart and Travis, 2003): Users were actively involved in interface conception; the two guidelines mentioned above were used to allocate function according to proper use of human skill; and the design solutions were iterated before the experiments started. ...
... Currently, the WCAG are mainly a result of ideas and discussions in the WAI working group, since by nature, working toward standards is different from empirical research. An overview of guidelines, standards and style guides for human-computer interaction (HCI) is provided by Stewart and Travis (2003). No empirical studies are referenced on the WAI website that would support the WCAG's normative character, demonstrating positive impact on user behavior. ...
... Many researchers have contributed to the development of user interface guidelines for sighted users (see e.g. Nielsen, 1994;Shneiderman and Plaisant, 2004), and the International Standards Organization (ISO) has published a vast body of work on them as well (as described in Stewart and Travis, 2003). ...
... This set of nine guidelines was constructed based on the two guidelines stated in Section 4.1, as well as qualitative insights from exploratory studies and interviews with blind ''power users'' (referred to in Section 3). In building these guidelines we followed the approach for human-centered design laid out in ISO 13407 (as explained in Stewart and Travis, 2003): Users were actively involved in interface conception; the two guidelines mentioned above were used to allocate function according to proper use of human skill; and the design solutions were iterated before the experiments started. ...
Websites do not become usable just because their content is accessible. For people who are blind, the application of the W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) often might not even make a significant difference in terms of efficiency, errors or satisfaction in website usage. This paper documents the development of nine guidelines to construct an enhanced text user interface (ETI) as an alternative to the graphical user interface (GUI). An experimental design with 39 blind participants executing a search and a navigation task on a website showed that with the ETI, blind users executed the search task significantly faster, committing fewer mistakes, rating it significantly better on subjective scales as well as when compared to the GUIs from other websites they had visited. However, performance did not improve with the ETI on the navigation task, the main reason presumed to be labeling problems. We conclude that the ETI is an improvement over the GUI, but that it cannot help in overcoming one major weakness of most websites: If users do not understand navigation labels, even the best user interface cannot help them navigate.
... As in many areas of accessibility, whether they be physical such as designing the entryway of a shop (ADA, 2019), or virtual such as creating a shopwindow website (Caldwell et al., 2008), the main tool used for accessibility are sets of guidelines and there are various sets that a designer might use (Barlet and Spohn, 2012;GAG, 2019). However, like usability, designing from guidelines remains challenging particularly as there is tension between making each guideline simultaneously general enough to be used to apply to a wide variety of games and yet specific enough to inform application to a particular game (Stewart and Travis, 2003). ...
... The issue, therefore, is one of evaluation versus generation. Guidelines are very useful for evaluating games and interactions but, as Stewart and Travis (2003) noted, are either too high level to be useful in informing design or too low-level to be widely applicable to new situations, such as game designers might be looking to do. To advance accessibility in games, how should we promote generative design that is forward thinking to the needs of users with disabilities, in a way where designers and developers can generate accessibility solutions specific to their games? ...
Games represent one of the most significant cultural artefacts of this century. They are a massive force in economies around the world and are enjoyed by millions of players worldwide. With their cultural significance firmly in place, it is important to ensure that all people can participate in and play games in order to feel included in our wider society. For people with disabilities, games in particular provide a cultural outlet where they can be included with everyone else, and enabled to do things on an even footing with their non-disabled peers. However, this only happens if we create the necessary design environments that provide inclusive opportunities to game alongside the rest of the player base.
Guidelines have been successful in raising awareness of accessibility in games and still function well for evaluating finished games. However, they are not the generative design thinking tools that developers need. Further in being divided to address specific disabilities, they are not capturing the diversity of needs of players with disabilities and the personalised and idiosyncratic adaptations that they make in order to play.
We therefore propose developing a vocabulary and language of game accessibility which is no longer about whether someone can perceive or operate an interactive technology, but instead as to whether they can have the experience they want to have. We propose the structure for such a vocabulary showing that it needs to distinguish between access to controls, enablement to meet the challenges of the game and the player experience itself. We show how the intermediate-level knowledge embodied in guidelines can be reformulated in this way to be more generative and so support designers to develop games that deliver accessible player experiences.
... The ISO 9241 standards have had more impact (Stewart, 2000b;Stewart & Travis, 2002). Work on ergonomic requirements for VDT workstation hardware and the environment (ISO 9241 parts 3-9, section 3.1) began in 1983, and was soon followed by work on guidelines for the software interface and interaction (parts 10-17, section 2.1). ...
... Ergonomic standards such as ISO 9241 can also be used to support adherence to European regulations for the health and safety of display screens (European Union, 1990;Bevan, 1991;Stewart, 2000a). Stewart & Travis (2002) differentiate between standards which are formal documents published by standards making bodies and developed through a consensus and voting procedure, and published guideline that depend on the credibility of their authors. This gives standards authority, but it is not clear how many of the standards listed in this chapter are widely used. ...
Over the last 20 years, HCI standards have been developed in the ISO ergonomics, user interface and software engineering committees. Most of the ergonomics standards contain guidelines and recommendations, while some of the user interface and software standards contain precise specifications. The standards in this chapter are described in five categories: context of use and user test methods; software interface, interaction and software quality; hardware interfaces and display terminals; the user centred development process; and the capability of an organisation to be user centred. Problems with the use of HCI standards are discussed.
... erefore, designers and developers are responsible for selecting the UI guidelines that form the specific design rules for a given application. e UI guidelines will also reduce the time (and hence the cost) of development, which is important from a practical perspective [31]. e proposed guidelines could free designers from timeconsuming mundane design processes, thereby improving the quality of Arabic user interfaces and the user experiences for Arabic users. ...
Due to the importance of design guidelines in facilitating user experience and promoting efficiency, it is essential to determine the effectiveness of certain design guidelines for a specific population. There have been a number of challenges reported in the literature when designing learning courses for Arabic users. Confirming the suitability of design guidelines for specific users’ needs can be challenging in the context of the Arabic language. This is mainly due to the unique characteristics of this language, which contribute to users’ satisfaction with the interface. This study evaluated the feasibility of using Arabic User Interface (UI) guidelines for tablet PCs. The UI guidelines were developed, evaluated, and refined using the Delphi technique. A total of six UI design experts were recruited for this study. The results revealed a number of guidelines that can be used in the design of Arabic UI. The proposed guidelines can standardise the design of Arabic UI by offering future directions on how to effectively apply design principles for tablet PCs.
... If this generation is not made possible, at least a structured development life cycle is induced by the models. Literature is significant in this area: (Szekely 1996;Vanderdonckt and Puerta 1999;Paterno 1999;Kolski and Vanderdonckt 2002), Regarding evaluation of interactive systems, especially with respect to usability and accessibility (Nielsen 1993;Bastien and Scapin 2001), but also with respect to acceptability (Stephanidis 2009), many methods, techniques, and software also exist that offer ample possibilities depending on the availability of the user interface (vs a prototype of it) and real users (vs a representation of these users). For instance, when real users are not available, a model of these users is used instead. ...
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are two disciplines that followed parallel trajectories for about four decades. They also both complement each other and overlap in various problem-rich domains. This chapter is far from being exhaustive, but provides a representative story of how HCI and AI cross-fertilise each other since their inception. It reviews the following domains: intelligent user interfaces and more specifically conversational animated affective agents; capitalisation, formulation and use of ergonomic knowledge for the design and evaluation of interactive systems; synergy between visualisation and data mining.
... Dix and colleagues [244] define them as the "direction for design, in both general and more concrete terms, in order to enhance the interactive properties of the system". Stewart and Travis [245] instead refer to them as "sets of recommendations from software providers or agreed within development organizations to increase consistency of design and to promote good practice within a design process of some kind". Informed by these definitions, in this systematic review we consider design guidelines as following: concrete recommendations that can inform interaction designers in the development of interactive software systems. ...
More than other age group, older adults suffer from multiple chronic conditions, receive care from multiple healthcare providers and settings, and transition across this continuum of care as they age. During the last decade, we have observed the transformation of aged care worldwide both on organisational and legal levels due to an increasing older population from one side and the use of technology in their care from another. In addition, the involvement of family members as informal caregivers introduces the concept of a triad of aged care: a collaboration of senior patients, their relatives and professional caregivers; and poses additional challenges such as appropriate and efficient communication from the points of views of all care stakeholders. Hence, sharing of health and wellbeing information (HWBI) in the care triad becomes particularly important, and e-Health services have shown the potential to support this, for example, by becoming a channel that could mediate sharing, while taking into account the values and concerns of all groups of users.
In this thesis, we explore existing strategies of HWBI sharing in various aged care scenarios and identify the challenges and opportunities of designing information systems that could support them. In particular, by conducting a systematic literature review and a series of user studies with all three groups of care stakeholders, we study if and how technology-based mediation of informational exchange can improve institutionalized care for older adults. We primarily focus on different dimensions of aged care scenarios, based on the involvement of triad stakeholders, the level of acceptance of technology, and the degree of control seniors have over sharing their HWBI. To gather design recommendations for such information systems, we investigate HWBI-related work practices of professional caregivers; information needs of family members, and information disclosure preferences and associated concerns of seniors, including their reasons to share or not to share. We raise a critical discussion on values addressed by e-Health interventions and illustrate the views of care stakeholders, revealing that these views can be conflicting, given their needs and priorities. For instance, tensions emerge between values that prioritise placing the responsibility on a physician for their patients versus a value system that prioritises patient autonomy.
By discussing information and interaction design of technology-based mediation of HWBI sharing and based on the research findings of this thesis, we provide a set of design principles and requirements targeting the following areas and roles:
- e-Health and HCI researchers, providing a foundation for their future research,
- designers, who could benefit from a complete image of the abilities and needs of potential users in this sensitive and complex care context,
- healthcare and legislation policies, that could adhere to a system of values that place a premium on patient empowerment, and
- educational programs, that need to provide seniors and triad actors with the knowledge of how to share personal health information digitally.
Finally, following a user-centred design approach, we implement these design recommendations and evaluate them with caregivers to validate our findings.
... Dix and colleagues [32] define them as the "direction for design, in both general and more concrete terms, in order to enhance the interactive properties of the system". Stewart and Travis [33] instead refer to them as "sets of recommendations from software providers or agreed within development organizations to increase consistency of design and to promote good practice within a design process of some kind". Informed by these definitions, in this systematic review we consider design guidelines as following: concrete recommendations that can inform interaction designers in the development of interactive software systems. ...
The distinct abilities of older adults to interact with touchscreen devices has motivated a wide range of contributions in the form of design guidelines, which aim at informing the design for the aging population. However, despite the growing effort by the research community, many challenges still remain in translating these research findings into actionable design guidelines, with reports hinting scant adoption or implementation issues, which ultimately hurt the development of more accessible interactive systems. In this systematic literature review we look at the research-derived design guidelines that set the foundation for design guideline compilations and standards, analyzing the aforementioned issues from the perspective of experts trying to discover, classify, and evaluate the work on the area of touchscreen design guidelines for older adults. The review analyses 52 research articles resulting in 434 research-derived design guidelines for touchscreen applications. These guidelines are analyzed using a taxonomy that considered the older adults ability evolution and the design aspects that are target of the recommendations. The results point to the use of different definition of older adults, which go as early as 55+, with design of displays and interaction styles to accommodate to vision and dexterity declines as the most prominent areas of research. However, proposed guidelines and recommendations were validated in only 15% of articles analyzed. The analysis also revealed that identifying guidelines and characterizing their focus in terms of ability declines and design aspects addressed is a demanding activity and prone to error, given the quality of reporting and details offered in research articles.
... Les règles peuvent correspondentà des recommandations générales et indépendantes des domaines comme dans (Scapin, 1986;Smith et Mosier, 1986), etc. Elles peuvent aussiêtre regroupées dans des guides de style propresà un système, un environnement ou une organisation particulière. Actuellement, il existe de nombreuses sources décrivant des règles ergonomiques (Stewart et Travis, 2002) : normes internationales (ISO 9241, ISO/IEC 9126), nationales (HFES, AFNOR, BSI . . . ), rapports et livres de synthèse entrant dans le détail de critères et recommandations ergonomiques, standards issus d'entreprises, etc. La figure 3 classe ces cinq types de recommandations en fonction de leur niveau d'applicabilité : les standards sont considérés comme les sources de connaissances ergonomiques les plus générales, donc les plus largement applicables, mais aussi requérant le plus d'interprétation en fonction du contexte d'utilisation afin d'être correctement appliquées. ...
... Research on computer-human interaction suggests that the success of task completion is a function of information presentation and the users' cognitive abilities (Nielsen 1994;Shneiderman and Plaisant 2004;Stewart and Travis 2003). In this regard, cognitive load theory (Sweller 1988) assumes that the human cognitive architecture utilizes a short-term working, and a long-term storage memory, processing information and tasks. ...
... For this purpose, standard documents approved by international and European standard bodies are considered only, namely standards-identifications like " EN ISO " and " EN " . A possible and relevant weakness of standard documents can be seen in the consensus driven development: This process may result in general recommendations rather than practical solutions [7]. Nevertheless some documents contain more practical solutions than others. ...
A usability evaluation based on international standards can be a challenging task. There is a large number of
(potentially) useful standard documents and the theoretical knowledge represented by these sources has to be translated into practical solutions. As a part of a European project our approach enables involved end users to find appropriate usability standards for evaluating specific technologies. As a consequence a technology can be assessed regarding its current context of use and intended goals which are best known by the end users themselves. To make this possible, several standards were categorized using a decision tree. Additionally a scoring system was developed that rates these documents with respect to their clarity and applicability. To reduce the gap between theory and practice, additional information on how to use a specific document is provided.
... Error prevention and diagnosis are also important, and it is vital to consider what will happen in the event that an error occurs while submitting an article to the database, forwarding and updating the status, etc. Not only should the user be notified of this, but there needs to be an easy way for them to remedy the problem, at least temporarily [11]. ...
Unbound, an online magazine, seeks to harness features of the Web to deliver stories in a novel and interactive manner known as interactive journalism. In addition, accuracy of stories is assured through a rigorous editing and revision process. This requires a new type of content management system to support multiple states of submission as stories are revised and to present these stories in nontraditional formats. The project described in this paper focuses on effective user interface design, which is essential to maximizing functionality of the system.
... Guidelines were chosen because they are commonly compared to patterns in the pattern literature [26], [27], [32]. Molich and Nielsen's [40] guidelines were selected to be used because they are recognized as one of the three most influential sets of guidelines [56] and because Molich & Nielsen's [40] claim that almost all usability problems fit into one of the categories addressed by their guidelines. Recently Nielsen [43] addressed the claims that usability guidelines from years past may be obsolete and concluded that the majority of the guidelines from 20 years ago are still valid. ...
For more than two decades much of the pattern language literature, within the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI), has focused on the possible benefits pattern languages may provide, but there has been very little empirical work to support these claims. In fact, existing controlled studies show practically no benefit of using pattern languages in design. Despite this lack of evidence, interest in pattern languages continues. In this paper we examine how pattern languages are used in experimental settings and in the real world. We explore two questions here: Are pattern languages real? Are pattern languages useful? We argue that the answer to both of these questions is yes. As a community, we believe that we have been looking in the wrong places to find evidence of pattern languages and have been looking for the wrong benefits. Said differently, we have been overlooking the existence of and the benefits of pattern languages. This study began exploring pattern languages in a laboratory setting, but then continued that exploration in a real setting where we encountered evidence of the existence of pattern languages and of their benefits. By continuing these explorations, we argue that, the HCI community will then begin to see the benefits from all the great efforts in this area.
... Guidelines were chosen because they are commonly compared to patterns in the pattern literature [26], [27], [32]. Molich and Nielsen's [40] guidelines were selected to be used because they are recognized as one of the three most influential sets of guidelines [56] and because Molich & Nielsen's [40] claim that almost all usability problems fit into one of the categories addressed by their guidelines. Recently Nielsen [43] addressed the claims that usability guidelines from years past may be obsolete and concluded that the majority of the guidelines from 20 years ago are still valid. ...
... If it is possible to guide users so that mistakes can be avoided, this should be done (see e.g. ISO-9241, 1996ISO-9241, -2002Stewart and Travis, 2003). Following this line of thought, it seems reasonable that format restrictions should be explicitly stated in advance to help instruct respondents to report their answers in the desired format. ...
Field format restrictions are often used in online forms to impose certain formatting and content rules on users, such as
minimum password length or date entry format. In this study, the question whether and how format restrictions for fields in online forms should be communicated to Internet users was explored. In an online study
with n = 166 participants, four ways to communicate format restrictions were investigated: (1) no visual format restriction, (2)
format examples, (3) format specifications, and (4) both format restrictions (examples and specifications). Results show that
providing details of any format restriction to users in advance leads to significantly fewer errors and trials. The most efficient
way to communicate field format restrictions to users is by stating the imposed rule (format specification). Providing an
additional example neither helps nor constrains users.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrated list of heuristics and an information architecture (IA) framework for the heuristic evaluation of the IA of academic library websites as well as an evaluation framework with practical steps on how to conduct the evaluation.
Design/methodology/approach
A set of 14 heuristics resulted from an integration of existing usability principles from authorities in the field of usability. A review of IA literature resulted in a framework for dividing academic library websites into six dialogue elements. The resulting heuristics were made applicable to academic library websites through the addition of recommendations based on a review of 20 related studies.
Findings
This study provides heuristics, a framework and workflow guidelines that can be used by the various evaluators of academic library websites, i.e. library staff, web developers and usability experts, to provide recommendations for improving its usability.
Research limitations/implications
The focus of the usability principles is the evaluation of the IA aspects of websites and therefore does not provide insights into accessibility or visual design aspects.
Originality/value
The main problem that is addressed by this study is that there are no clear guidelines on how to apply existing usability principles for the evaluation of the IA of academic library websites.
Large interactive wall displays for multi-user interaction are readily available today. However, little is known about the specific aspects influencing usability for applications support- ing several users interacting simultaneously and co-located with wall displays. Our research aims to name these aspects and develop a set of usability guidelines for this type of applications. These guidelines should support designers and developers in the design phase and ensure a high usability of the application. In order to archive this, we analyse literature and conduct usability studies. In this paper we present a first set of usability guidelines derived from literature focusing on as- pects specific to multi-user interaction. One example is to consider bystanders, offer those who are not directly interacting valuable information and ensure readability for them.
This paper proposes a systematic approach to developing comprehensive guidelines for mobile phone user interface, and presents a case study to validate the approach. The approach applies a systematic combination of three critical factors: general usability principles, UI components and guideline properties to developing guidelines. In the case study, this factor combination approach was very effective in collecting experts’ ideas, creating guidelines and editing them. The resulting style guide can provide comprehensive and useful guidelines for designing mobile phone UI.
Universal usability can be defined as the degree to which a software product is usable while accommodating the widest possible range of user accessing to the application from various technical, organizational, social, physical and cultural environments". This requires designing interactive services for a diversity of users working in different cultural context and using a variety of computing platforms. This includes desktops, laptops, PDA, Web and mobile phones. How can universal usability be characterized, quantified and measured? What are the intrinsic characteristics that may affect universal usability? The answers to these questions and similar ones are essential for user interface designers, software and usability engineers. In this paper, we review various concepts put forward to account for universal usability. Then, we suggest set characteristics and measures to quantify universal usability, in the hope of paving the way for a cohesive and integrative model for universal usability and its measurement.
Studies have revealed usability problems with universal design resources (UDRs). In this paper, four UDR development cases
are reviewed (Section508 standards, Web accessibility guidelines, the British Standard on managing inclusive design, and
Irish guidelines on public access terminals). Evidence of a user-centered design approach was found in only one case. The
needs of people making universally usable products and services in industry are discussed in the context of the use of UDRs
and results of organizational research studies. Nine recommendations are made on the development of user-centered UDRs and
the setup and management of accessibility teams in organizations.
KeywordsUniversal design resources-Guidelines-Standards-Usability-User-centered design
With increased use of robots as a resource in missions supporting countermine, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and chemical, biological, radiological nuclear and conventional explosives (CBRNE), fully understanding the best means by which to complement the human operatorpsilas underlying perceptual and cognitive processes could not be more important. Consistent with control and display integration practices in many other high technology computer-supported applications, current robotic design practices rely highly upon static guidelines and design heuristics that reflect the expertise and experience of the individual designer. In order to use what we know about human factors (HF) to drive human robot interaction (HRI) design, this paper reviews underlying human perception and cognition principles and shows how they were applied to a threat detection domain.
The increasing popularity of open innovation approaches has led to the rise of various open innovation communities on the Internet which might contain several thousand user-generated ideas. However, a company’s absorptive capacity is limited regarding such an amount of ideas so that there is a strong need for mechanisms supporting the evaluation of these ideas. In this paper, we focus on the evaluation of such mechanisms for collective idea evaluation. Applying a multi-method approach, we compare six different configurations of a prediction market with a multi-criteria rating scale that performed best in previous research. We combine a web-based experiment with 448 participants, data from a participant survey, and an independent expert jury. Based on cognitive load theory, we explain why a multi-criteria rating scale outperforms prediction markets in terms of evaluation accuracy and evaluation satisfaction. This study contributes to theory building in the emerging field of collective intelligence.
In this paper we discuss the implications of recent research studies on disability-related design guidelines. We have investigated the quality of guidelines with respect to designers as their end-users, and we have conducted field studies of the use design resources in practice. We now look at gaps in the current knowledge regarding the conceptualized system that comprises: the designer of technology, end-users of technologies, and guideline-setting committees. We look at the practice of setting up accessibility program offices in large companies as a means to tackle accessibility issues, and examine the implications of this practice for product designers, and people creating disability-based guidelines for technology.
In this paper, the development process of four Universal Design Resources (UDRs) was analyzed. The results of a heuristic
evaluation (HE) of UDRs (Part 1) were used in this (Part 2) study to create an online survey. Thirty-one individuals involved
in the creation of the four UDRs responded, 15 of whom were also interviewed. For three resources, the hypothesis was confirmed
that meeting the needs of end-users was assumed to be satisfied without systematically addressing them. Additional findings
also revealed a common lack of a clearly defined “central idea” among many of the committee members of two US-based ICT accessibility/UD
guidelines.
This paper presents the evaluation of eight published Universal Design Resources (UDRs) to measure how effectively they support
typical design processes and design psychology. New heuristics and principles to evaluate the UDRs from the point of view
of designers who were universal design novices were created. Established methodologies for heuristic evaluation were used
with the new heuristics. The evaluators found numerous problems in seven of the eight UDRs, providing evidence in support
of the hypothesis that the content UDRs does not facilitate the design process and is not commensurate with what is known
about typical design psychology.
Guidelines for designing usable interfaces recommend reducing short term memory load. Cognitive load, that is, working memory demands during problem solving, reasoning, or thinking, may affect users' general satisfaction and performance when completing complex tasks. Whereas in design guidelines numerous ways of reducing cognitive load in interactive systems are described, not many attempts have been made to measure cognitive load in Web applications, and few techniques exist. In this study participants' cognitive load was measured while they were engaged in searching for several products in four different online book stores. NASA-TLX and dual-task methodology were used to measure subjective and objective mental workload. The dual-task methodology involved searching for books as the primary task and a visual monitoring task as the secondary task. NASA-TLX scores differed significantly among the shops. Secondary task reaction times showed no significant differences between the four shops. Strong correlations between NASA-TLX, primary task completion time, and general satisfaction suggest that NASA-TLX can be used as a valuable additional measure of efficiency. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between browse/search preference and NASA-TLX as well as between search/browse preference and user satisfaction. Thus we suggest browse/search preference as a promising heuristic assessment method of cognitive load.
In computer-based information systems, special attention must be given to design of the user-system interface (USI) software. This report revises and expands previously published material, and proposes a more comprehensive set of guidelines for design of USI software in six functional areas: data entry; data display; sequence control; user guidance; data transmission; and data protection. Additional keywords: Human factors engineering; Systems analysis.
This article describes a survey undertaken to investigate whether industrial data processing professionals would be able to recognize serious interface problems in simple but realistic dialogues. Seventy-seven designers and programmers from industry and academia participated. Fifty-one were from industry, 10 were teachers or students from universities or high schools, and 16 had occupations that were not specified. Many of them were designers and programmers of administrative systems - the people who design, write, and maintain our daily programs. The survey and a number of conclusions from it are first presented. The exercise used in the survey, a dialogue that the participants were asked to evaluate is then given. The authors' annotated solution and a suggestion for an improved design are provided.
Human Factors Engineering Standards for information processing systems (LMSC-D877141)
- C M Brown
- D B Brown
- H V Burkleo
- J E Mangelsdorf
- R A Olsen
- R D Perkins
Dialog specification procedures (Report 3129, revised)
- R W Pew
- A M Rollins