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The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
DOI : 10.5121/ijma.2013.5502 17
A
S
URVEY ON
C
OMPONENTS OF
V
IRTUAL
‘U
MRAH
A
PPLICATION
Normala Rahim, Nazirah Abd Hamid, Wan Malini Wan Isa, Siti Dhalila Mohd
Satar and Azilawati Rozaimee
Faculty of Informatics and Computing (FIK)
University of Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA),
21300 Gong Badak, Terengganu, Malaysia
A
BSTRACT
This paper attempts to present insight of components in Virtual ‘Umrah application. This interactive
application consists of five components namely content, virtual reality (VR) technology, multimedia
elements, user profile and usability evaluation. Virtual reality technique in this application enables to
provide a realistic experience for the users in performing ‘Umrah. The methodology that has been adopted
to develop this application is User-Centered design model (UCD) that focuses on involvement of users in
every phase. These components are hopefully can be implemented as guidelines to the others to develop a
virtual environment.
K
EYWORDS
Multimedia Elements, User-Centered Design, Usability, Virtual Reality and ‘Umrah
1.
I
NTRODUCTION
The development of digital world has dramatically changed the ways of organizations,
educational entities, research institutes and medical institutions conduct their tasks included
business, teaching and learning and also training. Furthermore, the technology is transforming the
way any organizations interact with their customers. This research tries to take advantages of that
situation by combining multimedia elements with virtual reality technology that will encourage
users to actively interact with the application in gaining experience and knowledge.
Virtual reality technology has been commonly used in some areas such as in training simulators,
games and medical procedures. However this technology has not been well adopted in Hajj or
‘Umrah environment. Our research will seek to enhance users understanding on the concepts and
requirements pertaining to Hajj or ‘Umrah through the implementation of virtual reality.
At the moment, there are many applications available for Hajj or ‘Umrah such as M-umrah and
‘Navigasi Umrah Maya’. However, these existing applications unable to adequately addressed
important information effectively to the users particularly to the pilgrims [1] [2]. This situation
may lead to the misunderstanding on ‘Umrah activities and rituals. Moreover the existing
applications on training of ‘Umrah still rely very much on conventional method such as plain text
in delivering the knowledge. Most of the available applications are slacking in integrating any
multimedia elements or Virtual Reality capabilities.
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
18
These drawbacks serve as the main motivation for us to produce an interactive application called
Virtual ‘Umrah. The proposed Virtual ‘Umrah will base on the simulation through the technique
calls as Virtual Reality. Virtual Reality technique in this application will be able to provide the
most realistic experience for the users in performing ‘Umrah. The methodology that has been
adopted to develop this application is User-Centered Design model (UCD) that focuses on
involvement of users in every phase.
2.
R
ELATED
W
ORKS
The growths of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have caused the volume of
learning materials in recent years accelerated dramatically. The sudden surge in the amount of
the learning materials has initiated to issues regarding the quality of the existed materials.
According to Yusoff et al. [2], there are many existing ‘Umrah supplementary learning materials
in the market but has failed to provide clear understanding to users, particularly the pilgrims. The
authors also have stated that the existing learning materials styles of ‘Umrah should be altered
into an active learning method to offer a better learning aid to the users [2]. Similarly, Hameed
has suggested an educational model of Hajj to provide trusted and comprehensive information on
the whole process of Hajj and related activities. Apart of that, from his literature reviews and
surveys, he discovered that very limited learning materials pertaining ‘Umrah in the market [1].
Besides the issue of quality learning materials, the issue regarding the methods of delivering is
also a concern. Existing software only uses conventional methods such as texts and pictures in
delivering knowledge about ‘Umrah. This situation leads to misunderstanding among the pilgrims
especially on ‘Umrah activities. There are lots of researches that have been conducted to
overcome the limitations. Yusoff et al. [2] in his research has recommended of using multimedia
authoring technique that integrated with virtual environments and persuasive technology design.
Moreover this proposed technique can offer supplementary learning materials that support active
learning and self-directed learning environment. Other than that, the authors also have developed
a 3D simulation that uses virtual environment technique called 3D Tawaf. This 3D Tawaf
simulation acts as an interactive training method for Hajj education in Malaysia by providing user
a scene of Tawaf (one of Hajj pilgrimage rituals). The main contributions of virtual environment
technique are to provide flexible control for the users and deliver a user-friendly and flexible
environment [2]. Anita et al. (2010) has also proposed virtual environment technique to simulate
real environment in performing one of the rituals in Hajj. The virtual reality is been implemented
in assisting the pilgrims in their training of Sa’i. The Sa’i training is developed in 3D environment
using an avatar so that Hajj trainers can be totally immersed into real environment through the
simulation and thus increasing their understanding on the ritual of Sa'i effortlessly [3].
Many existing websites regarding Hajj and ‘Umrah usually have neglected few important aspects
in designing a website such as useful and usability concepts. According to Al-Aama (2008) to
accommodate those problems, the author has introduced six steps of methodology in designing a
website that are based on user-centered approach. This approach focuses on the users or pilgrims.
It starts by identifying the requirements, followed by building of a prototype, then executing
usability testing and lastly is the process of evaluating the design. This proposed methodology can
produce a usable website for a pilgrim to find the intended information easily and smoothly [4].
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
19
3.
C
OMPONENTS OF
V
IRTUAL
‘U
MRAH
A
PPLICATION
This interactive application consists of five components namely content, virtual reality (VR)
technology, multimedia elements, user profile and usability evaluation. These components are
hopefully can be implemented as guidelines to the others to develop a virtual environment.
Figure 1. Virtual ‘Umrah components
3.1. Content
Content is an important component that must be considered when developing Virtual ‘Umrah
because the contents will be able to provide accurate and precise information on rituals and
activities in pertaining ‘Umrah. In Virtual ‘Umrah application, the contents are made of four
parts namely introduction to ‘Umrah, preparation for performing ‘Umrah, the pillars of ‘Umrah
and wajib ‘Umrah.
3.1.1. Introduction of ‘Umrah
According to Jamalluddin, ‘Umrah is obligatory to perform at least once in a lifetime [5]. This
section explains basic information on ‘Umrah such as the meaning and decree of ‘Umrah,
advantages of ‘Umrah and time to perform ‘Umrah. These information are important to be
understood by pilgrims before performing ‘Umrah to avoid any misunderstanding and problems
during performing ‘Umrah.
3.1.2. Preparation for perform ‘Umrah
This section discusses the information that is very needed before performing ‘Umrah. The
pilgrims should learn about travelling prayer and manners, ihram, miqat, and sunnatul practice
before, during and after performing ‘Umrah. Moreover, pilgrims should possess knowledge about
history of Mecca and Medina and manners during visit this two Holy City.
3.1.3. The Pillars of ‘Umrah
The main content of this application is the pillars of ‘Umrah. The pillars of ‘Umrah consist of
five principles as in Figure 2. These pillars must be completed by pilgrims when performing
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
20
‘Umrah and if they unable to complete it either intentionally or not, their ‘Umrah is not valid. In
addition, the application also deliberates on the conditions of sunnatul and du’a.
Figure 2. The pillars of ‘Umrah
The principles of the pillars of ‘Umrah are:
a) Niyyah: Express intention to perform ‘Umrah. It can be categorized into three namely
normal niyyah, conditional niyyah and badal niyyah (on behalf of other person).
b) Tawaf: Circling around the Ka’bah for seven rounds with certain conditions. The pilgrims
must walk start from the Black Stone by keeping the Ka’bah on the left in clockwise
manner and end at Black Stone.
c) Sa’ey: Walk back and forth between the hill of Safa and Marwah for seven times. There
are certain conditions must be obeyed during Sa’ey.
d) Cutting of hair or shaving: After completion of sa’ey, pilgrims should cut off at least
three pieces of their hair.
3.1.4. Wajib ‘Umrah
Wajib ‘Umrah consists of conditions that must be done during ‘Umrah. If pilgrims fail to perform
one of these conditions, the ‘Umrah is remained valid but the pilgrims have to be fined. If the
pilgrims deliberately leave one of the conditions, the pilgrims are considered as committing a sin.
Wajib ‘Umrah consist of two specifically niyyah at Miqat and avoid to do some activities that
prohibited during Ihram.
3.2. Virtual Reality (VR) Technology
Virtual Reality is a significant component that can make Virtual ‘Umrah application successful.
Virtual Reality technology is not fully utilized yet in any applications that deliver the knowledge
of ‘Umrah. Nevertheless, this technology is beneficial to the pilgrims when it is combined with
multimedia elements in ‘Umrah applications.
Virtual Reality technology has started since 1980[6] and was first introduced by Jaron Lanier. He
was the pioneer and research group leader in virtual reality area. According to [7], Virtual Reality
is a computer-based interface that consists of human perception and system reaction that use
technology to adapt the situation, similar to the real world. Furthermore, Virtual Reality
technology can improve the productivity in order to assist in visualizes the concepts, innovative
and creative ideas [8]. Therefore, it can be concluded that Virtual Reality technology can be
PILLARS
NIYYAH
TAWAF
IN ORDER
CUTTING
OF HAIR
OR
SHAVING
SA’EY
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
21
defined as a computer-based interface that is simulated by the use of virtual computer to let the
users experience something that similar to the real world as well as the option to visualize,
manipulate and interact with the system.
Virtual Reality system can be categorized into immersive, non-immersive and augmented reality
[9]. Immersive can be defined as a system that requires special tools such as gloves, suit, and
sophisticated computer to explore system development like stereoscopic, head mounted display
(HMD), and large screen monitor. Whereas, non-immersive works at window based-system that
require users to interact through computer’s screen. The users can interact with the system via
keyboard, mouse, joystick and touch screen. Virtual ‘Umrah application is categorized as a non-
immersive virtual reality system as the users can look through the computer and directly interact
with the system using the mouse, touchpad or the touch screen.
There are three types of modeling techniques in Virtual Reality technology namely geometric
based model, image based model and hybrid based model [8]. Geometric model is based on
geometric source. The resources in Geometric model are designed by using multimedia software.
In contrast, image model resources are designed from the original image while hybrid model is a
combination between geometric model and image model.
Image based model is adopted as modeling techniques for Virtual ‘Umrah application. According
to [10] the use of image is very useful in Virtual Reality environment. There are several
advantages of image model such as better quality image and faster rendering process compared to
geometric model and hybrid model. Moreover, image model can provide panoramic environment
interactively with higher sense of presence and the users can feel real experience in performing
‘Umrah rituals such as tawaf and tahallul (cutting of hair or shaving). The uses of Virtual Reality
technology can be an alternative method to deliver knowledge to the ‘Umrah pilgrims. Usually
they get the information through conventional methods such as books, presentation slides and
verbally by the religious teacher. This technology is proven can create an informal learning
process to users because it can be done anytime, everywhere and this learning process will occur
continuously as long as being used by the users [11]. Moreover, with the existing of continuous
learning process, the users will get benefit from this application since they will get clearer
understanding on how to perform ‘Umrah.
3.3. Multimedia Elements
One of the components in Virtual ‘Umrah application is multimedia elements. Multimedia
elements can be described as different types of information in a multimedia presentation,
including text, images, video, audio and animations.
3.3.1. Text
In any materials that assist the education process, the common element of multimedia that can be
found is text. Text is a few words appearing in a predominantly graphic multimedia system that
can have a powerful effect. Text also can be powerfully suggestive, engaging a reader’s
imagination, creating its own image, or prompting a string of unexpected reflection. In Virtual
‘Umrah application, text is used in every page to explain the images, videos and others
multimedia elements. Text also applied in menu that direct user to others page [12].
3.3.2. Image
According to [13], image can be described as digital representation of non-text information such
as a drawing, chart or photo. Image can be categorized into two types namely vector graphic and
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
22
bitmap. Vector graphic can be resized without reducing the quality of the image in contrast
bitmap can reduce the quality if the image is resized. Both categories are used in the development
of Virtual ‘Umrah and most of the images is originally hand drawn and reflected to Muslim way
of life.
3.3.3. Video
Video is composed of a series of rapidly displayed still image. There are two types of video;
analog and digital video. Digital video are used in the development of Virtual ‘Umrah
application. According to [14], video technologies have the abilities to capture the rich contexts
of teaching and learning, with the necessary perspective to observe and reflect. Video element in
Virtual ‘Umrah is used to replace the text as a tool to explain some of the contents which is hard
to explain by words and to show real practice for certain tasks in performing ‘Umrah. The users
can clearly see how that practical aspect has been carried out instead of they read the text without
knowing how it is being done which can contribute to better understanding of that subject
matters.
3.3.4. Audio
Audio is another element that can be used in Virtual ‘Umrah application. Audio is suitable for
this application because it can provide better quality of communication between user interface
and the user [15]. When the quality is better, the user can gain information easily and smoothly.
For this application, the audio is being captured via recording the actor’s voice. The recorded
voice is then processed using the sound editing software.
3.3.5. Animation
According to[16] a lot of information can be transferred by using moving image called animation
because the eye-brains assembles a sequences of image and interprets them as a continuous
movement. Animation can be defined as rapid display of images in sequence to create an
impression of movement where it incorporates and draws inspiration from each of the other
media [12]. In Virtual ‘Umrah, animation can be used to help pilgrims learn more on how to
perform ‘Umrah because sometimes expressing ideas with texts or pictures only are not enough
to make users more engage with the application.
3.4. User Profile
User-centered design (UCD) approach is a method that actively involves users at every stage of
the design and development process. The goal of UCD is to ensure that a product fulfils the needs
and requirements of the intended users. To enable to produce an effective and efficient designs
are mainly influenced by the user's attitudes, abilities, skills and experiences to acquire and
process information [17].
This section focuses on discussion that related to user skill levels and profiling tasks and user
needs according to Virtual ‘Umrah requirements. User characteristics capture the key attributes of
the intended user group and these attributes affects the ways in which interaction is designed. The
attributes that involve in this application are expertise, frequency, age, gender, educational
background, computer/IT experience and motivation. For this application, the attributes such as
expertise, frequency, education and computer experience are important because this application
has interactive and multimedia elements that need skills and experience from the users to use
[17].
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
23
A successful design and development of a product has a lot to do with recognizing and
understanding the users. Generally users can be categorized into three main category namely
novice users, casual users and expert users. The first user is novice users or known as new or
inexperienced users. These users require extensive guides in implementing their tasks for example
by providing instruction in every task. They also need more responses and closure to enable users
to know their progress when using the system. Casual users can be defined as user that able to
complete their task without much help from the system. These users need a consistent structure to
enable users to make predictions about the system and also possess efficient help facilities and
documentations to remind them when they have forgotten information about the system. Lastly
expert users are type of user that rarely need guidance and the system should facilitate methods
that can implement tasks as quickly as possible with minimum error [17].
Eight golden rules by [17] are rules that usually an interactive system such as Virtual ‘Umrah
follows to design user interface. The rules are:
a) To be consistent in every aspects and actions such as colour, fonts, layout and so on.
b) Ensure that all intended users such as novice, casual and expert users can use the same
interface.
c) Make sure that every action would be followed by appropriate feedback.
d) Design some sort of closure for example a dialog that display ‘Thank you’ after a
transaction process is finished.
e) Should create some mechanisms to detect and prevent or correct errors.
f) Ensure that some actions can be reversed to prevent the users from being annoyed.
g) Support users with offering controls and freedom so that they have fun when using our
application.
h) Decrease short term memory to avoid users to remember a lot of information when using
the interface.
The design of user interface interrelated with user profile as mentioned before. A successful user
interface in Virtual Reality environment has to accommodate the needs of every users either
novice users, casual users or expert users. According to [18] a certain guidelines can be adopted
to design an interface that includes:
a) The representation of anything from the real world should be natural or real.
b) Interaction techniques should be chosen carefully so that it will efficiently and effectively
working in virtual environment.
c) Provide more responses and closure to enable users to know their progress when using
the application.
3.5. Usability Evaluation
Usability is a concept in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) that refers to create any computer
applications that easy to learn and easy to use through User-centered Design (UCD) process [19]
[20]. UCD is considered especially important when creating new applications that need to be
accepted by users.
According to [21] the usability concept consists of five main criteria namely easy to learn, easy to
use, easy to remember, contain few errors and satisfaction. Meanwhile, [22] describe the usability
criteria as effectiveness, efficiency, safety, utility, learnability and memorability. For this
research, the authors have chosen usability criteria as learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors
and satisfaction. Table 1 shows the definition of those criteria.
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
24
Table 1. Usability criteria of Virtual ‘Umrah.
Usability Criteria
Learnability
Users must be able to learn easily even after a period of not having used it.
Efficiency Users can carry out their tasks with a minimal number of steps.
Effectiveness Users are able to complete the task and to achieve goals.
Errors Users can overcome any errors by providing button for help and display
suggestion through dialog box.
Satisfaction
Users must be fun to use the system to feel satisfaction
Usability is important feature in order to evaluate an application [23]. The results from the
usability evaluation can be used to judge the application. The term evaluation generally refers to
the process of gathering data about the usability of a design or product by a specified group of
users for a particular activity within a specified environment. In term of Virtual ‘Umrah
application, usability evaluation is a technique to identify user requirements and propose suitable
solutions.
Before perform the evaluation, the authors determined the objectives of the evaluation. The
planning for the evaluation is important in order to perform the evaluation smoothly. The
objectives that have been identified for this research are as followed:
a) To ensure that users easy to learn the functions of tool at the interface in order to offer
smooth interaction. (Learnability)
b) To make sure users can do their task efficiently by using help and also use hint for the
button, then users can click in order to get more information. (Efficiently)
c) To assured users can adequate to remember the flow of the content or page navigation.
(Memorability)
d) To ascertain users can explore the application with help button and dialogue box that can
help them to settle the errors. (Errors)
e) To make sure users get the required information quickly and accurately as well as a high
level of interactivity. (Satisfaction)
In order to perform usability evaluation, there are a few techniques that can be used which
comprise of heuristic evaluation, performance measurement, think aloud protocol, observations,
questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, use the actual logging and user response. Table 2 shows
the usability techniques that will be implemented in this research.
Table 2. Usability techniques in Virtual ‘Umrah
No. Technique Phases
Analysis Design Dev. Eva.
1
Observation
X
2
Questionnaire
X
X
3
Interview
X
4
Think aloud
protocol
X
5
User feedback
X
X
X
X
6
Focus group
X
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
25
The implementation of these techniques is depending on the appropriateness of intended research.
In Virtual ‘Umrah application, the techniques to perform usability evaluation are think aloud
protocol, observation, questionnaire, interview, focus group and feedback users [24].
a) Observation: Observation technique is the way of gathering data by watching both
behaviors and physical characteristics of users in their natural setting. In analysis phase of
Virtual ‘Umrah development, observation technique is used to identify existed problems.
During observation, the authors observe websites that contain an interactive application
pertaining ‘Umrah.
b) Questionnaire: Questionnaire technique is applied in analysis phase to get pilgrims’
requirements as preliminary study. A pilot study is carried out to ensure the reliability of
this instrument. For Virtual ‘Umrah application, the questionnaire use Likert scale that
range between 1 and 5. According to Nielson (1993) criteria for subject must indicate the
average value of at least 4.An Alpha Cronbach coefficient can interpret the correlation
coefficient with the difference in value between 1 and 0 [25]. This coefficient is used to
determine the reliability of the questionnaire items. According to [26] and [27] the
appropriate reliability coefficient is greater than 0.70.
c) Interview: The authors use interview technique in order to acquire contents for Virtual
‘Umrah application. It involves interviewer ask various questions to obtain the necessary
information. The interviewees that involve in this interview are the experts in ‘Umrah
activities and rituals and usually the persons who are involved directly with the tourism
agencies.
d) Think aloud protocol: This technique is used in the design phase to get visualization of
the interface. Users involve directly providing ideas and concepts of interface design for
the interactive application of ‘Umrah. These activities are performed repeatedly until the
user requirements are achieved.
e) User feedback: User feedback technique is implemented through the whole phases of
developing Virtual ‘Umrah application. User feedback is important because this
application adopts UCD methodology that requires users’ response iteratively for entire
development process until the intended goals are achieved.
f) Focus group: In the evaluation phase, this technique is used to compare the usability of
the proposed applications namely Virtual ‘Umrah with the existing applications that use
traditional approach.
There are numerous benefits of usability evaluation such as developers can save time to finish the
project and also can save money. Besides that, people can enhance the creativity of the design
whether in terms of interface or interaction. According to [28] the beneficiaries of usability are
both the users and companies of the products. The overall advantages of usability include
increased productivity, decreased costs of development and support, increased return on
investment and increased user satisfaction.
4.
C
ONCLUSIONS
The present paper reviews work in virtual environment specifically in ‘Umrah. The components
that important in virtual environment are also discussed namely content, virtual reality (VR)
technology, multimedia elements, user profile and usability evaluation. Content is an important
component that must be considered when developing Virtual ‘Umrah because the contents will be
able to provide accurate and precise information on rituals and activities in pertaining ‘Umrah.
Meanwhile, VR technology can be defined as a computer-based interface that is simulated by the
use of virtual computer to let the users experience something that similar to the real world as well
as the option to visualize, manipulate and interact with the application. Multimedia elements can
be described as different types of information in a multimedia presentation, including text,
images, video, audio and animations. These multimedia elements are used in every module in the
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA) Vol.5, No.5, October 2013
26
application based on user requirements. User profile focuses on discussion that related to user
skill levels and profiling tasks and user needs according to UCD model that focuses on
involvement of users in every phase. Lastly in term of Virtual ‘Umrah application, usability
evaluation is a technique to identify user requirements and propose suitable solutions. These
components are hopefully can be implemented as guidelines to the others to develop a virtual
environment. These components is hopefully can be implemented as guidelines to the others to
develop the virtual environment.
A
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank to Muhammad Safwan Bin Mat Noh for his contribution to this
research. The authors also would like to thank all colleagues who have been giving support and
encouragement throughout the implementation of this study.
R
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A
UTHORS
Normala Rahim is a lecturer in University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu. In 2006,
she holds a Diploma in Photography & Creative Imaging from Universiti Teknologi Mara
(UiTM). In 2008, she holds a Degree in Bachelor of Photography & Creative Imaging
(Hons) from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) and MIT (Information Science) from
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia. Her research interests are Virtual
Reality (VR) and Human Computer Interaction (HCI).
Nazirah Abd Hamid is a lecturer in University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu. She
holds a degree in Bachelor of Information Technology from Universiti Utara Malaysia
(UUM), in 2004 and M. Sc. Com. (Information Security) from Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia. Her research interests are Information Security and Human
Computer Interaction (HCI).
Wan Malini Wan Isa is a lecturer in Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu. She
holds a degree in Bachelor of Computer Science (Multimedia) from Universiti Putra
Malaysia (UPM) in 2006 and M. Sc. Com. (Multimedia) from University Putra Malaysia
(UPM), in 2008. Her research interests are Multimedia Technology and Human Computer
Interaction (HCI).
Siti Dhalila Mohd Satar currently works as a lecturer at Faculty of Informatics and
Computing, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu. She holds a B.S. degree in
Information Technology from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), in 2008 and MSc
in Computer Science (Information Security) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM),
Malaysia. Her research interests are Information Security, and Information Quality.
Azilawati Rozaimee is a lecturer in University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu. She
holds a degree in Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Engineering) from Universiti
Putra Malaysia (UPM) in 2006 and M.Sc.Com. (Software Engineering) from Universiti
Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia in 2008. Her research interests are Multimedia
Technology and Human Computer Interaction (HCI).
