Breckle, S.-W., Hedge, I.C. & Rafiqpoor, M.D. (2022): Vascular Plants of Afghanistan – an Augmented Checklist (گیاهان رگدار افغانستان – یک چک لیست جامع). Revised digital edition of 2013 published print edition. Published now in 8 separate parts by ResearchGate.

Abstract

Because of the many requests, including via ResearchGate, the authors have decided to publish the “Vascular Plants of Afghanistan - an Augmented Checklist” as a kind of e-book in 8 separate parts. This is mainly because uploading and downloading the book as a single large file would overwhelm the computer systems. This way of publication also allows interested persons to selectively download the parts they are most interested in. We hope that this midway will be purposeful to reach a large number of interested persons in the worldwide scientific community.

با توجه به درخواستهای فراوان، منجمله همچنین از طریق "ریسرچ گیت" جهت دستیابی به "چک لیست جامع برای گیاهان رگدار افغانستان"، نویسندگان تصمیم گرفتند که این کتاب را منحیث یک کتاب الکترونیک به شکل پی دی اِف در 8 بخش جداگانه منتشر نمایند. این کار عمدتاً همچنین به این دلیل انجام یافته که ممکن است برخی از سیستمهای کمپیوتری از عهدهٔ آپلود و داونلود کتاب منحیث یک فایل سنگین بدر شده نتوانند. نتشر "چک لیست جامع برای گیاهان رگدار افغانستان" به شکل دیجیتال در بخشهای کوچک همچنین به علاقه‌مندان این امکان را می دهد تا قسمتهائی را که بیشتر به آن علاقه دارند، به طور هدفمند دانلود نمایند. امیدواریم این شیوهٔ نشراتی به مصلحت باشد و از این طریق تعداد زیادی از علاقمندان در جامعهٔ علمی جهانی بتوانند به آن دست یابند.

Full text

S.-W. Breckle
I. C. Hedge
M. D. Rafi qpoor
A. Dittmann (editor)
an Augmented Checklist
Vascular Plants of Afghanistan
Scientia Bonnensis
Vascular Plants of Afghanistan
ISBN 978-3-940766-64-9
S.-W. Breckle • I. C. Hedge • M. D. Rafi qpoor
Vascular Plants of Afghanistan – an Augmented Checklist
This book, written mainly in English, partly in Dari, gives a synoptic overview of all the known
vascular plants in Afghanistan. It is the fi rst augmented checklist for the country and was com-
piled from many information sources, recent and old, especially Flora Iranica (1963 ff.). It is a
natural follow-up to the profusely illustrated Field Guide Afghanistan (BRECKLE & RAFIQPOOR,
2010). Among its many attributes, the checklist enables us to state, with some confi dence, that
the total number of Afghan vascular plant species is about 5,000, a considerably higher total
than previously thought; species endemism is c. 24 %. The alphabetical sequence of taxa, fami-
lies and genera, the photographs and the tabular presentation of data make it user-friendly for
every body, not just taxonomists. The distribution maps serve different purposes even though,
at this stage of our knowledge, they are inevitably a fi rst step and are, for example, an incentive
for local botanists to make them more defi nitive. They also draw attention to the endemics.
Likewise, the detailed nomenclatural and literature information provide a strong and accurate
framework for any kind of future research and the conser vation management of the rich and
varied plant life of Afghanistan.

75°
75°
70°
70°
65°
65°
60°
60°
35° 35°
30° 30°
0 250
Kilometres
Centres of the provinces
GHA
WAR
PAW
BMY
KBL
PAN NUR
BAK
TAK
KDZ
BKHJOW
SAP
FAY
BDG
HER
FAR
NIM
HEL
QDH
URO
DKD
PAT
KHO
PAY
LOG
LAG
KAP
SAM BAL
KUN
NGHGHO
ZAB
Based on a shape file of Afghan Geodesy and Cartography Head Office (AGCHO)
   
BDG Badghis

BAK Badakhshan

BAL Baghlan

BKH Balkh

BMY Bamyan 
DKD Daykundi

FAR Farah

FAY Faryab

GHA Ghazni

GHO Ghor

HEL Helmand
!
HER Herat
"!
JOW Jowzjan
#$#
KBL Kabul
%&
KAP Kapisa
'&(
KHO Khost
)*
KUN Kunar
&
Abbreviations of the Afghan provinces
KDZ Kunduz $+,
LAG Laghman -
LOG Loghar .-
NGH Nangarhar !/
NIM Nimroz $+
NUR Nuristan 0*
PAY Paktya 0'
PAT Paktika 0'
PAN Panjshir 1'2
PAW Parwan +'
QDH Qandahar !,
SAM Samangan /3
SAP Sare Pul %'*
TAK Takhar 4
URO Urozgan .$+
WAR Wardak 5+
ZAB Zabul %$
  
Provinces
of Afghanistan
2014

Editor: A. Dittmann
S.-W. Breckle, I.C. Hedge,
M.D. Rafiqpoor
Vascular Plants of Afghanistan
 an Augmented Checklist
        

Contributors
D. Albach, B. Dickoré, F. Ehrendorfer, C. Fraser-Jenkins, H. Freitag,
R. Fritsch, W. Greuter, D. Podlech, F. Sales

Dedication 
                   .     ) (               .             .                     
       .  
          .                         !"#   .      $%       .    &   '" !"# (         . )*+       " "       .
Karl Heinz RECHINGER in his home office in Vienna in 1995/96
          /
This augmented checklist of the Vascular Plants of Af-
ghanistan is dedicated to the indefatigable Wilhelmina
RECHINGER. She was the wife of K.H. RECHINGER (1906–
1998) the initiator, major contributor and editor of Flora
Iranica. The first part of this remarkable Flora appeared
almost 50 years ago, and Wilhelmina’s support to the
project was, from its inception and in very many differ-
ent ways, fundamental to the smooth and regular ap-
pearance of family fascicles. After Prof RECHINGER’s death,
she took over the main reins of editorship and now in
2013, with 180-181 family fascicles published, the suc-
cessful conclusion of this Flora, dealing with a large part
of SW Asia and over 10,000 species, is now very near.
Her contributions have been, and are, invaluable. All
botanists, not just those with SW Asiatic interests, owe
her a huge debt of gratitude. Without Flora Iranica, and
the dedicated work of the two RECHINGERs, this checklist
would not have been possible.
Wilhelmina RECHINGER in her living room in Vienna in June 2011
 ! "#$     "%&'

  Contents

         !"#        
A   
   
     
   
 
     ! " # $# %& '() *+, - . / 0! ! '() 1) 0 2 3 4%-  + !   .0 3 $#  - 5
'() 6 7! $89   .:  ;<= #>  3.%
     6 '? 6"  6/ '@- 62 '% 6 '@0
     
   A #  B % 3!  C! A" # B  %3! &% C?-! A/ B% #3! DB! C%, E F. B% #3! %-! A2 #  B % 3! 3 '3 GH
          I 3 !#: ! I" 1J)+ I/
KL?#3! 5M<! 0  I2 3 KL? #3! .: I2   3 DB3 DB $ I2" 3 N& #3 N&  N 3,! I2/ 3 N& O        'P() QL I22 3 NPP&  3 RSP%- 0 ,  $< T '() QL I2 # 3 U,V> V> I26  %W I2X #E 3F $YZ% 
     
    
$% &' (!)* +  , -.
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Dedication
Acknowledgements
A vision for the future
Contents
Prefaces
B.F. de S. DIAS, D. RÜLAND, M.O. BABURY, A. DITTMANN
A The natural geography of Afghanistan
1 History of research
2 History of plant collecting
3 Geomorphology and geology
4 Climate
5 Flora of Afghanistan
5.1 General remarks
5.2 How many plant species?
5.3 Quantitative survey on Afghan flora
5.4 Endemism and endemic genera
5.5 New combinations, species new for Af-
ghanistan
5.6 Areas of special interest and future collecting
6 Floras of adjacent countries
6.1 Pakistan
6.2 Iran
6.3 Tajikistan
6.4 Turkmenistan
6.5 Uzbekistan
7 Species numbers in the world
8 Plant geography
8.1 Irano-Turanian floristic elements
8.2 Sino-Japanese floristic elements
8.3 Saharo-Sindian and other southern floristic
elements
8.4 Floristic elements of high mountains
9 Vegetation types of Afghanistan
9.1 General features
9.2 Seasonality
9.3 Potential and actual vegetation
9.4 Specific vegetation types
9.4.1 Deserts and semi-deserts
9.4.2 Deciduous and Juniperus woodlands
9.4.3 Evergreen broad-leaved woodlands and
forests in east Afghanistan
9.4.4 Temperate coniferous forests and wood-
lands in east Afghanistan
9.4.5 Subalpine and alpine vegetation
9.4.6 Nival belt
9.4.7 Azonal vegetation
10 Degradation, desertification
11 Agriculture, horticulture, forestry
12 Nature conservation, national parks

B    
                                 ()   
FGA                   –        :                      
C
  !"! #
        )   (   ()    
Acanthaceae
Apiaceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Caryophyllaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Plumbaginaceae
Ranunculaceae
Rosaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Zygophyllaceae
    
Amaryllidaceae
Cyperaceae
Iridaceae
Liliaceae (s.str.)
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Xanthorrhoeaceae
D $% &'(
   !" #$                      
79
79
79
80
80
81
81
82
82
82
84
86
88
89
89
93
95
97
111
119
121
125
144
202
214
243
261
291
351
397
415
429
452
475
479
483
494
506
513
520
559
563
565
571
575
579
587
595
B Explanatory remarks on the checklist
1 Format, data-bases
2 Families recognised
3 Family and generic references
4 Taxon
5 Internal distribution
6 External distribution
7 Altitude [m]
8 Notes, FGA page
9 The Field Guide Afghanistan
10 Using checklists
11 How to document plants – collecting, documen-
tation and photographs: floristic inventories
12 Plant profiling
13 Type specimens
14 Main herbaria with plant specimens from
Afghanistan
C The checklist of vascular plants
1 Abbreviations used
2 Fern and fern allies (Pteridophytes)
3 Gymnosperms (Coniferophytina)
4 Dicotyledons
Acanthaceae
Apiaceae
Asteraceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Caryophyllaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Plumbaginaceae
Ranunculaceae
Rosaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Zygophyllaceae
5 Monocotyledons
Amaryllidaceae
Cyperaceae
Iridaceae
Liliaceae (s.str.)
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Xanthorrhoeaceae
D Final part
1 Main references, bibliography
2 Sources of photographs
3 Subject index
4 Taxonomic index
5 List of recorded families and genera in the
checklist
6 Authors


 

   
     )  UN CBD(
  "     "                      . 
          "    "        "  "          ) (     )( .           )
DAAD(        ! #$              .   
                     % & '( &! )*  &+,  
   .            " "                           -                   .                "        "                                                 .
            . -/0 % 1  02     
% &! )* 3, 1/   42 5$ % . 
          .   67  5/ 89 :2 ; 42 8%' %
&5 % < '= %              . 
  
   
      
413, St-Jacques, World Trade Center, 8th Floor, Suite
800 Montreal QC, Canada, H2Y1N9. www.cbd.int
Preface
Dr Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias
Executive Secretary of the UN Convention on
Biological Diversity (UN CBD)
The book on “Vascular Plants of Afghanistan – an
augmented Checklist” provides the most accurate and
up-to-date account of the plant diversity of this region.
It complements the colourful “Field Guide Afghanistan
- flora and vegetation”, published in 2010 during the
International Year of Biodiversity by two of the same
authors, Prof. Dr Siegmar-W. BRECKLE (Bielefeld) and Dr
M. Daud RAFIQPOOR (Bonn). Funded by the German
Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), this checklist
represents an excellent scientific tool, providing access
to taxonomic information as the basis of plant use and
plant conservation in Afghanistan.
This inventory of more than 5,000 flowering plant
species for Afghanistan responds to the needs of
practitioners in nature conservation as well as in
horticulture, agriculture and forestry. It responds to the
capacity-building strategy for the Global Taxonomy
Initiative agreed by Parties to the Convention on Bio-
logical Diversity in 2012, which calls for enhanced
dissemination and use of taxonomic knowledge and
information to enable the effective implementing of the
Convention. It also represents an important contribution
to Target 1 of the updated Global Strategy for Plant
Conservation to achieve by 2020 an online Flora of all
known plants, as well as contributing to enhancing
capacities, public engagement and awareness about
plant diversity and its role in sustainable livelihoods and
importance to life on earth.
Hopefully, this checklist will be widely distributed
and used throughout the country, including schools
and universities, ministries and among stakeholders
engaged in reforestation, nature conservation and the
study of biodiversity in Afghanistan. May this book be
another step to enhance education, scientific under-
standing and to raise public awareness on the wealth
of biodiversity in Afghanistan and abroad.
Dr. Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias
Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD)
413, St-Jacques, World Trade Center, 8th Floor, Suite;
800 Montreal QC, Canada, H2Y1N9. www.cbd.int

A The natural geography of Afghanistan
A

            MOORCROFT GRIFFITHAITCHISON     Salvia moorcroftiana

Cercis
griffithii

Eremurus aitchisonii       Sir Henry COLLETTRhododendron collettianum BRECKLEbVOLKGILLI (AGA)AGAhttp://www.agafghanistan.de/
1 History of research
The study and exploration of the Afghan flora started
in the early 19th century. At this time of British in-
volvement and warfare [there were three Anglo-
Afghan wars], the troops had not only military goals
but also had scientists with them. Some botanists
studying the Afghan flora and vegetation during
those troubled times were MOORCROFT (c. 1830),
GRIFFITH (c. 1840) and AITCHISON (c. 1880). Many spe-
cific epithets of plant names commemorate them
and their collections (e.g. Salvia moorcroftiana,
Cercis griffithii, Eremurus aitchisonii ). Even a British
general general Sir Henry COLLETT is commemorated
(Rhododendron collettianum).
Relations with Germany also are quite old. The in-
ter-cultural state contract between Afghanistan and
Germany dates from 1923. The German language still
plays a role since these times (BRECKLE 2008b). The
German sponsored school, the Nedjat- or Amani-
School dates from 1924; many German teachers were
active there; and some also made botanical collections
(VOLK, and the Austrian GILLI).
After 1960, intensive exchange and research started.
The affiliation programmes between German and Af-
ghan universities with a joint treaty in 1962 facilitated
such projects.
In February 1966, the Scientific Afghanistan Research
Group (AGA) was founded by Prof Dr Willy KRAUS and
Prof Dr Carl RATHJENS during a co-ordination meeting at
the South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg. The
AGA (http://www.agafghanistan.de/) is an informal
association of scholars, writers, diplomats, aid and de-
velopment experts who have worked scientifically or still
work in or on Afghanistan. The purpose and aims of AGA
are the advancement of scientific research and
knowledge in Afghanistan, public information on that
country, co-operation with Afghans and Afghanistan in
the fields of science, education, research and informa-
tion (e.g. the former Afghan-German university part-
nerships), collaboration with the specialized documenta-
tion centres on Afghanistan in Peshawar and Kabul,
Bochum, and with the Afghanistan Foundation at Bu-
bendorf (Bibliotheca Afghanica, Switzerland) and publi-
cations of research results.

The natural geography of Afghanistan  26


34 S.-W. BRECKLE, I.C. HEDEGE, M.D. RAFIQPOOR
Fig. 9: Number of species in the large genera of the Afghan flora 

  


      
        
  
     
  
MABBERLEY                   
  

 
             
5.4 Endemism and endemic genera
An endemic taxon is defined as a species which is only
found in a distinct area or location and nowhere else in
the world. The taxon may be of any rank, although it is
usually at specific or generic level. The definition re-
quires that the area where that the species is endemic
be defined: such as a “site endemic” (e.g. just on one
hill), a “national endemic” (e.g. found only within the
border of the state of Afghanistan), a “geographical
range endemic” (e.g. found in the Hindu Kush region,
which however covers also parts on Pakistan territory).
The extreme opposite of the term endemism is cosmo-
politan, a worldwide distribution.
MABBERLEY (2008) recognized worldwide 13,313 vas-
cular plant genera of which 3422 (25.7 %) are single
nation endemics. We leave it open as to whether a
politically defined area of a state is suitable to define
the natural distribution area of an “endemic” species.
We tend to use “geographical range endemics”, well
knowing that quite often Floras are written only for
restricted national regions or states.
Endemic species are especially likely to develop on
biologically isolated areas such as islands or isolated
high mountains because of their geographical isolation.
The island of Madagascar, long since separated from
Africa, provides a striking example of this. There, about
75% of its plants are endemic with even higher totals
for its fauna.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
Astragalus
Cousinia
Oxytropis
Acantholimon
Allium
Silene
Taraxacum
Artemisia
Nepeta
Euphorbia
Ranunculus
Carex
Gagea
Acanthophyllum
Trigonella
Onobrychis
Iris
Potentilla
Delphinium
Ferula
Phlomoides
Vicia
Salvia
Scorzonera
Eremurus
Corydalis
Cuscuta
Convolvulus
Juncus
Cyperus
Erysimum
Galium
Draba
Lepidium
Echinops
Trifolium
Chenopodium
Arnebia
Malcolmia
Psychrogeton
Hedysarum
Atriplex
Dianthus
Saussurea
Tulipa
Medicago
Erigeron
Rosa
Number of species

46 S.-W. BRECKLE, I.C. HEDEGE, M.D. RAFIQPOOR

The natural geography of Afghanistan  53
Androsace villosa        

Fig. 24: Didymophysa fedtschenkoana, a high mountain spe-
cies ranging from the Hindu Kush to central Asia (based on Fl.
Iranica and unpubl. data)
  Didymophysa fedtschenkoana   
  
Fig. 25: Distribution of Rheum tibeticum, a high mountain
species ranging from the Hindu Kush to the Himalayas and the
Tibetan plateau (based on Fl. Iranica)
Rheum tibeticum
 
Fig. 21: Distribution of Androsace villosa, a boreal circumpolar
species, extending to all Eurasian high mountains except in N
Europe (based mainly on Fl. Iranica)
Fig. 22: Distribution of Delphinium brunonianum, a high
mountain species of central Asia, the Karakorum and the
Himalayas (based mainly on Fl. Iranica)
Delphinium brunonianum

Fig. 23: Primula algida, a high mountain species with a wide
range in central Asia just reaching Wakhan and disjunctly in
north Turkey, the Caucasus and N Zagros (based on Fl. Iranica)
Primula algida




54 S.-W. BRECKLE, I.C. HEDEGE, M.D. RAFIQPOOR


            
                          

              FREITAG, et al.   
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  
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              
  TulipaIrisGageaFritillariaEremurus         
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 (b)
 
9 Vegetation types of Afghanistan
9.1 General features
Except for some weeks from spring to early summer,
excluding the irrigated areas which cover about 5% of
the country's surface and the few areas of forest, the
plant cover of Afghanistan has a poor visual appear-
ance and looks rather uniform. For most of the year,
when seen from a distance, plant life appears to be
almost completely absent, and the monotonous grey
or brown colours of the landscapes seem to be caused
by the barren soil or rock surfaces. This is caused by
the strongly seasonal and predominantly semi-arid
climate in combination with the long-lasting destruc-
tive influence of man on the plant cover. The most
important general aspects in vegetation structure that
can be traced to these factors are here discussed be-
fore reviewing the different types of vegetation.
9.2 Seasonality
Over millions of years, the plant species in the Irano-
Turanian region have evolved alternative adaptations
to the strongly seasonal climate with rainfall or snow
during the cold winter, a short favourable spring with
moderate temperatures with some rainfall and mois-
ture stored in the soil, and the very long hot dry sum-
mer and autumn. Two groups of life forms are most
important (FREITAG, et al. 2010):
1 The “ephemerals”, comprising annuals and
geophytes, survive the unfavourable seasons as
seeds or in underground perennial organs like bulbs,
corms or rhizomes. They start to appear almost
simultaneously in spring or (in the lowlands) in late
autumn after the first rains and complete their life
cycle at the onset of the dry period. Depending on
the amount of rainfall, they form just a thin cover or
lush, meadow-like stands, even in semi-desert
ecosystems, as far as soil conditions are suitable.
The annuals are also perfectly adapted to a
repeated failure of the scanty rainfall because in
such years the seeds remain dormant in the dry soil.
As the ephemerals usually do not suffer from water
stress during the rainy season, most of them look
like plants from humid regions. The majority of the
showy monocots, such as the species of Tulipa, Iris,
Gagea, Fritillaria and Eremurus, belong to the
ephemerals with underground perennial organs
(geophytes). Many other herbaceous perennials
that continue photosynthesis at least in the first
part of the dry season behave in a similar way. Only
species with long or deep tap-roots or water-storing
tissues may remain active until late summer.
2 The woody species continue to be active, though in a
much reduced way, during the dry season when most
ephemerals have disappeared. Accordingly, they
show a variety of typical adaptations: (a) deep and far

56 S.-W. BRECKLE, I.C. HEDEGE, M.D. RAFIQPOOR

B Explanatory remarks on the checklist
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   


1 Format
It might seem that today, in an electronic era, a printed
tabular checklist of species is an old-fashioned way of
presenting data. However, (see: homepages.caverock.
net.nz/~bj/fern/equisetum.htm) a sound reason for
having a data-base in a printed format is that, unlike
many present-day botanical data-bases where it is
usually possible to see at one time information on only
one or few species, in a printed checklist the whole
genus or the whole plant family can be viewed togeth-
er. This is much more user-friendly for Afghan people
and all users. The alphabetical and tabular arrange-
ment used here allows the taxonomist to keep his
notions of relationship fluid, and makes it easier for
non-specialists. In compiling these detailed lists, Flora
Iranica was always the basic first reference; the next
stage was checking with the Floras of adjacent coun-
tries – Flora of Pakistan, CZEREPANOV (1995, for former
USSR territory), Flora of China [generally a reliable and
up-to-date information source] – also sometimes the
[Farsi] Flora of Iran, and fascicles of Flora of India, the
Med-Checklist and, for widespread taxa, even the Flora
of North America was sometimes consulted; likewise,
various internet sources. These, and many other
sources, were used for any new records of taxa and
taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. Our aim was to
present, as accurately as possible, an up-to-date list of
all the native vascular plant taxa recorded from Af-
ghanistan, but not, generally speaking, to adjudicate on
their taxonomic status. Throughout Afghanistan, there
are also many non-native ornamental plants and amen-
ity trees and numerous economically important crops;
we have only listed them if they are very common or
are widespread neophytic invaders.
2 Families recognised
The definitions of numerous plant families have
changed, sometimes significantly, since those used in
the Flora Iranica fascicles. In general, not exclusively,
we have followed the family names and circumscrip-
tions given in Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 3 (APG 3)
(see also MABBERLEY, 2008, a very reliable and compre-
hensive information source). Several genera are now
placed in families other than they were in Flora Iranica.
In such cases, and where we have recognised families
not accepted in APG 3, we give cross references or

Explanatory remarks on the checklist  88
   A.G. MILLER & J. MITCHELL  
                             

        
Recently, field work with Afghan students has start-
ed again on a small scale. New methods of documenta-
tion beside herbarium collecting can help in Plant
Profiling (A.G. MILLER & J. MITCHELL, 8th PloSWA Meeting
Edinburgh, July 1st, 2013). With the help of digital
cameras, the main features of a distinct plant species
can be photographed with a scale included, but it
depends on the taxon which parts should be docu-
mented. As an example, the list for an Asteraceae plant
is: habit: roots and plant base; leaf outline: basal,
middle, upper; leaf surface close-up; stem surface;
inflorescence/infructescence; capitulum; phyllaries
(outer covering bracts); half-capitulum dissected: re-
ceptacular scales within capitulum; external flowers
and a halved flower; and fruit. These photographs can
be placed on one sheet (Fig. 33) and can be stored (in
the dark against bleaching) together with the herbari-
um specimen. These photographs can be an important
complement to herbarium specimens, but certainly do
not make those redundant for future research. Such
detailed digital images have the potential to change
the basic design of some Floras and field guides in the
future.
Fig. 33: Example of a "plant profiling" of an Asteraceae by detailed digital photographs (acc. to T. MILLER/Edinburgh) - description
see text
 
Onopordum carduchorum:
NI-10-48-WP48 - Qaradagh

C
The Checklist of Vascular Plants
راﺪﮔر نﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﮏﭼ
Four major plant groups ﯽﻫﺎﻴﮔ رﺎﻬﭼﮔﺪﻤﻋ ﻩوﺮءﻩ
Gymnosperms
Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons
Pteridophytes

Pteridophyta
(Ferns and Fern allies incl. Lycopods, Equisets)
Ferns and Fern allies formerly were grouped together as Pteridophyta. Recent evidence indicates that the Ferns
(Filices) are not monophyletic. Today often the sub-kingdom Tracheobionta is divided as follows:
Division Lycopodiophyta:
Class: Lycopodiopsida, clubmosses
Class: Selaginellopsida, spikemosses
Class: Isoetopsida, quillworts and scale trees
Division Pteridophyta:
Class: Equisetopsida, horsetails and scouring-rushes
Class: Psilotopsida, whisk ferns, adders'-tongues and moonworts
Class: Marattiopsida, marattioid ferns
Class: Pteridopsida, leptosporangiate ferns (true ferns, Filicopsida)
Division Spermatophyta:
See groups of Gymnospermae, Dicotyledoneae, Monocotyledoneae, the seed-bearing plants
The circumscription of families in pteridophytes has undergone many changes in the last decades. A final system
is not yet visible. The pteridophytes, for the forthcoming delivery of Flora Iranica, are treated by W. GREUTER
(WG), partly based on the former checklist by FRASER-JENKINS. In the following it is indicated (last column: Notes)
which species are mentioned for Afghanistan by FRASER-JENKINS (CFJ). Comments by both colleagues are greatly
acknowledged.
Selected References
FRASER-JENKINS C 2010: Nepal’s little known pteridophytes, the hidden work of David DON, and the geography and
distribution of indo-himalayan ferns with state lists. Website version: www.groups.yahoo.com/group/Indian
Ferns. There included is a list of Ferns in Afghanistan (CFJ)
GREUTER W: Pteridophytes. Flora des iranischen Hochlandes und der umrahmenden Gebirge (Persien, Afghanis-
tan), parts of west Pakistan, north Iraq, Azerbeidshan, Turkmenistan in RECHINGER W f. (ed): Flora Iranica (in
preparation) (WG)
KHOSHRAVESH R, AKHANI H, ESKANDARI M & GREUTER W 2009: Ferns and fern allies of Iran. Rostaniha 10 (Supplement
2) 1–129
KOEIE M, RECHINGER KH 1958: Symbolae Afghanicae IV. Dansk Biol Skr 10, 3: 191 pp. Munksgaard, Kopenhagen
SMITH AR, PRYER KM, SCHUETTPELZ E, KORALL P, SCHNEIDER H, WOLF PG 2006: A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55,
3: 705–731
Aspleniaceae
(Polypodiaceae s.l. subfam. Asplenioideae)
Asplenium trichomanes
The Aspleniaceae (spleenworts) is a family of ferns which all members have intra-marginal, linear sori. World-
wide there are 6 genera and about 700 species.
Selected Reference:
FRASER-JENKINS CR 2010: Website version 1th Dec. 2010, updated 4th Oct. 2011, on www.groups.yahoo.Com/
group/Indian-Ferns
1): Two forms within A. lepidum var. haussknechtii are known from Afghanistan – all combinations are not yet

Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that include Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. The term
"gymnosperm" means "naked seeds" (Greek origin), since their seeds are not covered or enclosed, unlike the en-
closed condition of seeds and ovules of flowering plants (Angiospermae). Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the
surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form hard cones, or at the end of short stalks (fleshy small cones as in
Cupressus, Ephedra).
Gymnospermae and Angiospermae together compose the Spermatophyta or seed plants. By far the largest group
is the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, Gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitsch-
ia), and Ginkgo (a single living species). In Afghanistan they are represented only by 4 plant families.
Cupressaceae
Ephedra gerardiana
Cupressus sempervirens
Species of Cupressaceae are trees and shrubs with resinous wood. The leafy branchlets often flattened in one
plane or not flattened. Mature leaves are often dimorphic; usually small, scale-like or linear needle-like, acicu-
lar, not clustered. Flowers dioecious, wind-pollinated. Fruit-cones are fleshy, berry-like cones with few persis-
tent scales. World-wide about 17-23 genera are recognized with about 115 species, in all continents.
Selected References
RIEDL H 1968: Cupressaceae. In: RECHINGER KH (ed): Flora Iranica 50. Graz
BROWICZ K 1978: Cupressaceae. In: BROWICZ K: Chorology of trees and shrubs in south-west Asia 1: 7–15, 1–10.
Kornik
FARJON A 2010: A Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Kew
Taxon
Internal
Distribution
External
Distribution
Altitude
[m]
Notes,
FGA page
Cupressus sempervirens L., Sp. Pl. 1002. 1753
Morocco –
Iran, Med,
SWAs
800-2000
Cult,
Photo above;
FGA 194
Juniperus communis L., Sp. Pl. 1038. 1753 var.
saxatilis Pall., Fl. Ross. 1, 2: 12. 1789 (= J. com-
munis subsp. nana Syme in Sowerby, Engl. Bot.,
ed. 3, 8: 275, tab. 1383. 1868 = J. sibirica Burgsd.,
Anleit. Sich. Erzieh. Holzart. 2: 124. 1787)
Euras
2400-3900
FGA 194
Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Cauc. 2: 425.
1808 subsp. polycarpos (K. Koch) Takht., Fl.
Erevana, 53. 1972 (= J. polycarpos K. Koch,
Linnaea 22: 303. 1849 = J. seravschanica Komar.,
Bot. Zhurn. 17: 481. 1932)
EMed – TS,
WHim, Xinj,
Xiz
1200-3400
FGA 194
Juniperus pseudosabina Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Index
Sem. Hort. Petrop. 8: 65. 1842 (= Sabina turkes-
tanica Kom. Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada
RSFSR 5: 26. 1924)
Taj – Mong,
NPak
c. 2000
det. A. Far-
jon, Kew

Dicotyledons
Dicotyledons are one group of Angiospermae (or Magnoliopsida), the flowering plants. However, they are not a
monophyletic group. Only the more advanced eudicots are regarded as a monophyletic group. According to APG
3, some evolutionary basal plant families and the magnoliids are now separated in their own groups. For practi-
cal reasons, we keep the two main groups Dicots and Monocots.
The seeds of the Dicots have typically two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. The Dicots are very diverse and
range from tiny plants to tremendous trees; fleshy succulents to delicate herbs that dry out almost as soon as
they're picked; large and complex flower heads to tiny flowers; annuals and perennials; deciduous and ever-
green. World-wide there are around 200,000 species within this group. Around 300 families of flowering plants
are currently identified as Dicots. Their circumscription in some groups has changed tremendously in recent
decades; we use mainly the APG 3 context, but partly keep a more conservative view for practical reasons of
comparison with older systems and herbarium arrangements.
Acanthaceae
Justicia adhatoda
A mostly subtropical and tropical family with c. 220 genera and 3,000 mainly herbaceous species; there are many
cultivated ornamentals in such genera as Acanthus and Thunbergia.
Reference
RECHINGER KH 1966: Acanthaceae. In: RECHINGER KH (ed): Flora Iranica 24. Graz
Taxon
Internal
Distribution
External
Distribution
Altitude
[m]
Notes,
FGA page
Dicliptera roxburghiana Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat.
Rar. 3: 111. 1832
Pak, Ind
800
Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson, J.
Linn. Soc. Bot. 9: 456. 1867 (= Justicia polysper-
ma Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 119. 1820)
Trop As
1800
Wet places,
weedy; in
regno cabu-
lico, Griffith
Justicia adhatoda L., Sp. Pl. 15. 1753 (=
Adhatoda vasica Nees in Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3:
103. 1832)
Pak, SAs,
Malaya, China
<1800
Photo above,
Cult
Justicia peploides (Nees) T. Anderson, J. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 9: 511. 1867 (= Rostellaria peploides Nees In
Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 3: 101. 1832)
Pak, Ind
<1000
In regno
cabulico,
Griffith

Dicotyledons, Chenopodiaceae 261
Chenopodiaceae
(rev. H. FREITAG)
Halarchon vesiculosus
Noaea spec.
Many recent publications, but not all, still use the family name Chenopodiaceae (e.g. KADEREIT J, et al. 2006; KA-
DEREIT & FREITAG 2011), but recent molecular and phylogenetic research has resulted in evidence that the family
should be subsumed into the Amaranthaceae. In APG 3, this wider circumscription has been adopted, but here
we have retained the classical definition of Chenopodiaceae. In this narrow sense, about 105 genera with 1,400
species are commonly accepted. In the wider sense, Amaranthaceae has about 170 genera and c. 2,000 species
almost globally distributed. Even more recently, the generic subdivision of Chenopodiaceae has undergone a
drastic phylogeny-based re-arrangement; in subfamily Salsoloideae it is not yet completed. Some genera such as
Climacoptera are badly in need of revision. The majority of chenopods are weeds, and many are halophytes and
drought-resistent; some are important food crops such as spinach, beet, chard, quinoa, and sugar beets.
Selected References
AKHANI H 2008: Taxonomic revision of the genus Salicornia in central and southern Iran. Pakistan J. Bot. 40: 1635–
1655
AKHANI H, EDWARDS G, ROALSON EH 2007: Diversification of the Old World Salsoleae s.I. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecu-
lar phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 168:
931–956
ASSADI M 2001: Chenopodiaceae. In: ASSADI M, KHATAMSAZ M, MAASOUMI A (eds): Flora of Iran 38. Tehran [Farsi]
CZEREPANOV SK 1995: Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). Cambridge University Press
FUENTES-BAZAN S, UOTILA P, BORSCH Th 2012: A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu
lato and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia 42: 5–24
HEDGE IC, AKHANI H, FREITAG H, et al. 1997: Chenopodiaceae. In: RECHINGER KH (ed): Flora Iranica 172. Graz
FREITAG H, HEDGE IC, JAFRI SMH, et al. 2011: Chenopodiaceae. In: ALI SI & QAISER M (eds): Flora of Pakistan 204. (E-
Flora 2011)
KADEREIT G, FREITAG H 2011: Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae):
Implications for biogeography, evolution of C4-photosynthesis and taxonomy. Taxon 60, 1: 51–78
KADEREIT G, MUCINA L, FREITAG H 2006: Phylogeny of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae): diversification, biogeogra-
phy, and evolutionary trends in leaf and flower morphology. Taxon 55, 3: 617–642
KÜHN U 1998: Chenopodiaceae. In: KUBITZKI K (ed): The family and genera of vascular plants 2. 253–280. Springer
PODLECH D 1975: Zur Kenntnis der Chenopodiaceen-Flora Afghanistans. Mitt. Bot. Staatss. München 12: 59–89
PODLECH D 2012: Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Afghanistan. www.sysbot.biologie.uni-muenchen.de/de/
personen/podlech/flowering_plants_afghanistan.pdf (PD-CL)
UOTILA P (ed): Chenopodiaceae. Euro+Med Plantbase - The information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant
diversity. Published at http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/
ZHU GELIN, MOSYAKIN SL, CLEMANTS SE 2003: Chenopodiaceae. In: ZHENGYI W, RAVEN P, DEYUAN H (eds): Flora of China
5: 351–414. Beijing/Missouri
Taxon
Internal
Distribution
External
Distribution
Altitude
[m]
Notes,
FGA page
[Aellenia see Halothamnus]
Agriophyllum latifolium Fenzl in Ledeb., Fl. Ross.
3: 757. 1851
Iran–SW Kirg,
Pak (Bal)
300-1000
Psammo;
FGA 374

478 S.-W. BRECKLE, I.C. HEDGE, M.D. RAFIQPOOR
Iris songarica (Iridaceae)

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AITCHISON JET 1888: The botany of the Afghan Delimita-
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AITCHISON JET 1889: A summary of the botanical features
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burgh 17: 421–434
AITCHISON JET 1890: Notes on the products of western
Afghanistan and north-eastern Persia. Trans Bot Soc
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AKHANI H 2006: Flora Iranica: facts and figures and a list
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ALAM M 2009: Plant collectors in Afghanistan. Bull Soc
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ALAM M 2011: Trees and shrubs of Afghanistan. A den-
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ALI SI, QAISER M 1986: A phytogeographical analysis of
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ARRHENIUS O 1920: Distribution of the species over the
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ASSADI M et al (eds) 1989: Flora of Iran (in Farsi). Fasc 1–
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BARTHLOTT W, MUTKE J, BRAUN G, KIER G 2000: Die ungleiche
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BARTHLOTT W, HOSTERT A, KIER G, et al 2007: Geographic
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BEDDINGTON J 2010: Food security: contributions from
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BRECKLE S-W 1973: Mikroklimatische Messungen und
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D3 Subject Index
Ab-e Istada 69
Actual vegetation 55
Adjacent countries 38
Affiliation programmes 17
Afforestation 74f
Afghan collections 89
Afghan collectors 92
Afghan plant specimens 90
Afghan Tourist Organization 76
Afghanistan Journal 18
Afghanistan Research Group 17
AGAPOW 86
Agricultural crops 73
Agriculture 72f
Air temperature 25
AITCHISON 17f, 90f
Ajar Valley 41, 58, 77f, 85
AKHANI 43
ALAM 91f
Alkaline lakes 67, 69
Alluvial fans 72
Alpine belt 52
Alpine meadows 48, 66
Alpine semi-deserts 66
Alpine vegetation 65
Altitudinal belt 24, 46f
Altitudinal record 66
AMANI 21, 92
Amu-Darya 67
ANDERS 21, 91
Annuals 54
Aquatic vegetation 68f
Aral Sea 44
Aralkum 46
Areas of special interest 41
Aridity 51
ASLAMY 92
Atmospheric circulation 25f
ATTAR 43
Azonal vegetation 57, 67
BABURY 7, 92
Baluchistan 23, 39, 51f
Band-e Amir 69, 77
Basionym 80
Bible 71
BININDA-EMONDS 87
Biodiversity 31, 42f, 71, 76, 85, 92
Blocks 23
Botanical data-base 79
Botanic garden 21, 82, 92
Botanical library 21
BRECKLE 17, 20f, 82, 90f
Broad-leaved forests 43
Broad-leaved woodlands 62f
BRUMMITT 80
Caenozoic 24
Cannabis 74
Capitulum 88
CBD 85
Central Asian elements 47
Central Asian floristic region 47
Central Asian mountain 52
Chairs for Kabul 18
Chaman-Moqor lineament 23, 78
CHANDRA 85
Charcoal production 62
CHAWORTH-MUSTERS 18
Checklist 21, 32f, 85
Chenopod deserts 58
Chorotypes 47f, 51
Circumboreal 52
Circumpolar 53
Climate diagrams 27f
Climate 25
Climatic stations 27
Collecting intensity 21
COLLETT 17
Colour photographs 83
Columnar trees 75
Conservation 37, 41, 72, 75, 83f
Conservation agency 76
Convention on Biological Diver-
sity (CBD) 85
Cosmopolitan 52
Country endemics 36
Crop 72, 85
Cushion shrub-lands 65
Cushion 41, 43, 55
Cutting of trees 61f
Cyclone’s cemetery 25
Cyclones 25, 30
CZEREPANOV 79
DAAD 8, 13, 82
DASGUPTA 71
Dasht-e Lut 42
Dasht-e Nawor 69, 85
Database 84, 87, 92
Deciduous trees 60f
Deciduous woodlands 60
Deforestation 74
Degradation 32, 61, 64, 70
Depressions 68f
Desert regions 29
Desert 30ff, 44ff, 57
Desertification 70f
Desert-lowlands 23, 30, 43ff
DIETERLE 91f
Digital images 83, 88, 92
Distribution maps 81
Distribution patterns 26, 47f
Diversity indices 46
Diversity 13
DJALAL 92
DNA taxonomy 86
Documentation 86ff
Domestic animals 63, 76
DOMINGUEZ LOZANO 84
Double-cropping 73
Drainage systems 68
Drought 30f, 47, 74f
Dry thorn savannah 60
Dry-farming 71
Dune areas 57
DZ = Diversity zones 46
East Afghan stations 28
Ecological climate diagrams 28ff
Economic plants 71
Eco-regions 85
Ecosystems 32, 44, 54, 59ff
EDELBERG 18
EKBERG 90f
Endemic genera 34, 38
Endemic species 32, 34ff
Endemism 31f, 34ff, 36f, 41f, 47f
Endemism ratios 38
Endorrheic lakes 68f
Ephemerals 44, 54
Episodic flooding 67
Erosion 70
Eternal snow 67
Euro-Siberian 42, 52
Evergreen 50f, 60ff, 62
External distribution 81
External flowers 88
Fallow areas 67, 71
Field Guide Afghanistan (FGA) 82f
Firewood 70
Flora Iranica 5, 19ff, 43, 79ff, 89
Flora of China 79
Flora 19, 21, 31ff, 80, 88
Floristic diversity 32
Floristic inventories 84, 86
Foggara 73
Forest destruction 64
Forest region 55
Forestry 72, 75
Fossilized leaves 49
FREITAG 20, 51, 54f, 90f
Fresh water lakes 68
FREY 20, 91
Fuel 70
FURSE 20
Future collecting 41
Gallery forests 67
Game reserves 76

Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Orchidaceae)

D4 Taxonomic Index
Abelia 241
Abies 115
Abutilon 372
Acacia 292
Acanthaceae 121
Acanthocephalus 145
Acantholepis 146
Acantholimon 397
Acanthophyllum 243
Acer see Sapindaceae 448
Acer 449
Aceraceae see Sapindaeae 448
Achillea 146
Achnatherum 522
Achyranthes 123
Acinos 351
Aconitum 415
Aconogon 405
Acoraceae 481
Acorus calamus see Acorac. 489
Acorus 481
Acrachne 522
Acroptilon 146
Actaea 416
Adiantum 105
Adonis 416
Aegilops 522
Aegopordon 146
Aeluropus 522
Aerva 123
Aeschynomene 293
Aesculus 450
Aethionema 215
Agapanthus 483
Agave 491
Agrimonia 429
Agriophyllum 262
Agropogon 523
Agropyron 523
Agrostemma 246
Agrostis 523
Ailanthus 459
Ainsliaea 146
Aizoaceae 122
Ajania 146
Ajuga 352
Alajja 352
Albizia 292
Alcea 372
Alchemilla 429
Alhagi 293
Aliopsis 342
Alisma 482
Alismataceae 482
Allardia 146
Alliaceae see Amaryllidaceae 483
Alliaria 216
Allium 483
Allochrusa 246
Alnus 200
Aloe 560
Alopecurus 523
Althaea 373
Alyssum 216
Amaranthaceae 122
Amaranthus 123
Amaryllidaceae 483
Amberboa 147
Ambrosia 147
Ammannia 371
Ammodendron 293
Ammothamnus 294
Ampelopsis 474
Amygdalus 430
Anabasis 262
Anacamptis 518
Anacardiaceae 124
Anagallis 411
Anaphalis 147
Anchusa 203
Andrachne 393
Androsace 411
Anemonastrum 416
Anemone 416
Anethum 126
Angelica 126
Anisosciadium 126
Anogramma 105
Anthemis 148
Anthirrhinum 452
Anthochlamys 262
Anthoxanthum 524
Anthriscus 126
Apera 524
Aphanopleura 126
Aphragmus 217
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) 125
Apium 126
Apluda 524
Apocynaceae 142
Apocynum 142
Aptenia 122
Aquilegia 417
Arabidopsis 217
Arabis 217
Araceae 489
Arachis 294
Aralia 144
Araliaceae 144
Archangelica 127
Arctium 148
Arecaceae 490
Arenaria 246
Argusia 203
Argyrolobium 294
Arisaema 489
Aristida 524
Armeniaca 431
Armoracia 217
Arnebia 203
Artemisia 148
Arthraxon