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Use of Food Supplements as Nutricosmetics in Health and Fitness - A Review
Abstract and Figures
This chapter tries to present an overview about (i) nutricosmetic ingredients that may not only act on skin, hair, and nails but also have a more systemic effect resulting in improved health and fitness; (ii) the possible working mechanisms of such health and fitness enhancing nutricosmetics, focusing on the carotenoid and phenolic ingredients; and (iii) the concept of combinednutricosmetical–cosmeceutical applications (i.e., combined oral and topical applications) and combined nutricosmetical–physiotherapeutical interventions (i.e., combined oral and exercise or massage applications).
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... As consumers increasingly prioritize natural and holistic approaches to augment their physical appearance, the demand for nutricosmetics is expected to surge. Taeymans et al. 67 suggest that this trend will continue to gain momentum as consumers become more health-conscious and seek multifaceted benefits from the products they purchase. ...
Molecular docking is a computational technique that predicts the binding affinity of ligands to receptor proteins. Although it has potential uses in nutraceutical research, it has developed into a formidable tool for drug development. Bioactive substances called nutraceuticals are present in food sources and can be used in the management of diseases. Finding their molecular targets can help in the creation of disease-specific new therapies. The purpose of this review was to explore molecular docking's application to the study of dietary supplements and disease management. First, an overview of the fundamentals of molecular docking and the various software tools available for docking was presented. The limitations and difficulties of using molecular docking in nutraceutical research are also covered, including the reliability of scoring functions and the requirement for experimental validation. Additionally, there was a focus on the identification of molecular targets for nutraceuticals in numerous disease models, including those for sickle cell disease, cancer, cardiovascular, gut, reproductive, and neurodegenerative disorders. We further highlighted biochemistry pathways and models from recent studies that have revealed molecular mechanisms to pinpoint new nutraceuticals' effects on disease pathogenesis. It is convincingly true that molecular docking is a useful tool for identifying the molecular targets of nutraceuticals in the management of diseases. It may offer information about how nutraceuticals work and support the creation of new therapeutics. Therefore, molecular docking has a bright future in nutraceutical research and has a lot of potentials to lead to the creation of brand-new medicines for the treatment of disease.
... Neben der Lebensmittelindustrie bedient sich inzwischen auch die Kosmetikbranche und Tiernahrungsindustrie zunehmend der oben genannten Marketingbegriffe. Unter der Bezeichnung "Nutricosmetics" [10,11] werden Superfoods zumeist als Pflanzenextrakte oder Nahrungsergänzungsmittel, zum Beispiel als Heilmittel gegen Hautalterung und Faltenbildung, beworben. ...
Die Umsatzzahlen für sogenannte Superfoods sprechen für eine
erfolgreiche Vermarktung exotischer sowie auch altbekannter
Lebensmittel mit einem vermeintlich gesundheitsförderndem
Zusatznutzen. Obwohl es für den Begriff keine rechtliche Definition gibt
und die Produkte unterschiedlichen lebensmittelrechtlichen Regulationen
unterliegen, haben sich Superfoods längst in den Regalen der
Supermärkte etabliert. Als Superfoods deklarierte Lebensmittel zeichnen
sich meist durch eine hohe Dichte an Makro- und/oder Mikronährstoffen,
insbesondere sekundären Pflanzenstoffen, aus. Obwohl der implizierte
Gesundheitsnutzen von Produkten ohne autorisierte Health Claims eher
selten durch Studien belegt ist, beeinflussen die angenommenen
ernährungsphysiologischen Vorteile häufig die Kaufentscheidung der
Verbraucher*innen. Der Trend von Superfoods gerät jedoch nicht nur bei
aufgeklärten Verbraucher*innen durch Bedenken zur
Lebensmittelsicherheit und Nachhaltigkeit exotischer Superfoods sowie
das Angebot heimischer Alternativen zunehmend in die Kritik.
... Beauty comes from the inside and that means that nutrition is a key point for healthy skin and therefore decelerating the skin aging process [95,96]. Ingestible food products that are formulated for beauty purposes are described now as "nutricosmetics" [97]. ...
Antioxidants are molecules that delay or inhibit the oxidation of other molecules. Its use significantly increased in recent years in the diet of people. Natural antioxidants are replacing the use of synthetic antioxidant ingredients due to their safety, nutritional, and therapeutic values. Hydrolyzed collagen (HC) is a popular ingredient considered to be an antioxidant. This low molecular weight protein has been widely utilized due to its excellent biocompatibility, easy biodegradability, and weak antigenicity. It is a safe cosmetic biomaterial with good moisturizing properties on the skin. The antioxidant properties of HC are conditioned to the size of the molecule: the lower the molecular weight of peptides, the greater the ability to donate an electron or hydrogen to stabilize radicals. The antioxidant capacity of HC is mostly due to the presence of hydrophobic amino acids in the peptide. The exact mechanism of peptides acting as antioxidants is not clearly known but some aromatic amino acids and histidine are reported to play an important role in the antioxidant activity. Oral ingestion of HC increases the levels of collagen-derived peptides in the blood torrent and improves the skin properties such as elasticity, skin moisture, and transepidermal water loss. Additionally, daily intakes of HC protect the skin against UV melasma, enhances the fibroblast production and extracellular matrix of the skin. HC has been identified as a safe cosmetic ingredient for topical formulations with good moisturizing properties at the stratum corneum layer of the skin. It reduces the effects of skin aging (dryness, laxity, and wrinkles). The use of HC as a principal ingredient in safe formulations for skin protection was reviewed and compared when it is used by topical and/or oral administration.
... 16 Considerable interest exists in dietary bioactive compounds for their potential to benefit the health and appearance of the skin, especially those compounds that possess a combination of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and DNA-repair bioactivities. 17 Natural compounds that benefit facial skin tissue at different skin levels, by mitigating aging processes and supporting the maintenance of dermatological health, would be particularly appealing, especially if conveniently administered orally and demonstrated to be safe. 18,19 An increasing number of studies have shown that by orally supplying collagen peptides, an increase occurs in the synthesis of connective-tissue components by fibroblasts. ...
Context:
Dietary supplement manufacturers claim cutaneous anti-aging properties for their products; however, research supporting these claims remains sparse.
Objectives:
The study intended to determine if a correlation existed between the effects of a collagen dietary supplement and changes associated with skin aging.
Design:
The study was a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Setting:
The study took place at a clinical facility specializing in dermatological testing that could perform biophysical, instrumental analysis on the effects of proprietary supplement on human skin.
Participants:
Participants were 128 females, aged 39-59 (50.57 ± 5.55).
Intervention:
Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention or a placebo. The intervention consisted of twice daily oral administration of a supplement containing BioCell Collagen, a chicken sternal cartilage derived dietary ingredient composed of a naturally-occurring matrix of hydrolyzed collagen type-II (≥300 mg), chondroitin sulfate (≥100 mg), hyaluronic acid (≥50 mg).
Outcome measures:
The primary parameters included transepidermal water loss, viscoelasticity, hydration, (indirect) collagen content, chromophore (melanin) content and hemoglobin level, and photographic analysis. An expert visually graded participants' skin to determine the intervention's efficacy, measuring facial lines and wrinkles, crow's feet lines and wrinkles, skin texture and smoothness, and skin tone. The presence of erythema and/or dryness determined tolerance. Secondary outcome measures were tolerance and incidence of adverse events, and the participant's perception of the supplement's value.
Results:
For the 113 participants completing the study, the dietary supplementation compared to a placebo: (1) significantly reduced facial lines and wrinkles (P = .019) and crow's feet lines and wrinkles (P = .05), (2) increased skin elasticity (P = .008) and cutaneous collagen content (P < .001) by 12%, (3) improved indicators associated with a more youthful skin appearance based on visual grading and wrinkle width (P = .046), and (4) decreased skin dryness and erythema. No difference existed between the supplement and the placebo for skin-surface water content or retention. The supplement was well tolerated, with no reported adverse reactions.
Conclusions:
Dietary supplementation with chicken, sternal cartilage extract supports the accumulation of types-I/III collagen in skin to promote increased elasticity and reduced skin wrinkling.
... Ingredients used in nutricosmetics should be safe, and in general, they mostly have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. 37 Some of the most popular ingredients applied in nutricosmetic formulations ( Table 1) [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] involve combinations of micronutrients, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (including linoleic and c-linolenic), amino acids, carotenoids, and polyphenols, 38 all of which can be found in varying amounts in Spirulina, with the exception of Vitamin D. Effective forms for oral delivery of Spirulina biomass or extracts are those common for other nutricosmetics, including market products or do-ityourself recipes such as soups, yogurts, jams, chocolate, cereal bars, and beverages, capsules or tablets. 37,39 Spirulina Microalga Spirulina has been used as a source of several nutrients since ancient times. ...
Nutrition is one of the most important parameters involved in modulating skin health and condition. In this regard, the demand for natural compounds capable of promoting skin health and beauty has been attracting the attention of researchers and companies around the world. An interesting option to meet this demand is the use of Spirulina microalga, which has biotechnological potential, including several functional and nutritional applications. Although this microalga has been used in human nutrition since ancient times, it now has new applications and is being studied as a promising ingredient for nutricosmetics. The present review article summarizes Spirulina's most relevant activities, mainly its biologically active metabolites, which are interesting ingredients for nutricosmetic formulations and an important advance for skin care.
... Such products are typically sold through pharmacies in Western Europe. This sector of the industry was valued at $1.5 billion USD in 2007, and is estimated to be $4 billion by 2015 (Taeymans et al., 2014). ...
Besides providing essential nutrients for humans, food contains bioactive compounds that exert diverse biological activities such as anti-microbial, anti-cancerogenic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The cosmetic industry is interested in natural bioactive compounds for their use in nutricosmetic and cosmeceutical products. These products aimed to reduce skin aging, inflammation or provide photoprotection against UV radiation. As a result, nutricosmetics and cosmeceuticals are becoming innovative self-care products in the beauty market. These products contain phytochemicals as active compounds obtained from fruits, vegetables, legumes, medicinal herbs and plants with anti-aging potential. This review summarizes the information within the last 5 years related to bioactive compounds present in fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices commonly used for human consumption. Their antioxidant and biological potential for modulating molecular markers involved in the aging process, as well as their mechanism of action. Diverse natural foods and their byproducts could be used as a source of bioactive compounds for developing cosmeceutical and nutricosmetic products.
Throughout evolution sunlight produced vitamin D in the skin has been critically important for health. Vitamin D, known as the sunshine vitamin, is actually a hormone. Once it is produced in the skin or ingested from the diet it is converted sequentially in the liver and kidneys to its biologically active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This hormone interacts with its receptor in the small intestine to increase the efficiency of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption for the maintenance of the skeleton throughout life. Vitamin D deficiency during the first few years of life results in a flattened pelvis making it difficult for childbirth. Vitamin D deficiency causes osteopenia and osteoporosis increasing risk of fracture. Essentially every tissue and cell in the body has a vitamin D receptor. Therefore vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk for preeclampsia, requiring a Cesarean section for birthing, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, heart disease, dementia, deadly cancers and infectious diseases. Therefore sensible sun exposure along with vitamin D supplementation of at least 2000 IU/d for adults and 1000 IU/d for children is essential to maximize their health.
Monomeric and oligomeric procyanidins present in cocoa liquors and chocolates were separated and quantified in four different laboratories using a normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection. Procyanidin standards through decamers were obtained by extraction from cocoa beans, enrichment by Sephadex LH-20 gel permeation chromatography, and final purification by preparative normal-phase HPLC. The purity of each oligomeric fraction was assessed using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. A composite standard was then prepared, and calibration curves were generated for each oligomeric class using a quadratic fit of area sum versus concentration. Results obtained by each of the laboratories were in close agreement, which suggests this method is reliable and reproducible for quantification of procyanidins. Furthermore, the procyanidin content of the samples was correlated to the antioxidant capacity measured using the ORAC assay as an indicator for potential biological activity. Keywords: HPLC; procyanidins; cocoa; chocolate; quantification; antioxidant
Skin aging and its clinical manifestation is associated with altered molecular metabolism in the extracellular matrix of the dermis. In a pilot open-label study, we investigated the effect of a dietary supplement, BioCell Collagen(®) (BCC), which contains a naturally occurring matrix of hydrolyzed collagen type II and low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, in 26 healthy females who displayed visible signs of natural and photoaging in the face. Daily supplementation with 1 g of BCC for 12 weeks led to a significant reduction of skin dryness/scaling (76%, P = 0.002) and global lines/wrinkles (13.2%, P = 0.028) as measured by visual/tactile score. Additionally, a significant increase in the content of hemoglobin (17.7%, P = 0.018) and collagen (6.3%, P = 0.002) in the skin dermis was observed after 6 weeks of supplementation. At the end of the study, the increase in hemoglobin remained significant (15%, P = 0.008), while the increase in collagen content was maintained, but the difference from baseline was not significant (3.5%, P = 0.134). This study provides preliminary data suggesting that dietary supplementation with BCC elicits several physiological events which can be harnessed to counteract natural photoaging processes to reduce visible aging signs in the human face. A controlled study is necessary to verify these observations.
Background
French maritime pine bark extract (PBE) has gained popularity as a dietary supplement in the treatment of various diseases due to its polyphenol-rich ingredients. Oligometric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), a class of bioflavonoid complexes, are enriched in French maritime PBE and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Previous studies have suggested that French maritime PBE helps reduce ultraviolet radiation damage to the skin and may protect human facial skin from symptoms of photoaging. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of French maritime PBE in the improvement of photodamaged facial skin, we conducted a randomized trial of oral supplementation with PBE.
Methods
One hundred and twelve women with mild to moderate photoaging of the skin were randomized to either a 12-week open trial regimen of 100 mg PBE supplementation once daily or to a parallel-group trial regimen of 40 mg PBE supplementation once daily.
Results
A significant decrease in clinical grading of skin photoaging scores was observed in both time courses of 100 mg daily and 40 mg daily PBE supplementation regimens. A significant reduction in the pigmentation of age spots was also demonstrated utilizing skin color measurements.
Conclusion
Clinically significant improvement in photodamaged skin could be achieved with PBE. Our findings confirm the efficacy and safety of PBE.
p>Following an application from Nutrilinks Sarl, submitted pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Cyprus, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to a combination of lycopene, vitamin E, lutein and selenium and protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage. The Panel considers that the combination of lycopene, vitamin E, lutein and selenium is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect refers to the photo-protective activity of the food, delaying the appearance of UV-induced erythema and decreasing its intensity. The target population proposed by the applicant is healthy adults in the general population, and in particular people with sensitive skin. The Panel considers that protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage is a beneficial physiological effect. The applicant identified one bioequivalence study as being pertinent to the health claim. The Panel notes that this study did not assess direct measures of UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) skin damage. Therefore, no conclusions could be drawn from this study for the scientific substantiation of the claim. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of a combination of lycopene, vitamin E, lutein and selenium and protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage.</p
The effects of theobromine and an extract of cocoa seeds on lipid parameters were compared in rats. Theobromine (700mg/kg) and cocoa extract were administered orally on four consecutive days and serum obtained for lipid analysis. Theobromine caused significant (P<0.01 to P<0.001) decreases in total serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, but significantly (P<0.001) elevated HDL-cholesterol. Cocoa seed extract containing an equivalent amount of theobromine induced significant (P<0.01 to P<0.001) increases in all the lipid parameters relative to control rats. The results suggest that hypercholesterolemic effect observed with cocoa extract is not due to the alkaloid theobromine but may rather be caused by some other constituent of the extract. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc.
There is abundant epidemiological evidence that consumption of dietary carotenoids reduces the risk of cancer, but it is unclear which of the more than 24 carotenoids, including 8 metabolites, found in human plasma is active. Here we provide evidence that 3 major dietary carotenoids, beta-carotene, lutein and lycopene, can increase connexin 43 gene expression in 10T112 cells and in human keratinocytes in organotypic culture. This activity is shared with all-trans retinoic acid and is limited to suprabasal cells as is expression of this gene in intact human skin. Furthermore, (3R, 3'R )-zeaxanthin and 2,6-cyclolycopene-l,5 diol, metabolic derivatives found in human serum of lutein and lycopene respectively, exhibit greater activity than the parent compounds. We suggest that the conversion of dietary carotenoids to compounds which can increase gap junctional communication may play a role in the protective action of carotenoid- rich foods.
Imedeen™ is a cosmeceutical that provides nutrients to the skin. One of its active ingredients is the Marine Complex™ (MC).
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether MC affects skin morphogenesis differently in female and male human skin equivalents (HSEs).
Human skin equivalents were established with cells obtained from female or male donors between 30 and 45 years of age and cultured for seven or 11 weeks in the presence or absence of MC. Using immunohistochemistry, we examined early differentiation by keratin 10 expression, (hyper)proliferation by keratin 17 and Ki67, and basement membrane composition by laminin 332 and collagen type VII. In addition, the expression of collagen type I and the secretion of pro-collagen I were measured.
Marine Complex strongly increased the number of Ki67-positive epidermal cells in female HSEs. In the dermis, MC significantly stimulated the amount of secreted pro-collagen I and increased the deposition of laminin 332 and collagen type VII. Furthermore, MC prolonged the viable phase of HSEs by slowing down its natural degradation. After 11 weeks of culturing, the MC-treated HSEs showed higher numbers of viable epidermal cell layers and a thicker dermal extracellular matrix compared with controls. In contrast, these effects were less pronounced in male HSEs.
The MC nutrient positively stimulated overall HSE tissue formation and prolonged the longevity of both female and male HSEs. The ability of MC to stimulate the deposition of basement membrane and dermal components can be used to combat 2 human skin aging in vivo.