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The Three Essays and the meaning of the infantile sexual in psychoanalysis
Abstract
Freud's Three Essays on Sexual Theory (1905a) are still today highly significant because of their novel way of considering the human sexual dimension. The author intends to show that a close reading of the Essays, combined with the reintroduction of the seduction theory by Jean Laplanche, provides a specific and foundational sexual theory for psychoanalysis.
... In this work, I assume an intersubjective (Green, 2000) effect, the primordial influence of the maternal death instinct on the infant's action of the death instinct. Using Laplanche's theory of enigmatic seduction (Scarfone, 1994(Scarfone, , 2014, I attempt to show by clinical illustration that the maternal death instinct, communicated enigmatically to the infant as immersion, strengthens the action of the infant's death instinct on primary narcissism and causes psychosis. The emotional background of the maternal rejection of the infant's life is unconscious and hidden to the patient, and signs of it may be unconscious and hidden to the mother herself. ...
... These caregivers' unconscious contents not only become a burden that must be translated but also foreclose the infant's ability to translate and further elaborate this message. This violent implantation is called immersion (Scarfone, 2013(Scarfone, , 2014. The other puts into the interior an element resistant to all metabolization. ...
... Regardless of the vividness uncovered by both sides of the dyad, it is only the co-created text of the newly deconstructed meaning of the infant's life rejection that makes change possible. The analytic setting and the analyst's silence are themselves subject to temptation and allow transference to slowly unfold under the silent and un-intrusive interpretive stance of the therapist, which allows the emergence of the translation of the damaging messages of the maternal unconscious (Scarfone, 2014). ...
Addressing the infant-mother relationship, Laplanche posited that
the maternal unconscious serves as an enigmatic message to the
infant’s unconscious. The infant is unable to translate violent maternal
imprinting (immersion) of the life rejection, and the message
generates a traumatic internal enigma. When this occurs, the infant’s
ego takes action to avoid collapse and to survive under the
influence of a destructive object. Through a clinical presentation,
the author argues that this particular psychosis begins when the
infant’s death instinct binds to primary narcissism to process the
enigmatic trauma of maternal rejection. This dynamic uncovers
the possibility of the intersubjective nature of the death instinct. The
implications of the intersubjective influences of the analyst’s own
deadness and aliveness and the implications for the treatment of
this psychosis are discussed.
... Many have observed how, in subsequent revisions of Three Essays he demoted some of his most potent challenges to heteronormativity from the text to the footnotes (Dimen 1999;Goldner 2003;Gulati and Pauley 2019;Moss 2015). Others emphasize the third essay as the site of Freud's ambivalent retreat (Saketopoulou 2017;Scarfone 2014): there he seems to flee from the sumptuous bisexuality and polymorphous perversity of the first two essays to the "straight"-jacket of prescriptive heterosexual outcome. Freud was never able to fully liberate sexuality and gender from heteronormativity, culturally imposed or internalized. ...
Emergent erotic desire, it is proposed, becomes represented in the mind and body through identification with caregivers as subjects of desire. Here the focus within desire is on erotic desire for another person, both desire for and the wish to be desirable to particular others. Children are seen to identify with caregivers' modes of embodying erotic desire for others (including ways of moving, dressing, relating, and so on that they fantasize as expressing erotic desire for others) in order to represent, psychically and bodily, their emerging erotic desire. These identifications-desire identifications-have a role in representing desire for others that is comparable to the role played by gender identifications in the representation of gender. Embodiments of desire for others, it is argued, are distinguishable (momentarily) from embodiments of masculinity and femininity. These embodiments of desire are routinely characterized, erroneously, as masculinity or femininity by caregivers and culture, and this misrecognition of desire for others as gender is traumatic to the self in its formation as a subject of desire. An extended clinical case is presented to illustrate how desire identifications might arise in the analytic dyad, relationally, bodily, and erotically in the transference-countertransference.
... The explanation can be limited to a temporal phase. Scarfone (2014) deploys Laplanche in excavating a deeper understanding of the 'Infantile Sexual', which can be understood as a-temporal, not just a sequential part of growing up that eventually matures. Scarfone distinguishes between the sequential developmental line of maturational infantile sexuality and the infantile sexual that remains as the unconscious centre of adult sexuality and precludes evolution and maturity (Scarfone 2014: 335). ...
My thesis asks how psychoanalysis can understand gender identity; I consider this socially, culturally, and psychoanalytically, exploring the conscious and unconscious aspects of the motivation or drive to realign gender. I consider how early awareness of difference between the sexes and contrast between phantasy and reality can trigger depression, denial and conflict. When this is unmanageable it can instigate a protest, and a schism between body and mind. I have developed theoretical ideas, conducted Psychoanalytic Research Interviews to bring in lived experience, and formulated hypotheses that I discuss as a psychoanalytic psychotherapist and as a researcher. My theory chapters work through central concepts of gender and sexual identity, underpinned by Freud’s ideas, British Object Relations, the American Relational School of Psychoanalysis, Second Wave Feminist clinical and theoretical contributions including Queer theory and aspects of Lacan and Laplanche. My methodology provides a rationale for using Psychoanalytic Research Interviews specifically for this thesis, and also in the broader debate about psychoanalytic research. In my findings and discussion chapter I introduce hypotheses and interpret the interviews in relation to the theory chapters. My ideas develop from a description and exploration of sex, sexuality and gender to more distinctive propositions about the reversal of temporality into ‘I am therefore I was’ and unconscious matricidal wishes that might propel the drive to undo femaleness and femininity. Early development, Oedipal conflict, puberty, matricidal wishes, manifestations of masculinity, concreteness, fluidity, temporality and representation inform my investigation into sexual and gender identity and identification. The proliferation of young women who wish to be, or feel themselves already to be male has been seen by some as a psychic epidemic1 ; this might include the flight from womanhood and a move away from female homosexuality. By analysing the ways in which sexuality, identity, subjectivity and co-morbidity contribute to this phenomenon, I address how psychoanalysis as a discipline can better understand gender identity.
... Nessa escolha de termos parece se desenhar uma linha natural da sexualidade que se escreve entre corpos opostos, cada um expresso em funções particulares. É importante registrar aqui, porém, que na sexualidade humana há sempre desvio, e sua escrita é muito mais ampla do que as possibilidades simbólicas com as quais contamos para designá-la (Scarfone, 2014). ...
The present article's main objective was to discuss implications and attributions of feminine aspects in the constitution of the mind and the expression of sexuality of a thirteen-year-old girl. For such, fragments of sessions held over one and a half years of psychoanalytical care were used. Parent's discourse comprehends femininity based on the concept of original absence, in which girl's characteristics are affirmed by what she lacks and cannot be, limiting more genuine possibilities of recognition. As for the patient, the refusal of femininity is discussed not as an ontological expression, but as a defensive one, in a way to find means of self existence in opposition to the parent's expectations. The article approaches aspects of "coming to be", particular to adolescence, that precedes the final definition of sexuality, interpreting the feminine as an individual construction that will come to qualify possibilities of expression of the self in continence and creativity.
... According to some psychoanalytic thinkers (Fonagy, 1999(Fonagy, , 2000Scarfone, 2014), it is precisely the internal disturbance (of the self) inherent in sexual excitement that leads one in the search of an other who can take in our embodied disruption, enjoy it and return it to us in symbolized form through their pleasure. This is when things work well. ...
#MeToo has advanced the way that we think and speak of sexual abuses of power by creating a powerful social platform in which victims can function as a group, symbolizing what as psychoanalysts we consider unthinkable, while also striking at the inherent paradox that sexuality poses – how to account for the vagaries of human sexuality and its transgressive nature while holding individual and collective abuses of power accountable? My essay addresses such questions by focusing on the way that language fails to hold and symbolize sexuality due to its affective excess and its driven and enigmatic qualities, and advances the idea that the sexual is metabolized in action with an other and not through words and language. Further, that the boundary between what is permissible and what is not is negotiated on both conscious and unconscious levels of knowing, which I refer to as the liminal area of sexuality. I develop these ideas within a post-Lacanian framework and suggest that psychoanalysis must interface with other disciplines in order to bring depth to our consideration of sexuality at its most transgressive as well as to help stretch the symbolic function of language.
... This is not to imply that sexuality and the infantile sexual are the same; on their distinction, Laplanche (2005) was clear and insistent. The infantile sexual is the unrepresented lining that courses through all of psychic life (Scarfone 2014), while sexuality has more to do with the wide array of formulatedeven if repressed-fantasies, feelings, thoughts, sensations, and the specific behaviors to which they give rise. It is only to say that perverse sexualities are more likely to offer pathways to certain kinds of experience. ...
The concept of affirmative consent presumes a subject who is fully transparent to herself and who can anticipate the precise effects of her assent. This essay proposes limit consent, a concept that offers us different ways to think about the sexual—and about the analytic encounter. Limit consent involves a more nuanced negotiation of limits and becomes possible when the subject makes herself passible (Lyotard 1988) to an other—a condition that is neither active nor passive. Processes described in depth here suggest that passibility has ties to the rousing of infantile sexuality (Freud) and to the subject’s normative perversity (Laplanche). When the psychic economy of the infantile sexual is followed to its apex, a particular kind of state is produced that I call overwhelm—a word that is used here as a noun. Overwhelm is a state of dysregulation that can be confused with, but is not the same as, repetition compulsion. Overwhelm entails risk, and under some circumstances it may open up space toward significant psychic transformations. A detailed clinical example illustrates how overwhelm may make itself known in the clinical encounter, and how it can infiltrate the transference/countertransference. Specific technical suggestions are made regarding analytic work with overwhelm.
... Freud did not specifically address pedophile; however, he used "child-self" in his writings to address this type of organization. Fixation of child inner image also shows itself as a protest against maturity (Scarfone, 2014). By being never grown up, pedophiliacs can keep the child inner self-image and also they can keep their childhood relationship to their parents (Glasser, 1988). ...
Pedophilia, derived from Greek words philia of pedeiktos meaning erotic love of children (Seto, 2002) includes using children as a sexual excitement object to reach gratification. In most cultures children are not deemed as mature enough to make decisions about sexual intercourse. In this regard, child sexual abuse is not only intolerable, but is also sanctioned in many societies. Pedophilia is considered a controversial and unpleasant subject for many clinicians; therefore, most of them avoid conducting research on this topic. In the literature, there is no absolute and consistent classification and also diagnostic criteria of pedophile has changed over time. Although different theories such as psychoanalytic, attachment and Ferenczi’s trauma theory propose some explanations regarding the reasons for pedophilia, there is no satisfactory elucidation about this topic. Pedophilia is a multidisciplinary concern and requires a bio-psycho-socio-legal plan for intervention, it is crucial to conduct research by collaboration of various disciplines and understand this subject is important and necessary to address this issue. This current study is an attempt to understand pedophilia by looking from different perspectives.
... Freud did not specifically address pedophile; however, he used "child-self" in his writings to address this type of organization. Fixation of child inner image also shows itself as a protest against maturity (Scarfone, 2014). By being never grown up, pedophiliacs can keep the child inner self-image and also they can keep their childhood relationship to their parents (Glasser, 1988). ...
Pedophilia, derived from Greek words philia of pedeiktos meaning erotic love of children (Seto, 2002) includes using children as a sexual excitement object to reach gratification. In most cultures children are not deemed as mature enough to make decisions about sexual intercourse. In this regard, child sexual abuse is not only intolerable, but is also sanctioned in many societies. Pedophilia is considered a controversial and unpleasant subject for many clinicians; therefore, most of them avoid conducting research on this topic. In the literature, there is no absolute and consistent classification and also diagnostic criteria of pedophile has changed over time. Although different theories such as psychoanalytic, attachment and Ferenczi's trauma theory propose some explanations regarding the reasons for pedophilia, there is no satisfactory elucidation about this topic. Pedophilia is a multidisciplinary concern and requires a bio-psycho-socio-legal plan for intervention, it is crucial to conduct research by collaboration of various disciplines and understand this subject is important and necessary to address this issue. This current study is an attempt to understand pedophilia by looking from different perspectives. PEDOFİLİYİ TANIMAK ÖZ Çocuklara yönelik erotik sevgi anlamına gelen Yunanca "pedeiktos" (çocuk) ve "philia" (sevgi) sözcüklerinden gelen pedofili (Seto, 2002), çocukların cinsel uyarım nesnesi olarak kullanılmasını içerir. Çoğu kültürde, çocuklar cinsel ilişki hakkında karar vermek için yeterince olgun olarak kabul edilmezler. Bu bağlamda, çocuk cinsel istismarı sadece tahammül edilemez olarak görülmekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda pek çok toplumda cezai yaptırıma da bağlanırr. Pedofili birçok klinisyen için tartışmalı ve hoş olmayan bir konu olarak kabul edilir; bu nedenle, çoğu klinisyen bu konuda araştırma yapmaktan kaçınır. Literatürde, pedofili için mutlak ve tutarlı bir sınıflandırma bulunmamaktadır. Aynı zamanda pedofili tanı kriterlerinin de zaman içerisinde değiştiği görülmektedir. Psikanalitik, bağlanma ve Ferenczi'nin travma teorisi gibi farklı teoriler pedofilinin nedenlerine ilişkin bazı açıklamalar önermesine rağmen, bu konu hakkında tatmin edici bir açıklama yoktur. Pedofili çok disiplinli bir meseledir ve biyo-psiko-sosyo-yasal bir müdahale planı gerektirmektedir, Pedofili konusunun ele alınmasında çeşitli disiplinlerin işbirliği ile araştırma yapması ve konuyu anlaması çok önemli ve gereklidir. Bu çalışma, farklı perspektiflerden bakılarak pedofiliyi anlama girişimidir.
This paper's clinical material derives from psychoanalytic parent-infant psychotherapy (PIP). It applies Freud's concept of infantile sexuality to clinical processes in PIP. Freud's sources were everyday baby observations and adult patients' childhood accounts. He was unclear as to when infantile sexuality emerged in babies, claiming it was observable in the newborn as well as unobservable only until about three years of age. Furthermore, he argued that the sexual drive leant on the survival instinct, thereby adding erotic pleasure to breastfeeding. This process remained unclear until Laplanche suggested a traffic of enigmatic messages in dyadic interactions. Their meanings were unconscious to the adult and incomprehensible to the baby. The paper investigates if the baby might experience certain communicative expressions as especially enigmatic. It applies an observational and interpretative method, layered analysis, to a clip of a video-recorded PIP session. It shows the analyst approaching a gaze-avoidant baby by greeting and smiling. These efforts were conscious to him. In contrast, as his lips made two kiss-like motions they were unconscious to him and retroactively interpreted as signifying his infantile sexuality. The paper discusses if such micro-events correspond to Laplanche's enigmatic messages.
A number of contemporary psychoanalytic writers have characterized gay childhood as a profoundly isolating experience. Within a developmentally informed self psychological framework, the loneliness of gay childhood is theorized here as a deficit in requisite twinship experience in early life. A detailed clinical example illustrates how these thwarted twinship needs may reemerge in the transference to the analyst, and how patients may escalate their acting out when the analyst misattunes to, or altogether misses, manifestations of twinship longings in the transference. A bridge between Freud’s theory of the repetition compulsion and Kohut’s theory of selfobject transferences suggests how specific moments of thwarted twinship needs may be repeated within the analytic relationship in an attempt to master the earlier experience. The experience of the analyst being pulled into the patient’s attempts at mastery is detailed. A broader theoretical trend is hypothesized whereby psychoanalytic theories may have a pull toward twinship between each other.
Psychoanalytic clinicians are aware that the therapeutic setting, in its seductive draws and regressive pulls, can awaken the patient’s infantile sexuality. It has been harder, though, to recognize that it also kindles the analyst’s. This erasure is partly due to North American analysts’ privileging of object relational approaches to sexuality, and the neglect of sexuality’s driven, embodied dimensions (Green). Relying on Laplanche and others drawing on French metapsychology (Stein), I propose that some erotic countertransferences are fueled by these forces. These present with unusual phenomenological intensity and they are neither rare nor problematic. When unaddressed, however, they can disrupt a treatment or even culminate to sexual transgressions. I explore our resistances to acknowledging such countertransferences, which includes positing them as more manageable and less disorganizing than they, in fact, may be. Laplanche’s work on the sexual, by which he refers to the demonic aspects of infantile sexuality, and relational theory (Dimen, Goldner) helps deepen our thinking on this topic. I close by suggesting that the dyadic space of supervision and/or personal analysis may be insufficient to reign in the plenitudes of such erotic responses, and make an argument for their management being a matter not only of the individual analyst, but also a problem of the group (Dimen).
What, other than being “screwed,” may come of being subjected to something we did not entirely, or even at all, consent to? This essay explores what awaits sexual urges that risk pushing beyond the confines of affirmative consent and into limit consent. Taking up why one might court experiences that chafe against the limit, I suggest that such courting draws on the sexual drive. Via Aulagnier, Laplanche, and Zaltzman I track how the sexual drive may annex traumatic history. These annexations present themselves as traumatic repetitions but may work, at times, to spin compulsive recursions into traumatisms that can incite transformative psychic labor. To probe these ideas more deeply and flesh out the mechanics of why experiences that occur at the border of our consent can have transformative potential, I turn to Jeremy O. Harris's searingly beautiful theatrical work, Slave Play, to propose that pleasure suffered at the especially strained intersection of sexuality and racial trauma may produce traumatisms that dissolve ego structures in growth-inducing ways. While seemingly merely repeating ghastly historical crimes, erotic humiliation and racialized sexual abjection, work here to yield and make overatures to expanded psychic freedoms. Because there is no return to a pre-traumatic state for traumatized subjects, I propose that we become less preoccupied as analysts with what can be done about trauma and more curious about what can be done with trauma shifting, thus, psychoanalysis’s attitude towards trauma from traumatophobia to traumatophilia.
This article explores how the psychoanalytic drive theories of Freud, Laplanche and Lacan elucidate the conflicted nature of desire and object choice. In a close reading of Freud’s Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), I emphasize the inherent tension in Freud’s thinking between the non-object-relatedness and object-relatedness of drive, as well as the conflictual path of object choice. Through discussion of Laplanche’s theory of the origin and nature of the drive, I underline the significance of the unconscious, enigmatic messages of the object. I argue that Freud, Laplanche and Lacan, although in different ways, convey an idea of sexuality’s otherness. This otherness may contribute to highlight divisions in the sphere of love, e.g. splits between sexuality and attachment so often encountered in clinical practice, when erotic desire comes into conflict with the need for a safe and stable relationship. The article aims at explicating the clinical value of a listening perspective entrenched in drive theory for understanding the ambivalence, conflicts and paradoxes of human object choice.
Freud, inventor of a revolutionary method of inquiry that overthrew many traditional views, nevertheless formulated a most conservative theory about femininity. Leaving Freud's personal equation aside, the author explores the intra-theoretical factors that may have driven him astray and warns against their persistence in today's psychoanalytical thinking.
La division primitive du travail à la source de nombreuses formes de domination et d’exploitation fut dès le départ une division sexuelle du travail, créant des relations asymétriques et hiérarchiques, où les femmes occupent le bas de l’échelle. Ce contexte socio-culturel ne peut qu’influencer les théories sexuelles spontanées résultant de l’activité traductive/refoulante de la psyché de l’enfant confrontée aux messages énigmatiques de l’autre. L’assignation de genre est un de ces messages majeurs. Les enfants tenteront de le traduire en s’aidant de leur expérience corporelle et des outils symboliques transmis par leur entourage. Ainsi, les théories sexuelles infantiles reflèteront dans une large mesure les stéréotypes dominants, ceux-ci étant à leur tour maintenus et renforcés par la pression que les théories et fantasmes infantiles exercent inconsciemment sur la perception et l’opinion. L’erreur de Freud fut d’intégrer telles quelles les théories infantiles dans la doctrine psychanalytique. La question est de savoir comment cela a pu se produire. À la suite de Laplanche, nous examinons en quoi l’abandon de la théorie de la séduction peut expliquer cet état de fait.
Mediante la revisión de los Tres ensayos sobre la teoría de la sexualidad (1905), este artículo muestra una tensión fundamental en el pensamiento de Freud sobre la naturaleza del individuo y de su sexualidad. En su texto Freud describe al individuo y a la sexualidad como intrínsecamente relacionados con el objeto y al mismo tiempo como intrínsecamente independientes de dicha relación. El modo en que Freud presenta estas ideas contradictorias sugiere que no estaba simplemente indeciso acerca de la relación objetal y la sexualidad, sino que la contradicción era parte integrante de su pensamiento. Este artículo ofrece una explicación del significado de esta contradicción, de por qué ha sido ignorada en la literatura analítica y de algunas implicancias para el psicoanálisis contemporáneo y su enfoque de la sexualidad.
The author contends that it is possible to reconcile trauma and drive theories of psychopathology if we carefully examine the general notion of trauma and reexamine Freud's (1919) theory of war neurosis and of repression itself as an elementary form of traumatic neurosis. The logic of these views follows Laplanche's reintroduction and generalization of the seduction theory in contemporary psychoanalysis.
Through a re-examination of Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), this paper reveals a fundamental tension in Freud's thinking on the nature of the individual and of his sexuality. In this text Freud portrays the individual and sexuality as inherently object-related and at the same time as inherently independent of such relatedness. The way in which Freud presents these contradictory ideas suggests that he was not merely undecided on object-relatedness and sexuality but rather that the contradiction was integral to this thinking. The paper offers an explanation of the meaning of this contradiction, of why it has been neglected in the analytic literature, and of some implications for contemporary psychoanalysis and its approach to sexuality.
In his theory of evolution, Darwin recognized that the conditions of life play a role in the generation of hereditary variations, as well as in their selection. However, as evolutionary theory was developed further, heredity became identified with genetics, and variation was seen in terms of combinations of randomly generated gene mutations. We argue that this view is now changing, because it is clear that a notion of hereditary variation that is based solely on randomly varying genes that are unaffected by developmental conditions is an inadequate basis for evolutionary theories. Such a view not only fails to provide satisfying explanations of many evolutionary phenomena, it also makes assumptions that are not consistent with the data that are emerging from disciplines ranging from molecular biology to cultural studies. These data show that the genome is far more responsive to the environment than previously thought, and that not all transmissible variation is underlain by genetic differences. In Evolution in Four Dimensions (2005) we identify four types of inheritance (genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbol-based), each of which can provide variations on which natural selection will act. Some of these variations arise in response to developmental conditions, so there are Lamarckian aspects to evolution. We argue that a better insight into evolutionary processes will result from recognizing that transmitted variations that are not based on DNA differences have played a role. This is particularly true for understanding the evolution of human behavior, where all four dimensions of heredity have been important.
The author proposes an introduction to the work of Jean Laplanche, a well-known figure of psychoanalysis who recently passed away. He foregrounds what he views as the three main axes of Laplanche's work: firstly, a critical reading method applied to Freud's texts; secondly, a model of psychic functioning based on translation; and, thirdly, a theory of general seduction. Far from being an abstract superstructure, the theory of general seduction is firmly rooted in the analytic situation, as the provocation of transference by the analyst best illustrates. The analytic situation indeed consists in a revival and a reopening of the 'fundamental anthropological situation' which, according to Laplanche, is the lot of every human baby born in a world where he or she is necessarily exposed to the enigmatic and 'compromised' messages of the adult other. Thanks to the process of analytic de-translation, the analysand is therefore granted an opportunity to carry out new translations of the other's enigma - translations or symbolizations that might be more inclusive and less rigid than the pre-existing ones. Incidentally, such a model brings together the purely psychoanalytic and the psychotherapeutic aspects of the treatment.
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