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What Do We Know about Social Cohesion: The Research Perspective of the Federal Government's Social Cohesion Research Network
Abstract
This paper reports on recent research in the Federal Government on social cohesion. Social cohesion is defined as the willingness of members of a society to cooperate with each other in order to survive and prosper. Willingness to cooperate means they freely choose to form partnerships and have a reasonable chance of realizing goals, because others are willing to cooperate and share the fruits of their endeavours equitably. Social cohesion contributes to a wide variety of social outcomes such as health and economic prosperity. Part I of the paper relates how Federal Government researchers came to be interested in social cohesion. Part II discusses the concept of social cohesion. Part III presents a model of society to demonstrate how social cohesion works. Part IV concludes by discussing the policy significance of the model. /// Cette communication rende compte de la recherche récente du gouvernement fédéral au sujet de la cohésion sociale. Par la cohésion sociale, on comprend la volonté des membres de la societé à coopérer l'un avec l'autre dans le but de survivre et prospérer. La volonté de coopérer veut dire qu'ils choissisent librement de s'associer et qu'ils ont une bonne chance de réaliser leurs objectifs, puisque les autres sont également bien disposés à coopérer et à partager équitablement les résultats de leurs efforts. La cohésion sociale contribue à divers résultats sociaux, telles que la santé et la prospérité économique. La première partie de la communication raconte comment le gouvernement fédéral s'est interessé à la cohésion sociale. La deuxième partie explore le concept de la cohésion sociale. Partie trois présente un modèle de la société qui démontre comment fonctionne la cohésion sociale. Comme conclusion, partie quatre parle des implications du modèle pour la politique.
... The approaches of many international organizations consider that the plurality that characterizes twenty-first century societies is not, nor has it been, an impediment to building cohesive societies. The Economic Commission for Africa (2016) -which takes up the ideas of Pornschlegel and Jürgensen (2019), the New Zealand Ministry of Social Development (Spoonley and others, 2005), Dragolov and others (2013), De Beer (2014), Janmaat (2011), Woolcock (2011), the World Bank (2012) and Stanley (2003)-defines social cohesion in that way. 4 However, these approaches do not validate the necessity of a reduction in inequality per se, or the implementation of public policies in pursuit thereof, except to the extent that such a reduction improves levels of trust. They also raise the problem of the origin of that trust or capacity to act collectively and cooperatively and, therefore, of its durability, permanence or replicability in other contexts or in the face of new disruptive elements. ...
... This is particularly relevant in national and regional contexts marked by a trend towards growing diversity, seen in the migration experienced within Latin American countries, as well as by deep-rooted cultures of privilege (ECLAC, 2018a). This aspect of the definition of social cohesion is close to those that understand it as the commitment and ability to work together, even when the values people hold are different (Economic Commission for Africa, 2016; Pornschlegel and Jürgensen, 2019;Dragolov and others, 2013;De Beer, 2014;Woolcock, 2011;World Bank, 2012;Stanley, 2003). Equality-based relationships also involve the principle of mutual recognition (see, for example, Jenson, 1998), as well as overcoming all forms of discrimination as a precondition for social cohesion. ...
... It is included in order to indirectly reflect the acceptance and legitimacy of the status quo. In addition, respect for social rules allows an approximation to the willingness to cooperate and participate in the agreements and norms that govern society (Stanley, 2003). ...
What holds societies together? What identifies people and motivates them to live together voluntarily without the need for constant external coercion or immediate self-interest? At times of great uncertainty, crises and existential challenges, social cohesion assumes a central role in the progress of Latin American and Caribbean countries towards sustainable development. This publication examines the concept of social cohesion and offers an equality-centred theoretical approximation, a measurement framework for 18 of the region’s countries and a policy agenda for social cohesion, against a backdrop defined by a pandemic, uncertainty and challenges such as rampant inequality, mistrust of institutions, rising social unrest and different manifestations of violence. The conclusions call for the strengthening of some of the enabling elements of social cohesion, from a medium- andlong-term perspective.
... 5 Hanifan concluded that community building required the accumulation of a form of capital, similar to a corporate expansion requiring cash, real estate, or personal property. Capital required for community building 2 CONCEPTUALIZING BESPOKE PEACEBUILDING 33 appears in the form of goodwill, fellowship, empathy, and social interaction among a group of individuals, families, and groups that constitute a community. 6 James Coleman advanced Hanifan's argument by treating social capital as the individual's ability to gain personal benefits. ...
... 32 " Others have offered criticisms that extend beyond the notion of shared values. 33 Attempting to map the dimensions of social cohesion, Jane Jenson identified five aspects of social cohesion, which include (1) belonging-isolation, defined as shared values, identity, feelings of commitment, (2) inclusion-exclusion, which concerns equal opportunities of access, (3) recognition-rejection, which address issues of respecting and tolerating differences in a pluralist society, (4) participation-non-involvement, and (5) legitimacy-illegitimacy, concerning respect to institutions that act as mediators in conflicts in a pluralist society. 34 Drawing on this and other approaches to social cohesion, Berger-Schmitt draws the conclusion that the concept incorporates two main societal goals that can be distinguished: the reduction of disparities, inequalities, and social exclusion and the strengthening of social relations within a society, such as interactions and ties. ...
Peacebuilding contains multiple persistent challenges, from the systemic, cultural, regional, religious, and the political. While many actors are left out of negotiation, bargaining, coalitionbuilding, mobilization, and policy-making processes that helps to determine peace outcomes, these obstacles also persist due to systemic inequalities and failures that exacerbate humanitarian, human development, and human security challenges. Recognizing that the building blocks of peace can be attained through a variety of methods, but only through unique approaches tailored to specific contexts, this chapter present the concept of bespoke peacebuilding, which originates with a trio of critical concepts the construction of social capital, the development of social cohesion, and finally, an agreed upon social contract. Whereas, social capital is defined as ability of the people to secure benefits in social relations through peacebuilding social cohesion is the high degree of social connectivity and social stability within a country, and the social contract, is a concrete form of good governance that is generated by a covenant between the people and the state.
... The information will be useful in comparing how the CCT program of the Philippines fared with others. Holmes and Slater (2007) determined the program's effect on the social cohesion in terms of the citizens' willingness to cooperate to achieve certain objectives (Stanley, 2003). They found out that through the program, the beneficiaries gained access to public goods, and therefore became more engaged in community affairs. ...
This study assesses the effectiveness of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and its impact on the socio-economic status of beneficiaries in selected municipalities of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. A mixed methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies within a triangulation design. The study involved 340 respondents from four municipalities of varying income classes. Data were gathered through survey questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequency distribution, ranking, weighted mean, and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), while qualitative data were analyzed using in vivo coding and thematic analysis. The results reveal differing levels of program effectiveness across the municipalities and significant impacts on the socio-economic status of beneficiaries.The findings suggest that while the 4Ps program has positively impacted the socio-economic conditions of beneficiaries, there is a need to refine its implementation strategies to ensure more uniform benefits across different municipalities. Enhancements to the 4Ps program's implementation could further improve its effectiveness in poverty alleviation across various municipalities in the Philippines.
... DRA can have positive effects, such as the development of reinforced alternative behavior and the reduction of teacher stress (Flynn and Lo, 2016). However, when used exclusively toward certain students, it may have negative consequences on interpersonal relationships and class cohesion, by promoting comparison among students and stigmatization of targeted students (Stanley, 2003). It is important to consider these aspects when implementing DRA in order to foster an inclusive and positive learning environment for all students. ...
Introduction
Disruptive behaviors produce harmful effects, which reduce students’ well-being and learning opportunities. This paper presents a new strategy named Differential Reinforcement for All (DR-All), which has been inspired by DR and Social Learning Theory.
Methods
We conducted one study in which we applied DR-All to three classes with first grade students (intervention 1), then in kindergarten (intervention 2), and fifth grade students (intervention 3). In all three interventions, the measurements of student–student relationships and disruptive behaviors were taken 1 week before implementation and after 2 weeks of implementation. In intervention 1, disruptive behaviors were measured again 1 year after, among the 10 students who remained with the same teacher the following year.
Results
Concerning student–student relationships, we only observed one effect, which was a positive effect on the most rejected pupils in the first-grade intervention, who were significantly less rejected by their classmates after the implementation. However, the results of all three interventions showed a significant decrease in the frequency of disruptive behaviors after the strategy implementation. This was also true for the intervention 1 measurement 1 year later.
Discussion
To conclude, the consistent application of DR-All can reduce disruptive behaviors in the classroom.
... Carr (1992) defines public space as "the common ground where people carry out the functional and ritual activities that bind a community, whether in the normal routines of daily life or in periodic festivities… [it] is the stage where the drama of communal life unfolds". This is in line with social cohesion which is defined as the willingness of members of a society to cooperate with each other in order to survive and prosper (Stanley, 2003). Well-designed public spaces can contribute to social cohesion and the quality of life of residents (Aelbrecht et al., 2022). ...
Public spaces serve as vital components of urban landscapes, facilitating social interaction, community cohesion, and individual well-being. However, differences exist between the perspectives of urban planning professionals and the broader community regarding the conceptualisation, design, and management of these spaces, with professionals focusing on sustainability and urban planning principles, while community members prioritise immediate concerns such as safety and accessibility. This paper conducts a comprehensive narrative literature review to delve into this divide and propose strategies for bridging it. The literature highlights the multifaceted nature of public spaces, emphasising their role as venues for social engagement, cultural expression, and community identity formation. This approach synthesises various themes and perspectives, capturing the nuanced evolution of public spaces in response to contemporary challenges. One key theme from the literature is the divergent priorities between urban planning professionals and the general community. While professionals prioritise inclusivity, sustainability, and community impact, the public focuses on immediate issues such as safety, accessibility, and environmental quality. This disconnect underscores the need for a more nuanced and inclusive approach to public space design and management. To bridge this gap, the paper suggests adopting context-sensitive approaches that integrate localised narratives, identities, and placemaking practices. By prioritising equity-focused and accessible design strategies, public spaces can become truly inclusive environments that foster a sense of belonging for all. As societies evolve in response to technological advancements, cultural shifts, and changing demographics, the notion of public space must adapt, requiring ongoing re-evaluation to promote social cohesion, community empowerment, and well-being.
... Various factors, including economic inequality, cultural diversity, and political stability, influence social cohesion. Understanding the dynamics of social cohesion is essential for policymakers and social scientists as it directly impacts social policies and community development initiatives (Stanley, 2014). In the United States, social cohesion has been influenced by its diverse and multicultural society. ...
Purpose: The general objective of this study was to examine the role of community sports programs in promoting social cohesion. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the role of community sports programs in promoting social cohesion. Community sports programs played a pivotal role in fostering social cohesion by providing opportunities for individuals from diverse backgrounds to engage in physical activity and social interaction. These programs helped break down social barriers, promote inclusivity, and reduce social inequalities by targeting underrepresented groups. Participants developed a sense of belonging and mutual respect, which enhanced social skills and networks. The positive impacts extended beyond individuals to the broader community, creating safe spaces and increasing community engagement, volunteerism, and civic participation. Overall, community sports programs significantly contributed to building stronger, more inclusive communities. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study integrated Social Capital Theory, Social Identity Theory, and Ecological Systems Theory to explain how community sports programs enhance social cohesion, emphasizing the importance of social networks, group identity, and environmental interactions. Practitioners were advised to design inclusive and accessible programs, train coaches and volunteers in social cohesion skills, and incorporate activities that encourage teamwork and social interaction. Policymakers were recommended to invest in sports facilities, ensure inclusivity, and integrate sports programs with other community services to amplify their impact. These contributions provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the theoretical, practical, and policy aspects of community sports programs in promoting social cohesion.
... The phenomenon is dynamic, i.e., it is constantly changing, and its definitions vary considerably from one researcher to another. As the analysis of the sources has shown, scholars mention different components of cohesion, such as primary and secondary social ties (Cooley, 1909;Granovetter, 1973), emotional ties (Freud, 1921;Lott, Lott, 1966), the presence of shared attitudes, rules, behaviours, institutions (Green, Janmaat, 2011), a common "moral compass" (Larsen, 2013) or willingness to reconcile differences (Fonseca, Lukosch & Brazier, 2019), willingness to cooperate for the sake of survival and prosperity (Homans, 1958;Stanley, 2003), an environment that does not inhibit cohesion (Lewin, 1946), shared values and room for interpretation (Maxwell, 1996), levels of trust among members of society and/or between individuals and institutions (Lockwood, 1999), a sense of interdependence and interconnectedness (Durkheim, 1897), and equality of income/wealth (Putnam, 1993). ...
The characteristics of modern societies are central to discussions of various types of policy (social, economic, etc.) and are often seen as predictors of socio-economic processes. Any society can be studied through the lens of social phenomena. Hence, it seems fair to assume that the better one understands the nature of social matter and its impact on various processes, the better one's decisions will be able to meet today's challenges. The purpose of this paper is to explain and present the new framework for measuring social phenomena in the form of an algebra based on the definition of social phenomenon, its components, rationality and mathematical logic. Methodology. Using the example of social cohesion, the paper examines the current fundamental methodological approaches to interpreting the definition and, consequently, measuring social phenomena. In this paper, the authors use an analogy with probability space and event algebra to develop their mathematical method. As a result, the article presents and explains the basic terms of the algebra of social phenomena that make up the new concept. Practical implications. The authors' approach to formalisation provides a tool for deriving the measure of a complex phenomenon from the measures of its components (simple phenomena), as demonstrated in the example. Thus, this study enriches the range of methods suitable for deepening one's knowledge of the social characteristics of the society under study. Value/Originality. The concept of algebra as a methodology for measuring social phenomena and establishing dependencies between them on the basis of mathematical logic has not yet been the subject of public discussion. Therefore, this publication is also an invitation to a scientific discussion.
... Strong cohesion within a community or group signals robust social ties and trust among members, fostering a cooperative spirit and mutual support. It indicates a sense of belonging, shared responsibility, and a unified identity (Schiefer & van der Noll, 2017;Stanley, 2003). Likewise, social networks are an important component of social capital, reflecting the connections individuals or groups hold within a community or society (Son & Feng, 2019). ...
We employ a natural experiment-the transport of convicts to the British colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries-to examine the long-run effect of gender norms on the evolution of mateship and the formation of social capital in modern-day Australia. We find that people who live in areas in which sex ratios were historically male-biased, have higher social capital. Our instrumental variable estimates suggest that a standard deviation increase in the historical population sex ratio causes a 12.3% increase in social capital, while the reduced form estimates indicate that a standard deviation increase in the convict sex ratio causes a 5.4% increase in social capital. We show that gender norms have been transmitted within families and via marriage through assortative matching, as well as through shared remembrance in the form of war memorials in neighbourhoods in which sex ratios were historically male-biased. We explore the effect of gender norms on specific facets of social capital and find that in neighbourhoods characterised by conservative gender norms and well-defined masculinity norms due to historically high sex ratios, people are more likely to help each other, more likely to do things together and are more close-knit.
... High levels of cohesion signal strong social ties and trust within a group or community and reflects in the willingness of group or community members to cooperate and support each other. Social cohesion fosters a sense of belonging, mutual responsibility and shared identity (Schiefer & van der Noll, 2017;Stanley, 2003). Similarly, social network is an important indicator of social capital, which reflects the connections that individuals or groups have with each other and others within a community or society (Son & Feng, 2019). ...
We empirically examine the nexus between Locus of Control (LoC) and housing tenure in Australia. Drawing on data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics Survey for the period 2001–2021, we find that being internal on LoC is associated with a higher likelihood of homeownership and transitioning from renting to owning a home, while being external on LoC is more likely to lead to the opposite. This result is consistent across multiple robustness checks. We also find evidence that social capital and income are transmission mechanisms through which LoC influences housing tenure. We provide some suggestions for policy.
... In the empirical literature, several variables are used to approcimate social cohesion. These include common values, civic culture, social order, social solidarity and sense of membership (Reeskens et al., 2008 ); marital status, social contracts, group membership, and trust (Klein, 2013); equality of social outcomes, cooperation, diversity, and affinity (Stanley, 2003); and level of trust, willingness to cooperate, identity/belonging, inequality, ethnic heterogeneity, social inclusion, social capital, and quality of life (Berger-Schmitt, 2002;Knack 2003;Chen et al., 2006;Easterly, 2006;Manole, 2012). ...
Astract-This article fills the lack of work on the link between return migration and social cohesion in the country of origin of migration. For the first time, we assess the effect of skills acquired abroad by return migrants on social relations and quality of life in Cameroon using original survey data from the Institute of Demographic Training and Research. The main results, based on a probit model, show that formal and informal competences acquired abroad reduce the likelihood that return migrants will improve social relations and increase the probability that they will improve quality of life in their home country. These results remain robust to the inclusion of return migrants from African and non-democratic countries. Correcting for the endogeneity of skills acquired abroad by two-stage probit model with instrumental variables does not alter these conclusions. Similarly, the correction of selection into emigration by using Heckman's (1979) method does not alter the results of the probit model. Our results seem to corroborate the hypothesis that migration contributes to the transfer of norms and practices from destination countries to countries of origins.
... Social sustainability, as a practice, has recently come to light in the developed and developing regions of the world (Dempsey et al., 2011). It strives to sustain social capital, that is, by bringing communities to engage and work together, thus, building networks of relationships and getting more access to institutions at large (Stanley, 2003). Advocating community participation to sharing common ideals to ensure they mutually benefit is seen as a practice to achieve social sustainability (Goodland, 2002). ...
In the Indian economy, the economic repercussions of COVID-19 are visible
in the informal apparel enterprises in the form of employment and livelihood losses,
reduction in savings and increased debts. As they are more susceptible to economic
hardships and income losses during times of crisis, understanding of sustainable prac-
tices by the informal economy becomes critical. The present study attempts to under-
stand the impact of the crisis on the entrepreneurs and workers engaged in apparel
manufacturing, focusing explicitly on the COVID-19-led environmental, economic and
social sustainability practices adopted by the enterprises. It is revealed that the three
pillars of sustainability are positively associated with overcoming COVID-19 led dis-
ruptions. In that sense, the“informal sector”should be considered as an asset that
needs to be harnessed further to promote sustainability. A more cohesive approach
that brings into its fold measures to strengthen community relations, incorporate sus-
tainable ways of production, employ economical sustainable practices to the maxi-
mum limit and develop families as strong social institutions to achieve sustainable
goals is the present need.
Keywords:informal sector, apparel manufacturing sector, COVID-19, sustainable de-
velopment, Indian economy
... Social cohesion can be defined in the socio-cultural context as the willingness of members of a society to cooperate with each other in order to survive and prosper (Stanley, 2003). The OECD Development Centre describes a cohesive society as one which "works towards the well-being of all its members, fights exclusion and marginalisation, creates a sense of belonging, promotes trust, and offers its members the opportunity of upward social mobility" (OECD, 2011). ...
Within the framework of the Europe 2020 strategy smart growth is listed as one of the leading policy objectives aimed at improving the situation in education, digital society and research and innovation. The objective of this article is to evaluate the relationships between smart growth and economic and social cohesion factors. Aggregate measures were used to describe smart growth pillars. Here, social cohesion is described by the level of employment rate as one of the conditions essential to the well-being and prosperity of individuals. Economic cohesion is defined by the level of GDP per capita in PPS. Observation of these three phenomena forms the basis for the construction of panel data models and undertaking the assessment of the relationships between smart growth and economic and social cohesion factors. The study was performed on the group of 27 European Union countries in the period of 2002-2011.
... En esta línea, los urbanistas modernos han hecho suyo el concepto de sociabilidad y se preocupan por los aspectos físicos de los espacios públicos que los hacen más a escala humana, y, por tanto, más propicios para el contacto humano y la interacción significativa(Mehta 2014). Por ende, la sociabilidad cada vez juega un papel más importante en la planificación y políticas urbanas, ya que se relaciona estrechamente con la formación de capital social y de cohesión social, entendida como la "voluntad de los miembros de una sociedad de cooperar entre sí para sobrevivir y prosperar"(Stanley, 2003).La transformación de las ciudades para hacerlas a 'escala humana' corre en paralelo a la transformación de las ciudades para hacerlas más sostenibles. La "Nueva Agenda Urbana" (2016) y los ODS 2030, reflejan la relevancia del principio de la sostenibilidad medioambiental y social. ...
Las ciudades contemporáneas afrontan diversos retos, entre los que destacan la necesidad de crear entornos promotores de envejecimiento activo y saludable para una población cada vez más longeva, así como la humanización y renaturalización de la vida urbana. En este afrontamiento, las azoteas comunitarias de las propiedades verticales se revelan como un espacio idóneo para la construcción de sostenibilidad urbana y la generación de entornos socialmente inclusivos y promotores de envejecimiento activo aportando importantes beneficios para la salud física, mental y el bienestar personal y colectivo.A partir de un diagnóstico participativo, desarrollado mediante técnicas de investigación cualitativa, este articulo tiene como objetivo evidenciar y explicar los resultados, derivados de la primera fase de un proyecto de investigación, la cual pretende indagar en cómo los protagonistas vecinos y vecinas de los barrios de La Barceloneta y El Raval (Barcelona, España) entienden y perciben el uso de las azoteas comunitarias identificando esencialmente potencialidades, limitaciones y condiciones. Los principales resultados alcanzados son los siguientes: en primer lugar, en ambos contextos de estudio, los cuales concentran indicadores de vulnerabilidad social, en particular, entre la población de la tercera edad, coinciden en señalar como principal potencialidad de la azotea, el ser un espacio “meso”, intermedio entre el domicilio y el espacio público, privilegiado para la sociabilidad y la construcción de comunidad, así como el reverdecimiento y desarrollo de la sostenibilidad medioambiental. En segundo lugar, se pone de manifiesto que las comunidades de vecinos ven necesario una serie de condiciones y requisitos para el uso vecinal de la azotea comunitaria; entre ellos, destacan: por un lado, las mejoras técnicas del espacio (accesibilidad, confort, seguridad y durabilidad), y, por otro lado, las mejoras en los usos colectivos, a través de la redacción y cumplimiento de un mapa de usos y normas de convivencia. En relación con este último grupo de condiciones, los datos ponen de manifiesto que, en el caso del Raval, los protagonistas del mapa de usos son propietarios e inquilinos de alquiler, mientras que en la Barceloneta son vecinos, propietarios de VUTs y turistas. Y, en tercer lugar, a pesar compartir una visión similar sobre las potencialidades del uso vecinal de la azotea comunitaria y sus condiciones de disfrute, las visiones de los vecinos y las vecinas con relación a las tensiones y dificultades derivadas de este uso son significativamente diversas en los dos barrios estudiados. En el Raval se identifican como principales dificultades el mantenimiento del espacio, así como su gestión y normas de uso, para evitar conflictos vecinales de convivencia, especialmente entre propietarios e inquilinos. Mientras que en el caso de la Barceloneta expresan de forma unánime como la presión del turismo masivo, manifestada a través de una constante emergencia de pisos turísticos ilegales en el barrio, hace inviable el poder fomentar el uso vecinal de la azotea comunitaria. De manera que, la presión turística que sufre el barrio se evidencia como un factor limitante determinante para el uso colectivo de las azoteas, y las tensiones se focalizan entre vecinos, propietarios de la VUTs y turistas.
... Aunque en otras versiones de la CEPAL, se reflejan tanto los aspectos materiales como los inmateriales de la sociedad, pues se define como "la dialéctica entre mecanismos instituidos de inclusión y exclusión sociales y las respuestas, percepciones y disposiciones de la ciudadanía frente al modo en que estos operan" (CEPAL, 2007;Pág.13). En otros casos, la referencia no es a los mecanismos de la sociedad, sino que se enfoca en los individuos y su interacción, y se define como "the willingness of a individual to cooperate with each other in order to survive and prosper" (Stanley, 2003;Pág.5). En esta perspectiva la cohesión social se limita a la vinculación entre vecinos, con su sentido de pertenencia o de cooperación personal, que es la forma como lo aplican los programas sociales de la Unión Europea o algunos estudios del violencia en Brasil (Villareal & Silva, 2006). ...
El incremento abismal que tuvo la pobreza en Venezuela entre los años 2014 y 2016 ha sido único en nuestra historia y muy poco común en la historia mundial. Es muy raro que pueda ocurrir una caída tan grande en la calidad de vida de un país sin que haya mediado un desastre natural de gran magnitud, como un terremoto, o una destrucción generalizada como la que pueda ocasionar una guerra. En Venezuela, en el año 2016, sin terremoto y sin guerra, se produjo un descenso abrupto del salario real y la mayor inflación del mundo, y una escasez generalizada de alimentos y medicinas, que llevó al hambre en la población pobre y de clase media, a la pérdida de peso de la población, a la muerte de pacientes con enfermedades tratables y curables por la carencia de medicamentos y, también, al incremento de la violencia. Hay países que viven una situación de gran pobreza en su población y no tienen violencia. La India o Nepal, en Asia, a pesar de sus carencias generalizadas, tienen unas de las tasas de homicidios más bajas del mundo. En América Latina, Haití, con su persistente penuria, la cual se vio incrementada después del terremoto del 2010, tiene una tasa de homicidio inferior a la de Colombia o México (UNODC, 2013; WHO-UNODC-UNDP, 2014; Muggah y Alvarado, 2016). Por el contrario, en Venezuela, durante los años de mayor ingreso petrolero y riqueza de nuestra historia, tuvimos la más alta tasa de homicidios conocida hasta ese momento (CEPAL, 2011; INE, 2012; San- tos, 2012). Y, tristemente, la seguimos manteniendo y en crecimiento, durante los años de mayor pobreza de nuestra historia.
... Daha doğrusu, sosyal düzensizlik, sosyal uyumun karşıtı olarak görülmektedir (Demireva, 2017). Stanley (2003)'e göre sosyal uyum; toplum üyelerinin hayatta kalma ve refah için birbirleriyle işbirliği yapma isteği olarak tanımlanmaktadır. ...
Bu çalışmada en fazla Suriyeli sığınmacının yaşadığı şehirlerden birisi olan Hatay-Antakya’daki sosyal uyum sürecinin analiz edilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Hatay’da yaşayan Suriyeli sığınmacıların sosyal uyumu uygulanan anket vasıtasıyla ölçülmüştür. Anket çalışması, Antakya’daki Suriyeli sığınmacılar ve yerel halkın kaygıları, endişeleri ve Suriyeli sığınmacıların ne kadar uyum sağladıklarını anlamak için hazırlanmıştır. Anket formu son hali ile toplam 410 kişiye (205 Türk, 205 Suriyeli katılımcı) uygulanmıştır. Veriler SPSS Programı kullanılarak frekans, Anova testleri, t-testleri, Regresyon, tablo ve grafik olarak kategorize edilmiştir. Uygulanan anket sonuçlarına göre Türk katılımcıların cinsiyetleri ile Suriyelilere ilişkin algıladıkları duygular arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (H1a). Türk katılımcıların eğitim durumu, meslekleri, yaşları ve medeni durumları ile Suriyelilere ilişkin algıladıkları duygular arasında farklılık bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir (H1b, H1c, H1d ve H1e). Öte yandan Suriyeli katılımcıların cinsiyetleri, eğitimleri, meslekleri, yaşları ve medeni durumları ile Türk halkına ilişkin algıladıkları duygular arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamaktadır (H2a, H2b, H2c, H2d ve H2e). Türk halkının algılanan kaygıları arttıkça Suriyelilere ilişkin olumlu duygularının azaldığı görülmüştür (H3). Suriyeli ve Türk katılımcıların Türk kaygılarını algılamalarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (H4). Suriyeli katılımcıların Türkiye’ye geliş yılları ile Türklerin kaygılarını algılamaları arasında ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (H5). Son olarak Suriyeli katılımcıların Türkiye’ye geliş yılları ile Türk halkına ilişkin algıladıkları duygular arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir (H6). Bu çalışma Hatay-Antakya örneğinde Suriyeli sığınmacıların sosyal uyum sorununu irdeleyerek, sığınmacıların varlığını toplumsal boyutlarıyla doğru anlamak ve karşılaşılan sorunlara doğru çözümler üretebilmek gerektiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.
... Nitekim sosyokültürel dinamiklerdeki değişimle koleratif olması yönüyle sosyal işlevsellikten ayrılan sosyal uyum kavramının da kişilerarası ilişkileri ve hizmetlere erişimi içermesi, sosyal işlevselliğin ve sosyal uyumun temelde benzer noktalara odaklandığını göstermektedir. Sosyal işlevsellik, topluma katılımın bugününe odaklanırken sosyal uyum kavramı sosyokültürel konseptleri de bünyesinde barındırmakta, bu nedenle sosyal uyum kavramı sosyal işlevsellik kavramının, bir çatı kavramı olarak değerlendirilmektedir (Bosc, 2000;Murray & Lopez, 1996;Stanley, 2003). ...
Türkiye’deki en büyük Suriyeli göçmen grubunu gençler oluşturmaktadır. Suriyeli gençlerin topluma katılımlarında önemli değişkenler olarak sosyal işlevsellik ve yaşam kalitelerinin artırılması, daha sağlıklı bir toplum inşası için gerekli görülen müdahaleleri bir bütün olarak kapsamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda Suriyeli gençlerin sosyokültürel değişkenler üzerinden sosyal işlevsellikleri ve yaşam kalitelerinin betimlenebilmesinin amaç edinildiği çalışmada 28 Suriyeli genç ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda Suriyeli gençlerin sosyokültürel dinamiklerinin göç öncesi sürece göre farklılaşmaya başladığı ve Türkiye’deki gündelik yaşama bir uyum sürecinde oldukları fark edilmiş, toplumda işlevsel olmaya başladıkları keşfedilmiştir. Eğitime katılımda, göç öncesine göre oldukça işlevsel olunduğu ve gençlerin yaşam kalitelerinin yükseldiği görülmüştür. Öte yandan sağlık ve sosyal faaliyetlere katılım temalarında da işlevselliğin istendik yönde olduğu ve yaşam kalitelerinin arttığı keşfedilmiştir. Ancak sosyal işlevselliğin ve yaşam kalitesinin barınma ve istihdam koşulları üzerinden yapılan değerlendirmesinde Suriyeli gençlerin çeşitli zorluklarla mücadele etmek zorunda olduğu ve Türkiye’de barınma ve istihdam hizmetlerine katılımda birçok güçlüğün yaşandığı belirlenmiştir. Suriyeli gençlerin işlevsel bir şekilde yaşama katılımlarının sağlanması için barınma ve istihdam temalarındaki olanakların iyileştirilmesi gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır.
... Pentingnya modal sosial juga diungkapkan secara luas oleh Putnam, Leonardi and Nanetti, (1992) di mana masyarakat memiliki kepercayaan, norma, dan jaringan sebagai atribut mereka untuk berkembang. Stanley, (2003) menekankan nilai-nilai dan kemauan untuk melakukan kerja sama antar individu untuk kesejahteraan semua anggota. ...
This book consists of 15 (fifteen) chapters, namely: Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Tourism Management Chapter 2 Tourism Planning Chapter 3 Tourism Organization Chapter 4 Tourism Motivation Chapter 5 Tourism Control Chapter 6 Tourism and Social Change Chapter 7 Economic Impacts of Tourism Chapter 8 Social Impacts of Tourism Chapter 9 Environmental Impact of Tourism Chapter 10 Tourism Marketing Chapter 11 Tourism Potential Development Chapter 12 Sustainable Tourism Development Chapter 13 Management of Tourist Visits Chapter 14 Social Capital in Tourism Chapter 15 Tourism Industry
... As a result, close cooperation of the social groups of various categories can be in harmony despite the uninhibited prevalence of high, omnipresent primordial elements. According to Stanley (2003), social cohesion forms the voluntary and willingness of the community members to work with each other to attain peace and development. Moreover, social cohesion also involves pluralism consolidation process within the community, which then helps with reducing imbalances and closing the socio-economy disparities therein (Manca, 2014). ...
... A quick reminder, over the next few pages I discuss systemic and idiosyncratic trust only with respect to human experts in order to avoid overcomplicating the conversation. I will bring the conversation back around to systemic trust in AI in section 3. Furthermore, it is systemic trust, not idiosyncratic trust, that is responsible for maintaining stable relationships of trust between novices and experts which, in turn, enables large-scale cooperation, teamwork, and social cohesion (Misztal, 1996;Stanley, 2003). As sociologist Georg Simmel (1978Simmel ( [1900: 191) explains, "without general trust that people have in each other, society itself would disintegrate." ...
The relationship between human experts and those that seek their advice (novices), and between AI-enabled expert systems and users, are epistemically imbalanced relationships. An epistemically imbalanced relationship is one in which the information source (expert/AI) occupies an epistemically privileged position relative to the novice/user; she/it can utilize capacities, resources, and reasoning techniques to draw conclusions that the novice/user would be unable to access, reproduce, or in some cases, comprehend on her own. The interesting and problematic thing about epistemically imbalanced relationships is that when the epistemically disadvantaged party seeks out expert/AI aid, then in virtue of the novice’s epistemically disadvantaged position, she is not well-equipped to independently confirm the expert/AI’s response. Consider for example, a physician who outlines a cancer treatment regime to a patient. If the physician were then to try to explain to the patient how she decided on that specific regime (including drug doses, timings, etc.) it is not clear how the explanation would help the patient justify her belief in the physician’s claims. If an expert outlines her reasoning in such detail that it provides strong evidence in support of her claim – for instance, such that a series of true premises logically leads to a conclusion – then the novice is unlikely to have the expertise necessary to recognize the evidence as supporting the claim. Accordingly, the question stands, how can the novice, while remaining a novice, acquire justification for her belief in an expert claim? A similar question can be asked of user-AI interactions: How can an AI user, without becoming an expert in the domain in which the AI system is applied, justify her belief in AI outputs? If an answer can be provided in the expert-novice case, then it would seem that we are at least on our way to acquiring an answer for the AI-user case. This dissertation serves a dual purpose as it responds to the above questions. The primary purpose is as an investigation into how AI users can acquire a degree of justification for their belief in AI outputs. I pursue this objective by using the epistemically imbalanced novice-expert relationship as a model to help identify key challenges to user appraisal of AI systems. In so doing, the primary objective is achieved while pursuing the dissertation’s secondary purpose of addressing standing questions about the justification of novice belief in human expert claims. The discussions that follow are framed against an overarching conceptual concern about preserving epistemic security in technologically advanced societies. As my colleagues and I have defined it (Seger et al., 2020), an epistemically secure society is one in which information recipients can reliably identify true information or epistemically trustworthy information sources (human or technological). An investigation into how novices and users might make epistemically well-informed decisions about believing experts and AI systems is therefore an investigation into how we might address challenges to epistemic security posed by epistemically imbalanced relationships.
... Cohesion is described as a force capable to hold together molecules of a chemical substance. Later, in the 20 th century cohesion becomes a new meaning in the form of "social cohesion", which is a force keeping together different social groups in a society, regardless of their ethnic, racial or gender differences (Stanley, 2003). ...
Cohesion is a very important precondition for implementing several EU internal and external policies such as functioning of the single market, Eurozone, Customs Union, Common commercial policy, Competition policy, Environmental policy, etc. Therefore, the accurate assessment of the scale of cohesion in the EU is one of the main tasks of European researchers and institutions. But to assess the development of the EU cohesion process and thereof the effectiveness of ongoing EU cohesion policy, it is necessary to introduce and assess the results of certain cohesion indicators. The article presents two approaches to the assessment of cohesion in the EU. The first approach, the so-called traditional approach, is based on understanding of the cohesion process mostly like a catch-up development of member states and regions lagging the EU average. The so-called new approach, which is introduced in the article, focuses on fitness and readiness of member states, regions, and citizens in the EU to function together as one single organism. A set of new criteria has been proposed by the author, grouped by the three types of cohesion in the EU: economic, social, and territorial.
... Social cohesion is 'the willingness of members of a society to cooperate with each other in order to survive and prosper'. 19 Storiesand experiencesof communities banding together to search for lost children established, from the 1850s and 1860s, the public expectation that each adult would join a search for their neighbour's children and vice versa. As such, in new, multi-ethnic, multi-denominational communities in Australia, the very prospect of searching for lost children embodied the 'cooperation' and shared efforts for 'survival' and 'prosperity' that define social cohesion. ...
In the 1850s goldrush, new communities emerged in Victoria with members from diverse origins of place, faith and ethnicity. Settlers usually migrated to pursue wealth; however, the social cohesion these young towns required often came from beyond logics of economy. As the goldrush waned from the 1860s, communal searches for children lost in the bush became a secular ‘rite’ that helped produce ‘moral communities’, which articulated shared values through common beliefs and social practices associated with lost children. Entire segments of communities would gather, suspend economic pursuits and search for lost children, often for days or weeks at a time. The euphoria of finding the child alive, or the solemn reverie when the child perished, forged communal goodwill through shared sentiment. The rite of the search became disseminated through newspapers, literature and word-of-mouth, while the ‘bush’ – a construction referring to various landscapes in Australia – enabled readers to participate in the searches remotely, as part of an imagining and feeling community in the colonies’ various climates. In the gradually secularising settler colonies of Australia in the late nineteenth century, lost children functioned as a fulcrum on which communities could pivot, while establishing social cohesion and communal belonging.
... What then is the specific mechanism that links economic inequality and populism? To begin, it is helpful to consider the impact of inequality on trust and cohesion, which refers to the willingness of citizens to cooperate with one another to survive and prosper (Stanley 2003). Inequality creates tension between socio-economic groups when status relations become more salient in everyday life (Wilkinson and Pickett 2009). ...
In this review essay, I explore the consequences of growing economic inequality within advanced democracies. My aim is not to provide novel empirical evidence but to stitch together disparate threads of existing literature to make the case that growing economic inequality should be viewed as one of the most significant problems afflicting industrialized democratic societies today. I begin by defining the concept of economic inequality and by outlining the methods for measuring this phenomenon empirically. In this section, I encourage scholars to shift away from complex indices in favor of decile ratios that are more legible to the public. Next, I summarize trends in income and wealth inequality within advanced democracies to illustrate the growing scale of the problem in recent decades. Subsequently, I make the case that rising economic inequality should be viewed as a concern of utmost importance for political economists by reviewing the literature in three key issue areas that may be adversely impacted by rising levels of inequality: political equality, far-right populism, and economic growth. In scientific terms, economic inequality is conceptualized as an independent variable, and I examine its impact on relevant dependent variables. I conclude by making a call to action with the hope of mobilizing scholars across countries and academic disciplines to study the determinants of rising economic inequality, and to advocate for policy measures to combat the problem.
... In the 1990s the concept of social capital defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively-enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines (Woolcock and Narayan, 2000). Stanley (2003) believes that social cohesion refers to the willingness of social members to cooperate with each other for survival and prosperity. A society is "cohesive" if it is committed to the well-being of all its members, opposes exclusion and marginalization, creates a sense of belonging, promotes trust, and provides opportunities for upward mobility for its members (OECD, 2012). ...
Trust in government and social cohesion are crucial guarantees for long-term social stability. With the development of the Internet, cross-border flows of information have become increasingly easier, enabling more factors to influence people’s political perceptions and loyalty. This study explores the mechanism of governments’ impression management behaviors on trust in government and social cohesion using the questionnaire survey with college students in Shanghai as the research subjects. Impression management strategies are classified into promotive ones and protective ones herein based on the social psychology theory. The results indicate that both promotive and protective impression management strategies take by governments positively affect citizens’ loyalty, and loyalty positively affects citizens’ social cohesion and the level of trust in government; moreover, the level of trust in government positively affects social cohesion. These findings provide implications for boosting the sound development of China’s political society during the transition period.
... This, of course, implies a capacity to cooperate. 9 This definition was inspired by Judith Maxwell, who was the first scholar to give an approximate definition of the concept; for instance, she refers to social cohesion as: ...
The Middle East and North Africa have experienced mass protests and political changes since the end of 2010. Indeed, the uprisings were a decisive turning point in the history of the Arab world. Although the leading causes of the revolts appear to be similar, as they result from political repression and socioeconomic grievances, their outcomes were highly different, and thus each state has developed a distinct state-building process. This article aims to explain one of the main factors that led to these divergences by comparing the role of “social cohesion” in Tunisia’s and Libya’s uprisings. The study concludes that, while the strength of social cohesion in Tunisia has fostered the role of civil society and thus explains to a certain degree the relative success of democratic transition in the country, the weakness of social cohesion in Libya has damaged the social fabric and therefore increased the emergence of tribal conflicts in the post-transition era.
... Broadly speaking, trust is the belief in the reliability of someone or something. Trust enables people to cooperate (Coleman, 1988;Gambetta, 1988;Buchan et al., 2002;Uslaner, 2002;Stanley, 2003;Larsen, 2014), because most people only cooperate if they expect that others will do so as well. It allows people to resolve disputes and thus avoid conflict (Dent, 2005). ...
The brutal wars in Iraq, Syria and now Ukraine have caused a massive influx of refugees to Europe. Turkey alone has received more than 4.8 million refugees. An important precondition for their economic and social incorporation is trust: refugees need to trust the citizens as well as the state and the justice system to find their place in the host country. Yet refugees’ propensity to trust may be affected by cultural differences between their home and host countries, their personal conflict exposure and the experiences they had on the run. This study investigates how individual differences in exposure to armed conflict and institutional breakdown shape two types of trust among refugees: Generalized social trust and trust in the institutions of the settlement country. We survey a large and diverse sample of refugees from Syria and Iraq living in Turkish communities and deploy well-established measures of conflict exposure, posttraumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth. We find that higher degrees of conflict exposure are positively related to social trust, and to trust in courts and the police. These positive findings are largely driven by refugees who had very personal and emotionally powerful experiences. The psychological mechanism of posttraumatic growth cannot explain these findings, however, suggesting positive experiences of cooperation in the midst of war and displacement are potentially a better explanation for this finding than positive psychological changes resulting from trauma. At the same time, conflict exposure is negatively related to trust in political institutions. Posttraumatic stress may be the mechanism behind this result. We discuss the implications of these findings for the integration of war refugees—a topic that is tragically of great relevance today.
... They also aim to build social cohesion, which has been defined as the "extent of connectedness and solidarity among groups in a society" 16 and has been associated with positive health outcomes. 17,18 As part of establishing the Action Centers, the Health Department made capital improvements to revitalize the Action Center buildings and increased the number of front-line staff to include referral specialists, visitor navigators, and promoters, many of whom are neighborhood residents. The Health Department also invested in NowPow, an electronic referral system and resource directory used by more than 200 organizations citywide for which the Health Department provides licenses and training. ...
In 2016 and 2017, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene established Neighborhood Health Action Centers (Action Centers) in disinvested communities of color as part of a place-based model to advance health equity. This model includes co-located partners, a referral and linkage system, and community space and programming. In 2018, we surveyed visitors to the East Harlem Action Center to provide a more comprehensive understanding of visitors’ experiences. The survey was administered in English, Spanish, and Mandarin. Respondents were racially diverse and predominantly residents of East Harlem. The majority had been to the East Harlem Action Center previously. Most agreed that the main service provider for their visit made them feel comfortable, treated them with respect, spoke in a way that was easy to understand, and that they received the highest quality of service. A little more than half of returning visitors reported engaging with more than one Action Center program in the last 6 months. Twenty-one percent of respondents reported receiving at least one referral at the Action Center. Two thirds were aware that the Action Center offered a number of programs and services and half were aware that referrals were available. Additional visits to the Action Center were associated with increased likelihood of engaging with more than one program and awareness of the availability of programs and referral services. Findings suggest that most visitors surveyed had positive experiences, and more can be done to promote the Action Center and the variety of services it offers.
... It is a force that unites (keeps together) the social groups in society, regardless of ethnic, racial or gender differences. See:Stanley, D., (2003), What Do We Know about Social Cohesion: The Research Perspective of the Federal Government's Social Cohesion Research Network. The Canadian Journal of Sociology, Vol. 28, No. 1, Special Issue on Social Cohesion in Canada (Winter, 2003), Montréal, pp. ...
Background
Nations of considerable wealth and sophisticated health care infrastructures have experienced high rates of illness and death from COVID-19. Others with limited economic means and less developed health systems have achieved much lower burdens. To build a full understanding, an appraisal of the contribution of social relationships is necessary. Social cohesion represents a promising conceptual tool.
Objective
This study aimed to examine scholarship on social cohesion during the COVID-19 pandemic: specifically, the constructions of social cohesion being deployed, the variables chosen for representation, and the effects of and on social cohesion being reported.
Methods
The PubMed, Scopus, and JSTOR databases were searched for relevant journal articles and gray literature. A total of 100 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and analyzed from these using spreadsheet software.
Results
Several constructions of social cohesion were found. These concerned interpersonal relationships, sameness and difference, collective action, perceptions or emotions of group members, structures and institutions of governance, locally or culturally specific versions, and hybrid or multidimensional models. Social cohesion was reported to be influential on health outcomes, health behaviors, resilience, and emotional well-being, but there was some potential for it to drive undesirable outcomes. Scholarship reported increases or decreases in quantitative measures of social cohesion, a temporary “rally round the flag” effect early in the pandemic, the variable impacts of policy on social cohesion, and changing interpersonal relationships due to the pandemic conditions. There are numerous issues with the literature that reflect the well-documented limitations of popular versions of the concept.
Conclusions
Social cohesion has been used to express a range of different aspects of relationships during the pandemic. It is claimed to promote better health outcomes, more engagement with positive health behaviors, and greater resilience and emotional well-being. The literature presents a range of ways in which it has been altered by the pandemic conditions. There are significant weaknesses to this body of knowledge that greatly impede its overall quality.
Bu çalışmanın amacı lise düzeyinde öğrenim gören yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin Türk vatandaşı arkadaşları ve toplumla sosyal anlamda bütünleşme düzeylerini ortaya koyabilecek bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Araştırmada madde yazım sürecinde öncelikle literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Daha sonrasında ise yabancı uyruklu 12 öğrenci ve yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin bulunduğu okullarda görev yapan 6 okul psikolojik danışmanı ile yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılarak madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Literatür taraması ve nitel görüşmeler sonucunda ortaya çıkan maddeler uzman görüşüne başvurulmuştur ve uzmanlardan gelen görüşler sonucunda 68 maddelik uygulama formu oluşturulmuştur. 68 maddeden oluşan ölçme aracının yapısını ortaya koyabilmek için, Ankara ilinde devlet okullarında lise kademesinde öğrenim gören 428 yabancı uyruklu öğrenciden veri toplanarak açımlayıcı faktör analizi ve güvenirlik analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda 25 madde ve 7 boyuttan (Ülkeye Uyum, İletişim, Öğretmenlerle İlişkiler, Okula Uyum, Çevreye Uyum, Arkadaş İlişkileri, Kültürel Duyarlılık) oluşan Sosyal Bütünleşme Ölçeği (SOBÖ) oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen bu ölçeğin doğruluğunu belirlemek için 208 yabancı uyruklu öğrencinin yer aldığı farklı bir gruptan veri toplanarak doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Bu analiz sonunda elde edilen bulgular 25 madde ve 7 boyuttan oluşan yapının doğrulandığını ortaya koymuştur (χ²/sd= 1,801, CFI= ,937, TLI=,925 IFI=,938 GFI=,870 RMSEA= ,062). Bu durumdan hareketle yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin sosyal bütünleşme düzeyini ortaya koyan geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı oluşturulmuştur.
Given the influx of nearly a million Rohingya refugees into the Cox’s Bazar region of Bangladesh in 2017, it was inevitable that the demographics and social makeup of the area should change. The refugee population is now more than double that of the host community. Though efforts for repatriation are ongoing, the continued lack of success in that regard leads to the conclusion that long-term initiatives for improving social cohesion between the Rohingya and the Bangladeshi host community are required. We begin by constructing a definition of social cohesion in the context of the Rohingya crisis, first sketching out several frameworks from the literature before homing in on the specific region at hand. Next, a careful examination is performed of the many factors which adversely affect social cohesion in Cox’s Bazar today, as it is only through an understanding of these factors that a path forward can be discovered. It is doubly important to emphasize social cohesion in the area where they live, since the current repatriation initiative is in limbo and nobody knows when such a large population of Rohingyas would be able to return to Rakhine. Finally, we draw upon global examples as well as expectations from international bodies like the UN in suggesting ways that the integration of the Rohingyas can be achieved using long-term strategic planning.
Since apartheid was formally abolished in 1994, South Africa has had a complicated social environment. Even though the end of apartheid was a great achievement, this country is now facing a number of societal issues that affect social cohesiveness. These issues include high unemployment rates, racial conflicts, economic inequality, and land reform-related problems. In addition, South Africa has problems with crime, corruption, and service delivery, all of which erode public confidence in institutions and exacerbate social unrest. Rainbowism is one tactic employed to promote social cohesion; however, much debate exists about its capacity to deliver. Therefore, this study proposes Kwame Nkrumah’s philosophical consciencism as a means of promoting social cohesion in South Africa.
Social cohesion holds significant importance within immigrant communities, providing them with a sense of belonging to a group of people who share many similarities while they are adapting to an unfamiliar environment. This article explores social cohesion in the Indian community in Vietnam through the primary method of surveying and in-depth interviews. The authors believe that the Indian community in Vietnam currently is not closely connected, but that its members show a certain dependence on and trust in the members of the community. Regarding cohesion methods, the article explores the main methods of engagement, such as participation in community activities, in the activities of representative organisations, and in interactive groups on social media. In all three ways it is undeniable that Indians living in Vietnam have made efforts to stick together and unite, but the results have not really been what they wanted.
Esta nueva entrega de la colección “Informe del Desarrollo en México” del Programa Universitario de Estudios del Desarrollo (PUED) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) busca recuperar y poner en el centro de la discusión el concepto «Desarrollo» en tanto proyecto e idea fuerza que ayude a reconocer y transformar la realidad de nuestro país en pleno siglo XXI. Ubicar este concepto como la categoría analítica central implica repensar su significado y potencial para procurar el bienestar y la garantía de los derechos humanos, y valorar su capacidad ordenadora para construir teorías y métodos de análisis que ayuden a entender las relaciones existentes entre el ámbito social, económico, ambiental, cultural y político, y su manifestación en fenómenos de pobreza, desigualdad, equidad, sustentabilidad y democracia.
Esta nueva entrega de la colección “Informe del Desarrollo en México” del Programa Universitario de Estudios del Desarrollo (PUED) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) busca recuperar y poner en el centro de la discusión el concepto «Desarrollo» en tanto proyecto e idea fuerza que ayude a reconocer y transformar la realidad de nuestro país en pleno siglo XXI. Ubicar este concepto como la categoría analítica central implica repensar su significado y potencial para procurar el bienestar y la garantía de los derechos humanos, y valorar su capacidad ordenadora para construir teorías y métodos de análisis que ayuden a entender las relaciones existentes entre el ámbito social, económico, ambiental, cultural y político, y su manifestación en fenómenos de pobreza, desigualdad, equidad, sustentabilidad y democracia.
Sosyal kaynaşma, bir yerleşimde birlikte yaşayan toplulukları ortak değerler çerçevesinde yapılandırmayı, servet ve gelirdeki eşitsizlikleri azaltmayı ve genel olarak insanların ortak bir girişimde bulunma, ortak zorluklarla mücadele etme ve içinde yer aldıkları topluluğun bir parçası oldukları hissine sahip olma davranış ve duygularını ifade eder. Ülkelerin sosyal barış ve refahı için sosyal kaynaşma önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma, göçmenlerin ve dezavantajlı grupların yoğun olarak bulunduğu Türkiye’de sosyal kaynaşma sorununa bilimsel bir çözüm önerisi geliştirmeyi amaç edinmiştir. Çalışmada, göçmen bireylerin sosyal kaynaşma düzeyleri ve sosyal kaynaşmada sosyal sermaye, pozitif psikolojik sermaye, sosyal umut ve ekonomik beklenti arasındaki ilişki hipotetik bir model oluşturularak analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik analizlerde Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli metodu kullanılmıştır. Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli sonucu: Sosyal Kaynaşma ile Pozitif Psikolojik Sermaye, Ekonomik Beklenti, Umut ve Sosyal Sermaye arasında çok yüksek oranda pozitif yönlü ilişki bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, Ukrayna’dan Türkiye’ye zorunlu göç eden Ahıska Türklerinin bölge halkıyla yüksek düzeyde kaynaşma içerisinde olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma, Üzümlü İlçesi’ne yerleşmiş Ahıska Türküyle yürütülmüştür ve sosyal kaynaşma kapsamında, bölgesel veya ulusal düzeyde araştırmalar için bir perspektif sunmaktadır.
Coping and recovery capabilities in disasters depend to a large part on social resilience. Prior disaster studies suggest a variety of indicators to assess social resilience in the natural hazard context. We discuss whether the most common disaster‐related social resilience indicators like social cohesion and support can meaningfully capture social resilience in pandemic crises since pandemics typically comprise physical distancing and other social restrictions. Based on a review of frequently used social resilience measures, we propose pandemic‐tailored indicators of social resilience. Applying the suggested set of indicators to a sample of 1,500 residents surveyed in Switzerland during the summer 2020 phase of the COVID‐19 crisis reveals low levels of social support and community engagement, but the willingness to help others is high.
The development of socially diverse societies depends on social cohesiveness. Yet the subject has remained mainly understudied. This article discusses the level of social cohesion in Nigeria and its consequences for policy. Using primary and secondary dat
Background
Nations of considerable wealth and sophisticated healthcare infrastructures have seen high rates of illness and death from Covid-19. Others with limited economic means and less developed healthcare infrastructures have achieved much lower burdens. In order to build a full understanding, an appraisal of the contribution of social relationships is necessary. Social cohesion represents a promising conceptual tool.
Objective
The aim was to examine scholarship on social cohesion during the Covid-19 pandemic: specifically – the constructions of social cohesion deployed, how it was measured, and the effects of and on social cohesion reported.
Methods
The Pubmed, Scopus and JSTOR databases were searched for relevant journal articles and grey literature. 66 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and analysed from these using spreadsheet software.
Results
Several constructions of social cohesion were found. These concerned interpersonal relationships; sameness and difference; collective action; perceptions/emotions of group members; structures and institutions of governance; local or cultural specificity; and hybrid/multidimensional models. Social cohesion was reported as influential on health outcomes, health behaviours, and resilience and emotional wellbeing; but also that there was some potential for it to drive undesirable outcomes. Scholarship reported increases or decreases in quantitative measures of social cohesion, a temporary ‘rally round the flag’ effect early in the pandemic, the variable impacts of policy on cohesion, and changing interpersonal relationships due to pandemic conditions. There are numerous issues with the literature that reflect the well-documented limitations of popular versions of the social cohesion concept.
Conclusions
Social cohesion has been used to express a range of different aspects of relationships during the pandemic. It is said to promote better health outcomes, more engagement with positive health behaviours, and greater resilience and emotional wellbeing. The literature presents a range of ways in which it has been altered by the pandemic conditions.
This research aimed to characterize and measure the degree of Societal Cohesiveness, identify the most substantial determinants of Societal Cohesiveness, and specify the nature of the relationship between the degree of Societal Cohesiveness and its determinants in the study area. This study had conducted in some villages of Matrouh Governorate, in the province of Al-Hamam, which are the villages (Sayyidna Ayoub, Sayyidna Daoud, and Sayyidana Yahya) in the Banjar al-Sukkar area. The sample had determined by 40 % of the population of the households in the villages, with a total of 323 Parameters, data had collected from the randomly selected sample through a personal interview.
In analyzing the data of this study, more than one statistical method had used to achieve its objectives and test its hypotheses. Some descriptive and analytical statistical methods had used, such as percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, weighted mean, and frequency distribution tables to display and describe the data, Multiple regression analysis, and Step-Wise Multiple Regression (Forward Solution). The results revealed that four main variables contribute to explaining the variance in the degree of Societal Cohesiveness in light of the exclusion of other variables, which are, in order: 1- The degree of Cultural Homogeneity, 2- The degree of Local Community Stability, 3- The degree of Existence of Organizations, 4- The degree of Social Alienation, where each of them individually contributed about 68.3%, 10.5%, 2.0%, and 1.1%, respectively..
COVID‐19 has highlighted worldwide the importance of a strong social and political fabric. Those countries that fared best were ones where there was community connection, belonging, a volunteering ethos, and a belief in the legitimacy of official institutions, all deemed critical aspects of social cohesion. It has become clear that understanding and strengthening social cohesion in times of stability is critical to successfully navigate crisis. Despite its importance, evidence from many countries indicates that this important “social glue” is fragile and at risk, requiring consistent investments to maintain and strengthen it. Governments and communities around the world are looking to evidence‐based strategies to strengthen social cohesion. To facilitate this goal, a systematic review is conducted of four major databases identifying 52 studies with high‐quality evidence of what works and why. We also included the results of three systematic reviews that had investigated the impact of social capital and/or social cohesion on health‐related variables specifically to broaden our search and enrich our findings ( n = 21; total = 73). Using themes identified across governments, it is possible to classify the strengths and limitations of existing research. It becomes clear that the most common effective strategies were (1) awareness raising and coutering existing stereotypes and (2) offering opportunities for positive contact and a more co‐operative assessment of intergroup relations. Missing are leadership processes that can (re)define group‐based values, norms, and behaviors. Specific intervention strategies are outlined as well as directions for future research.
Objectives:
Prior research into the factors linked to mental health of caregivers of older adults have largely focused on individual- or household-level characteristics, but neighborhood supports and stressors may also matter for caregiver mental health. The current study fills this knowledge gap by examining the association of neighborhood social cohesion and disorder and depressive symptoms among spousal caregivers.
Method:
We used data from the 2006 to 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, which include 2,322 spousal caregivers. Negative binomial regression models were estimated to examine the association of perceived neighborhood social cohesion and disorder with depressive symptoms.
Results:
A higher level of perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (b = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.10, -0.02). On the other hand, greater perceived neighborhood disorder was associated with more symptoms (b = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.08). The association of perceived social cohesion with depressive symptoms remained even after controlling for perceived disorder, but neighborhood disorder was no longer associated with depressive symptoms after accounting for reported neighborhood social cohesion.
Conclusions:
This study suggests neighborhood supports and stressors matter for caregiver well-being. Neighborhood-based social support may be particularly important for caregivers as they navigate the challenges caregiving for an aging spouse can bring. Future studies should determine if enhancing positive characteristics of the neighborhood promotes well-being of spousal caregivers.
Iran’s marine capture fisheries is mostly small-scale. Due to data limitations they are difficult to manage. Given that fshers’ knowledge, in combination with scientific knowledge, could help to promote fisheries management in spite of these
limitations, the present research aimed to understand the local knowledge that has not been fully recognized as a source for management decision-making. The paper reports from a study of small pelagic purse seine fsheries in the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. The study area included three main fshing grounds of Sardines and Anchovy in Hormozgan province namely off Qeshm Island, Bandar Lengeh, and Bandar Jask. Data were drawn from 104 face-to-face interviews using a random sampling technique and then transcribed into the questionnaires. There was a strong positive correlation
between age of the fshers and their fshing experience (P<0.001, r2: 0.76, Spearman test). The interviewed fshers were often moderately to highly experienced. They informed that purse seining is a seasonal practice and the closed fshing season is determined by a collective decision among the fshers. According to the fshers’ statements, 10 factors affect the fshing performance, which locating fsh schools had the highest priority. Fishers also asserted that fsh abundance of the nearshores has decreased and they have to move to deeper waters. Accordingly, they have increased their boats engine power (to 200 hp) and the net size (length to 360 m and height to 36 m). Finally, the vast majority of the fshers complained about poor fsheries co-management, while they are willing to cooperate with the government. The present paper was the frst attempt to document the fshers’ traditional knowledge in the region which could be fruitful for executives to update the decisions and fsheries management actions in the region.
Following the keen interests in citizenship education across the fields of education, this study delves into the ways in which we conceptualize good citizenship. To do so, I focus on two theoretical concepts (i.e., imaginary and cultural mythology) and the provincial level of education policy(ies) and the K-12 curriculum contexts in Canada. Based on my theoretical ground and critical discourse analysis of the un/official documents for Alberta education, I indicate diversity as one crucial element of a cultural mythology: it, as a sign in a second-order semiological system, serves to disseminate a monolithic and depoliticized vision of good citizenship based within a particular imaginary of the idealized Canada. This study thus elucidates not only our inherited cultural biases about the popular meanings of good citizenship, but also their invisible onto-epistemological presuppositions perpetuating the unchanged institutionalized structures of privilege and their exploitations of poor and minority peoples (e.g., elimination of Indigenous peoples and their land sovereignty). Hence, this study offers critical insights to address unequal relations of power in our prevalent notion(s) of citizenship we as educators presume to teach. This work, by doing so, follows the decolonial imperative to rupture the social inequality and discrimination we all strive to resist.
As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in social cohesion was observed during the first wave and its aftermath. A closer look reveals heterogeneous responses regarding aspects of cohesion—such as trust in others and compliance with containment measures—that differ by individual socioeconomic and cultural characteristics. How these characteristics affect social cohesion in combination is rarely investigated. Therefore, we introduce the concept of social milieus, which addresses the interrelation of socioeconomic and cultural characteristics on the level of social groups, into the international debate. While previous studies have applied this concept to the analysis of social cohesion during the pandemic, they exhibit theoretical and empirical shortcomings. Hence, we develop a new theoretical model of social milieus and an empirical typology using the German sample of the European Social Survey. This typology is matched with data from the Research Institute Social Cohesion (RISC) for a milieu-specific analysis of social cohesion. Results show considerable heterogeneity in social cohesion during the first wave of the pandemic in Germany. Three social milieus with potentially conflicting modes of social cohesion regarding trust and compliance stand out while other milieus are less diverging as presumed in the literature. These modes can be interpreted as emerging from a combination of the milieus' socioeconomic position and basic human values. Thus, the new theoretical model and empirical typology of social milieus contribute to the understanding of how social cohesion has been contested between social milieus early in the pandemic.
Northern Ireland has a deeply divided education system with demarcation most notable along ethno/religious and social class lines. The former is largely attributable to the historical organisation of the schools estate based on religion, and the latter is associated with a system of academic selection that filters children into grammar and non-selective post-primary schools according to their performance in tests taken during the final year of primary school. Academic selection, and the grammar school system that underpins it, has come under some considerable scrutiny, with much of the research evidence pointing to a negative relationship between the selective system and equality of opportunity in education. The suitability of this system in a transitioning society that has become more ethnically diverse in post-conflict years has, however, received less attention. Drawing on social cohesion theory, we reflect on the grammar school system to argue that the cross-community class interests animating it not only perpetuate inequalities within respective communities but may also present a significant barrier to peacebuilding efforts in education, and ultimately impede progress towards a more socially cohesive society.
We use EVS-WVS data to test our hypothesis about the contextual dependence of cohesion in Europe. In particular, we apply Bayesian Networks to describe the emergence of Social Cohesion in different welfare models. The creation of different networks for each Welfare model aims at demonstrating that a different way to manage Social Policies creates different paths of Social Cohesion. Political participations, civil engagement and positive social ties are fundamental dimensions, producing Social Capital, while social cohesion requires further dimensions too, as the presence of structural dynamics (equity, granted public services) and the increase in satisfaction. The mechanisms detected are similar enough from different areas, with interesting specificities for Mediterranean, Social-Democratic and Post-communist models.
Abstract In the 1970's, the dominant view in economics was that there was a trade-off between "equity" and "efficiency". In the 1990's, the literature on endogenous growth has argued that this trade-off does not exist. As section 1 discusses, the new endogenous growth literature argues that more equal societies grow faster, due to a more efficient process of human capital acquisition, more economically rational taxation decisions and more rapid structural change. Section 2 considers why the "trade-off" arguments of the 1970's are no longer convincing. By the 1990's, the importance of the inter-generational transmission of human capital was recognized, econometric research concluded that the wage elasticity of labour supply (and hence the deadweight loss of income taxation) is rather small and the discussions of efficiency shifted from static allocative efficiency to dynamic efficiency in the growth of output over time. The essay concludes with a discussion of the social pressures shaping the discussion on equality and efficiency and the policy implications of this shift in economists' perspectives. 3 Writing in 1975, Arthur Okun is generally credited with popularizing the idea of a "great tradeoff" between equity and efficiency. A generation of economists has been brought up thinking that in the allocation of scarce resources to competing ends, the tradeoff between "equity" and "efficiency" is just another one of the many,tough choices that economically rational individuals have to make. Although "equity" and "efficiency" are rarely defined precisely and the mechanisms which link them are often only vaguely specified, the idea of a tradeoff is still a prominent feature of introductory economics texts (see Baumol, Blinder and Scarth, 1991 or McConnell et al, 1993:316). However, a major theme of the recent literature on endogenous growth is that this tradeoff does not exist. The common theme of many recent articles, both theoretical and empirical, is that more equal countries grow faster, other things equal. The general presumption
This paper presents evidence that “social capital” matters for measurable economic performance, using indicators of trust
and civic norms from the World Values Surveys for a sample of 29 market economies. Memberships in formal groups—Putnam's measure
of social capital—is not associated with trust or with improved economic performance. We find trust and civic norms are stronger
in nations with higher and more equal incomes, with institutions that restrain predatory actions of chief executives, and
with better-educated and ethnically homogeneous populations.
It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to
intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782
residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields
a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics,
measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability
with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.
Imagine that somebody offers you $100. All you have to do is agree with some other anonymous person on how to share the sum. The rules are strict. The two of you are in separate rooms and cannot exchange information. A coin toss decides which of you will propose how to share the money. Suppose that you are the proposer. You can make a single offer of how to split the sum, and the other person-the responder-can say yes or no. The responder also knows the rules and the total amount of money at stake. If her answer is yes, the deal goes ahead. If her answer is no, neither of you gets anything. In both cases, the game is over and will not be repeated. What will you do?
Instinctively, many people feel they should offer 50 percent, because such a division is "fair" and therefore likely to be accepted. More daring people, however, think they might get away with offering somewhat less than half of the sum.