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English as a Lingua Franca and Translation
Abstract
This introduction to the ITT special issue on English as Lingua Franca (ELF) and Translation argues that both translation theory and translation pedagogy should engage with the spread of ELF and its impact on professional translation. The unique and complex status of ELF, which calls into question traditional notions of language and culture, combined with globalization processes, is yet to be explored from the perspective of translation. Most important of all, the implications of ELF for the translator’s profession should be taken on board in translator and interpreter training and pursued through a student-centred approach. The author suggests that the translation and interpreting curriculum should be reconfigured both on a theoretical and a practical level. Students need to become aware of and reflect on the rapidly changing nature of their future profession. At the same time, they need to learn how to translate, in and out of their mother tongue, texts written in ELF produced by international organizations and addressed to international audiences. They also need to acquire editing skills through specific modules in order to fill the gap between translator training and the demands of the market.
... Thus, the growing use of ELF in interpreter-mediated communication settings implies dynamically transforming working conditions for interpreters. Likewise, together with the massively and constantly growing demand for translation into and from English as a result of globalisation (House, 2013(House, , 2016Pym, 2006), translation now also involves translating and/or editing hybrid texts written collectively or individually by ELF users, translating and adapting for an international ELF readership, and translating into English as a second language 3 , thereby challenging traditional notions and norms of translation (Albl-Mikasa et al., 2017;Campbell, 2005;Cook, 2012;Hewson, 2009Hewson, , 2013Murphy, 2013;Stewart, 2013;Tang, 2017;Taviano, 2013Taviano, , 2018. ...
... However, it does not mean that other types of empirical or non-empirical research are of less importance. There are many insightful conceptual or theoretical papers that have discussed in detail the implications of the increasing use of ELF for translation theory, practice, and pedagogy (Hewson, 2009(Hewson, , 2013Taviano, 2013Taviano, , 2018, interpreter and translator training (P. L. Chang, 2017;Donovan, 2011;Giczela-Pastwa, 2021;Murphy, 2013;Stewart, 2013Stewart, , 2021Tang, 2017), the European Union's language and translation policies (Gazzola & Grin, 2013;Leal, 2013Leal, , 2016Leal, , 2021, the mediation and translation of scientific knowledge and academic discourse (Bendazzoli, 2016;Bennett, 2007Bennett, , 2008Bennett, , 2013aBennett, , 2013bFan, 2017;Montgomery, 2009), and translation in international sports events (Keown, 2017). ...
... The analysis of the interview and interpreting data showed that ELF had negative impacts on consecutive interpreting in terms of listening comprehension, distribution of effort, instantaneity, and psychological state, while a prior input of prefabricated chunks helped reduce such impacts and facilitated consecutive interpreting in an ELF context by achieving relieving effects. In parallel with the relevant literature (Albl-Mikasa, 2013; P. L. Chang, 2017;Donovan, 2011;Taviano, 2013), these findings highlight the importance of incorporating ELF-oriented activities into interpreter training to bridge the gap between what is taught in interpreter training and what is demanded in the professional market (Song, 2020). The need to revise interpreting training was also echoed by the professional interpreters interviewed by Schlöglová (2020). ...
The unprecedented spread of English as a lingua franca (ELF) and the growing dominance of English in international communication have had increasingly important implications for the translation and interpreting (T&I) industry. Despite the role and importance of ELF for T&I, this issue has attracted relatively little attention within the field of translation studies (TS). This literature review paper aimed to present a synthesis of participant-based research that focuses on the implications and repercussions of ELF for T&I. To this end, five databases were systematically searched for relevant research that was published in English or Turkish in peer-reviewed journals or edited collections or produced as a master’s or doctoral thesis between 2000 and 2021. As a result of the search, seven studies were included in the review based on the predetermined criteria for inclusion. Surprisingly, the search yielded no research written by Turkish scholars on the issue, except for a few brief mentions. An outstanding common thread that runs through all the studies reviewed here and other relevant studies is the call for an ELF-oriented pedagogy to increase trainee translators’ and interpreters’ awareness and knowledge of ELF and prepare them for the changing working conditions, needs, and demands of the professional market. As repeatedly emphasised in earlier studies, this literature review paper has once again reaffirmed the need for further research, particularly empirical research, on the implications of ELF for all forms and aspects of T&I.
... Seidlhofer 2004;Csizér and Kontra 2012;Canagarajah 2013a;Jenkins 2012;Jenkins 2015), some researchers remain unconvinced. Maley has dismissed ELF as 'practically unworkable' for learners and teachers (2010, 27); Matsuda has voiced his discontent with the 'terminological mishmash ' (2013, 133); some literacy scholars have chosen to uphold ENL norms and have been criticised by Canagarajah for their 'more conservative and normative positions ' (2013b, 46 Taviano (2013) addresses the possibility of incorporating the ELF paradigm into translation curricula and draws two implications from ELF research: that ELF source texts should be included in training courses; and that L1-ELF and ELF-L1 translation courses should be designed to help trainees develop 'critical self-awareness' and an 'understanding of the translation profession ' (2013, 158). ...
... Wagner (2005) has contended that the use of EIL should be restricted to lower-grade translations and categorises the whole range of non-standard 'forms of English used in various types of international context' as 'sub-English', which has been partially attributed to 'translation into English by non-natives' (Wagner 2005, 217). Taking into consideration trainees' desire and 'curricular and examination requirements', Peterlin (2013) and Taviano (2013) have concluded that 'a standard variety of English' (Taviano 2013, 159, original italics) and ELF need to be taught side by side in translation courses. Hewson (2013), House (2013), Murphy (2013), and Stewart (2013) have also addressed the quality issue regarding L1-ENNL translation. ...
... However, empirical data have shown that: (1) it is possible for NNS trainees to outperform untrained NS amateurs in L1-ENNL translation (Rogers 2005); (2) nativespeaker identity alone should not be regarded as the decisive quality assessment criterion (Pokorn 2005). Nevertheless, training students to become competent translators out of their mother tongue, as advocated by Taviano (2013), is an objective which is difficult to achieve. ...
In response to the global dominance of English, there has been increased interest amongst translation scholars in the feasibility and implications of translation into English as a Non-Native Language (ENNL) (an umbrella term designed to encompass both English as a Second Language [ESL] and English as a Foreign Language [EFL]). Situating L1-ENNL translation and its training in the Chinese context, this article explores underrepresented issues such as norms being followed in L1-ENNL translations intended for different purposes, reasonable objectives for graduate-level L1-ENNL translation training, a possible way to distinguish between different quality levels of L1-ENNL renditions, and challenges for non-native speaker (NNS) trainers and their classroom teaching in ENNL contexts.
... Dicha acentuación ha suscitado verdaderos retos de traducción, ya que la noción tradicional de textos originados en un contexto lingüístico y cultural específico ya no resulta aplicable (Taviano 2013: 160). Por ende, el traductor, cada vez con mayor frecuencia, tiene que trasvasar textos híbridos, los cuales se originan a partir de la superposición de normas retóricas y discursivas entre culturas y lenguas distintas (Taviano 2010). Asimismo, la implementación del ELF como medio de inclusión social en el ámbito de la migración -así como en el ámbito de la ciencia, entre otros, para ampliar el espectro comunicativo -ha ocasionado la aparición de una nueva audiencia, que consiste en una comunidad supranacional que ha democratizado y universalizado el inglés en el proceso exolingüe de apropiación para su uso internacional (Hülmbauer et al. 2008: 27). ...
Over the last few decades, the number of Chinese citizens living in the Valencian Community (Spain) has risen considerably. Nonetheless, there still remains a significant amount of work to be done in order to guarantee all users’ rights are subject to equal conditions regardless of language and culture. In particular, Chinese women attending sexual and reproductive healthcare centres in the Valencian Community can find it particularly difficult to get a proper service, because of the many restrictions encountered owing to different language and cultural traits, as well as due to other aspects which may go unnoticed but have a significant impact on the way the message is received. In this respect, it should be highlighted that intercultural mediation services are not financed by the government in the Valencian public healthcare system, so it is patients who need to seek and pay for these services in order to understand and be understood when attending healthcare centres.
In this paper, I will cover the main problems found by Chinese patients and Valencian healthcare professionals in the field of sexual and reproductive health, with the aim of identifying what can be done in order to solve the problems experienced by the participants of our previous study (López Rubio 2018).
... It seems that the notion of native-like proficiency does not apply to an increasingly larger part of the source texts and speeches T&I professionals are now confronted with and that a sort of new awareness is essential to better manage the hybrid and creative nature of ELF (Mauranen 2012;Taviano 2010) as used by diverse, multilingual and possibly transient communities (Mortensen 2017). There are nonetheless shared terminology and standards in continental Europe (e.g., in legal texts), as well as greater availability of support materials and more networking opportunities that can reduce the time needed for preparation or research. ...
This paper presents the results of an online survey on the spread of ELF in the translation and interpreting (T&I) industry in Italy. It follows previous perception studies based on a limited number of ad-hoc interviews or broader surveys including unsolicited comments on ELF. This study is the first attempt to carry out a large-scale, online survey among professional translators and interpreters specifically to analyze how they perceive the effects of the increasing use of English by non-native speakers and the resulting consequences on their job. A total of 247 T&I professionals took part in the survey, answering questions about their professional profile, ELF-related features found in source texts, the resulting strategies and solutions adopted to deal with them, and the future developments of T&I. Overall, several challenges are voiced by survey participants, from greater comprehension difficulties to fewer jobs, thus confirming the results of previous studies. However, ELF use also seems to provide new opportunities in more specialized settings and enable better communication with a broader client base. In fact, opposite views can be highlighted in most survey items, pointing to the need to increase the awareness of both service users and providers about the positive and negative effects of the global language par excellence .
... In this sense, "conservative" translation strategies can be considered as a form of cultural resistance, helping to counterbalance Eurocentrism and linguistic imperialism. Adding to research about translation activism (Tymoczko 2010b), translation and ELF (Taviano 2013), multilingual creativity on the Internet (Zhang 2015), and user-generated fan translation on the social media (Aisyah 2017), the study serves to unpack the dynamics in today's translation practice that challenge institutionalisation, authority as well as established cultural and social hierarchy. Considering the subaltern status of most Asian cultures, more research is needed to uncover the dialogue between the West and the East in translation, which will shed new light on the agency and subjectivity of underrepresented cultures, literatures and social groups. ...
This paper compares the linguistic acceptability in the Chinese translations of Peter Pan from a diachronic perspective, in terms of how changing socio-cultural factors over different time periods influence the linguistic acceptability of the target text. Linguistic acceptability is defined in relation to the extent to which translation conforms to dominant conventions and expectations in the target language. Relating to the polysystem theory, the paper first analyses the different roles translated literature has played in the Chinese literary system from the 1920s to the present, highlighting how, as translated literature moves from a central to a peripheral position, the preferred method of translation changes from innovative methods compromising the acceptability of the target text to conservative methods prioritising high acceptability. As part of the target literature polysystem, translation practice inevitably bears the mark of history. Three translations of J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, completed respectively in 1929 (Liang’s), 1991 (Yang’s) and 2011 (Ren’s) are compared in terms of their linguistic acceptability, illustrating how the changed position of translated literature results in the change of preferred translating methods, signalling a move from language reform to cultural resistance in the prevalent translation norms in China. © Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. All rights reserved.
... The most important aim of this collection, though, is to explore the relationship between international English and translation, a topic that has not yet attracted quite the attention that we might expect. There have been some works on the subject, of course: edited volumes by Schäffner (2000) and Anderman and Rogers (2005); a monograph and special issue by Taviano (2010;; and assorted articles in different journals by figures such as House (2003;2008), Hewson (2009) and Cook (2012), amongst others. Yet considering that almost two decades have elapsed since interest first developed in the subject, this is not really a great deal. ...
When English is the target language and the intended readership is international, the question of what is appropriate or inappropriate as a translation solution can be complex. Usage which has traditionally been considered unacceptable may come to be regarded in a different light owing to the fact that on a global level English is a moving and constantly evolving target. This state of flux represents a conundrum for translation trainers and trainees alike, whose task will however be facilitated by careful use of dictionaries and language corpora. With the help of corpus data, this article examines and discusses examples of solutions – some contentious, some more straightforward – drawn from the Italian-to-English translation classroom.
As digital convergence marks the transition from print to screen culture, translation plays an increasingly important role of in the production and dissemination of the news. The translation of information in the news media is a pervasive set of practices that affects the daily consumption of the news and a topic of relevance to scholars in several areas of the humanities and the social sciences. This book provides a wide-ranging and accessible introduction to research in news media translation practices, products and processes, illustrating and discussing historical, theoretical and descriptive perspectives. Inter- and multi-disciplinary research spans fields such as Translation Studies, Linguistics, Journalism and Media Studies, and includes approaches from Critical Discourse Analysis and narrative theory to Systemic Functional Linguistics and Corpus Linguistics. The book also offers first-hand analyses of news texts in English and Italian, approaching news translation from an ethnomethodological perspective.
In the framework of the linguistic approach to understanding the impact of globalization on the humanity, this paper aims to consider the role of the English language in globalization processes. Given the history of English becoming the world’s most widely spoken language, the authors consider possible implications of this fact and overview the current debates and concerns about the role of English and the state of other world languages under conditions of globalization. Keywords: globalization, lingua franca, Globish, linguistic imperialism, international communication, cross-cultural awareness.
The article discusses strata of linguistic changes imposed by the necessityto meet the demands of the local tourism market illustrated by the flow of visitors to the Russian Arctic, namely to the Murmansk Region. The authors highlight grammatical and lexical changes on interlingual and intralingual levels, whereas cultural references are distinguished as a separate stratumdue to their intrinsic characteristics. The definition of a cultural mediator is introduced in the article in contrast to those of a translator and a tour guide. It specifies the qualifications, skills, competences and language fluency level within the framework of the tourism-oriented approach. Tourism potential of the Murmansk Region as a major part of the Russian Arctic shapes the long-term development strategy in the regional economy, in particular, enterprises policies, facility building and renovation, providing conditions appealing to not only local but national and international stakeholders and ultimately the vocational education and training system in tourist sector.
As a global phenomenon, English as a lingua franca (ELF) has been rigorously researched in many fields but completely ignored in translation studies. Based on a previous study, this study accordingly sets out to investigate the ELF phenomenon in the fansubbing culture with a specific focus on the notes and comments by fansubbers, arguing that fansubbing as a practice creates a space for dialogue between fan translators and their viewers that leads to the ‘empowerment’ of fansubbers as linguistic and cultural mediators. By examining specific screenshots of headnotes and comments by amateur translators with regard to six seasons of the TV series Rizzoli & Isles , this paper discusses background reasons for ELF applied by fansubbers, the implications of the ELF phenomenon in fansubbing culture, and the potential effects of fansubbing upon the audience in contradistinction to the effects of commercial subtitling and upon the translation profession as a whole. Finally, this article hopes to shed light on Chinese fansubbers who in fact blur the traditional distinction between professional and amateur subtitling, and concludes that the specific language practices fansubbers are engaged in show – as both fans and translators – an unlimited degree of latitude from mainstream subtitling.
Nous explorons le problème de la traduction non native qui, malgré les risques qu’elle comporte, est fréquemment pratiquée dans de nombreuses cultures. Le contexte sociologique dans lequel ce type de traduction s’inscrit est appréhendé à travers le concept de « permissivité interculturelle », qui affecte les destinataires, les commanditaires, les agences aussi bien que les traducteurs. Pour évaluer et structurer les compétences des traducteurs tchèques relatives à la traduction non native, nous avons constitué un échantillon de 160 traductions (40 traducteurs ; deux groupes socioprofessionnels : étudiants avancés et professionnels de la traduction ; deux langues étrangères : anglais et français ; deux directions ; deux types de texte : publicitaire et juridique). L’analyse des compétences confirme l’hypothèse de la primauté de la traduction native, tout en indiquant que les textes spécialisés sont davantage compatibles avec la traduction non native que les textes à forte composante expressive. Selon les données recueillies, la qualité des traductions non natives n’augmente pas avec l’ancienneté du traducteur, à la différence des traductions natives. L’impact de l’expérience antérieure avec le type de texte en question reste difficile à évaluer.
The spread of English as a language of international communication has led to a variety of approaches within various schools of thought. However, one of the areas in which the influence of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is particularly significant, and nevertheless under-researched, is professional translation and interpreting. The impact of ELF on translation is manifold, particularly due to the hybridity of source texts. Furthermore, the supposedly simplified nature and universality of ELF as a code intended to facilitate communication – and translation – ties in with discourses encouraging the use of online translation tools and non-professional translation.
Drawing on ELF studies and Translation Studies, I argue for a conceptualization of ELF as being marked by an intrinsic translation process related to the fluidity of languages. The translational character of ELF is testified to by the hybridity of texts produced by international organizations and written by non-native speakers of English, which are inevitably affected by the languages and cultures of their authors. Furthermore, I will show how views about the universality and transparency of a lingua franca cannot be separated from its translation, concluding that translators, translation scholars and international institutions have a responsibility to reveal ELF’s translational nature.
This article examines translation into English as a lingua franca through the theoretical lens of fan translation. The phenomenon of scanlation is here taken into consideration as a case study of informal translation practices into English for an international readership. This article focuses in particular on the translation of the Japanese graphic narratives known as manga into English, and the negotiations that take place between scanlators and their readers. The article first explains the practice of scanlation and the policies that scanlation groups have adopted with regard to the recruitment of translators and proofreaders. Actual examples of scanlated manga are then analysed, with a focus on the translation of social deixis and honorific suffixes. Finally, the article presents the readers’ point of view through an analysis of the results of an opinion poll on the topic of scanlation.
Since English has become the dominant global language, research efforts have mostly concentrated on spoken English as a lingua franca (ELF). Written ELF is largely under-researched both in relation to translation and otherwise. This study examines ‘before and after’ texts made available by the European Parliament’s Editing Unit. The original texts were written by non-native English speakers (before) and subsequently revised by native English editors (after) with a view to delivering consistent edited source texts as a basis for translation into different EU languages. In a pre-study, 12 texts (and their edited versions) were scrutinised for potential translation problems. In the main study, three of the 12 originals and their three edited counterparts were translated by six professional translators. A mixed-method approach was adopted: product-based analysis of the translations for actual translation problems combined with screen-recording-prompted retrospective translator comments and screen-recording-based indicators for the time taken to translate edited and non-edited segments. The results suggest that there is a sufficiently large number of challenges arising from non-standard source segments to prolong translational decision-making and provoke inadequate solutions.
Language in censuses and surveys is a special form of communication, requiring a degree of literacy and linguistic sophistication on the part of the respondent to understand the questions and respond appropriately to them. As sources of data secured from many persons with limited proficiency in the national language and as sources of data on language use and literacy, the products of censuses and surveys are imperfect. The survey process must be structured so as to encourage cooperation, but cooperation cannot always be achieved. The resulting errors range from incomplete coverage of the population, called an undercount, to failure to report on items on the questionnaire, called nonresponse error, and responding erroneously to items on the questionnaire, called item-response error. Unless adequate adjustments are made for these errors, the results will probably be biased. This chapter will be concerned mainly with the problems attendant to the enumeration in censuses and surveys of persons with limited proficiency in English and the methods used to overcome, reduce, and manage such problems, particularly the use of translation devices.
The introduction to this special issue discusses the notion of border and its position in current scholarship in translation studies and intercultural communication. It then analyses ways in which borders can be useful for thinking, focusing particularly on Walter Mignolo’s notion of “border thinking”. It reviews how borders are viewed in both translation studies and intercultural communication and offers some possible directions for future research before introducing the papers in this special issue.
Despite the fact that all translation necessarily involves a degree of uncertainty, translation theorists have show little interest in the phenomenon. The various types of uncertainty that may occur throughout the translation process are mapped out. Different aspects of the translation operation are examined, together with the various players involved, in particular the important role of the initiator, the more minor role of the author and the sometimes unpredictable decisions of the editor. The uncertainties that arise when interpreting the source text are investigated, as is the translator's split vision between source and target. The role of the reader is also evoked, using the distinction between the model reader and the empirical reader. Attention is then focused on the various uncertainties that the translator must face when exploring the paraphrastic possibilities of reformulation in the target language. The translator's certainties are also briefly examined. Two conclusions are drawn: the first concerns the need to devote more theoretical space to the question of uncertainty. The second underlines how this phenomenon ' that professional translators have to deal with on a day to day basis ' can be considered in a positive light, helping translators to remain alert during all the stages of their work.
The concern of this collection has been to address the many challenges facing language teachers who work with ELF, a global language, at a local level. This concluding chapter will review the main issues raised and solutions proposed in the collection in relation to pedagogy and ELF; the final section will look ahead to possible future developments in these areas.
This chapter sets out to investigate the role that amateur translation plays in the process of media convergence and to gauge the extent to which the proliferation of co-creational practices pertaining to the production, translation and distribution of subtitled media content blur the distinction between the roles of producer and consumer in political news interviews. I begin by exploring how the role of translation within global news media has been theorised in recent years and teasing out the implications of technological changes for the blurring of news production, consumption and translation. I then focus on the social processes that have prompted the emergence of amateur communities of journalists/translators, whether in the form of structured activist networks or fluid groupings of engaged citizens, as influential agents in the digital mediascape. The chapter then articulates the implications of these developments for the discipline of Translation Studies, including the shift from referential accuracy towards narrative negotiation and the politics of affinity as the main drives informing amateur news mediation. The issues raised in this chapter are illustrated with a case study involving the subtitling of a political news interview by amateur mediators.
This article examines the role of translational and polylingual practices in global forms of art activism. It is through translation, both narrowly and broadly speaking, that local issues with a universal resonance overcome cultural and political borders and are addressed by art activists sharing common social and political strategies, such as Hiphoppas, and artists belonging to resistance movements, like the 100 Thousand Poets for Change (100TPC). Translation represents both an object of enquiry, as a shaping force in the construction of these artists’ identities, and a methodological tool for examining the interplay of central issues, such as language, culture and identity. Narrative theory and the notion of prefigurative politics are also applied to provide an interdisciplinary approach that is paramount in the analysis of all global processes.
The status of English as an international language means that in language learning and translational contexts it has become a moving target. Within translational contexts the issue is especially relevant to translations into English where the envisaged readership is international. This paper discusses issues which arise from translations of Italian tourist texts into English submitted by a group of advanced-level Italian university students. Translation of this nature entails a transition from the local to the global for the benefit of mostly non-native speakers of English, but such a shift is not without complications. One of these is that from an early age Italian students are nurtured on Standard British English and that codified target-language parameters are easily accessed for Standard British English, but not for English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). At the same time, knee-jerk insistence on a major variety of English has its pitfalls; the translator must be sensitive to the fact that the envisaged target readers, extremely heterogeneous on account of their vastly different levels of linguistic and cultural competence, may read off diverse meanings from a single text, or at least react to it in diverse ways. The second half of the paper provides a range of examples of student translations into English for an envisaged international readership.
Translating the DCFR and writing the CESL have been very complex enterprises, strictly dependent one from the other. The volume describes them taking a pragmatic stance. Structured in four parts, it sets the historical and philosophical background of legal translation, and then it focuses narrowly on the legal translation processes of the DCFR and the CESL. The volume provides legal and linguistic scholars as well as legal translators a deeper understanding of the complexity of legal translation processes, which involve many institutional and non-institutional actors, each applying different methods of translation.
Editing is an increasingly common practice in institutions such as the European Commission, which employ large numbers of language professionals. This article aims to demonstrate the pedagogical value of including editing activities in advanced English language courses. It starts by distinguishing spoken English as a lingua franca used in international institutions from the written English required in the same institutions’ documents, which are expected to conform to norms embodied in reference works. It describes an introductory module to editing developed for Italian university students. In a series of tasks undertaken over three months, the students reflected on revisions made to specialized documents by expert editors, read extracts from reference works on good writing in English, were introduced to reference and specialized corpora, and attempted to edit a document themselves. The module raised awareness among students of the editing process, of how to use corpora for solving doubts and exploring language, and alerted them to the contradiction between English as a Lingua Franca (EFL) in its spoken form and the norms required in international institutions for documents written in English.
The status of English as an international language means that in language learning and translational contexts it has become a moving target. Within translational contexts the issue is especially relevant to translations into English where the envisaged readership is international. This paper discusses issues which arise from translations of Italian tourist texts into English submitted by a group of advanced-level Italian university students. Translation of this nature entails a transition from the local to the global for the benefit of mostly non-native speakers of English, but such a shift is not without complications. One of these is that from an early age Italian students are nurtured on Standard British English and that codified target-language parameters are easily accessed for Standard British English, but not for English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). At the same time, knee-jerk insistence on a major variety of English has its pitfalls; the translator must be sensitive to the fact that the envisaged target readers, extremely heterogeneous on account of their vastly different levels of linguistic and cultural competence, may read off diverse meanings from a single text, or at least react to it in diverse ways. The second half of the paper provides a range of examples of student translations into English for an envisaged international readership.
While the use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) has been extensively researched in applied linguistics, the issue has so far received relatively little attention in translation studies and translator training, although the translation of specialized texts often involves an encounter with ELF in a variety of contexts, ranging from business to academic settings. For pedagogical purposes, understanding how trainee translators perceive the role of ELF in academic settings can be particularly useful. This paper examines trainee translators’ attitudes towards academic ELF, comparing them with those of scholars from various disciplines who have extensive experience with reading and writing academic texts. Qualitative data on the attitudes of trainee translators and scholars were collected in a study involving 9 trainee translators and 9 scholars who participated in semi-structured interviews. Further quantitative data on trainee translators’ attitudes were obtained through questionnaires distributed to a group of 75 trainee translators. The results reveal that the views of trainee translators and scholars diverge on several issues, which provides a basis for identifying potential problem areas to be addressed in scientific translation courses.
From the perspective of the speakers themselves, this is the first book to explore attitudes towards ELF in general and ELF accents in particular, their effects on ELF speakers' identities, and ways in which the problems can be addressed in teacher education, English language testing, and ELT materials.
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This volume brings together key writings since the 1992 publication of Linguistic Imperialism - Robert Phillipson's controversial benchmark volume, which triggered a major re-thinking of the English teaching profession by connecting the field to wider political and economic forces. Analyzing how the global dominance of English in all domains of power is maintained, legitimized and persists in the twenty-first century, Linguistic Imperialism Continued reflects and contributes in important ways to understanding these developments.
Fusing theory with advice and information about the practicalities of translating, Becoming a Translator is the essential resource for novice and practicing translators. The book explains how the market works, helps translators learn how to translate faster and more accurately, as well as providing invaluable advice and tips about how to deal with potential problems, such as stress. The third edition has been revised and updated throughout, offering: Extensive up-to-date information about new translation technologies. Discussions of the emerging "sociological" and "activist" turns in translation studies. New exercises and examples. Updated further reading sections. a website containing a teacher's guide, the chapter 'The Translator as Learner' and additional resources for translators. Offering suggestions for discussion, activities, and hints for the teaching of translation, the third edition of Becoming a Translator remains invaluable for students and teachers of Translation Studies, as well as those working in the field of translation.
The study of ELF and of translation have been conducted with little reference to each other, yet they have a great deal of common ground, and would benefit from greater recognition of their common interests. Both are concerned with crosslinguistic communication in the unprecedented linguistic landscape of the 21st century. Both are central to the understanding and amelioration of contemporary problems. Both can be regarded as branches of applied linguistics. In addition, translation into English is increasingly both by and for non-native speakers. Having surveyed these similarities, the article explores how concepts and theories from translation studies are relevant to the study of ELF: notably the notions of nativisation and foreignisation, and polysystems theory, which conceives of change beginning in the interaction of systems and at their peripheries. In conclusion, the article discusses the range of crucial contemporary issues to which both ELF and translation are relevant and central, but points out some imbalances and omissions on both sides. It is suggested that given their importance in international and intranational issues of all kinds, and their relevance to other social sciences, the two fields of enquiry, expanded in range and working together, could be central rather than peripheral to applied linguistics.
The mass media are of paramount importance in the formulation and transmission of messages about key developments of global significance, such as terrorism and the war in Iraq, yet the key mediating role of translation in the reception of speeches and addresses of figures like Osama Bin Laden and Saddam Hussein has remained largely invisible. Incorporating the results of extensive fieldwork in key global news organizations such as Reuters, Agence France Press and Inter Press Service, this book addresses central issues relating to the new pressures on translation arising from globalization, analyzing new texts from major news agencies as well as alternative media organizations. Co-written by Susan Bassnett, a leading figure in the field of translation studies, this book presents close readings of different English versions of key Arabic texts circulated in Western media to demonstrate the ways in which a cultural and religious 'Other' is framed in different media. © 2009 Esperança Bielsa and Susan Bassnett. All rights reserved.
Firth and Wagner (1997) questioned the dichotomies nonnative versus native speaker, learner versus user, and interlanguage versus target language, which reflect a bias toward innateness, cognition, and form in language acquisition. Research on lingua franca English (LFE) not only affirms this questioning, but reveals what multilingual communities have known all along: Language learning and use succeed through performance strategies, situational resources, and social negotiations in fluid communicative contexts. Proficiency is therefore practice-based, adaptive, and emergent. These findings compel us to theorize language acquisition as multimodal, multisensory, multilateral, and, therefore, multidimensional. The previously dominant constructs such as form, cognition, and the individual are not ignored; they get redefined as hybrid, fluid, and situated in a more socially embedded, ecologically sensitive, and interactionally open model.
The Empire Writes Back Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures���9) Translation in Global NewsA Comparison of Translation Quality Assessment Practices
- Ashcroft
- Gareth Bill
- Hellen Griffiths
- Tiffin
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