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Dimensions of “Introversion-Extroversion”
The Journal of Psychology
... Abernethy 146 provides the following classic definition of extraverts and introverts: ...
This book is about science, system and scientific bureaucracy, scientific policy, culture, psychology, and other things from the perspective of epistemology (the science of science). It discusses the issues of the science of science and the main problems of the Kazakhstani scientific system as resistant factors of science management and scientific policy. A series of new epistemological paradigms and definitions are introduced (new Kazakhstani recursive index of scientific citation, level of scientific readiness, new convergent classification of sciences, and others). A series of new epistemological terms and definitions are introduced (arsocenosis, arsonomy, and others). The monograph is created within the framework of the development of the philosophy of science according to the classifier of scientific directions: 60000 (Humanities and Arts, 60300 (philosophy, ethics, and religion) 60303 "History and Philosophy of Science." And as a justification for the need for the development of Kazakhstani epistemology and gnoseology for optimal science management and correct scientific policy. Most of the monograph is written in a popular science genre. Understandable to everyone who is engaged in or interested in science.
... On the contrary, they prefer to spend more time alone and do not need as much social stimulation. Abernethy (1938) defined an extrovert and introvert as "One who enters with interest and confidence into social activities of the direct type and has little liking for planning or detailed observation." Conversely, introverts were defined as being "below the general average in social inclination and above the average in liking for thought." ...
The study's primary purpose was to explore the differences between mature male and female students based on extroversion and introversion personality types studying an undergraduate business programme in a private higher education institution in the UK. The Big Five Inventory-BFI (a short form with 10 items), BFI-10, was used to collect data from adult participants (N=131). The sample data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The researchers used descriptive statistics and graphical representation to describe the data and gain meaningful insights. The results revealed no significant differences between males and females based on the mean extroversion score. The detailed results for all five-personality dimensions for both genders showed that female participants were higher on neuroticism/emotional stability and agreeableness than males. Also, male participants' mean scores of Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience were almost similar. Previous research has shown females to be high on some facets of conscientiousness. However, these results are inconsistent across cultures, and no significant gender differences in conscientiousness have been found.
... Ethel M. Abernethy (1938) agreed with Woodworthʼs suggestion that introversion-extroversion" tests deal with more than one dimension of personality. An extrovertive person, according to conventional description, is one who enters with interest and confidence into social activities of the direct type and "has little liking for planning or detailed observation." ...
Extraversion and Introversion are the only terms amongst C.G. Jung's typological constructs that have passed into general discourse, albeit in varying interpretations. This paper examines what Jung wrote about this idea in English language publications and some responses of contemporaries in similar publications over a period of roughly thirty years. Jungʼs The Association Method article (1910) begins the period under examination. It is concluded by responses to Virginia Caseʼs book Your Personality–Introvert or Extravert (1941). No publications of Isabel Myers or Katherine Briggs are examined. This period excludes the development of Jungian questionnaires by Briggs and Myers and Gray and Wheelwright in the early 1940s. This paper is a contribution to the history of ideas and does not comprise a review or exposition of Jungʼs Psychological Types and its contents. It seems a little surprising that a theory so technical and so specialised should have come to have so wide a currency. That it has been so swiftly commandeered by many writers is a sign of its appositeness and its value T.M. Davie The 30 or so years following 1910 were a period where the newly established field of psychology was developing as an independent discipline. There was a ferment of ideas and methods, argued articulately for the most part, by a wide range of people. Predominantly males, they were both classically educated and interested in contemporary science. Familiar with the ideas of the past, particularly philosophical ones about human nature, they were also investigating the implications of an evolutionary perspective to human development. Many read and spoke French and German in addition to English; an important, perhaps essential attribute, given the European origins of many personality ideas. Europeans such as Jung were fluent in English. Books and articles produced by this group of people contained references to texts in all these languages, as well as ancient Greek, Latin, some Sanskrit and Chinese and copious Biblical references, the latter not an indicator of belief in the text itself..
The chronological hierarchy and classification of psychological types of individuals are examined. The anomalous nature of psychological activity in individuals involved in scientific work is highlighted. Certain aspects of the introverted thinking type in scientific activities are analyzed. For the first time, psychological archetypes of scientists with pronounced introversion are postulated in the context of twelve hypotheses about the specifics of professional attributes of introverted scientific activities. A linear regression and Bayesian equation are proposed for quantitatively assessing the econometric degree of introversion in scientific employees, considering a wide range of characteristics inherent to introverts in scientific processing. Specifically, expressions for a comprehensive assessment of introversion in a linear model and the posterior probability of the econometric (scientometric) degree of introversion in a Bayesian model are formulated. The models are based on several econometric (scientometric) hypotheses regarding various aspects of professional activities of introverted scientists, such as a preference for solo publications, low social activity, narrow specialization, high research depth, and so forth. Empirical data and multiple linear regression methods can be used to calibrate the equations. The model can be applied to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological characteristics of scientific employees, which is particularly useful in ergonomics and the management of scientific teams and projects. The proposed method also provides scientists with pronounced introversion the opportunity to develop their careers, focusing on individual preferences and features.
The chronological hierarchy and classification of psychological types of individuals are examined. The anomalous nature of psychological activity in individuals involved in scientific work is highlighted. Certain aspects of the introverted thinking type in scientific activities are analyzed. For the first time, psychological archetypes of scientists with pronounced introversion are postulated in the context of twelve hypotheses about the specifics of professional attributes of introverted scientific activities. A linear regression and Bayesian equation are proposed for quantitatively assessing the econometric degree of introversion in scientific employees, considering a wide range of characteristics inherent to introverts in scientific processing. Specifically, expressions for a comprehensive assessment of introversion in a linear model and the posterior probability of the econometric (scientometric) degree of introversion in a Bayesian model are formulated. The models are based on several econometric (scientometric) hypotheses regarding various aspects of professional activities of introverted scientists, such as a preference for solo publications, low social activity, narrow specialization, high research depth, and so forth. Empirical data and multiple linear regression methods can be used to calibrate the equations. The model can be applied to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological characteristics of scientific employees, which is particularly useful in ergonomics and the management of scientific teams and projects. The proposed method also provides scientists with pronounced introversion the opportunity to develop their careers, focusing on individual preferences and features.
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