ArticlePDF Available

Effect of starvation with subsequent realimentation with respect to compensatory growth of Indian Major Carp, Rohu (Labeo rohita H.)

Authors:

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the suitability of starvation followed by the realimentation for culture of rohu. Five different feeding schedules were tried by altering the period of starvation and realimentation of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diet. The control group (TCS) was fed @ 3% of body weight for 90 days trial period and other experimental groups also fed at 3% of BW, were alternatively starved and fed adopting of cycles of 3 (T1S), 7 (T2S), 15 (T3S) or 25 (T4S) days during 90 days trial period. Feed was offered to replicates of 10 fingerlings with three replicates per experimental group, twice at morning and at afternoon. Results indicated that the deprived fish of T1S and T2S groups showed compensatory growth with hyperphagia, better feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ration. However, the retention of different nutrients was almost similar among all treatment groups. Fish showed compensatory growth had still lower values of haemoglobin, haematocrit value, total erythrocytic count, total plasma protein, plasma glucose and, total plasma lipid and liver glycogen in comparison to control at the end of 90 days trial. These findings suggested that a cyclic feeding schedule with starvation for 3 to 7 days followed by realimentation for same period is promising for use in rohu culture as they result in saving of feed cost without compromising the performance of fish.
Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology
Year : 2008, Volume : 8, Issue : 1
First page : ( 89)
( 89) ( 89)
( 89) Last page : ( 96)
( 96) ( 96)
( 96)
Print ISSN : 0972-2963.
Effect of starvation with subsequent realimentation with
Effect of starvation with subsequent realimentation with Effect of starvation with subsequent realimentation with
Effect of starvation with subsequent realimentation with
respect to compensatory growth of Indian Major Carp,
respect to compensatory growth of Indian Major Carp, respect to compensatory growth of Indian Major Carp,
respect to compensatory growth of Indian Major Carp,
Rohu (
Rohu (Rohu (
Rohu (
Labeo rohita
Labeo rohitaLabeo rohita
Labeo rohita
H.)
H.)H.)
H.)
Prabhakar
PrabhakarPrabhakar
Prabhakar
S.K.,
S.K.,S.K.,
S.K.,
Sardar
SardarSardar
Sardar
P.
P.P.
P.*
**
*,
,,
,
Das
DasDas
Das
R.C.
R.C.R.C.
R.C.
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Kolkata Centre, Kolkata-700 091, India
*Reprint request: Dr. P. Sardar, Tel: +91
*Reprint request: Dr. P. Sardar, Tel: +91*Reprint request: Dr. P. Sardar, Tel: +91
*Reprint request: Dr. P. Sardar, Tel: +91-
--
-33
3333
33-
--
-23573893; Fax: +91
23573893; Fax: +9123573893; Fax: +91
23573893; Fax: +91-
--
-33
3333
33-
--
-23573469; E
23573469; E23573469; E
23573469; E-
--
-mail:
mail: mail:
mail:
parimalsardar2004@yahoo.co.in
parimalsardar2004@yahoo.co.inparimalsardar2004@yahoo.co.in
parimalsardar2004@yahoo.co.in
Received: 12 June, 2006.
Abstract
AbstractAbstract
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the suitability of starvation followed by the
realimentation for culture of rohu. Five different feeding schedules were tried by altering the period of
starvation and realimentation of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diet. The control group (TCS) was
fed @ 3% of body weight for 90 days trial period and other experimental groups also fed at 3% of BW,
were alternatively starved and fed adopting of cycles of 3 (T1S), 7 (T2S), 15 (T3S) or 25 (T4S) days
during 90 days trial period. Feed was offered to replicates of 10 fingerlings with three replicates per
experimental group, twice at morning and at afternoon. Results indicated that the deprived fish of T1S
and T2S groups showed compensatory growth with hyperphagia, better feed conversion ratio, specific
growth rate and protein efficiency ration. However, the retention of different nutrients was almost
similar among all treatment groups. Fish showed compensatory growth had still lower values of
haemoglobin, haematocrit value, total erythrocytic count, total plasma protein, plasma glucose and,
total plasma lipid and liver glycogen in comparison to control at the end of 90 days trial. These
findings suggested that a cyclic feeding schedule with starvation for 3 to 7 days followed by
realimentation for same period is promising for use in rohu culture as they result in saving of feed cost
without compromising the performance of fish.
Keywords
KeywordsKeywords
Keywords
Starvation, Re-alimentation, Nutrient utilization, Haematology, Rohu (
Labeo rohita
).
... Santiago et al. (2004) used 6-to 24-month stunted bighead carp juveniles in cage culture and reported partial CG activity in only the 6-to 18-month stunted groups. Similarly, Prabhakar, Sardar, and Das (2008) observed CG and hyperphagia in rohu fingerlings subjected to 3-and 7-day food deprivation followed by re-feeding for the same period, while the same was absent in the 15-and 25-day cycles. The present study also showed both CG response (in T-2) and its absence (T-3 to T-6) in the stunted rohu juveniles, which occurred largely depending on the stunting duration. ...
... Hyperphagia has been reported in rohu (Prabhakar et al., 2008) and many other fishes when cultured in normal conditions following a brief period of environmental stress (Foss & Imsland, 2002) T A B L E 2 Average weight at harvest and specific growth rate of various stunted rohu juveniles during grow-out phase recorded FCR of 2.11-2.31 using extruded floating feed pellets (ABIS, Indian Solvent Industry, India) in monoculture of rohu. ...
Article
Rohu Labeo rohita juveniles stunted for 2, 4, 6, 8 10 and 12 months at 20 and 40 m−3 densities were subsequently cultured for 1 year in six grow-out earthen ponds each 0.09 ha. Each pond was stocked with juveniles stunted for a particular duration (treatment) at a combined density of 8,000 ha−1 from two density groups at a 1:1 ratio. Electronic tags were implanted in 20 juveniles of each density group in all treatments as sub-samples to track fish growth per individual. Another grow-out study evaluated the growth of a fresh batch of rohu juveniles against similar sized but stunted 12-month-old juveniles, stocked together at 8,000 ha−1 density (1:1). Thirty juveniles from each group in this pond were tagged. After the year-long grow-out phase, survival (85.6%–96.3%) showed a positive correlation with the juvenile stunting duration. The study revealed a minimal influence of stunting density on juvenile growth in a subsequent grow-out phase when they were stunted up to 8 months. But a higher stunting density (40 m−3) favoured growth in juveniles stunted for longer periods (>8 months). Growth curves of the lower and higher stunting density groups as well as “all rohu populations” in the treatments showed convergence with those of control (2 months stunted) only in the 4-month stunted juveniles. The growth convergence in this treatment was achieved within 6 months of culture and subsequently surpassed that of control to over-compensate at the end of 12 months of culture. No such compensatory growth (CG) response was observed in the 6- to 12-month stunted rohu, because the growth curves run almost parallel to each other. The study also revealed juvenile stunting for more than 6 months delayed the initiation of the growth recovery process in the stunted individuals during their subsequent grow-out phase. In the second study, identical growth trajectories of the fresh batch and the year-long stunted juveniles reaffirmed a non-existence of CG activity in the later. Such results indicate that juvenile stunting in rohu for 6 months and beyond does not lead to a better fish yield or economic gain to farmers, but rather adds to the investment costs because of the need for more feed and maintenance during stunting.
... Abdel-Hakim et al. (2009) [1] also reported similar results in Hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus) subjected to one, two and three days food deprivation per week, respectively for four months indicating that moderate feed deprivation (one, two days/ week) enabled tilapia to compensate the growth retardation and the decrease was more pronounced at higher deprivation days. Similar results were obtained for complete compensatory growth in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate in Labeo rohita (Prabhakar et al., 2008) [47] ; Giebel carp ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of food restriction and realimentation on compensatory growth and body composition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. communis). The fish were subjected to four different feeding regimes: Control or T0 (fed regularly two times a day, 0S1F), T1 (one day food restriction followed by one day refeeding, 1S1F), T2 (two day food restriction followed by one day refeeding, 2S1F) and T3 (three day food restriction followed by one day refeeding, 3S1F). It was observed that the fish subjected to T2 (2S1F) and T3 (3S1F) feeding regimes showed significantly (p˂0.05) lower body weight gain, and specific growth rate (SGR) as compared to the control (T0) group. However, no significant difference was observed between T0 (0S1F) and T1 (1S1F) groups, thus indicating complete compensatory growth in one day food restriction followed by one day refeeding group. The FCR was significantly lower in all the food restriction regimes. With increase in food restriction, the body moisture content increased but crude protein and total lipid content decreased significantly (p˂0.05). No significant difference was observed in the ash content of the fish. The results indicated that one day food restriction followed by one day refeeding could be an efficient strategy for rearing of common carp fingerlings.
... Although stunted juveniles of Indian major carps (IMCs viz., catla, rohu, mrigal) are widely used in culture system in India and other south-east Asian countries (Nandeesha, 2007), little is known on the species specific CG response of these species with regard to the stunting protocol in culture system. Only very few studies on stunting of seed and subsequent CG performance have been reported in rohu Labeo rohita (Prabhakar et al., 2008;Das et al., 2016), mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala (Singh and Balange, 2005) and catla Catla catla (Ramaswamy et al., 2013;Mishra et al., 2015). Das et al. (2016) in their study on growth performance of rohu juveniles, stunted for 2-12 months at two densities, in subsequent one year grow-out culture, reported non-existence of CG activity in the species. ...
Article
Full-text available
Stunted juveniles of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822) were produced through 150 days of stunting with five combinations of density and photoperiod. These stunted juveniles were subsequently polycultured in grow-out ponds for eight months along with rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). In grow-out trial, the five treatments with different combinations of stocking density and photoperiod comprised, control (20 m-3, 12L/12D), T-1 (30 m-3, 12L/12D), T-2 (40 m-3, 12L/12D), T-3 (20 m-3, 6L/18D) and T-4 (20 m-3, 0L/24D). After eight months of culture, growth curves of stunted catla in all treatments were non-convergent and inferior to control, indicating no compensatory growth response. Although survival (70-73%), average body weight, (ABW; 667-755 g) and weight gain (648-729 g) in grow-out phase were statistically similar in the groups with different stocking density (Control, T-1 and T-2) (p>0.05), the grow-out survival was relatively higher in T-2 (73.3%), indicating its positive correlation with higher stunting density. In contrast, juveniles stunted with reduced photoperiod (T-3 and T-4) showed significantly lower ABW and weight gain (p<0.05). The poor survival in T-3 and T-4 (40-43%) indicated significant effect of stunting with reduced photoperiod on subsequent grow-out survival and yield performance. Based on the results, the study recommend the use of rearing density up to 40 m-3 for juvenile stunting in catla.
... Only limited studies relating to seed stunting and subsequent grow-out performance of the stunted seed have been reported in Indian major carps viz. rohu (Prabhakar et al. 2008), mrigal (Singh and Balange, 2005) and catla (Kashyap et al. 2015). Das et al. (2016) reported stunted growth of rohu by employing higher stocking density and reducing the daily feed ration. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Seed stunting is a process of suppressing the normal growth of fish by manipulating various factors affecting the growth process. The present study aimed at evaluating the influence of varied photoperiod and stocking density on the growth and survival of catla (Catla catla) during the stunting process. Methods: Five treatments including control were used in triplicate and stocked with catla fry (0.84 g, 38.8 mm). Control, T-1 and T-2 groups were stocked with fry at 20 m-3 densities and maintained at 12 hours light and 12 hours darkness (12L:12D), 6L:18D and 0L:24D, respectively to study the influence of varied photoperiod. T-3 and T-4 were stocked with fry at 30 and 40 m-3 densities respectively to study the effect of crowding on the growth. Control at 20 m-3 density and 12L:12D photoperiod served as control for both the studies. Result: There was a significant reduction in the survival, harvested body weight, total length and specific growth rate in the treatments T-1 and T-2 as compared to the control (P less than 0.05). Though these attributes were statistically similar (P greater than 0.05) between T-1 and T-2, the values were relatively higher in T-1 suggesting considerable photoperiod effect on fish growth. Similarly, the HBW, total length and SGR significantly reduced from T-3 to T-4 with increased density depicting effect of crowding on growth. Such results indicated that both increased stocking density and decreased photoperiod lead to growth suppression and can be used as tools for seed stunting in catla.
... When fish were subjected to starvation, they started to slow down their basal metabolic rates and activity levels in a defensive reaction to conserve energy and to avoid mobilization of body fat and nutrients (Gingerich et al. 2010). However, when feeding was resumed, the low basal metabolic rate and activities were maintained for some time and the surplus energy was diverted toward improving food conversion and growth rates, which ultimately leads to the compensatory growth (Prabhakar et al. 2008). Although this theory may sound plausible, the nature of Gansu golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) may contradict it with the metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) syndrome, which hypothesises that fish living in colder environments have relatively high metabolic rates (White et al. 2012), but perhaps under exceptional circumstances, such as hunger and starvation, fish may modulate their basal metabolic rates to lower levels in order to survive, at the expense of thermoregulation. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study was conducted to explore the outcomes of starvation/re-feeding techniques on growth performance, liver antioxidant activities, and histological changes of the gastrointestinal organs of Ganus golden trout. A total of 225 juveniles were divided into 5 treatment groups; the control group (N0) was routinely fed every day while the other groups (N7, N14, N21, and N28) were starved for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively and after the starvation session, each group was re-fed for 28 days. Compensatory growth was statistically recorded in N14. Weight gain rate and feeding ratio were the highest in the N14 group, while specific growth rate and feeding conversion ratio showed significant increases in the fish groups exposed to longer starvation periods. Liver antioxidant activities showed a significant increase and decrease in malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels in N21 and N28, respectively, which returned to normal levels after re-feeding. Stomach, intestine, and liver showed histological alterations in all groups and the severity was correlated with the fasting periods. Those changes were restored to a certain degree after feeding was resumed. The compensation by group N14 presents potential for economic usefulness of the fasting/re-feeding strategy in Gansu golden trout.
Chapter
In natural systems, short-term food deprivation (dietary restriction, DR; calorie restriction, CR) occurs frequently and animals have developed strategies to cope with this situation. This process has been in the focus of many ecological and aquacultural studies and will be discussed in this chapter. In general, life history theory assumes trade-offs in resource allocation among growth, self-maintenance and reproduction; complimentarily, evolutionary theory expresses the general expectation that DR will often result in improved survival probability, and extended life span. The response to DR is species-specific and often even specific to subpopulations or clones, and several aquatic species respond to DR with reduced life span and fecundity. In the case of life span extension, one major mechanism appears to be increased stress resistances which can even be passed to succeeding generations, most likely via epigenetic mechanisms. In model organisms, but not yet in fishes or aquatic invertebrates, major signaling pathways have been identified. Provided these mechanisms are better understood in fish and invertebrate species, broodstocks can intentionally be improved, instead of using the stochastic genetic approach.
Article
A simple method for the determination of total lipids in blood is presented. Based on the Schain test for butterfat, it employs detergents in the form of a single reagent to release the lipids from serum and a Babcock skimmed milk bottle in which the entire test is performed and the total lipids are measured. Compared with Bragdon's modification of Bloor's method and Sperry and Brand's procedure on random samples, the new method was in reasonably good agreement. Recoveries with the new method achieved more accurate results than did the other two methods. The total time for the new test, run in duplicate, is 30 minutes of which only 3 minutes is actual working time. It is accurate within the range of ±50 mg. per 100 ml. of blood.
Article
Juvenile Arctic charr responded to a change from restricted to satiation feeding by showing a growth spurt (compensatory growth). During this period of rapid growth the fish became hyper-phagic and in the days immediately following transfer from restricted to satiation feeding showed improved food conversion efficiency compared to their counterparts raised on a liberal feeding regime. Tissue (liver and muscle) nucleic acid concentrations were influenced by feeding regime, and RNA : DNA ratios were low in both starved fish and those fed restricted rations. Following transfer from restricted to satiation feeding, tissue RNA : DNA ratios were rapidly restored to initial levels. The uses of tissue RNA : DNA ratios both in evaluating nutritional status and as growth indices are discussed.
Article
Effect of supplementation of different levels of livql viz 0, 30, 60, 90 &nd 120mg on oats fodder, concentrate mixture apd concentrate mixture plus oats fodder (40 : (50) were investigated on in vitro rumen fermentation. There was no change \n NH3-N due to supplementation of various livoS levels. However, Sivol at 60 mg supplementation level resulted in increased TWA concentration (P<0.05) as compared to control. The TVFA concentration (mmole/lOUml incubation media) with respect to different substrates was significantly higher (P<0.01) on oats + concentrate (5.71 ± 0.29) us compared to concentrate (4.12±0.11). IVDMD was increased in concentrate + oats due to livol supplementation.
Article
Article
We studied the use of compensatory growth (CG) to grow fish larger than control fish that were fed every day without restriction. Five treatment groups of 10 juvenile hybrid sunfish (F1 hybrid of female green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus × male bluegill L. niacrochirus) received repeating cycles of no feeding and refeeding; fixed no-feed periods of either 2, 4, 6, 10, or 14 d distinguished the treatment groups. No-feed periods elicited the CG state and were immediately followed by days of ad libitum refeeding. Refeeding periods within each treatment group (D2, D4, D6, D 10, or D14) were continued until mean daily food consumption by fish no longer exceeded that of controls fed ad libitum every day (i.e., ad libitum refeeding was continued for as long as hyperphagia persisted, then another no-feed period began). Fish in two groups, D2 and D 14, consumed more food and significantly outgrew controls by 2 and 1.4 times, respectively, in 105-d experiments. Gross growth efficiency (GGE, fish weight gained/weight of all fish consumed) did not differ among the control and treatment groups over full experimental periods; however, GGE was higher than controls during some refeeding periods in group D14 (i.e., when CG was active). Findings show that the CG response can be exploited in some fishes to cause them to substantially outgrow conspecifics that are fed every day without restriction, with no loss of growth efficiency. Our use of hyperphagia to gauge durations of refeeding periods was critical to achieving growth improvements through CG.
Article
A 90-day growth trial was conducted with common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to test the suitability of mixed feeding using a plant-based low-protein diet (16% -diet A), and two fish-meal-based diets of 26% protein (diet B) and 31% protein (diet C). Three mixed feeding schedules were tested: 1A/2B, 2A/2B and 2A/2C; numerals refer to number of days each diet (A, B or C) was offered continuously. Fish fed diets A, B or C continuously served as controls. Fish grown on diet A grew the least, while there was no significant difference between those fed on diets B or C. Of the three mixed schedules, 2A/2C produced the highest growth, which was better than that on control diets B or C. Specific growth rate (%) and food conversion ratio and protein retention were found to be good for all mixed feeding schedules. The plant protein diet resulted in poor-quality flesh as indicated by carcass composition. The study supports the view that fish can be fed alternately with animal- and plant-protein-based diets of varied protein levels. This practice would help to reduce protein input, and would contribute to the efficient utilization of low-quality, plant-protein-based diets.
Article
The applicability of mixed feeding schedules using low-and high-protein diets was evaluated by three on-farm field trials conducted in fertilized earthen ponds. Rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., were used in the first two trials, and catla. Catla catla (Hamilton-Buchanan), was also included in the third trial. The concept of a mixed feeding schedule was tested using a 1:1 rice bran-groundnut meal cake mixture, a commonly used feed in Indian carp culture. In a mixed feeding schedule, two feeds are used alternately, each for a predetermined number of days. In the present study, one of three such mixed feeding schedules was used in conjunction with one of two control diets. The control diets were rice bran (diet A) or a mixture of rice bran-groundnut meal cake (diet B). The mixed feeding schedules tested were: 1A/1B, 1A/2B and 1A/3B (numerals indicate number of days diet A or B was offered continuously). Diet A (rice bran only) induced significantly poor growth in all treatments. Interestingly, growth in the mixed feeding schedules was generally equal or superior to that when fish were fed with diet B. Growth efficiency indicators such as SGR. FCR and PER were found to be good for fish maintained on certain mixed schedules. Savings of 15–31% protein and 10–20% of the feed cost were achieved with the various schedules, the highest saving being achieved with the 1A/1B schedule. Nitrogen retention was higher in fish treated with mixed schedules. The results demonstrated the usefulness of mixed schedules in reducing nitrogen input, output and feed costs.
Article
.Oreochromis niloticus (L.) young of two size groups, 170-213 mg (±7) and 1-017-1-072 g (±0-04), were reared under seven different dietary schedules for 70 days. The two control diets had 18% and 30% protein content; the other five schedules were randomly determined, where the feeding of the low-protein diet alternated with the high-protein diet, for differing periods. On the basis of the observed rate of growth, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and percentage protein retained in both size groups of young O. nitoticus, those reared on a dietary schedule of 2A/3B performed best followed by those reared on schedule 1A/3B; where the numerical value refers to the number of days a particular diet was offered continuously. The feed cost-saving factor, by adopting alternate feeding schedules as compared to presenting a high-protein diet continuously, is shown to be significant.