Content uploaded by Vasarevicius Saulius
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Vasarevicius Saulius on Feb 19, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Research and evaluation of the intensity parameters of electromagnetic fields produced by mobile communication antennas
Abstract and Figures
As the network of cellular mobile phones has recently expanded and in particular after the digital GSM 900/1800/2100 systems have been introduced, the potential effect on human health of electromagnetic radiation from the base stations of these systems has become of great concern to European countries. There have been requests made in some countries for areas free from mobile phones in which installation of base stations would not be permitted and for considerable reduction of the maximum authorised exposure or other restrictions. The European Commission's Recommendation adopted on 12 July 1999 requires that the maximum field strength for electromagnetic radiation (0–300 GHz) is established and that information about population's exposure to EMF and the measures taken to reduce it is provided. The article presents and analyses EMFs produced by mobile communication antennas in a residential area. Measurements of the electric strength, magnetic strength and EMF power density were performed and compared to the established hygiene norms. Tests were conducted in the near- and far-field of the antenna, on residential premises located directly in front of the antenna within its main radiation lobe. In addition, there were performed measurements of electromagnetic fields produced by mobile communication in rural areas.
Santrauka
Pastaruoju metu paplitus koriniam mobiliųjų telefonų tinklui ir ypač – įvedus skaitmenines GSM900/1800/2100 sistemas, daugelyje Europos šalių pradėta rūpintis dėl galimo šių sistemų bazinių stočių elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės poveikio žmogaus sveikatai. Kai kuriose šalyse imta reikalauti zonų be mobiliųjų telefonų, kuriose būtų draudžiama įrengti bazines stotis, gerokai sumažinti didžiausiąją leidžiamąją apšvitą ar įvesti kitus ribojimus. 1999 m. liepos 12 d. priimta Europos Tarybos rekomendacija nurodo nustatyti maksimalių elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės (0–300 GHz) laukų stiprį, reikalauja teikti informaciją apie gyventojų apšvitą dėl elektromagnetinių laukų bei taikomas priemones jai sumažinti. Pateikiami ir nagrinėjami gyvenamojoje zonoje mobiliojo ryšio antenų sukuriamų elektromagnetinių laukų duomenys. Atlikti elektrinio stiprio, magnetinio stiprio ir elektromagnetinio lauko energijos srauto tankio matavimai. Duomenys lyginami su nustatytomis higienos normomis. Tyrimai atlikti artimojoje ir tolimojoje antenos zonoje, gyvenamosiose patalpose, esančiose prieš anteną. Mobiliojo ryšio elektromagnetinių laukų matavimai atlikti ir kaimo vietovėse.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: elektrinio lauko stipris, magnetinio lauko stipris, elektromagnetinio lauko energijos srauto tankis, mobiliojo ryšio antena
Figures - uploaded by Vasarevicius Saulius
Author content
All figure content in this area was uploaded by Vasarevicius Saulius
Content may be subject to copyright.
... Furthermore, as the propagation of radiofrequency waves is dependent on the antenna dimensions and wavelength, there is speculation that RF radiation from mobile phones may increase with the increase in size of the phone [20]. More so, if the description of propagation in the near fields of an antenna is complex because fields change very rapidly in this region, it may be wrong to assume that the power density in this region also decreases with distance as in the case of the far-field region. ...
... IMCC Journal of Science 2023,3,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] ...
With the rapid advances in mobile communication technology, increase in mobile standards, and the consequent multiple applications of mobile phones in different fields, a higher risk of human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation from the use of mobile phones is speculated. The study focused on the assessment of radiofrequency radiation levels in the near field of common mobile phones of different sizes used in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. Real-time measurements of power densities of 50 mobile phones of different sizes, types, and models at varying distances were done in isolated locations using a Cornet Electrosmog RF Meter. The power density was measured when each phone was in standby mode and when dialed at an interval of 10 cm between the RF meter and phone up to a maximum distance of 50 cm. The average power densities of investigated phones, in dialed mode, which range from 0.799 ± 0.11 mW m 2 ⁄ to 182.700 ± 10.91 mW m 2 ⁄ , are below the reference level of exposure safety limit set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection for the general public. The RF radiation of the phones was found to be independent of the size of the phone. The data presented in this study can be used to promote user awareness, safety considerations, and informed decision-making regarding the safe usage of mobile devices. As long as a mobile phone is operated in the near field region, its power density does not necessarily decrease with distance.
... RF field exposure from a mobile phone base station antenna, located at the rooftop showed that allowable maximum safety levels were exceeded when being closer than 30 m to the base station antenna (4). With the increasing distance, the RF power density is increasingly affected by the landscape topography, buildings, and trees that induce reflection and absorption. ...
... Consequently, the highest exposed floors were 5-7, with floors where the power density at the balcony was about three times higher at 6th floor as compared to the 3rd floor. The difference was about 15-times when comparing the RF power density at the 1st floor to the 6th floor (4). ...
Radiofrequency (RF) radiation in the frequency range of 30-300 GHz has, since 2011, been classified as a 'possible' human carcinogen by Group 2B, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) at WHO. This was based on a number of human epidemiology studies on increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma. Based on further human epidemiology studies and animal studies, the evidence on RF radiation carcinogenesis has increased since 2011. In previous measurement studies, it has been indicated that high environmental RF radiation levels are present in certain areas of Stockholm Sweden, including in one apartment. Field spatial distribution measurements were performed in the previously measured apartment in Stockholm, which exhibited high RF radiation from nearby base stations. Based on the RF broadband analyzer spot measurements, the maximum indoor E-field topped at 3 V m-1 in the bedroom at the 7th floor. The maximum outdoor exposure level of 6 V m-1 was encountered at the 8th floor balcony, located at the same elevation and only 6.16 m away from the base station antennas. For comparison, a measurement was made in a low exposure apartment in Stockholm. Here, the maximum indoor field 0.52 V m-1 was measured at the corner window, with direct line of sight to the neighboring house with mobile phone base station antennas. The maximum outdoor field of 0.75 V m-1 was measured at the balcony facing the same next-door building with mobile phone base station antennas. The minimum field of 0.10 V m-1 was registered on the apartment area closest to the center of the building, demonstrating the shielding effects of the indoor walls. Good mobile phone reception was achieved in both apartments. Therefore, installation of base stations to risky places cannot be justified using the good reception requirement argument.
... Baltrėnas P. и соавт. [9] исследовали 10-этажное жилое здание, расположенное рядом с антенной базовой станции мобильной связи, высота здания составляла 30 м, расстояние до базовой станции -35 м. Антенна базовой станции находилась примерно на высоте шестого этажа. ...
Introduction: A cellular base station is a sophisticated object, a source of radio and industrial frequency electromagnetic fields and of noise pollution. Cell sites generate a complex, time-varying, modulated multi-frequency signal of low intensity, yet having local gradients. The World Health Organization has introduced the notion of electromagnetic pollution of environment, the main source of which is a mobile phone base station. It is the fastest-growing anthropotechnogenic environmental impact since the 1950s. Objective: To analyze the impact of mobile phone base stations on the health of population using data of domestic and foreign literary sources. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted for the years 2008 to 2022 on human health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from cellular base stations using the relevant keywords in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI, and other databases. The initial sample included 50 articles, of which 15 were excluded after primary screening. Experimental studies on animals were not eligible for inclusion. Results: The review of 35 full-text publications on the topic revealed a sufficient amount of evidence of adverse health effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, including the radio frequency sickness, cancer, changes in biochemical parameters, DNA damage, etc. Currently, there is an urgent need to resolve the problem of the so-called electrosmog. Conclusion: In order to prevent the diseases associated with the use of novel technologies, it is important to apply a preventive approach by limiting the exposure of groups at risk, such as children, adolescents, patients with chronic diseases etc., to sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.
... It should be noted here that the electric field strength is used for scalings since the extrapolations of (1) and (2) are defined based on this field strength. The PD is then obtained from these measured field strengths based on the relation of P D = E 2 377 (i.e., the equivalent plane wave power density) [14], [29], [39]. Comparisons of the overall exposure behaviors are carried out to validate the appropriate spacing. ...
The number of fifth generation (5G) base stations (BSs) installed for commercial services continues to increase in South Korea since the first 5G rollout of the 3.5 GHz band in 2019. However, this will cause cause a rapid increase in the cost and effort required for an electromagnetic field (EMF) installation compliance measurements of a 5G BS. This paper studies an appropriate measurement spacing for EMF installation compliance assessments of a 3.5 GHz 5G BS. Ray-tracing simulations based on the ray frustum technique are performed for three installation scenarios according to the accessibility categories provided in the International Telecommunication Union-T K.52 recommendation to observe the power density exposure trends. An interference analysis using the two-ray propagation model indicates that the spacing of 1 m can be suitable for the installation compliance of a 5G BS above 3 GHz. In addition, it was found that this spacing could be also applied up to the higher frequency of 7.125 GHz, the upper limit of Frequency Range 1 defined in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project specification. Measurements based on two different 5G signal extrapolations using the Synchronization Signal Block were conducted to validate the spacing of 1 m for a 3.5 GHz 5G BS established by simulation studies.
... see Equations (1) to (4)). For instance, the EMF radiations coming from mobile communication antennas were analyzed in [61] by taking into account the importance of antenna parameters for evaluating the exposure. ...
The accurate measurement of electromagnetic exposure and its application is expected to become more and more important in future wireless communication systems, given the explosion in both the number of wireless devices and equipments radiating electromagnetic-fields(EMF)and the growing concerns in the general public linked to it. Indeed, the next generation of wireless systems aims at providing a higher data rate,better quality of service(QoS), and lower latency to users by increasing the number of access points,i.e.densification, which in turn will increase EMF exposure. Similarly, the multiplication of future connected devices,e.g. internet of things(IoT)devices, will also contribute to an increase in EMF exposure. This paper provides a detailed survey relating to the potential health hazards linked with EMF exposure and the different metrics that are currently used for evaluating,limiting and mitigating the effects of this type of exposure on the general public. This paper also reviews the possible impacts of new wireless technologies on EMF exposure and proposes some novel research directions for updating the EMF exposure evaluation framework and addressing these impacts in future wireless communication systems. For instance, the impact of mmWave or massive-MIMO/beamforming on EMF exposure has yet to be fully understood and included in the exposure evaluation framework.
... During a call the mobile phone emits strong electromagnetic radiation (especially where base station's antennas are situated rarely) because of a weak signal (a large part of the signal from the antenna is dispersed in the environment). Lower intensity of the signal in the environment leads to higher transmitting power (Baltrėnas et al., 2012). ...
The propagation of electromagnetic radiation was investigated at different points, and the theory of covariance was applied to identify the main parameters by recording the max, mean and min values of density. The biggest electric field strength values are emitted by the second generation (2G) GSM mobile phones that operate in the frequency band of 900 MHz. The smaller electric field strength values are determined by the higher frequency (1800 MHz) used by mobile phones and smaller maximum power, the maximum of which reaches up to 1 W. Third generation (3G) UMTS smart phones that operate in the frequency band of2100 MHz, emit smallest electric field strength values during the conversation. The values of digital arrays of measurement of the electromagnetic field energy flux density of interrelated covariance functions and digital arrays of individual covariance functions were identified. Data concerning interrelated covariances and auto-covariances of electromagnetic field energy flux density in a time scale are presented by means of the Matlab 7 software package. © 2017 Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iasi. All rights reserved.
... Reducing the highest allowed level of RF EMR, and the establishment of other legislation on High Frequency Electromagnetic Dosimetry, are issues of worldwide importance, taking into consideration the contradictory information about mobile phones, mobile telephony base stations, and their possible dangerous effects on human health [17][18][19][20][21]. ...
During the last two decades, the number of macrocell mobile telephony base station
antennas emitting radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in residential areas has
increased significantly, and therefore much more attention is being paid to RF EMR and its effects
on human health. Scientific field measurements of public exposure to RF EMR (specifically to radio
frequency radiation) from macrocell mobile telephony base station antennas and RF electromagnetic
field (EMF) intensity parameters in the environment are discussed in this article. The research
methodology is applied according to the requirements of safety norms and Lithuanian Standards
in English (LST EN). The article presents and analyses RF EMFs generated by mobile telephony
base station antennas in areas accessible to the general public. Measurements of the RF electric
field strength and RF EMF power density were conducted in the near- and far-fields of the mobile
telephony base station antenna. Broadband and frequency-selective measurements were performed
outside (on the roof and on the ground) and in a residential area. The tests performed on the roof
in front of the mobile telephony base station antennas in the near-field revealed the presence of a
dynamic energy interaction within the antenna electric field, which changes rapidly with distance.
The RF EMF power density values on the ground at distances of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 m from
the base station are very low and are scattered within intervals of 0.002 to 0.05 µW/cm2. The results
were compared with international exposure guidelines (ICNIRP)
EMF has a variety of biological impacts and has an impact on the metabolic process in the human body. Antenna towers, anechoic chambers, and other sources can all produce this. Some of the human populations live very close to the EMF-emitting antenna towers. We can make humans aware of the EMF radiation and protect from diseases if there is a proper method to anticipate the EMF radiation of antennas installed in different places. For the study of telecom data and EMF emission, many machine learning and deep learning techniques have been developed in recent years. Predictive analytics played a bigger part in this. For prediction, it comprises advanced statistics, modeling and more machine learning methodologies. However, the appropriate hyper parameters must be established for the model’s effective prediction, but this cannot be guaranteed in a dynamic environment where the data is always changing. The learning model’s performance improves when these parameters are optimized. The goal of this study is to use the Telecom dataset to create a novel hybrid deep learning model for forecasting the trend of EMF radiations. The patterns were first discovered using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) combined with the Particle Swarm Optimization method (PSO). Later to boost its performance the hybrid approach (MLP-RFD-PSO) was developed and 98.8% accuracy was achieved.
Given the explosion in both the number of wireless devices and equipment radiating electromagnetic fields ( EMF ) and the growing public concern about it, accurate measurement of electromagnetic exposure and its application are expected to become increasingly important in future wireless communication systems. Indeed, the next generation of wireless networks seeks to provide customers with faster data rates, better quality of service ( QoS ), and reduced latency by increasing the number of access point s ( AP s), i.e. densification, which will increase EMF exposure. Similarly, the proliferation of future linked gadgets, such as the Internet of things ( IoT ) devices, may increase EMF exposure. This chapter provides a detailed assessment of existing methods for measuring EMF exposure in various circumstances, such as during data transmission uplink/downlink, and provides details on the metrics that are most typically used for evaluating EMF exposure in wireless communication. It also determines which metrics are most suited for reducing exposure.
In this study, the effects of electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones operating at 1800 MHz were investigated on germination, root growth and mitotic division of root tips of Lens culinaris Medik. Seeds were split into three groups. The first group was exposed to a mobile phone electromagnetic field for 48 hours at the state of dormancy, and the second group was exposed to the same electromagnetic field at the state of division. The third group, the control group, was not exposed to an electromagnetic field beyond the natural background. The results obtained in the study indicate that electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones affect seeds in the state of dormancy more than the state of germination. Germination rate was not affected under the specified exposure conditions, but root growth decreased due to a possible effect of oxidative stress in the state of dormant seeds. There was also a noticeable increment in the c-mitosis rates, especially in the state of dormant seeds. The reason for this increment could be problems in spindle function.
Operation of office, video and audio equipment generates electromagnetic fields. Many employees who use computers for a long time complain of headaches and other health troubles. This has become a serious problem as electromagnetic fields are invisible and intangible and an employee, therefore, is unaware of how to protect oneself from them. This work involves modelling of the strengths of computer-generated electric and magnetic fields in the frequency ranges 5 Hz - 2 kHz and 2 kHz - 400 kHz in a computer classroom. After measuring the initial parameters of an electric and a magnetic field, electromagnetic fields propagating in the classroom were modelled with the help of the software VIZIMAG. Propagation and directions of electromagnetic field isolines are also presented. The modelling software VIZIMAG allows us to identify the strength of electric field or the frequency of magnetic field as well as the area of a room where they are present. Separate models are designed for both electric strength and magnetic flux density.
Electromagnetic fields are produced when some office, visual or sound devices are working. People, who are working long hours with computers, duplicators or watching TV, always complain of a headache or other troubles. This is a very big problem because electromagnetic fields are invisible and intangible, so people don't know how to protect themselves from electromagnetic fields. The level of electromagnetic fields was evaluated in a duplicator company “Baltijos kopija”. The following duplicators were measured and assessed: Rock hooper // mutton, Vario Print 2110, Color Laner Jet 8550N, Ricoh Aficio 1060, Docular 2060, Colorgrafx ×2, Oce 9400, Oce 9400 II. The investigation results are presented in diagrams.
Santrauka
Dirbant biuro vaizdo ir garso technikai susidaro elektromagnetiniai laukai. Daugelis darbuotojų, ilgai dirbančių kompiuteriais, kopijavimo aparatais arba daug laiko praleidžiančių prie televizoriaus, skundžiasi galvos skausmais ar kitais negalavimais. Tai jau tapo didele problema, nes elektromagnetiniai laukai yra nematomi ir nejuntami, tad darbuotojas nežino, kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti. Elektromagnetinių laukų stipriams išmatuoti ir įvertinti pasirinkta kopijavimo paslaugas atliekanti įmonė „Baltijos kopija“. Buvo išmatuoti ir įvertinti šių kopijavimo aparatų elektromagnetiniai laukai: Rock hooper // mutton, Vario Print 2110, Color Laner Jet 8550N, Ricoh Aficio 1060, Docular 2060, Colorgrafx ×2, Oce 9400, Oce 9400 II. Palyginimui įvairių kopijavimo aparatuose susidarančių elektromagnetinių laukų rezultatai pateikiami grafikais.
Резюме
Электромагнитные поля излучает видео-, аудиотехника и другая офисная аппаратура. Работающие долгое время на компьютере, копировальных аппаратах или проводящие время у телевизоров люди часто жалуются на головные боли или заболевания. Это стало серьезной проблемой, так как электромагнитные поля невидимы и незаметны для человека. По этой причине работники не знают, как защитить себя от их воздействия. Измерения и оценка электромагнитных полей проводились в компании „Baltijos kopija“. Для измерения и оценки электромагнитных полей были выбраны следующие марки копировальных аппаратов: Rock hooper // mutton, Vario Print 2110, Color Laner Jet 8550N, Ricoh Aficio 1060, Docular 2060, Colorgrafx ×2, Oce 9400, Oce 9400 II. Для сравнения результаты измерений электромагнитных полей представлены в виде графиков.
First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010
Reikšminiai žodžiai: elektrinis laukas, magnetinis laukas, elektromagnetinė spinduliuotė, žemasis ir aukštasis dažniai.
Ключевые слова: электрическое поле, магнитное поле, электромагнитное излучение, низкие и высокие частоты.
Many people are affected by environmental pollution level. Many studies presents the harmful effects of common air pollution sources such as dust, toxic substances emitted by cars and industry, but an important pollution source remains: the noise. Generally, the noise effects are separated into two broad categories: auditory (noise-induced hearing loss) and non-auditory (behavioral and physiological effects). There are over 140.000 people in Iasi County at risk of becoming ill because they live or work in an area with high noise level, as shown in a study requested by City Hall and executed by Transport Research Institute INCERTRANS. Over the noise given by the external environment, which is more or less attenuated depending on the type of building, each person is subjected to electrical equipments noise or to other noises. The paper will present the main indoor noise sources (predictable or not-predictable), will perform a frequency spectrum analysis of the resultant noise and will present the main solutions to reduce the noise effects.
A survey study was conducted, using a questionnaire, on 530 people (270 men, 260 women) living or not in proximity to cellular phone base stations. Eighteen different symptoms (Non Specific Health Symptoms–NSHS), described as radiofrequency sickness, were studied by means of the chi‐square test with Yates correction. The results that were obtained underline that certain complaints are experienced only in the immediate vicinity of base stations (up to 10 m for nausea, loss of appetite, visual disturbances), and others at greater distances from base stations (up to 100 m for irritability, depressive tendencies, lowering of libido, and up to 200 m for headaches, sleep disturbances, feeling of discomfort). In the 200 m to 300 m zone, only the complaint of fatigue is experienced significantly more often when compared with subjects residing at more than 300 m or not exposed (reference group). For seven of the studied symptoms and for the distance up to 300 m, the frequency of reported complaints is significantly higher (P < 0.05) for women in comparison with men. Significant differences are also observed in relation to the ages of subjects, and for the location of subjects in relation to the antennas and other electromagnetic factors.
Theoretical and experimental assessment of radiofrequency exposure due to cellular base station antennas is treated. The calculation of the incident power density of the radiation flux is possible by knowing the antenna's technical data from the constructor and by defining the position of the exposed person. The free space propagation model in ideal conditions yet allow just a gross assessment of exposure in the far field region of the antenna, which generally overestimates the real exposure level. Exposure assessment may be also theoretically calculated in near field conditions, with a better agreement with real cases. The compliance distance from the antenna is another important parameter and it can be calculated in accordance to the reference levels stipulated in exposure standards. From experimental perspective, far field in situ measurements of power density level were made in a limited number of locations, by using the frequency-selective method and equipment. The results are discussed, regarding both the obtained values and the factors that influence the measurements. The measured values were well bellow the maximum permissible exposure levels in the adopted standard in our country.
At specific situations, workers need to approach very close to the transmitting base station antennas. In this study, occupational
exposure to RF fields from base station antennas was assessed at several rooftops. The measurements were carried out by mapping
the power densities around the antennas. The results were compared with the ICNIRP guidelines. The results indicate that the
reference levels for workers and the general public may be exceeded in front of the transmitting antenna at distances up to
1 and 2 m, respectively.
The evaluation covers the strengths of electric field and magnetic flux density measured in frequency ranges of 5 Hz-2 kHz and 2-400 kHz of selected TV sets. The dependence of the electromagnetic field on the distance is addressed with reference to ergonomics and safety. Ten TV sets (5 tube and 5 LCD) were measured. There were 16 measurements for each one. The aim was to evaluate electric field and magnetic flux density versus the distance from the tested device with regard to exposure levels. In addition, the distance and the strengths of electric field and magnetic flux density emitted by tube and LCD TVs were compared. The results are presented in charts.