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Composition chimique et activité antimicrobienne de l'essence de térébenthine du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) et du pin d'Alep (Pinus hale- pensis) du Maroc

Authors:
  • Independent Researcher
  • Centre de Recherche Forestière, Maroc

Abstract

This work tries to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the turpentine of two moroccan pines species, the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) from Mamora and the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) from Rommani. The gum object of this study comes from a sample of 40 trees of every pine species. The turpentine's chemical composition of these two species is characterized by a high percentage of α-pinene as main compound: 77% and 89% are respectively fund for the maritime pine and the Aleppo pine. Also, β- pinene, camphene, myrcene, Δ-3-carene, limonene and caryophyllene were also detected in turpentine of these species. A biotest of the turpentine of these two species of pines showed the efficiente antibacterial and antifungal activity.
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Composition chimique et activité
antimicrobienne de l'essence de
térébenthine du pin maritime (Pinus
pinaster) et du pin d'Alep (Pinus hale-
pensis) du Maroc
Mohamed Ghanmi a b , Badr Satrani a , Abdelaziz Chaouch b ,
Abderrahman Aafi a , Abdelhak El Abid a , Moulay Rchid Ismaili
a & Abdellah Farah c
a Centre de recherche forestière , BP 763, Rabat-Agdal ,
10050 , Maroc E-mail:
b Département de chimie, Laboratoire de chimie appliquée et
de contrôle de la qualité, Faculté des sciences de Kénitra ,
Université Ibn Tofail , BP 133, Kénitra , Maroc
c Institut national des plantes médicinales et aromatiques,
Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah , BP 7048, Fès-
Ezzohour , Fès , Maroc
Published online: 26 Apr 2013.
To cite this article: Mohamed Ghanmi , Badr Satrani , Abdelaziz Chaouch , Abderrahman
Aafi , Abdelhak El Abid , Moulay Rchid Ismaili & Abdellah Farah (2007) Composition chimique
et activité antimicrobienne de l'essence de térébenthine du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster)
et du pin d'Alep (Pinus hale- pensis) du Maroc, Acta Botanica Gallica, 154:2, 293-300, DOI:
10.1080/12538078.2007.10516058
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2007.10516058
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Acta Bot. Gallica, 2007, 154 (2), 293-300.
Composition chimique et activité antimicrobienne de l’essence de téré-
benthine du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) et du pin d’Alep (Pinus hale-
pensis) du Maroc
par Mohamed Ghanmi(1,2), Badr Satrani(1), Abdelaziz Chaouch(2), Abderrahman Aafi(1),
Abdelhak El Abid(1), Moulay Rchid Ismaili(1) et Abdellah Farah(3)
(1) Centre de recherche forestière, BP 763, Rabat-Agdal, 10050, Maroc ; mghanmi@yahoo.fr
(2) Département de chimie, Laboratoire de chimie appliquée et de contrôle de la qualité, Faculté des
sciences de Kénitra, Université Ibn Tofail, BP 133, Kénitra, Maroc
(3) Institut national des plantes médicinales et aromatiques, Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah,
BP 7048, Fès-Ezzohour, Fès, Maroc
Résumé.- Ce travail étudie le rendement, la composition chimique et l’activité
antibactérienne et antifongique de l’essence de térébenthine issue de deux
espèces de pins du Maroc, le pin maritime (Pinus pinaster) de la Mamora et le
pin d’Alep (Pinus halepensis) de Rommani. La gemme, objet de l’étude, provient
d’un échantillon de 40 arbres de chaque espèce de pin. La composition chimique
de l’essence de térébenthine de ces deux espèces se caractérise par un pour-
centage élevé en α-pinène, soit 77% et 89% respectivement pour le pin mariti-
me et le pin d’Alep. D’autres composés tels que le β-pinène, le camphène, le
myrcène, le Δ-3-carène, le limonène et le caryophyllène ont été également
détectés dans les térébenthines de ces espèces. Le biotest de l’essence de téré-
benthine de ces deux espèces a montré une bonne activité antibactérienne et
antifongique.
Mots clés : Pinus pinaster - Pinus halepensis - essence de térébenthine - com-
position chimique - activité antibactérienne et antifongique.
Abstract.- This work tries to determine the chemical composition and antimi-
crobial activity of the turpentine of two moroccan pines species, the maritime
pine (Pinus pinaster) from Mamora and the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) from
Rommani. The gum object of this study comes from a sample of 40 trees of
every pine species. The turpentine’s chemical composition of these two species
is characterized by a high percentage of α-pinene as main compound: 77% and
89% are respectively fund for the maritime pine and the Aleppo pine. Also, β-
pinene, camphene, myrcene, Δ-3-carene, limonene and caryophyllene were also
detected in turpentine of these species. A biotest of the turpentine of these two
species of pines showed the efficiente antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Key words : Pinus pinaster - Pinus halepensis - turpentine - chemical compo-
sition - antibacterial and antifungal activity.
arrivé le 22 septembre 2006, accepté le 20 novembre 2006
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I. INTRODUCTION
Le genre Pinus L. comprend naturellement au Maroc les espèces suivantes : pin d’Alep
(Pinus halepensis Mill.), pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Sol.) et pin noir (Pinus nigra Arn.).
Ce dernier pin est limité à une centaine d’hectares dans le Rif centro-occidental (Aafi,
1995) alors que les deux autres espèces sont relativement bien présentes dans le paysage
forestier marocain (Grand Livre de la forêt marocaine, 1999). Le pin maritime et le pin
d’Alep ont retenu l’attention du reboiseur marocain tant pour leur plasticité écologique
(espèces de plaine et de montagne) que pour leur réussite dans les reboisements et leur
exploitation ; les superficies reboisées sont de 41 118 ha en pin maritime et 156 272 ha en
pin d’Alep (Grand Livre de la forêt marocaine, 1999). Ces essences forestières sont desti-
nées à la production du bois d’œuvre. Elles peuvent donner aussi d’autres produits fores-
tiers non ligneux tels que la résine qui est considérée comme étant le plus ancien et le plus
important des produits forestiers non ligneux (Coppen & Hone, 1995) ; elle est aussi appe-
lée « produits de Navals Stores » (Mirov & Hasbrough, 1976).
La distillation de la gemme donne l’essence de térébenthine et la colophane. La pro-
duction mondiale en térébenthine issue de la gemme est d’environ 100 000 tonnes
(Dawson, 1994). Selon l’Office des changes (2005), le Maroc a importé 52 tonnes, l’équi-
valent de 600 000 dirhams. L’essence de térébenthine est une huile essentielle très deman-
dée pour son utilisation dans diverses industries de peinture, chimie, pharmacie et
alimentation (Coppen & Hone, 1995 ; Derfer, 1978 ; Faber, 1988 ; Delmond, 1998).
En général, la résine, qui donne la térébenthine, est naturellement le résultat de la réac-
tion de l’arbre aux attaques des herbivores et microbes (Langenheim, 1994 ; Raffa &
Smalley, 1995 ; Cates, 1996 ; Michelozzi et al., 2004). Actuellement, plusieurs études ont
été effectuées sur les principes bioactifs des huiles essentielles ainsi que sur leur activité
contre un grand nombre de microorganismes pathogènes pour l’homme (Farag et al.,
1989 ; Paster et al., 1990 ; Adam et al., 1998 ; Smith-Palmer et al., 1998 ; Hammer et al.,
1999 ; Marino et al., 1999 ; Cosentino et al., 1999 ; Satrani et al., 2006).
Au Maroc, les essais expérimentaux de gemmage ont montré que la production annuel-
le de pin maritime de la Mamora et de pin d’Alep de Rommani est d’environ 3 kg par arbre
(El Alami, 2003) ; ces quantités sont supérieures à celles de la FAO (1995) selon laquelle
l’exploitation de cette matière n’est rentable que lorsque ces valeurs sont supérieures à 2
kg/arbre/an. L’étude de Ghanmi et al. (2005) confirme la possibilité d’introduire ces acti-
vités de gemmage et de transformation de gemme au Maroc pour combler le déficit natio-
nal. Par ailleurs, l’exportation de ces produits vers l’Europe est l’un des objectifs visés
puisque cette dernière continue actuellement à importer de la Chine une térébenthine et une
colophane de moindre qualité (Chozas Bermudez, 1997).
Pour mettre en valeur le produit national et contribuer au développement économique
de ce pays par des entrées de devises, nous nous sommes attachés à déterminer le rende-
ment et la composition chimique de la térébenthine issue d’un mélange de gemme de qua-
rante arbres de chaque espèce de pins (pin maritime et pin d’Alep). Cette étude vise aussi
la détermination du pouvoir antibactérien et antifongique des huiles essentielles de la
gemme des pins.
294
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II. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES
A. Matériel végétal
Les échantillons proviennent d’un mélange de gemme extraite à partir de quarante
arbres de chaque espèce de pin. La récolte des échantillons a été réalisée au mois de juillet
2004. La gemme du pin maritime provient du périmètre de Machraâ El Kettane, situé dans
la zone de plaine du secteur occidental de la Mamora (nord-ouest du Maroc). Quant à celle
du pin d’Alep, elle est issue du périmètre de Aïn Jebouja de la région de Rommani (pla-
teau central du Maroc). Pour chaque mélange de gemme, on a effectué trois essais de dis-
tillation.
B. Pré-traitement et distillation de la gemme
Le pré-traitement consiste à faire fondre et à filtrer la gemme grâce à un système appro-
prié. Cette étape a pour but d’éliminer les impuretés solides de type organique (aiguilles,
écorces, etc.) et minéral (sables, poussières, etc.).
Le filtrat de la gemme fondue est soumis à l’hydrodistillation dans un appareil de type
Clevenger (Clevenger, 1928) jusqu’à l’épuisement total de l’essence de térébenthine. Pour
chaque échantillon de mélange de gemme, trois essais de distillation ont été effectués et
chaque essai comporte 300 g.
Au cours de la distillation, dès que la température avoisine 95 °C, une ébullition de l’eau
contenue dans la gemme se produit et la vapeur entraîne avec elle l’essence de térébenthi-
ne. Ces vapeurs mixtes sont condensées dans le réfrigérant. Lorsque la température dépas-
se 100 °C et atteint environ 150 °C, on fait couler de temps en temps un filet d’eau
jusqu’à épuisement total de la térébenthine. À la fin de l’opération, l’essence de térében-
thine se sépare de la colophane qui reste comme résidu de la distillation.
C. Analyses chromatographiques
Les analyses chromatographiques de l’essence de térébenthine des deux espèces ont été
effectuées sur un chromatographe en phase gazeuse à régulation électronique de pression
de type Hewlett-Packard (série HP 6890), équipé d’une colonne capillaire HP-5 (5% phé-
nyl méthyl siloxane) (30 m x 0,25 mm, épaisseur du film : 0,25 mm), d’un détecteur FID
(température : 270 °C) alimenté par un mélange de gaz H2/air et d’un gaz injecteur
Split-splitless (température : 275 °C). Le volume injecté est de 1 μl. Le mode d’injection
est split (rapport de fuite : 1/50, débit : 66 ml/min). Le gaz vecteur utilisé est l’azote avec
un débit de 1,7 ml/min. La température de la colonne est programmée de 50 à 250 °C à rai-
son d’une montée de 4 °C/mn. L’appareil est piloté par un système informatique de type
« HP ChemStation » gérant le fonctionnement de l’appareil et permettant de suivre l’évo-
lution des analyses chromatographiques.
L’identification des constituants a été réalisée en se basant sur leurs indices de Kováts
(IK ; Kováts, 1965) et sur la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie
de masse (CPG-SM). Celle-ci est exécutée sur un chromatographe en phase gazeuse
Hewlett-Packard (série HP 6890) couplé avec un spectromètre de masse (série HP 5973).
La fragmentation est effectuée en impact électronique sous un champ de 70 eV. La colon-
ne utilisée est une colonne capillaire de type HP-5 SM (5% phényl méthyl siloxane ;
30 m x 0,25 mm, épaisseur du film : 0,25 mm). Le gaz vecteur est l’hélium dont le débit
est fixé à 1,7 ml/min. La température de la colonne est programmée de 50 à 250 °C à rai-
son de 4 °C/min. L’appareil est relié à un système informatique gérant une bibliothèque de
spectres de masse NIST 98.
295
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296
D. Tests antimicrobiens
Au cours de ce travail, les micro-organismes cités ci-après sont choisis pour leurs fré-
quences élevées à contaminer les denrées alimentaires et pour leur pathogénicité :
- bactéries : Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus et Staphylococcus
aureus ;
- champignons : Penicillium parasiticus et Aspergillus niger.
Les quatre souches bactériennes sont des lots de « American type culture collection »
(ATCC) ; elles sont entretenues par repiquage sur gélose nutritive favorable à leur crois-
sance. Les trois moisissures sont cultivées sur le milieu nutritif « Potato dextrose agar »
(PDA).
Les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI) de l’essence de térébenthine du pin
maritime et du pin d’Alep sont déterminées selon la méthode rapportée par Remmal et al.
(1993) et Satrani et al. (2001).
III. RÉSULTATS ET DISCUSSION
A. Rendement en essence de térébenthine issue du mélange de gemme
À la lumière de cette étude, il s’avère que le rendement de l’essence de térébenthine
concorde avec celui de la littérature (Ghanmi et al., 2005). La meilleure teneur de cette
térébenthine est obtenue à partir des échantillons du pin d’Alep de la région de Rommani
par rapport à celle du pin maritime de la Mamora, soit des taux respectifs de 29% et 22%.
Ces résultats montrent que le rendement en essence qui dépend du type d’espèce est signi-
ficatif. En plus, les conditions orographiques et bioclimatiques caractéristiques de chaque
région peuvent aussi jouer un rôle dans cette différence (Ghanmi et al., 2005). En effet, le
périmètre de Aïn Jebouja de la région de Rommani se situe au sud-est de Rabat, à une alti-
tude de 400 m, sur un sol schisteux et dans un bioclimat semi-aride avec une pluviométrie
annuelle de 400 à 600 mm (MARA, 1997). La plaine de la Mamora se situe entre Rabat et
Kénitra, à l’ouest, et Tifelt et Sidi Slimane, à l’est, à une altitude de 120 m. Elle se carac-
térise par un bioclimat semi-aride, une pluviométrie annuelle de 325 à 600 mm et par des
sols sableux beiges et rouges sur argile (Aafi et al., 2005). En effet, bien que les deux sta-
tions aient le même bioclimat, la station de Rommani subit l’effet de la continentalité et
donc se caractérise par une forte chaleur en été, tandit que celle de la Mamora profite de
l’humidité de l’air due à la proximité de l’océan Atlantique. Cette forte chaleur enregistrée
à Rommani facilite l’écoulement de la résine du pin d’Alep par rapport à celle du pin mari-
time de la Mamora. Aussi, la récolte de la gemme sur le terrain et son traitement au labo-
ratoire nous confirment la faible viscosité de la gemme du pin d’Alep par rapport à celle
du pin maritime, ce qui explique la différence des rendements obtenus.
B. Analyse de la composition chimique de la térébenthine issue du mélange de gemme
Trois analyses chromatographiques de l’essence de térébenthine issue du mélange de
gemme de quarante arbres de pins de chaque espèce ont été effectuées pour s’assurer de la
reproductivité des résultats. Ces analyses ont révélé la présence de 21 constituants
(Tableau I). Du point de vue chimique, la résine est un mélange de différentes classes des
terpènes (monterpènes, sesquiterpènes et diterpènes) selon la répartition de Ruzicka
(1953). La classe des monoterpènes est prédominante, avec l’α-pinène comme constituant
majoritaire. La meilleure teneur de ce constituant est obtenue à partir du pin d’Alep par
rapport au pin maritime, avec des taux respectifs de 89% contre 77% (Tableau I). En géné-
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297
ral, plusieurs travaux ont montré que le pour-
centage élevé de l’α-pinène est une caracté-
ristique de la plupart des térébenthines du
genre Pinus (Pardon, 1998 ; Coppen et al.,
1988a, b, 1993 ; Ghanmi et al., 2005) à l’ex-
ception de P. heldreichii dont le limonène est
le constituant majoritaire avec 79,44%
(Werner et al., 1994) et P. roxburghii avec
comme principal composé le Δ-3-carène qui
représente plus de 50% (Coppen et al.,
1988a). Le taux de β-pinène est d’environ 6%
pour le pin maritime contre seulement 1%
pour le pin d’Alep (Tableau I).
Ces résultats confirment la richesse en
pinènes de la térébenthine issue du mélange
de gemme. Aussi les taux de ces dernières
sont-ils des indicateurs importants pour diffé-
rencier entre les térébenthines de ces deux
espèces de pins du Maroc (Ghanmi et al.,
2005). En général, l’analyse du profil chroma-
tographique des monoterpènes nous permet de
distinguer entre P. halepensis, P. brutia et P.
eldarica (Baradat et al., 1995 ; Schiller &
Grunwald, 1987a, b ; Michelozzi et al., 1990),
et de caractériser les hybrides artificiels de
pins (Squillace, 1976 ; Michelozzi et al.,
1990) et les hybrides d’Eucalyptus (Farah et
al., 2001, 2002a, b). Ces monoterpènes peu-
vent servir comme marqueurs biochimiques
dans l’étude génétique des forêts pour la déter-
mination de la variabilité géographique des espèces de conifères et pour l’identification des
familles et des clones (Baradat et al., 1991 ; Hanover, 1992 ; Michelozzi et al., 1995).
Les pourcentages du camphène et du myrcène varient de 0,45% à 2,51%. Les autres
monoterpènes tels que l’α-phéllandrène, le Δ-3-carène, les αet δ- terpinènes et le terpé-
nolène ne dépassent pas une teneur de 1,1% pour les deux espèces. Le limonène se trouve
à un taux de 2,74% pour le pin maritime et 0,87% pour le pin d’Alep (Tableau I). Le prin-
cipal sesquiterpène de ces térébenthines est représenté par le caryophyllène avec une
teneur de 2,31% pour le pin maritime et 2,26% pour le pin d’Alep.
Cependant, on note la présence de l’α-terpinène-7-al, l’α-acétate de terpinyle et αet β-
longipinènes dans la térébenthine du pin maritime de la Mamora alors qu’ils sont absents
dans le pin d’Alep. Cette différence de la composition chimique peut être expliquée par la
nature de l’espèce en plus des conditions orographiques et bioclimatiques de chaque
région. Ces résultats concordent avec ceux cités dans la littérature (Zinkel, 1977 ; Ghanmi
et al., 2005).
C. Bioactivité de l’essence de térébenthine des deux espèces de pins
L’essence de térébenthine du pin maritime s’est montrée active et a inhibé tous les
microorganismes à la concentration de 1/100 V/V (Tableau II). À cette même concentra-
Tableau I.- Composition chimique de l’es-
sence de térébenthine issue d’un mélan-
ge de gemme des deux espèces de pin.
PMM : pin maritime de la Mamora, PAR :
pin d’Alep de Rommani, IK : indice de
Kovats, - : constituant non détecté, tr :
≤ 0,04.
Table I.- Chemical composition of turpenti-
ne descended from mixture of gem of
the two species of pine.
N° IK Composés PMM PAR
1 939 α-Pinène 76,91 88,62
2 953 Camphène 2,01 0,94
3 980 β-Pinène 6,35 1,08
4 991 Myrcène 0,9 1,16
51005 α-Phéllandrène 0,17 Tr
6 1011 Δ-3-Carène Tr 0,42
7 1018 α-terpinène 0,23 Tr
8 1031 Limonène 2,74 0,87
9 1062 δ-Terpinène 0,11 Tr
10 1088 Terpinolène 1,08 0,49
11 1144 cis-β-Terpineol tr Tr
12 1163 Trans-β-Terpineol 0,32 0,46
13 1189 α-Terpineol 1,14 1,43
14 1282 α-Terpinen-7-al 0,07 -
15 1350 α-Acétate terpinyle 0,26 -
16 1351 α-Longipinène tr -
17 1372 Longicyclène 0,23 tr
18 1398 β-Longipinène tr -
19 1402 Longifollène 2,3 tr
20 1418 Caryophyllène 2,31 2,26
21 1581 Oxyde de caryophyllène tr Tr
Total 97,13 97,73
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298
tion, seul Penicillium parasiticus a résisté à l’huile essentielle de térébenthine du pin
d’Alep. Le germe le plus sensible est Bacillus subtilis dont la croissance est inhibée à
1/1000 V/V de la térébenthine du pin maritime. En général, les bactéries étaient plus vul-
nérables à l’essence de térébenthine que les champignons. La même constatation a été faite
par Knobloch et al. (1989) en étudiant l’activité antibactérienne et antifongique des com-
posés des huiles essentielles.
Nos deux essences de térébenthine sont riches en α-pinène avec environ 77% pour le
pin maritime et 89% pour le pin d’Alep. Une étude réalisée par Angioni et al. (2003) sur
l’huile essentielle de Juniperus oxycedrus a montré qu’elle présente une bonne activité
inhibitrice contre Candida albicans et Staphylococcus aureus. Cette huile, constituée
majoritairement par l’α-pinène (environ 86%) suivie en plus faible quantité de β-pinène
(1,03%), myrcène (1,20%) et limonène (0,83%), est proche sensiblement de notre essence
de térébenthine du pin d’Alep. Aussi, les travaux de Martin et al. (2000) et de Aligiannis
et al. (2001), sur respectivement les huiles essentielles de Croton stellulifer et de Sideritis
sipylea, ont démontré que l’α-pinène, composé dominant de ces huiles, est responsable de
l’activité observée contre les microorganismes testés. En ce qui concerne le β-pinène pré-
sent avec un taux de 6,30% dans l’essence de térébenthine du pin maritime, son pouvoir
bioactif a été prouvé, ce qui a conduit à son utilisation comme désinfectant et insecticide
(Nagalakshmi et al., 2001). Cependant tout cela n’empêche qu’un effet synergique entre
plusieurs constituants de l’essence de térébenthine peut aussi être pris en compte dans cette
activité. Pattnaik et al. (1997) ont étudié les propriétés antimicrobiennes des constituants
aromatiques de huiles essentielles, d’où ils ont conclu que le spectre d’activité de l’huile
essentielle totale est parfois plus grand que ceux de leurs principaux constituants testés iso-
lément.
IV. CONCLUSION
Au cours de ce travail, il a été montré l’importance de l’essence de térébenthine issue du
mélange de gemme de quarante arbres de pin maritime de la Mamora et de pin d’Alep de
Rommani par le biais de l’étude du rendement, de la composition chimique et de l’activi-
té antibactérienne et antifongique.
Tableau II.- Activité antibactérienne et antifongique des huiles essentielles de la gemme de
Pinus pinaster (Pp) et de Pinus halepensis (Ph). T : témoin ; - : inhibition ; + : croissan-
ce.
Table II.- Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Pinus pinaster (Pp) and Pinus halepensis
(Ph) essential oils gum’s. T: control; -: inhibition; +: developement.
Concentration V/V 1/100 1/250 1/500 1/1000 1/5000 T
Échantillon Pp Ph Pp Ph Pp Ph Pp Ph Pp Ph
Bactéries
Escherichia coli --- ---++ +++
Bacillus subtilis --- ----+ +++
Staphylococcus aureus --- -+++++++
Micrococcus luteus --- --++++++
Champignons
Penicillium parasiticus -++ +++++ +++
Aspergillus niger --- ++++++++
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299
Les rendements des essences de térébenthine de ces deux espèces de pin dépendent de l’es-
pèce et/ou des conditions orographiques et bioclimatiques de chaque région. Les analyses
chimiques ont montré la richesse de la térébenthine marocaine issue du mélange de gemme
des deux espèces de pin en pinènes, constituants de départ pour la synthèse d’une grande
gamme de produits à haute valeur ajoutée, ce qui impose une réflexion pour son utilisation
éventuelle dans le secteur industriel. Le taux de ces pinènes confirme les résultats de
Ghanmi et al. (2005) pour distinguer entre pin d’Alep et pin maritime.
L’essence de térébenthine a montré son efficacité contre les bactéries et les champi-
gnons, ceci grâce à sa richesse en pinènes. Les résultats de ce travail indiquent que cette
essence peut avoir une utilisation commerciale en tant qu’agent de prévention contre les
microbes.
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... These results could be explained by the difference between the sampling sites regarding climate (precipitation and temperature) and soil. In fact, the nature of the substrate can have an impact on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (Brada et al., 2007;Ghanmi et al., 2007;Mansouri et al., 2011). However, our results show high values in terms of polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents in methanolic extracts of Junipurus thurifera from Algeria (Athamena et al., 2019), as well as in other juniper genus namely: Juniperus sibirica from Serbia (Lesjak et al., 2011), Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. ...
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... These results could be explained by the difference between the sampling sites regarding climate (precipitation and temperature) and soil. In fact, the nature of the substrate can have an impact on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (Brada et al., 2007;Ghanmi et al., 2007;Mansouri et al., 2011). However, our results show high values in terms of polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents in methanolic extracts of Junipurus thurifera from Algeria (Athamena et al., 2019), as well as in other juniper genus namely: Juniperus sibirica from Serbia (Lesjak et al., 2011), Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. ...
... The variability observed between the three areas studied in the yield of ethanolic and hexane extracts, as well as chemical compounds, could be explained by the variation of intrinsic factors of the plant (genetics, age of the plant, vegetative cycle, etc.) and extrinsic factors related to the environment of the sites (climate, edaphic factors, exposure, orography, altitude, etc.). The adaptive capacity of the plant to these factors acts on the preferential biosynthesis of chemical compounds and their content and is translated by their differential expression (Brada et al., 2007;Ghanmi et al., 2007;Mansouri et al., 2011). As for the antioxidant potential, we used the DPPH radical scavenging test. ...
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... Natural resins have a very wide range of applications, mainly used in industries coatings (varnishes, lacquers, paints, sealants, cements, adhesives...), printing (printing inks...), stationery (paper sizing), polymers (adhesives, rubber, various materials). Gums and many resins are also the sources of varied products for the food industry, perfumery, cosmetics, pharmacy and medicine (Delmond, 2002;Ghanmi et al., 2007). Several medical traditionally uses of P. halepensis (Mill.) ...
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... As ligands, natural compounds were derived from previous studies investigating the HPLC profiles of P. pinaster needles EO, [17] , [18] . ...
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Recently, there has been growing interest in the antimicrobial potential of natural compounds found in essential oils (EOs). In this study, the antibacterial activity of Pinus pinaster essential oil (EO) was assessed against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species using the microdilution method in microplates. Additionally, 18 natural compounds from this EO were evaluated through molecular docking for their inhibitory properties on PBP1, PBP2, and PBP3—crucial enzymes in the development of novel antibiotics. The DFT properties, drug-likeness, and ADMET predictions of these compounds were also investigated. The results demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity of P. pinaster EO against all tested bacterial strains, with inhibition zones ranging from 11 to 16 mm. Molecular docking studies indicated that Terpinen-7-al was the most potent compound, binding to the highest number of amino acids within the active sites of the target enzymes, as suggested by the native ligand of each enzyme. Furthermore, the DFT study, along with ADMET and drug-likeness analysis, identified Terpinen-7-al as the most promising compound. Therefore, P. pinaster EO could serve as a significant source of natural molecules with promising antibacterial properties, particularly Terpinen-7-al, which has the potential for development into an antibiotic treatment.
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