The Methuen Handbook of Colour
... For basidiospores, the factors E (quotient of length and width in any one spore) and Q (mean of E-values) are used. Colour terms and abbreviations follow Kornerup and Wanscher (1983). ...
Morphological and molecular revision of pore fungi from Czechia and France revealed a new species, Bjerkandera lecomtei,
sp. nov. This species is characterized by annual resupinate basidiomata, yellow ochre to deep brownish pore surface, a
monomitic hyphal system with clamp connections on generative hyphae, ellipsoid to cylindrical basidiospores measuring
4.9–8.3 × 2.9–4.9 μm, and growing on hardwood (Acer campestre in floodplain forest, Quercus sp. beams, etc.). It differs
from the most European Bjerkandera species by resupinate basidiome and spore sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic features
and phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU rDNA markers are illustrated.
... Pod poruje to aj skutočnosť, že hoci je P. mugo tiež pôvodný európsky druh, A. projec tellus bol zistený v monokultúrach a nie v prirodzenom areáli tohto hostiteľa. Možnosťou je aj jeho zavlečenie prostredníctvom ľudskej dopravy, vetra alebo vtá kov (Motiejūnaitė et al. 2011, Wrzosek et al. 2017, Pietras 2024 (Kornerup et Wanscher 1978). Z mikromorfologických znakov som hodnotila len (na druhovú identifikáciu dostatočné) znaky bazídiospór, bazídií a pleurocystíd. ...
... A cor da pasta e a superfície foram feitas de acordo com a classificação deKornerup & Wanscher (1978). ...
Casa do Rio, a predominantly agricultural manor house located in the parish of Torno, municipality of Lousada, houses a set of Roman remains that can be seen here. Among these remains, in addition to stone construction materials and agricultural production activities, there is a collection of ten complete Roman ceramic pieces, allegedly from a common find resulting from earthworks carried out in the early 20th century for the construction of a lake. In addition, this chapter discusses the road structures that shaped the landscape surrounding Casa do Rio in medieval times, particularly the 15th-century Ponte da Veiga bridge, as well as the proto-industrial hydraulic structures, on the one hand, and the hydraulic power generation structures, on the other, which brought together the economic and social dynamics of this agricultural unit throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
... In the lateritic region of West Bengal, frequent field surveys were conducted throughout the monsoons of 2021. In the field, habitats were recorded for each collection made, and macroscopic characteristics (such as basic morphology, color, and measurements of the fruiting body) were observed and noted (Largent et al., 1977;Kornerup & Wanscher, 1978). The specimens were then dried using a cost-effective and portable field dryer made using a 40-W incandescent bulb, an iron net, and a metal box. ...
A new species, Marasmius pseudojasminodorus, belonging to the Marasmius section Sicci is described from the lateritic region of West Bengal, India, based on DNA barcoding of the nrITS region with supportive macro-microscopical data. The novel taxon is characterized by a small to medium-sized striate pileus with a rugulose surface colored brown orange to copper red, white-colored subdistant lamellae, a non-institious stipe with white basal mycelia, the presence of a jasmine-like odor, a white spore print, fusiform basidiospores (9.7-13.3 × 2.7-5.0 μm), Siccus-type cheilocystidia, absence of pleurocys-tidia, the presence of two types of caulocystidia (Siccus-type and non-setulose), and the hymeniform pileipellis consisting of Siccus-type broom cells. A detailed morpho-molecular description and field photographs, along with a comparison to closely related taxa, are provided.
... After 7 d of incubation in the dark on PDA, and SNA 25 , cultural characteristics, such as colony morphology, pigmentation, and odor, were observed. The color was assessed using the color charts of Fisher et al. 26 . To induce sporodochia, the isolates were incubated under a 12/12-h near-ultraviolet light/dark cycle on SNA and water agar (WA) supplemented with sterilized pieces of carnation leaves 27,28 at 25 °C. ...
Fusarium citri has been historically recognized as a phytopathogen but never as an entomophagous fungus (EPF) with plant endogeneity. In the present study, an F. citri strain, FcS1GZL-1, was isolated and identified from diseased Spodoptera litura larvae in a soybean field. The pathogenicity and antagonistic activity of FcS1GZL-1 against five insect pests were assessed, as well as its ability to colonize plants via root irrigation, and its induced resistance to insect pests and phytopathogens was also measured. The expression of plant resistance related genes was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. According to the results, the FcS1GZL-1 strain could not only kill insect pests with high pathogenicity but also inhibited phytopathogen growth in vitro. Furthermore, the FcS1GZL-1 strain could repel insect pest feeding and enhance plant resistance to phytopathogens through endophytic customization following root irrigation, which upregulated 12 genes related to the jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and pathogen-related defense pathways in soybean roots. Herein, we present the first documented case of F. citri naturally infecting insects, and its dual role in controlling insect pests and phytopathogens, with promising biocontrol applications.
... The mycelial colony was characterized in PDA and in malt-extract agar media (MEA, MCD Lab, Mexico) after two weeks of being maintained at 25 °C in darkness. The colors of its front and rear in the Petri dish were registered using as a reference the color codes of the Methuen handbook (Kornerup and Wanscher, 1983). Semipermanent preparations were made with PVLG (polyvinyl alcohol-glycerol) and 3% KOH to observe the micromorphological structures with a Carl Zeiss optical microscope (Primostar 1, Göttingen, Germany). ...
Antecedentes y Objetivos: El género Apiospora comprende 157 especies de hongos microscópicos a nivel mundial. Incluye saprobios, simbióticos, endófitos y patógenos, tanto de plantas como de humanos. En un estudio de organismos fitopatógenos de tallos de zarzamora (Rubus sp.) en Taretan, Michoacán, México, aislamos un hongo cuya identificación a género era incierta. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar el aislado a nivel de especie y determinar si representa o no un organismo patógeno para las plantas de zarzamora. Métodos: Se aisló la cepa fúngica INE47 de los tallos de Rubus 'Tupy'. Se realizó la extracción del ADN y se obtuvieron las secuencias del espaciador transcrito interno (ITS) y del gen del factor de elongación de la traducción 1-alfa (TEF1-α) del aislado. Para construir los árboles filogenéticos, se analizaron las matrices de secuencias relacionadas con Apiospora, para cada marcador por separado y concatenados, usando los métodos de Inferencia Bayesiana y Máxima Verosimilitud. Se llevaron a cabo pruebas de Koch en tallos y hojas de zarzamora para determinar la habilidad patogénica del aislado. Finalmente, se realizó la descripción morfológica de la colonia y de las estructuras micro morfológicas como esporas y conidióforos. Resultados clave: INE47 fue identificada como Apiospora intestini habitando en plantas de zarzamora en Michoacán, México. Tras las pruebas de patogenicidad, la especie causó una pequeña mancha necrótica en el área inoculada en los tallos y hojas de zarzamora. La severidad de la enfermedad inducida por este aislado no representa un impacto importante para este cultivo. Conclusiones: Apiospora intestini encontrado en zarzamora representa el primer reporte de este hongo en México. La prueba de patogenicidad y la evaluación de la severidad de la enfermedad demostraron que es un patógeno débil, causando manchas necróticas en los tallos y hojas de zarzamora.
... The macroscopic characteristics of the materials were described from fresh specimens and photographs of the habitat. The colors cited in the descriptions follow Kornerup & Wanscher (1978), and color terms are from Ridgway (1912). Sections of dried specimens were placed in 5% KOH containing 1% Congo red solution. ...
A new ramarioid species, described herein as Phaeoclavulina aurantilaeta, was collected from the Bamian Mountain National Nature Reserve, Hunan Province, China, in 2024. Phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences of two loci (ITS and LSU) well supported the new species within the genus Phaeoclavulina and formed an independent lineage. This species is characterized by orange with pale red basidiomata, elongate and sub-cylindrical basidiospores with truncate (volcanic) spines. A full description, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results of the Phaeoclavulina aurantilaeta sp. nov. are provided. In addition, A key to the known Phaeoclavulina species in China is provided.
... Additionally, to allow direct comparisons with other descriptions of new Pseudogymnoascus species characterized at higher temperatures, (Zhang et al. 2020(Zhang et al. , 2021(Zhang et al. , 2023a(Zhang et al. , 2023b and to see how time and temperature affects colony morphology, we documented colony morphology observed on PDA at 14 and 28 days at 15°C and 25°C with plates incubated in shaker incubators (ThermoScientific MaxQ 6,000). The Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978) was used as the color guide for the description of colony morphology. ...
The genus Pseudogymnoascus includes several species frequently isolated from extreme environments worldwide, including cold environments such as Antarctica. This study describes three new species of Pseudogymnoascus — P. russus sp. nov. , P. irelandiae sp. nov. , and P. ramosus sp. nov. —isolated from Antarctic soils. These species represent the first Pseudogymnoascus taxa to be formally described from Antarctic soil samples, expanding our understanding of fungal biodiversity in this extreme environment. Microscopic descriptions of asexual structures from living cultures, along with measurements of cultural characteristics and growth on various media types at different temperatures, identify three distinct new species. In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on five gene regions (ITS, LSU, MCM7, RPB2, TEF1) and whole-genome proteomes place these new species within three distinct previously described clades: P. irelandiae in clade K, P. ramosus in clade Q, and P. russus in clade B. These results provide further evidence of the extensive undescribed diversity of Pseudogymnoascus in high-latitude soils. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on Antarctic mycology and the broader ecology of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant fungi.
... Para la identificación taxonómica de los ejemplares se analizaron caracteres macro-y micromorfológicos siguiendo los criterios y terminología propuestos por Lodge et al. (2004). Para la descripción de los colores de cada estructura macro-y microscópica se siguieron los códigos y nomenclaturas propuestos por Kornerup & Wanscher (1978). Para el análisis de estructuras microscópicas se realizaron cortes a mano alzada que se montaron en KOH 5% y se tiñeron con floxina al 1%. ...
Background and aims: Certain species of fungi can induce hallucinations due to compounds like psilocybin, and many studies have explored their potential as treatments for various conditions. This work aims to describe and illustrate two species of hallucinogenic fungi from northeastern Argentina (NEA): Panaeolus cyanescens and Psilocybe cubensis. M&M: The specimens were collected in the provinces of Corrientes, Chaco, Misiones, and Formosa. They were photographed and dehydrated for inclusion in the CTES Herbarium. Taxonomic identification involved analyzing macro- and micromorphological characteristics following traditional criteria. Results: Panaeolus cyanescens has a grayish-white cap, citriform to subglobose basidiospores, and metuloid pleurocystidia that are brown-golden in KOH. In contrast, Psilocybe. cubensis has an orange-grayish cap, hexagonal basidiospores, and fusiform pleurocystidia. Both species exhibit a coprophilous habit and can turn bluishgreen to the touch. This work marks the first description of Panaeolus cyanescens in Argentina. Discussion and Conclusions: The distribution of both species is linked to livestock activity, highlighting the impact of human practices on natural ecosystems and biodiversity. Two species of psychotropic fungi were recorded in the NEA, and their recognition is significant, as the psilocybin they contain may have potential applications in future scientific research.
... specimens and photographs. The color codes cited in the descriptions are from Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). The size of basidiomes, as determined by pileus width, was described as tiny (<1.5 cm), small (1.5-3 cm), medium-sized (3-5 cm), and large (>5 cm). ...
In this study, morphological characteristics, ecological features, and phylogenetic analyses based on nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), partial nuc rDNA 28S (28S), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) were employed to investigate the species diversity of the genus Volvariella in southwestern China. Eight species are recognized, among which are five known species, namely, V. bombycina, V. hypopithys, V. morozovae, V. pulla, and V. volvacea, and three new species described here, namely, V. parvirimosa, V. pilosa, and V. rimosa. Volvariella pulla represents a species new to China. For species delimitation, the size of the basidiomes, the morphology of the pileus, the size of basidiospores, and the morphology of hymenial cystidia are informative. Taxonomic descriptions of the new species are presented, and a key to the eight species from southwestern China is provided.
... The plates were incubated at 20°C under total dark or continuous BL-B irradiation. Colony colors were classified using the Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978). ...
Pezicula cinnamomea (DC.: Fr.) Sacc. was frequently isolated from dead twigs of flowering cherry (Prunus ✕ yedoensis Matsum.) in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. Inoculations of flowering cherry tree twigs with the fungus resulted in longitudinal browning of heartwood tissues 3–4cm long after 7 months, showing no apparent symptoms on the bark. The fungus were reisolated at high rates from the affected tissues. Apothecia were formed on cut affected twigs when they were placed in a moist Petri dish and kept under near-UV (Black Light Blue; BL-B) light irradiation. On potato sucrose agar (PSA) plates, the fungus failed to form apothecia in the dark, while many apothecia were formed under BL-B and, to a lesser extent, under white light. In nature, the light, especially near-UV, might be an important factor in apothecium formation. Under near-UV from BL-B conidiomata with conidia formed after 5–6 days and mature apothecia after about 14 days. The developmental processes of the apothecium were histologically studied under light and electron microscopes. Pezicula cinnamomea, which is homothallic and fruits easily in culture, may be very useful for life cycle studies and the elucidation of ecological role of this group of fungi.
... For scanning electron microscope (SEM) preparations, basidiospores were deposited on a specimen holder with double-sided adhesive tape and then sputtercoated with gold. Color designations in parentheses in the species description follow Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). For the size of basidiospores, a total of 20 spores from mounted lamellae were measured in each species. ...
A new species and a new variety of Cortinarius sect. Defibulati are described and illustrated from Niigata, Japan. Cortinarius rugosolilacinus sp.nov., found in deciduous forests, is most similar to Cortinarius livido-ochraceus (=C. elatior), but differs mainly in its longer basidiospores, slender basidiocarp, and pale violet lamellae in the button stage. Cortinarius pseudosalor var. niigatensis var. nov., found in deciduous forests, is distinguished from the type variety by its brown to dark brown pileus with a wrinkled surface even when young. The differences between the two taxa and similar species are briefly discussed.
... Here, these are described as new species. Colors in the descriptions are according to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Specimens examined are deposited in the CBM (Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, Japan). ...
Two new species from Japan, Amanita areolata and Amanita griseoturcosa, are described. The former, found in a broad-leaved forest in Aichi Prefecture, is a medium- to large-sized mushroom characterized by an areolate, brownish pileus, a nonstriate and appendiculate margin of the pileus, and amyloid basidiospores. The latter, found in forests with Fagaceae or Pinaceae in Tokyo, Chiba Prefecture, and Miyagi Prefecture, is a medium-sized mushroom characterized by a grayish-turquoise pileus, a nonstriate margin of the pileus, a saccate volva, an apical membranous annulus, and amyloid basidiospores.
... These species are described and illustrated here, and photographs are presented showing macroscopical features of the basi-diomata. Color notations in parentheses are taken from Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Specimens cited are preserved in the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Japan (KPM). ...
Four new species of Crinipellis and Marasmius (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) in eastern Honshu, Japan, are described and illustrated: (1) Crinipellis conchata sp. nov. (section Excentricinae), forming a conchate pileus and a strongly excentric, short stipe, was found on a dead twig of Trachelospermum asiaticum in Mt. Takao, Tokyo; (2) Marasmius funalis sp. nov. (section Androsacei), forming a densely white-hispid, dark brown stipe bearing numerous setiform caulocystidia, was found on a dead twig of Cryptomeria japonica or on leaf litter in Tokyo and Kanagawa; (3) Marasmius maculosus sp. nov. (section Sicci), having a relatively large, reddish-brown pileus distinctly mottled with pale colored spots and Siccus-type cheilocystidia and pileipellis cells with relatively long setulae, was found on leaf litter in the lowland forest of Kanagawa and Chiba; and (4) Marasmius sasicola sp. nov. (section Marasmius), having a small, plicate-sulcate pileus, a filiform, wiry, blackish stipe, collariate lamellae, and Siccus-type cheilocystidia and pileipellis elements, was found on fallen dead leaves of grass bamboo in Kanagawa.
... According to descriptions by Noordeloos (1981b), the specimens were identified as E. clypeatum f. hybridum and E. saepium as new records from Japan. The morphological terms applied were referred to Noordeloos (1981a) and color nomenclature to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Figs. ...
Two entolomatoid species associated with rosaceous plants, Entoloma saepium and E. clypeatum f. hybridum, are reported as new records from Japan, and their morphological characters are described and illustrated.
... Growth of the fungus was recorded from potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) and potato sucrose agar (PSA; potato 200 g, sucrose 20 g, agar 20 g, distilled water 1000 ml) in 9-cm petri dishes, incubated at 20°C 12 : 12 L : D under a fluorescent lamp. Colony colors were determined using the Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978). The specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Hirosaki University (HHUF). ...
A minute basidiomycete belonging to Flagelloscypha (Niaceae, Agaricales) was found on blighted leaves of Rodgersia podophylla in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. The fungus proved to be a new species and was named Flagelloscypha japonica based on its morphological characteristics.
... Colony morphology, color, and odor were based on cultures grown on PDA. Colors cited are given according to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Average and standard deviation (SD) in the size of conidia were based on the measurement of 50 randomly selected conidia, according to the number of septa and each cultural condition. ...
Soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) pathogens and dry bean root-rot pathogens were studied taxonomically, phylogenetically, and pathologically. Detailed phenotypic comparisons of macro- and microscopic features and phylogenetic analyses of multilocus DNA sequence data, including those on the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer region and the single copy nuclear gene translation elongation factor 1-a, indicated that they comprised five distinct species of Fusarium. Two new species causing soybean SDS in Brazil, F. brasiliense and F. cuneirostrum, are formally described. Fusarium cuneirostrum is responsible for soybean SDS in Brazil and dry bean or mung bean root-rot in the United States, Canada, and Japan. Strains of each species, including F. cuneirostrum isolates from dry bean and mung bean and F. phaseoli isolates from dry bean, were inoculated on soybean cultivar Pioneer 9492RR to determine their pathogenicity. Although intraspecific variation in pathogenicity was observed, all the species were able to induce typical SDS symptoms on soybean plants in the artificial inoculation tests. Comparisons of the key diagnostic morphological features reveal that all five species can be diagnosed using conidial morphology.
... Sheath bipolar, 10-17 mm long, 1-2 mm thick at sides of ascospores, weakly constricted at near the primary septum, slightly enlarging in water up to 60 mm long, with dense zones (about 2-4 mm in diameter) provided with conelike chamber (about 1-2 mm long) near both ends of ascospores (Figs. 6, 7, Cultural characteristics: Ascospores germinating from one or both ends or middle region. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) 75 mm in diameter after 4 weeks at 20°C in the dark, Olive-Grey (2D2; Kornerup and Wanscher 1978) to Olive (2D3), lanose, with white margin; reverse Bluish-Grey (22F3) to Olive (1F3); no pigment produced. On rice straw agar (Tanaka and Harada 2003), an ascomal state formed on the surface of rice straws within 2 months. ...
A new genus, Katumotoa, is established for a single species, K. bambusicola, collected from culms of Sasa kurilensis. Morphological differences between Katumotoa and some related genera are noted. Katumotoa is characterized by perithecioid ascomata, thin ascomal wall composed of small pseudoparenchymatous cells, cellular pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate asci, and apiosporous fusiform ascospores with bipolar mucilaginous sheath. From these features, it is considered that the genus belongs to Phaeosphaeriaceae in Pleosporales.
... Amyloid reaction was observed with basidiospores thickly mounted on a slide glass. Color designations in parentheses in the species description follow Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Fifty basidiospores from 4 materials including the holotype were measured for the size of basidiospores. ...
Gymnopilus ombrophilus sp. nov., growing on rotten wood of conifers and hardwoods from Niigata, Japan is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its medium- sized, brownish-orange basidiocarps with a finely squamulose pileus, stipe lacking an annulus, and mild taste, and microscopically by dextrinoid, small, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. The new species belongs to the section Microspori. The differences between the taxon and similar species are briefly discussed.
... Cultural characteristics: Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) 30 mm in diameter after 4 weeks at 20°C in the dark, Dark-Green (30F6; Kornerup and Wanscher 1978), with entire margin of Bluish-Grey (23D2); reverse similar; no pigment produced. On rice straw agar (RSA; Tanaka and Harada 2003a), ascomata formed on the surface of rice straws within 2 months. ...
Three lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes from rivers in Akkeshi, Hokkaido, northern Japan are reported. All of these are new species belonging to the Lophiostomataceae and described as Lophiostoma breviappendiculatum, Massarina clionina, and Massariosphaeria maxima. Morphological differences between each species and its similar taxa are noted. All three species have been observed to produce only ascomatal states in artificial culture.
... Colors in alphanumeric codes in parentheses are from Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Basidiospore measurements and statistics are as follows: spore length ϫ spore width is given for all measured basidiospores in terms of their range of variation; n ϭ total number of spores measured; x ϭ arithmetic mean of spore length ϫ spore width for all spores measured; Q ϭ spore length divided by spore width in any spore, indicated as a range of variation in n spores measured; Qx ϭ arithmetic mean of Q values. ...
Recent collections and the type specimen of Marasmiellus juniperinus, the type species of the genus, were examined. Phylogenetic placement, based on ribosomal large subunit (LSU) and internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, is within the lentinuloid clade, nested among Gymnopus taxa. This placement dictates genus name usage and phylogenetic position of other putative species of Marasmiellus. The mating system is tetrapolar.
... Stipe cylindrical, 1-10 mm long, 1-2 mm in diameter. Rhizoidal tuft arising from the base of the stipe, Cray (5D5) (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978). Disc Hair Brown (5E4) at the margin and darker toward the stipe, 4-8 mm in diameter, margin flattened and split at maturity. ...
A new leaf blight and mummy fruit disease caused by a species of Monilinia was first found on Rhododendron kaempferi at the lakeside of Shikotsu-ko, Hokkaido, northern Japan, in 2002. Studies on morphology, life cycle, cultural characters, and gene analyses of the causal fungus enabled us to conclude that it is a new species of the genus. It is named M. jezoensis. Rhododendron is a new host genus for Monilinia fungi in Japan.
... Type specimens of the polypores described by Corner (1989Corner ( , 1992 were examined macro-and microscopically. The colors of basidiocarps are given according to Kornerup and Wanscher (1981). Information from living and dried specimens collected in Pasoh Forest Reserve, a lowland rain forest of West Malaysia, is also incorporated for some species. ...
Identifications were made by type examinations for 27 species of polypores described by Corner. Roseofavolus gen. nov. is proposed, typified by Grifola eos. The following new combinations are proposed: Amylocystis unicolor, Antrodiella xanthochroa, Cristelloporia pahangensis, C. rutilantiformis, Roseofavolus eos, Tyromyces armeniacus, T. olivascens, and Wrightoporia solomonensis. Hapalopilus rubescens is accepted in the original genus. The following species were already combined with the proper genus: Stecchericium gyroporum and S. trametoides. The following species are synonyms: Tyromyces sublamellatus, a synonym of Abortiporus roseus; T. subradiatus, a synonym of Daedaleopsis conchiformis; T. subroseiporus, a synonym of Fomitopsis scorteus; T. subtrimiticus, a synonym of Fomitopsis spraguei; T. sulphureiceps, a synonym of Antrodiella flava; and Loweporus corticicola, a synonym of C. rutilantiformis. The following species are dubious because of their poor or sterile conditions: Cristelloporia trimitica, Loweporus castaneus, Tyromyces subrubescens, and T. tristaniae. No authentic specimens were traced for Ischnoderma brunneipurpureum, I. friabile, I. solomonense, Loweporus ochraceicinctus, L. pileoliferus, Stecchericium trimiticum, and Tyromyces xanthophaes. Descriptions and line drawings are given for little-known species.
... Cultural characteristics: Conidia usually germinated from the apex of appendages on glucose agar [GA; 20 g glucose (Wako, Osaka, Japan), 20 g agar, and 1000 ml distilled water] at room temperature. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA; Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) attaining a diameter of about 2.5 cm within 4 weeks at 20°C in the dark, velvety in appearance, Mouse Grey (5E3; Kornerup and Wanscher 1978) with whitish entire margin (1 mm); reverse Beaver (5F4); no pigment produced. Colonies on malt extract agar (MA; Difco) attaining a diameter of 1.5-2.0 ...
Three species of Tetraploa collected from Sasa, or bamboos, are described and illustrated. Among them, T. curviappendiculata on Sasa kurilensis and T. longissima on Pleioblastus chino are compared with hitherto known species and described as new species. In the nomenclature, T. javanica is substituted for T. biformis, formerly reported from the dead bark of a broad-leaved tree in Japan, as a correct name.
... To observe colony morphology, potato dextrose agar (PDA) cultures were inoculated with a single conidium and incubated under 12L:12D light condition at 25°C for 2 weeks. Colors are according to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). ...
A group of Fusarium isolates from slime flux similar to F. aquaeductuum produced unique, strongly curved, aseptate, C-shaped conidia. They were found to be identical to F. splendens nom. nud. Dried specimens from which F. splendens was originally isolated were reexamined and characterized as a new species of Cosmospora. Cosmospora matuoi sp. nov. is proposed for the teleomorph, and Fusarium matuoi sp. nov. is proposed for its anamorph.
... Line drawings were prepared according to the Modified Oberwinkler Method (Aoki 2001). Colors of conidia, conidiophores, and colonies were determined using the Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978). ...
This is a preliminary account of species of Helminthosporium and its allied genera in Japan. Six taxa reported here, which were collected mainly in northern Japan, comprise three Helminthosporium species, which include one new species, as well as two Corynespora and one Ellisembia species, which were new or rare records in this country. Descriptions of morphology with full illustrations and cultural characters of these fungi are reported.
... In each case, 50 conidia randomly selected from individual isolates were measured. Color of the colony on PDA from the top and reverse views was described according to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). 1997). ...
A new nectrioid fungus with its sporodochial Cylindrocarpon anamorph, collected on dead bark of Luchu pines (Pinus luchuensis) in the southern part of Japan (Kagoshima and Okinawa), having perithecia slightly constricted just below the papilla and conidia with a strongly hooked and acute apical cell, belongs to the genus Neonectria according to the recent concept of the Nectriaceae (Hypocreales). Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the tub2 region of β-tubulin genes also supports the morphological consideration. This fungus is described as Neonectria amamiensis (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon amamiense).
... The methods of microscopic and cultural works were detailed in a previous study (Shirouzu and Harada 2004), and the color descriptions in Kornerup and Wanscher (1978) were followed. Shirouzu & Y. Harada, anam. ...
One new hyphomycete, Phialosporostilbe gregariclava, is described and illustrated based on specimens collected on dead culms of two Sasa species in Hokkaido and Iwate, Japan. This fungus is compared with previously described species of Phialosporostilbe and Nawawia, and its morphological and cultural characteristics are reported.
... Macromorphological characteristics of fresh specimens were recorded in the field following established protocols (Kõljalg 1996). Colors were described subjectively and coded according to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978), with color plates noted in parentheses. ...
Species of Thelephora Ehrh. ex Willd. (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) are known from all continents where ectomycorrhizal (ECM) host plants occur. Although often poorly represented in sporocarp surveys due to the cryptic basidiomata of the resupinate species, belowground sequencing studies in both temperate and tropical systems have shown that thelephoroid fungi are often the dominant ECM group. In the South American lowland tropics, thelephoroid fungi remain poorly known, and very few species have been described from the region. Long-term surveys in Guyana have revealed a wide diversity of ECM fungal species in association with the ECM trees Dicymbe corymbosa (Fabaceae subfam. Detarioideae) and Aldina insignis (Benth.) Endl. (Fabaceae subfam. Papilionoideae). Thelephoroid species form a prominent component of this ECM fungal assemblage, as evidenced by their dominance in both adult tree and seedling root tip surveys and frequent occurrence as fertile basidiomata on a variety of substrata. Here we describe four new thelephoroid species from Guyana that are among the most frequently collected as basidiomata: Thelephora ascendens, Thelephora compacta, Thelephora singularis, and Thelephora ventricobasidia. Three of these species have resupinate basidiomata and would have formerly been assigned to the genus Tomentella Pers. ex Pat. Morphological descriptions, habit, habitat, and known distribution are provided for each new species. Sequence data for the barcode internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus is provided for types and most other collections of the new species, and a molecular phylogenetic analysis across the Thelephoraceae corroborates their status as novel taxa.
... Cultures were incubated under dark condition at 23°C. Color names and codes followed Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). ...
Three Hyphodiscus species are described and illustrated: Hyphodiscus otanii sp. nov., Hyphodiscus hymeniophilus, and H. theiodeus, which is new to Japan. Culture studies revealed Phialophora-like anamorphs. Catenulifera gen. nov. is proposed for the anamorph of Hyphodiscus. The history of the genus is reviewed. Hyphodiscus can be delimited to members with gelatinized excipulum, Cistella-like hairs with more coarse granulation, small asci, ascospores with conspicuous globules, cylindrical, flexuous paraphyses, and a Catenulifera anamorph.
... Colonies on Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) growing rapidly, attaining a diameter of 45-46 mm in 7 days at 25°C, floccose, plane, thin, with vegetative mycelium submerged, producing loose mycelium and very sparse conidia, white to brownish-orange (M. 6C4, after Kornerup and Wanscher 1978) or slightly cinnamon (Rayner 1970); stromata (ascomata) limited in central area; exudate small, clear; odor earthy; reverse grayish-orange (M. 5B4). ...
A new genus, Neocarpenteles, the Trichocomaceae (Eurotiales), and a new combination, N. acanthosporum, are proposed to accommodate Hemicarpenteles acanthosporus Udagawa et Takada. The fungus is characterized by sclerotioid, nonostiolate, unilocular stromata in which asci gradually produce, outward from the center, lenticular ascospores with two equatorial crests and convex surfaces ornamented by triangular ridges and microtubercles, and an Aspergillus anamorph with uniseriate aspergilla. It has the Q-10 system as the major ubiquinone.
... For descriptions of colony appearance and microscopic features, the isolate was grown on MEA and SGA at 25°C. Colors designated are from the Kornerup and Wanscher (1978) color standard and the Rayner (1970) color chart and are referred to with the letters M and R, respectively. ...
Cordyceps owariensis f. viridescens forma nov. (Nom. Jap., Amami-yarinohosemitake) is described from an underground nymph of Platypleura kuroiwae collected in Amami-oshima Island, southwestern Japan. Cultural isolations were made from ascospores of the fresh material of this fungus, and consequently a new hyphomycete was developed as its anamorph. Nomuraea owariensis is described to accommodate this anamorphic state. This is the first report on the association of a Nomuraea anamorph with cicadicolous Cordyceps species.
... Field characters were recorded in the forest or after returning to base camp. Color codes and terms used are after the Methuen Handbook of Color (Kornerup & Wanscher, 1978). After recording the macromorphological characters, the samples were dried using a field dryer. ...
Boletes (Boletaceae) are important ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in tropical to subalpine forests of India. Imleria parva, which was collected from a subalpine forest of Uttarakhand, is described and illustrated for the first time in this country with conventional morphotaxonomy and molecular phylogeny. This report is also the first report of the genus Imleria from India.
... Additionally, to allow direct comparisons with other descriptions of new Pseudogymnoascus species characterized at higher temperatures, (Zhang et al. 2020(Zhang et al. , 2021(Zhang et al. , 2023a(Zhang et al. , 2023b and to see how time and temperature affects colony morphology, we documented colony morphology observed on PDA at 14 and 28 days at 15°C and 25°C with plates incubated in shaker incubators (ThermoScientific MaxQ 6,000). The Methuen Handbook of Colour (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978) was used as the color guide for the description of colony morphology. ...
The genus Pseudogymnoascus includes several species frequently isolated from extreme environments worldwide, including cold environments such as Antarctica. This study describes three new species of Pseudogymnoascus—P. russussp. nov., P. irelandiaesp. nov., and P. ramosussp. nov.—isolated from Antarctic soils. These species represent the first Pseudogymnoascus taxa to be formally described from Antarctic soil samples, expanding our understanding of fungal biodiversity in this extreme environment. Microscopic descriptions of asexual structures from living cultures, along with measurements of cultural characteristics and growth on various media types at different temperatures, identify three distinct new species. In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on five gene regions (ITS, LSU, MCM7, RPB2, TEF1) and whole-genome proteomes place these new species within three distinct previously described clades: P. irelandiae in clade K, P. ramosus in clade Q, and P. russus in clade B. These results provide further evidence of the extensive undescribed diversity of Pseudogymnoascus in high-latitude soils. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on Antarctic mycology and the broader ecology of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant fungi.
... Photographs of the fresh basidiomata were taken in situ with a Canon EOS 1200D (Canon, Japan) or a Sony DSC-W830 (Sony, Japan) camera; the macro-morphological features were detailed from the fresh specimens. For colour notation, Kornerup and Wanscher (1978) colour code was strictly followed. Collected specimens were dried at 40-45°C with a field drier (Hu et al. 2022). ...
A new species of Rhodocybe gangetica (Entolomataceae), is described from the Gangetic Plain of West Bengal, located in eastern India, based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS). It belongs to the Rhodocybe sect. Rufobrunnea and is characterised by tricholomatoid large basidiomata (75-79 mm), initially convex to plano-convex, broadly parabolic at maturity, slightly olive gray to light yellowish pileus; broadly adnate to subdecurrent pale yellowish white lamellae; a smooth light yellowish white light brown stipe; sub-globose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores; 4-spored basidia; lageniform with narrow apex cheilocystidia; and unique sequences. A detailed description with illustrations and phylogenetic trees showing the placement of the new species are provided.
... Photographs of the fresh basidiomata were taken in situ with a Canon EOS 1200D (Canon, Japan) or a Sony DSC-W830 (Sony, Japan) camera; the macro-morphological features were detailed from the fresh specimens. For colour notation, Kornerup and Wanscher (1978) colour code was strictly followed. Collected specimens were dried at 40-45°C with a field drier (Hu et al. 2022). ...
A new species of Rhodocybe gangetica (Entolomataceae), is described from the Gangetic Plain of West Bengal, located in eastern India, based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS). It belongs to the Rhodocybe sect. Rufobrunnea and is characterised by tricholomatoid large basidiomata (75-79 mm), initially convex to plano-convex, broadly parabolic at maturity, slightly olive gray to light yellowish pileus; broadly adnate to subdecurrent pale yellowish white lamellae; a smooth light yellowish white light brown stipe; sub-globose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores; 4-spored basidia; lageniform with narrow apex cheilocystidia; and unique sequences. A detailed description with illustrations and phylogenetic trees showing the placement of the new species are provided. ARTICLE HISTORY
... The basidiospores (n = 30), probasidia (n = 10), basidia (n = 10), and hyphae (n = 30) at 1000× were measured. Colors are based on Kornerup & Wanscher (1978) and taxonomic identification was based on Baker (1936), Kisimova-Horovitz et al. (2000), and Spirin et al. (2018). The terminology used is according to Jülich & Stalpers (1980). ...
Saccosoma is a small genus within Atractiellomycetes with only seven described species so far. Most species are very rare and endemic to restricted areas. Saccosoma megasporum is described as a new species from Abies religiosa fallen branches in central Mexico. It is characterized by large, subglobose spores (12–16 × 15–17 µm) and white hypochnoid basidiome. This is the eighth described species of Saccosoma and the second species reported from Mexico. This finding highlights the large corticioid species diversity in Abies religiosa forests (the monarch butterfly overwinter refuge). As this ecosystem is seriously threatened by global warming, its conservation is urgently needed to maintain its fungal diversity and ecosystem services.
... A section of dried hymenial tissue was taken from the materials and placed in a 5% KOH solution containing 1% Congo Red or Melzer's reagent, and the microscopic structures were observed under a light microscope. Color descriptions and codes follow Kornerup and Wanscher (1978) and Ridgway (1912). In the basidiospore description, the dimensions of basidiospores are cited in the form (a-) b-c (-d), of which a and d are extreme values of the spore dimension, and the majority of measured values are in the range from b to c. ...
Lentaria Corner is a widespread saprophytic genus in Lentariaceae, which plays important roles as a decomposer to promote the nutrient cycle and maintain ecosystem stability. In this study, Lentaria deqinensis is described as a new species that grows under the Picea in Yunnan Province. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of concatenated internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear ribosomal RNA large subunit (nrLSU) sequence data resolved L. deqinensis as a well-supported distinct lineage within the Lentaria clade. Lentaria deqinensis formed a sister group with L. patouillardii with PP 1, and BS 100% statistical support. In morphology, L. deqinensis differs from L. patouillardii in having more strongly acute and white branch apices, semitransparent branches, and larger basidiospores ((8.0–)8.1–10.4(–11.3) × (2.0–)2.1–3.5(–4.0) μm vs. 7–9 × 2–3 μm). A description, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results of the proposed species are presented. In addition, a key to the known Lentaria species in China is provided.
... Plates were inoculated in a three-point pattern using a micropipette and inoculum size of 1.0 μL/spot, and the plates were then incubated in the dark at 25°C with additional CYA plates incubated at 37°C for 7 days. Colony colors were identified according to Kornerup & Wanscher (1978), and the microscopic characteristics were examined from the MEA culture. ...
Aspergillus species can colonize a wide range of substrates, and they are frequently found in a wide range of situations. More than 340 species make up the genus Aspergillus (family Aspergillaceae); some of these species are toxic to humans, animals, or plants and produce aflatoxins and ochratoxins. This research discovered a novel Aspergillus strain from the Aspergillus: section Circumdati in a soil sample taken from a region near Rosetta Lake at Wadi-El-Natron region, Egypt. It was originally identified as A. insulicola and deposited with the entry number MF075156 into the NCBI nucleotide database. Based on molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and comparisons between the strain's macroscopic and microscopic characteristics with those of other species in section Circumdati, the strain was suggested as a novel species in the current research and given the name Aspergillus rosettanus. This novel species can be distinguished from the existing Aspergillus species in section Circumdati by having smaller conidial heads (45-65 µm), metulae (4-6 µm), and phialides (5-7 µm).
... Cyanophilic reaction was observed on preparations with Lactophenol Cotton Blue (CB+/ CB-). Color descriptions are based on Methuen handbook (Kornerup & Wanscher 1978). All specimens, including the types, were deposited at the Herbarium Padre Camille Torrend (HURM), of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. ...
Phylloporia is morphologically characterized by resupinate, sessile to stipitate, annual to perennial basidiomata with a du-plex context, monomitic to dimitic hyphal system, simple septate generative hyphae, lack of setae and yellowish to brown, sub-globose, ellipsoid to cylindrical spores. The genus has worldwide distribution, with species parasites on plants or saprotrophic. Several new species of Phylloporia have been described in the tropics in the recent years, and the studies indicate morphological complexes within the genus. Thus, the diversity of Phylloporia was investigated during fungal surveys in areas of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern of Brazil. Morphological and ITS and LSU phylogenetic analyses were performed and four new species are described. Phylloporia albomarginata and P. gracilis are stipitate with semicircular to spathulate pilei, similar to P. spathu-lata, while P. alagoana and P. darwiniana are sessile species. Descriptions, illustrations and a table with the morphological characteristics of the species described to Brazil and confirmed through molecular analysis are provided, improving the knowledge of Phylloporia in the country and the Neotropics.
... Habitat photographs of basidiomata were taken in the field, and macromorphological data were recorded from fresh specimens. The color of the basidiomata was described with reference to color codes (Kornerup and Wanscher 1978) and color names (Ridgway 1912). Specimens were deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of Hunan Normal University (MHHNU), Changsha, China, after drying. ...
Based on morphological and molecular evidence, 12 specimens have been identified as belonging to three previously unrecognized species of Clavaria, which are here described as C. divergens, C. orientalis, and C. tongdaoensis. Clavaria divergens is characterized by its branched, white basidiomata. Clavaria orientalis and C. tongdaoensis are very similar to C. zollingeri in the field. However, C. orientalis is distinguished by its more robust branches, while C. tongdaoensis differs by its varied or paler color of basidiomata. A concatenated sequence dataset (ITS-nrLSU-RPB2) was used for multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic tree of Clavaria showed that the three branched species each formed a distinct lineage with strong support. A key to the known branched species of Clavaria in China is provided.
... Photographs were taken in-situ, along with macromorphological features were noticed in the field. Color codes follow Kornerup & Wanscher (1978). Basidiomata were dried in a hot air oven at 40-50°C overnight for preservation after recording all the macromorphological characteristics. ...
Two unique species of Candolleomyces were identified during our extensive investigation on the diversity of psathyrelloid mushrooms in Kerala State, India. Candolleomyces gregalis is new to science, and C. typhae is a new geographic record. The morphological investigations in conjunction with multigene phylogenetic analyses of a combined nucleotide sequence dataset for the internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and the large subunit (nrLSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were employed to identify and characterize these taxa. Herein, we fully describe and illustrate C. gregalis and provide updated descriptions and distributional data for C. typhae.
... A small part of the basidiomata was dried with silica gel for subsequent DNA extraction, while the remaining fruiting bodies were dehydrated using an electric dehydrator at temperatures ranging from 45 to 50 ℃ (Hu et al. 2022). Macro-morphological characteristics were described based on field notes and on-site photographs, with specific colour descriptions following the terms of Kornerup & Wanscher (1967). Micro-morphological characteristics were described according to the method of . ...
Pseudohydnum, a genus of jelly fungi, is characterized by its distinctive spinous hymenophores and gelatinous basidiomata. This study introduces two new species, viz., P. motuoense and P. purum, which were collected from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China. These two species were described based on macro-micromorphological evidence and molecular phylogeny of combined LSU (Large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal region) and ITS (Internal transcribed spacer region). Morphologically, P. motuoense differs from other Pseudohydnum members in its shell-shaped to kidney-shaped pileus and expanded stipe base, while P. purum is different in its sucker-like and white pileus. The phylogenetic result showed that P. motuoense and P. purum formed independent branches with strong support values. Descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results of both new species are provided.
Three new species of Collybia in China, Collybia clavipes, C. carnea and C. violea, are originally reported and described based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. This study provides detailed morphological descriptions of these three new species of Collybia, which can be accurately distinguished from other species within the genus Collybia. Phylogenetic relationships of Clitocybaceae were analyzed using a four-loci combined dataset (ITS-nrLSU-rpb2-tef1-α), and the results show that the three newly discovered species of Collybia form three distinct lineages, respectively. Based on the combination of morphological and molecular methods, these three newly collected species of Collybia are confirmed as new to science. A theoretical basis is provided for the species diversity of Collybia.
Ganoderma, a prized medicinal mushroom renowned for its therapeutic properties, has a rich history of traditional use. As demand for this valuable fungus continues to rise, cultivation emerges as a sustainable solution to meet market needs. This review explores the intricate methodologies and challenges associated with cultivating Ganoderma. Successful cultivation hinges upon meticulous substrate selection, efficient spawn production, and precise management of cultivation parameters. By optimising these factors, cultivators can achieve high yields with consistent quality. However, the cultivation of Ganoderma is challenging. Contamination control poses a significant challenge, necessitating rigorous protocols to maintain purity and prevent unwanted microbial growth. Genetic variability within strains of Ganoderma presents complexities that require careful management to ensure uniformity and desired traits in cultivated populations. To overcome these challenges and further enhance cultivation efficiency, the adoption of biotechnological approaches holds considerable promise. Harnessing advancements in biotechnology can facilitate targeted improvements in Ganoderma cultivation, from optimising growth conditions to enhancing strain resilience and productivity. This review provides an in-depth exploration of Ganoderma cultivation techniques, highlighting key considerations and recent advancements. By addressing challenges and leveraging innovative strategies, Ganoderma cultivation is poised to meet the growing demand for this esteemed medicinal mushroom. ARTICLE HISTORY
Xerocomus garhwalensis and Xerocomus rishikeshinus (Boletales, Basidiomycota) are described as species new to science from specimens collected in the Himalayas of northwestern India. Both were found in forests dominated by banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus), and they presumably form ectomycorrhizal associations with this tree species. Xerocomus has been variously defined morphologically, and a number of the species now assigned to the genus are sometimes considered to be members of the genus Boletus. The two new species were placed in Xerocomus largely on the basis of DNA sequence data, which are still rather limited for the assemblage of macrofungi present in northwestern India.
La Sardegna è un'isola che sorprende per la sua straordinaria biodiversità. Se il mare cristallino e i monti granitici ne disegnano il pro lo, è nei suoi boschi, nelle sue dune e nelle sue garighe che si nasconde un mondo spesso ignorato: quello dei funghi. Un regno silenzioso e sfuggente, che svela i suoi tesori solo a chi sa osservarlo con attenzione e rispetto. Mi chiamo Davide Puddu e da sempre mi dedico allo studio dei macromiceti. Fin da bambino, i funghi hanno esercitato su di me un fascino irresistibile: il mistero della loro comparsa improvvisa, le loro forme così diverse e i loro habitat , spesso inaspettati, mi hanno spinto a cercarli, studiarli e comprenderli. Col tempo, la passione si è trasformata in una vera missione scienti ca e divulgativa. Oggi, con questo libro, voglio condividere le mie conoscenze, maturate in anni di ricerca e osservazione sul campo. Questo libro nasce con un obiettivo chiaro: o rire una guida accessibile ma scienti camente solida ai funghi della Sardegna. Non si tratta solo di un elenco di specie, ma di un viaggio attraverso ambienti unici, arricchito da osservazioni sul campo e dettagli microscopici che aiutano a distinguere anche le specie più simili. Ogni scheda è stata curata con rigore scienti co, ma con l'intento di rendere la micologia comprensibile a tutti, dal principiante all'appassionato esperto.
During a survey of macro-fungi in Yunnan Province of China, two collections of Favolaschia on bamboo were collected from Fengping Town. These two Favolaschia collections were identified as a new species, namely Favolaschia variistipitata, and belonged to Favolaschia section Anechinus based on evidence of molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. The phylogenetic analyses were based on a combined ITS and LSU dataset, which indicated that the new species is a distinct taxon. Favolaschia variistipitata is characterized by white to greyish-white, gelatinous basidiomata with poroid hymenophore. A description, color photo plate of macro-morphology, line drawings of micromorphology, and phylogenetic tree to show the taxonomic placement of the new species are provided. Favolaschia variistipitata and its morphologically and phylogenetically closely related species are also discussed. Moreover, a comparison of the morphological features of Favolaschia species reported from China is provided, further highlighting the importance of this research.
Pluteus leoninus is a commonly reported species, characterized by a yellow pileus, yellow colors on the stipe, pleurocystidia provided with digitiform excrescences, and a pileipellis composed of long, fusiform elements. Several species related to P. leoninus have been described from the temperate and boreal areas of the Northern Hemisphere, and previous phylogenetic studies have shown that more than one species can be recognized around P. leoninus, but it was unclear how many, or
which names, would be correct for them. We studied 141 holarctic collections in the /leoninus clade and available type collections of species in this group. Taking into account the morphological, molecular (ITS, tef1), ecological, and geographic variation in our data set, we recognize 12 holarctic species, six in Eurasia (P. favrei, P. leoninus, P. roseipes, P. ochraceoleoninus, sp. nov.
. ussuriensis, sp. nov. P. variabilicolor) and six in North America (P. aureus, sp. nov., P. croceus, sp. nov. P. flavofuligineus, P. hesperius, sp. nov. P. insularis, sp. nov. P. pumae, sp. nov.). Tropical species included by Singer in stirps Leoninus are briefly discussed: P. chrysaegis, originally described from Sri Lanka, is confirmed to occur in North America (Florida, Puerto Rico); we provide the first modern description and molecular data for P. conizatus, originally described from Sri Lanka, which is confirmed to be part of Pluteus sect. Hispidoderma but does not belong in the /leoninus clade.
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