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Sustainable energy production in Sumatra power system
Abstract
Sumatra Power System as second largest system in Indonesia with abundant sustainable energy sources currently has a fuel mix that is still dominated by fossil fuels. To anticipate oil price in global market and to decrease subsidize level, Indonesian government in 2007 has launched 10,000 MW Fast Track Program Phase I to develop Coal Based Power Plant. Reducing greenhouse effect and considering least cost production principle; in 2010 the Government issued Fast Track Program Phase II to construct 10.000 MW sustainable energy power plants predominantly by geothermal energy sources. This paper presents but not limited to Sustainable energy resource capacity and also Sumatra Fuel Mix compared to Energy resources in Sumatra power System.
... The system operator dispatches PP based on the characteristics of the generation technology, i.e., baseload PP, intermediate PP, and peaking PP. Based on [23], the Sumatra power system is the most abundant energy source provider for Indonesia, which consists of fossil fuel and renewable energy sources. The total resource capacities (PLN conducted a study in 2012 regarding the potential energy sources in the Sumatra power system. ...
... Total resources capacity refers to the potential of energy sources that can be converted to electricity generation, i.e., hydro power plants (run-off river PP) and geothermal power plants. Please see study in [23] for a detailed explanation) in the Sumatra power system for hydro energy are 7642.2 MW, and 11,235 MW for geothermal energy [23]. ...
... Please see study in [23] for a detailed explanation) in the Sumatra power system for hydro energy are 7642.2 MW, and 11,235 MW for geothermal energy [23]. ...
This research optimises the mix and structure of Generation Companies (GenCos) in the Sumatra power system, Indonesia. Market power, indicating the ability to raise prices profitably above the competitive level, tends to be a significant problem in the aftermath of electricity market restructuring. In the process of regulatory reform and the development of competitive electricity markets, it is desirable and practical to establish an efficient number of competitor GenCos. Simulations of a power system account for multi-plant mergers of GenCos subject to a regulatory measure of the Residual Supply Index and the influence of direct current load flow and the topology of the system. This study simulates the Sumatra power system in order to determine the following: optimal market structure, efficient GenCo generation mix, and the optimal number of competitive GenCos. Further, this study seeks to empirically optimise the electricity generation mix and electricity market structure of the Sumatra power system using DC load flow optimisation, market power index, and multi-plant monopoly analysis. The simulations include generation and transmission constraints to represent network constraints. This research is the first to analyse the Sumatra power system using imperfect (Cournot) competition modelling. Furthermore, this study is the first kind to optimise the mix and structure of the Sumatra generation power market. The guidelines and methodology in this research can be implemented in other countries characterised by a monopoly electricity utility company.
... The environmental conditions make Sumatra an ideal location for developing and utilizing hydropower resources. Sumatra's power demand is estimated to increase by approximately 9.5% per year from 2012-2030 (Hakam et al., 2012). Therefore, there will be a 2,000 MW gap between the present electricity output capabilities (2012: 1,549 MW) and demand in 2030 (3,493 MW). ...
... Therefore, there will be a 2,000 MW gap between the present electricity output capabilities (2012: 1,549 MW) and demand in 2030 (3,493 MW). However, the installed hydropower capacity in Sumatra was only 1,062 MW in 2011 (Hakam et al., 2012). In addition to hydropower, Sumatra plays a vital role in the Indonesian electricity supply system as one of the largest energy sources in Indonesia including both fossil fuel and renewable energy such as geothermal and biomass (Hakam et al., 2012). ...
... However, the installed hydropower capacity in Sumatra was only 1,062 MW in 2011 (Hakam et al., 2012). In addition to hydropower, Sumatra plays a vital role in the Indonesian electricity supply system as one of the largest energy sources in Indonesia including both fossil fuel and renewable energy such as geothermal and biomass (Hakam et al., 2012). Nevertheless, currently~87% power generation in Sumatra is provided by fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil, which does not favor reduction in GHG emissions (Wiggins et al., 2018). ...
Hydropower plays an important role as renewable and clean energy in the world's overall energy supply. Electricity generation from hydropower represented approximately 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity in 2015. Determining the different effects of 1.5 and 2 °C of global warming has become a hot spot in water resources research. However, there are still few studies on the impacts of different global warming levels on gross hydropower potential. This study used a coupled hydrological and techno‐economic model framework to assess hydropower production under global warming levels of 1.5 and 2 °C, while also considering gross hydropower potential, power consumption, and economic factors. The results show that both global warming levels will have a positive impact on the hydropower production of a tropical island (Sumatra) relative to the historical period; however, the ratio of hydropower production versus power demand provided by 1.5 °C of global warming is 40% higher than that provided by 2 °C of global warming under RCP6.0. The power generation by hydropower plants shows incongruous changing trends with hydropower potential under the same global warming levels. This inconformity occurs because the optimal sites for hydropower plants were chosen by considering not only hydropower potential but also economic factors. In addition, the reduction in CO2 emissions under global warming of 1.5 °C (39.06 × 10⁶ t) is greater than that under global warming of 2 °C (10.20 × 10⁶ t), which reveals that global warming decreases the benefits necessary to relieve global warming levels. However, the hydropower generation and the reduction in CO2 emissions will be far less than the energy demand when protected areas are excluded as potential sites for hydropower plants, with a sharp decrease of 40–80%. Thus, government policy‐makers should consider the trade‐off between hydropower generation and forest coverage area in nationally determined contributions.
... This is explained by the fact that during pelletisation, the binders were mixed with water then added to the MSW fluff to form some sort of a paste-like a mixture before pelletisation. With biomass in general, a moisture content of up to 15 % is regarded suitable to facilitate a gasification process which is efficient [30]. Although biomass with higher moisture content results in H2 rich syngas, it does, however, have the disadvantage that as it draws more heat towards sensible heating and moisture removal, the reactor temperature decreases which affects the gasifier performance and quality of syngas product [30]. ...
... With biomass in general, a moisture content of up to 15 % is regarded suitable to facilitate a gasification process which is efficient [30]. Although biomass with higher moisture content results in H2 rich syngas, it does, however, have the disadvantage that as it draws more heat towards sensible heating and moisture removal, the reactor temperature decreases which affects the gasifier performance and quality of syngas product [30]. The removal of moisture content begins at temperatures around 55 ℃ as the TGA and DTG curves show a slight decrease and peak respectively around this temperature and this decrease of TGA curve continues to approximately 265 ℃. ...
... Volatile matter generally makes up most the biomass ranging between 70 % and 85 % by mass [30]. The volatile matter was highest on the pellets with palm oil and engine oil reading at 88.6 and 86.2 % respectively. ...
... The new renewable energy regulation stated that the tariff will be evaluated yearly, which the authors hope that this study can contribute to the evaluation. Conversely, based on cost-savings scenario, reflecting the PLN's perspective, this project is considered very profitable due to the significant benefits resulted from the de-dieselization, a factor contributing to the high cost of electricity production [66]. The cost-savings scenario's equity payback period, internal rate of return, and cost-savings are relatively similar to the findings of Pan's study [30]. ...
Indonesia, a key player in the global energy transition, faces surging electricity demand and ambitious renewable energy goals. In response, the government introduced a new regulation about renewable energy tariffs, including tariffs for photovoltaic (PV). However, there remains a gap in the academic literature regarding PV power plant feasibility studies under these tariffs. To address this gap, this study investigates the feasibility of a utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant in Indonesia, focusing on the newly implemented renewable energy tariffs based on Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and Indonesia's state-owned electricity company (PLN) perspectives. Five scenarios were developed based on the proposed 26 MW solar power plant on Nias Island utilizing RETScreen software. The results showed that based on the IPP perspective, the newly implemented renewable energy tariff was inadequate to make the project feasible, however, an introduction of a 10 USD/t CO2 emission incentive would make the project financially viable for IPPs. Therefore, it is recommended to introduce emission incentives as a strategic approach to attract investors and stimulate investment in Indonesia's PV power plants market, to accelerate Indonesia's energy transition. Conversely, the results also showed that the project is very profitable for PLN due to the significant cost-savings from the de-dieselization, leading to a reduction in the average generation cost for Nias.
... Due to Indonesia's favorable environment and weather, solar photovoltaic (PV) is an alternative with significant promise for the country. Based on No. 692.Pers/04/SJI/2019, published by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources on December 4, 2019, the Indonesian government's initiative for renewable energy is taken seriously, as seen by the expected investment of US$36.95 billion in renewable energy power facilities [6][7][8]. ...
Fossil energy sources are dwindling. It is necessary to develop alternative energy sources for future energy. The solar cell is an alternative energy that can be used in Indonesia. The current challenge is utilizing solar panels for the best possible power production. This research gives the solution to design an increase in solar cell output power by using mirrors, cooling, and a double-axis solar tracking control system. The results show that using a mirror, cooling, and double-axis solar tracking produces optimal output power with a current and power are 2.43 amperes and 40.3 watts, respectively. Meanwhile, several factors can affect this solar panel's efficiency. Specifically, the amount of solar radiation that the solar panel can receive depends on the climate on the day and location of the research and the solar panel's dimensions.
... At the same time, Indonesia also faced a surplus of generating capacity. PLN (Perusahaan Listrik Negara as Indonesia's National Power Corporation) is currently constructing a large number of power plants with a total output of up to 35,000 MW [7][8][9]. The increased power plant capacity led to the increasing reserve margin in the power system that is underutilized [7,8,10]. ...
The Indonesian government faces an increased burden on the state budget from the energy subsidy, especially from the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) subsidy for the residential sector. According to the Indonesia 2019 State Budget, the LPG subsidy for 3 kg (kg) cylinders was estimated to cost more than $ 4.9 billion in 2019. On the other hand, Indonesia is in the process to build many new power plants with a total capacity of up to 35,000 MW (megawatt). The added capacity will lead to an excessive power capacity due to the slowdown in economic growth. Therefore, Indonesia's government has launched an induction stove program to convert households to electric cooking to utilize the excess power while reducing the LPG subsidy. However, the literature review regarding the economics and policy of the development of induction stoves in Indonesia's electricity market is still limited. This research provides the economic assessment of induction stoves compared to the utilization of LPG stoves for each electricity and LPG tariff, i.e., subsidy and non-subsidy tariff. This research could also serve as an academic reference for energy sector stakeholders in Indonesia to implement the clean energy policy to shift cooking technology from LPG stoves to induction stoves.
... Indonesia's power generation sector has been dominated by the use of fossil fuels, particularly coal-fired power plants. This type of thermal power plant is typically used to provide daily baseload, which has a low ramping rate to respond to load fluctuation [11,12]. Studies in several power systems showed the impact of very high penetration levels of solar PV. ...
Nowadays, the integration of renewable energy sources, especially grid-connected photovoltaic, into electrical power systems, is increasing dramatically. There are several stimulants especially in the Java-Bali power system, including huge solar potential, a national renewable energy (RE) target, regulation support for prosumers, photovoltaic technology development, and multi-year power system planning. However, significant annual photovoltaic penetration can lead to critical issues, including a drop of netload during the day, ramping capability, and minimal load operation for thermal power plants. This study analyses the duck curve phenomenon in the Java-Bali power system that considers high shares of the baseload power plant and specific scenarios in photovoltaic (PV) penetration and electricity demand growth. This study also analyses future netload, need for fast ramping rate capability, and oversupply issues in the Java-Bali power system. The results showed that the duck curve phenomenon appears with a significant netload drop in the middle of the day because of high power generation from grid-connected PV. Furthermore, the need for fast ramp rate capability is critical for a higher peak load combined with the lowest netload valley. Moreover, the significant load growth with high grid-connected PV penetration level caused unit commitment issues for thermal power plants as baseload operators.
Java Madura Bali (Jamali) system is the Indonesian largest grid, which contributes approximately 61%, with the Coal Thermal dominates by 59% and followed by the New Renewable Energy (NRE) of 9%. Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants (SPP) contribute only 1% from the NRE itself. Low voltage customers (TR) are approximately 61% with the residential contribute approximately 42%. The rates of the national SAIDI is 12.72 hours/subscriber/year and the national SAIFI is 9.25 times per subscriber/year. There is some challenge in regulating voltage in area with high penetration of solar PV, case of voltage fluctuation in response to the fluctuating of solar irradiance, as well as other factors such as load transient. This voltage fluctuation is proportional to the amount of current generated by the PV system and also proportional to the solar irradiance.
Hydrogen energy storage (HES) is an alternative to NRE-based energy storage technology. Integrating solar PV with hydrogen energy storage and optimisation device may mitigate PV-driven voltage fluctuation, preventing excessive reserve power flow on the grid. The hydrogen energy storage system can cover variation of the loads at the nearby solar PV system in the microgrid and the ability to manage those loads, as mentioned in the energy management system. Integrating the HES within Solar PV system can improve the curve shape, improve system reliability and voltage stability, especially in the Residential Microgrid. Also may build the opportunities to earn new revenues from wholesale electricity markets, enhancing the reliability rate and competitive monetary value.
This investigation proposes a model of syngas creation from Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Pellet gasification with air in fixed bed reactor. The model (utilizing Aspen Plus process simulation software) is utilized to model the anticipated results of RDF gasification and to give some processes fundamentals concerning syngas generation from RDF gasification. The fixed bed reactors is an updraft fixed bed reactor which can be divided into 3 sections n (devolatilization, partial oxidation, and steam reforming). The model is based on a combination of modules that the Aspen Plus simulator provides, representing the three stages of gasification. Thermodynamics package used in the simulation comprised the Non- Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model. The model works on the principle of Gibbs free energy minimization and was validated with experimental data of MSW gasification found in literature. The RYield module was combined with the RGibbs module to describe pyrolysis section, while the RGibbs module was used for the gasification section individually. Proximate and ultimate analysis of RDF pellets and operating conditions used in the model are discussed. The sensitivity analysis module of Aspen Plus was used to research the effect of air equivalence ratio ER and temperature value on the syngas composition, and carbon conversion The results indicate that higher temperature improves gasification as the composition of H2 and CO increase, as well as carbon conversion, until a temperature of 900°C, and higher air equivalence ratio increases the carbon conversion while decreasing syngas quality as there is an increase in CO2 and H. Results obtained are in good agreement of experimentally measured data in literature.
The world population has passed six billion people and the pressure on basic daily needs is particularly dominant in the developing countries, such as the ASEAN. As most of the natural resources, particularly that of fossil fuel is depleting rapidly, more efficient ways to produce daily necessity are becoming important issues. In addition, both the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol require, that efforts should be directed to improve efficiency of energy conversion devices, effective use of the clean and environmentally friendly renewable source of energy, beside providing sink for the green house gas (GHG) emissions. INFORSE report to the UN Secretary General indicated that the total energy sources in the industrialized countries will diminish drastically, but by providing enough funding for R/D in renewable energy conversion, about 50% of the world energy could be supplied by the developing countries by the year 2050.
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