No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Risk assessment of the Sai Gon river water quality for safety water supply to Ho Chi Minh city
Abstract
The Saigon River is the important source for water supply in Ho Chi Minh City. However, its water quality is degrading gradually. This study was conducted in order to assess its pollution status and risks of those pollutants for safety water supply. There were 9 water samples collected from upstream to downstream of Sai Gon River, 10 water samples from canals of Sai Gon River system. Raw water and water after treatment of the Tan Hiep water supply treatment plant, which has exploited Sai Gon river water for water supply in Ho Chi Minh City, were also collected. Monitoring parameters include physical, chemical and microbiological parameters and some selected metals such as As, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, Cr, Pb and Zn. The results showed that downstream area of Sai Gon River was more polluted than upstream. Particularly, bacteria, organic matters, Fe, Cd and Mn had higher potential risk and may affect on human health as well as safety water supply. The Hazard Indices of almost metals were less than 1, except Mn and Cd were more than 0.5. Treated water from Tan Hiep water supply treatment plant met the Vietnamese water quality standard for water supply and safety for consumers’ health.
... Over the past years, the industrial cluster and the urban population have grown considerably. This fast growth generated an increase of pollutants dumped in many spots of the river causing water quality deterioration (Nguyen et al., 2011a). The objectives of this research were to investigate the change in water quality and benthic diatom assemblage structure along the Saigon River in dry and wet seasons in 2009 and to examine whether the diatom assemblages can be used for water quality assessment. ...
... Based on BOD 5 , COD and total nitrogen, water quality of the Saigon River was classed in to A 1 class according to Vietnam National Technical Regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT2015/BTNMT). The results of this study were in line with the observations of Nguyen et al. (2011a) that the lower section of the Saigon River had lower water quality than the upper section. 113.9 (107.0-125.9) ...
... Some points of domestic sewage discharge were also observed downstream of this area. According to previous studies, water quality of the Saigon River contaminated from the medium level to severe level mainly organic matter, heavy metal and microorganisms (Nguyen et al., 2011a(Nguyen et al., , 2011b. The results of this study showed water quality of the Saigon River was also contaminated with nutrient concentration, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. ...
This study evaluated the water quality in the Saigon River by using biological indices based on benthic diatom communities as indicators together with physic-chemical parameters. The samples were taken in dry and wet season at seven stations along the Saigon River. Physicochemical variables and benthic diatom metrics of abundance, taxa richness (S), Shannon Wiener diversity index (H), average tolerance score per taxon (ATSPT) scores, Simpson's diversity index (D), and similarity index (J) were used in the determination of water quality of the river. The results indicated that benthic diatom metrics and the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphate, COD and BOD5 characterized that the lower section of the Saigon River had lower water quality than the upper section. Shannon–Wiener diversity index indicated that water quality differed significantly between the upper course sites and the lower course sites but no significant difference was found in dry and wet season. Results demonstrated that the benthic diatom composition was more sensitive and accurate than the routine investigation of water physico-chemical parameters. Therefore, it is important to use diatoms together with water physico-chemical variables for surface water quality assessment.
... Over the past years, the industrial cluster and the urban population have grown considerably. This fast growth generated an increase of pollutants dumped in many spots of the river causing water quality deterioration (Nguyen et al., 2011a). The objectives of this research were to investigate the change in water quality and benthic diatom assemblage structure along the Saigon River in dry and wet seasons in 2009 and to examine whether the diatom assemblages can be used for water quality assessment. ...
... Based on BOD 5 , COD and total nitrogen, water quality of the Saigon River was classed in to A 1 class according to Vietnam National Technical Regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT2015/BTNMT). The results of this study were in line with the observations of Nguyen et al. (2011a) that the lower section of the Saigon River had lower water quality than the upper section. 113.9 (107.0-125.9) ...
... Some points of domestic sewage discharge were also observed downstream of this area. According to previous studies, water quality of the Saigon River contaminated from the medium level to severe level mainly organic matter, heavy metal and microorganisms (Nguyen et al., 2011a(Nguyen et al., , 2011b. The results of this study showed water quality of the Saigon River was also contaminated with nutrient concentration, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus. ...
This study is aimed to evaluate the water quality in the Saigon River by using biological indices based on benthic diatom communities as indicators together with physic-chemical parameters. The samples were taken in dry and wet season at seven stations along the Saigon River. Physicochem-ical variables and benthic diatom metrics of abundance, taxa richness, Shannon Wiener diversity index, average tolerance score per taxon scores, Simpson's diversity index, and similarity index were used in the determination of water quality of the river. The results indicated that benthic diatom metrics and the concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphate,chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand after 5 days characterized that the downstream of the Saigon River had lower water quality than the upstream. Shannon-Wiener diversity index indicated that water quality differed significantly between the upper course sites and the lower course sites but no significant difference was found in dry and wet season. The results demonstrated that the benthic diatom composition was more sensitive and accurate than the routine investigation of water physico-chemical parameters. Therefore, it is important to use diatoms together with water physico-chemical variables for surface water quality assessment.
... The last one could be involved in the transport of pollutants from the upper areas (inland zone) to the lower areas (sea zone), degrading the water quality in the coastal area. The trend of decreasing WQI from the upper zone to the lower zone has also been found in many other rivers such as the Saigon River (Nguyen et al., 2011) and Cau River (Son et al., 2020), Vietnam; Beheshtabad River (Fathi et al., 2018), and Talar River (Darvishi et al., 2016), Iran, and Suceava River (Briciu et al., 2020), Romania. ...
... On the other hand, because the study area is located downstream of the Mekong River, additional pollutants could be carried from upstream and nearby areas to accumulate in the study area during the rainy season. The transport of pollutants from the upstream or adjacent area of a river to downstream areas identified as the main cause of poor water quality has been discovered and studied in many river basins (Babić et al., 2019;Darvishi et al., 2016;Fathi et al., 2018;Nguyen et al., 2011;Son et al., 2020). The change in WQI over the last five years was not significant (Fig. 2a), implying that pollutant discharge from their sources may vary slightly over a period from 2016 to 2020. ...
The surface water quality in coastal areas may be highly vulnerable to degradation due to various pollution sources such as seawater intrusion and anthropogenic activities. The current study sought to spatially and temporally analyze and quantify pollution sources of the surface water system in the coastal province of Tra Vinh, Vietnam. A total of 600 surface water samples were taken from 30 monitoring sites distributed over 4 spatial zones. Water samples were collected in four campaigns each year during the dry and rainy seasons from 2016 to 2020 and analyzed for 10 physiochemical and biological parameters. The analyzed data were calculated for the water quality index (WQI). Two-way analysis of variance, principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA), and multivariable regression analysis (MRA) were conducted over the whole dataset. The results showed that the WQI decreased from the inland zone to the coastal area, was greater in the river zone than in the canal zone, and was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. The PCA/FA revealed that surface water quality was affected by at least 4 main pollution sources, including agricultural production, seawater intrusion, residential activities, and mixed sources. MRA revealed that these pollution sources explained 68.3%, 12.8%, 7.0%, and 2.7% of the total variance of the WQI, respectively. In summary, the surface water quality in the study area significantly changed spatially and temporally, depending on four pollution sources, which need to be managed properly for a better environment and sustainable development.
... The Sai Gon river is important to Ho Chi Minh city, as it is the main water supply as well as the host of the Sai Gon port [9]. Over the past years, the industrial cluster and the urban population have grown considerably. ...
... According to previous studies, water quality of the Sai Gon river polluted mainly organic matter, heavy metal, e-EDCs and microorganisms [25,26]. Particularly, bacteria, heavy metal of Fe, Cd, Mn and e-EDCs had higher potential risk and may have an effect on human health as well as on safe water supply [9,10,26]. Results of this study showed that water quality of the Sai Gon river was also contaminated with nutrient concentration, particularly, nitrogen and phosphorus. This may be associated with stormwater runoff, increase in urban development and discharge of waste water due to human activities. ...
In the present study, the Biological Diatom Index (BDI) and the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) were calculated for assessment the ecological status and water quality of the Sai Gon River in comparison with physico-chemical variables. In addition, a multivariate method was used to elucidate the main environmental variables driving the diatom community. A total of 87 diatom species were identified and used to calculate the diatom indices. The results of biological data indicate that ecological status of upstream has a fine water quality; however downstream of the river was moderate pollution, and in some cases at poor status. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) permutation tests demonstrated that diatom community divided into two groups corresponding to rural and urban characteristic. The BDI and TDI indices showed sensitivity to environmental stressors and potential application for bio-monitoring and water quality assessment of surface waters in tropical region.
... Previous studies have examined the water quality of larger water systems, such as the Saigon River and its tributaries in Ho Chi Minh City (T. N. Nguyen, Ha, and Sthiannopkao 2011;H. D. Nguyen et al. 2019;A. ...
... In brief, the movement of the pollutants from the canals, where received the pollutants from their sources to the River, and the subsequent transport of these pollutants from upper parts to lower parts through the river current could be the main reason to explain this interaction. The transport of pollutants from the upstream catchment or two riversides was identified as one of the important reasons for lowering the water quality in downstream reaches of various Rivers (Babić et al., 2019;Cao et al., 2020;Nguyen et al., 2020;Nguyen et al., 2011). These indicated that water flows such as in and out currents played an important role in modifying the effects of pollution sources on the water quality of rivers and canals connecting to the main river. ...
Although inland surface water bodies have been studied intensively, few studies have looked at the interactive effects of seawater intrusion and waterway types on the water quality. The current study aimed to (1) assess the inland water quality as affected by waterway types and seawater intrusion-affected zones, (2) examine the longitudinal dynamics of the water quality, and (3) quantify the contributive percentage of pollution sources in the coastal Tien Giang Province, Vietnam. A total of 680 surface-water samples were taken from 34 sites distributed over the Tien River and its tributary canals from 2015 to 2019. The water samples were analyzed for 16 physical, chemical, and biological parameters, which were used for water quality index (WQI) estimation and subjected to two-way ANOVA and principal component analysis/factor analysis (PCA/FA). The WQI in both waterway types tended to get better from the downstream to the upstream zone with an improving rate of WQI faster in the River (from 79 to 88) than in the canals (from 82 to 85). The PCA/FA showed that water from the two waterway types could be polluted by six main pollution sources, one of which was derived from the seawater intrusion, one from aquaculture, and the others from agricultural, residential, and industrial activities. In brief, the inland surface water quality of a coastal area was interactively influenced by spatial distance and waterway types, transferring various pollutants in and out of the inland area.
... Sai Gon River plays an important role to supply water sources for living and social activities. However, this river is being effected by economic developmentand water quality is degrading gradually [1]. Beside non-point sources pollution, many harbors locating along the SaiGon River activate as great point sources pollution.These activities impact to the ecological health due to releasing pollutant persistent organic substrates in to water and sediment. ...
... In addition, the river, running through Ho Chi Minh megacity with rapid development in urbanization and industrialization (Schneider et al. 2017), could be additionally contaminated with heavy metals due to the discharge of a large amount of solid and liquid wastes from the megacity daily. Consequently, the River water was polluted with heavy metals and the downstream water was more polluted than the upstream water (Nguyen et al. 2011). Nevertheless, Strady et al. (2017) highlighted that the dilution effect that occurred in the downstream estuarine area due to the intrusion of seawater could revert the water quality, which was previously degraded by the urban area of Ho Chi Minh City. ...
The metal concentration in surface water of a river could be affected by season, position, and oceanic process such as tide. The current study aimed to (1) examine the heavy metal(loid) concentration in surface water from the Saigon River as affected by the combination of season, tide, and position and (2) apportion and quantify pollution sources. Ninety-six surface water samples were collected from 13 sites on the River in four campaigns (rainy season + ebb tide, rainy season + flood tide, dry season + ebb tide, and dry season + flood tide). Eight heavy metal(loid)s (Al, B, Bi, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sr, and Zn) were measured and subjected to multivariate analyses. Three-way ANOVA showed that in the rainy season, the total concentration of the metal(loid)s (TCM) in two tides was not clearly different from each other while in the dry season the TCM was significantly higher during the ebb tide than during the flood tide. Principal component analysis/factor analysis and Pearson correlation matrix showed that the TCM could be derived from three main sources, grouped into anthropogenic activities such as industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastes from inside Ho Chi Minh city, and natural origins from lowland area and acid sulfate soil. Three pollution sources explained 70% and 68% of the total variance of TCM in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. In brief, the metal(loid) concentration was significantly affected by the season and tide and the pollution sources could be derived from inside Ho Chi Minh City and from lowland areas beyond the river estuary.
... Two Dataset are derived as follows: 1) Dataset1 105 sub-images are divided into two groups which are clear water (CW) and turbid water (TW). With regards to turbidity, the results from [37]- [39] showed that the water in Saigon River had high turbidity, which exceeded the Vietnamese technical regulation for surface water (5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units), because of impacts of navigation and urbanization. Therefore, 33 sub-images containing 58 ships covering Saigon River area are classified in TW group. ...
Pre-screening of ship proposals is now employed by top ship detectors to avoid exhaustive search across image. In very high resolution (VHR) optical image, ships appeared as a cluster of abnormal bright pixels in open sea clutter (noise-like background). Anomaly-based detector utilizing Panchromatic (PAN) data has been widely used in many researches to detect ships, however, still facing two main drawbacks: 1) detection rate tend to be low particularly when a ship is low contrast and 2) these models require a high manual configuration to select a threshold value best separate ships from sea surface background. This paper aims at further investigation of anomaly-based model to solve those issues. First, pan-sharpened Multi Spectral (MS) data is incorporated together with PAN to enhance ship discrimination. Second, we propose an improved anomaly-based model combining both global intensity anomaly and local texture anomaly map. Regarding noise appeared due to the present of sea clutter and because of pan-sharpen process, texture abnormality suppression term based on quantization theory is introduced. Experimental results on VNREDSat-1 VHR optical satellite images suggest that the pan-sharpened near-infrared (P-NIR) band can improve discrimination of ships from surrounding waters. Compared to state-of-the-art anomaly-based detectors, our proposed anomaly-based model on the combination of PAN and P-NIR data cannot only achieved highest ship detection's recall rate (91.14% and 45.9% on high-contrast and low-contrast dataset respectively) but also robust to different automatic threshold selection techniques.
Surface water quality in coastal regions could be degraded due to various pollution sources, including seawater intrusion, dependent on seasons and distance from the coastline. The current study aimed to fractionate and quantify different pollution sources affecting surface water quality in a coastal region of Vietnam. Between 2016 and 2020, 400 surface water samples were collected from 40 sites during dry and rainy seasons and analysed for 15 parameters. The results showed that four primary pollution sources including seawater intrusion, agricultural production, residential activities, and humane activities on the hydrological system may contribute to the degradation of water quality. Seawater intrusion contributed approximately 83.3% to the determination of water quality in dry season and 35.3% in rainy season. Water quality in areas within 20km of the coastline was more degraded than in further areas. Management strategy should be developed and implemented to improve surface water quality for sustainable development.
Free living nematode fauna communities were applied for rapid assessment of sediment
environmental quality in 11 harbors along the SaiGon River, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. One reference site was also sampled in order to control the experiment. Triplicate nematode samples per station were collected in the dry season of 2014. Nematode fauna were identified into genera level, measured maturity index and cp triangle. The results of the study indicated that sediment environmental quality in 4 ports: Ben Nghe port, Joint Company of Logistic Development No.1 port, SaiGon New port and Navioil port were affected by chemical pollution.
In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), human intoxication to lead is considered as an important public health issue. In Port-au-Prince, concentrations of lead ranging from 40 µg/L to 90 µg/L, greater than the threshold value (10 µg/L) for drinking water, were measured in groundwater and drinking water. This study aims to assess human health risks generated by exposure to lead in the Port-au-Prince water supply. Two sampling campaigns were performed between April 2004 and December 2004 on different structures of the public water supply. A significant lead concentration of 250 µg/L, greater than the threshold value, had been detected in a water tank. Risk of deterioration of the psychological development of children exposed to these waters was calculated. These results require monitoring in order to control the human health risk by lead in Port-au-Prince's drinking water. Perrodin, Y. (2007) 'Human health risk assessment of lead in drinking water: a case study from Port-au-Prince, Haiti' Int. J. Environment and Pollution, Vol. 31, Nos. 3/4, pp.280–291. Biographical notes: Evens Emmanuel is a Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, and the Director of the Laboratory of Water and Environment Quality (LAQUE) of Université Quisqueya in Haiti. He is also the responsible for the Graduate School of Ecotoxicology, Environment and Management of Water. He holds a Master of Sciences in Sanitary Engineering of Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala and a PhD of National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon. He is Professor of Water and Wastewater Treatment. His research field is methodological approach of human health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment of water and wastewater.
The objective of this study is to determine the seasonal water quality variations of the major springs of the Yarmouk Basin of North Jordan. A total of 36 water samples were collected in October 2006 (dry season) and in May 2007 (wet season) and analyzed for temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe. The pH was found near alkaline ranging from 7.01 -7.87 and 6.8 -8.04 for the pre and post-wet season water samples, respectively. Electrical conductivity varied from 300 to 1199 µS/cm and from 424 to 962 µS/ cm for the dry and wet season water samples, respectively. The results of heavy metals analysis indicated that some water samples exceeded the Jordanian. Overall, the results showed that the water springs of the Yarmouk Basin in North Jordan are contaminated with heavy metals that might affect human health as well as the health of the ecosystem.
In this study, the environmental impact and human health risks associated with exposure to organochlorine compounds (OCs) through soils and tap water in the Catalan stretch of the Ebro River, Spain, were investigated. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorocyclohexanes, as well as DDT and derivates, were determined. Relatively low levels of these pollutants were observed, with mean concentrations ranging between 0.51-315.8 lg/kg and 0.05-74.6 ng/L in soil and tap water, respectively. These values are similar to those found in a number of recent surveys over the world. In spite of the presence of a chlor-alkali plant located upstream the Ebro River, which could mean a potential source of pollution, the current levels of OCs should not mean significant additional health risks for the local population.
More than 60,000,000 Bangladeshis are drinking water with unsafe concentrations of one or more elements.
Our aims in this study were to evaluate and improve the drinking water testing and treatment plans for western Bangladesh.
We sampled groundwater from four neighborhoods in western Bangladesh to determine the distributions of arsenic, boron, barium, chromium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, uranium, and zinc, and to determine pH.
The percentages of tube wells that had concentrations exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) health-based drinking water guidelines were 78% for Mn, 48% for U, 33% for As, 1% for Pb, 1% for Ni, and 1% for Cr. Individual tube wells often had unsafe concentrations of both Mn and As or both Mn and U. They seldom had unsafe concentrations of both As and U.
These results suggest that the ongoing program of identifying safe drinking water supplies by testing every tube well for As only will not ensure safe concentrations of Mn, U, Pb, Ni, Cr, and possibly other elements. To maximize efficiency, drinking water testing in Bangladesh should be completed in three steps: 1) all tube wells must be sampled and tested for As; 2) if a sample meets the WHO guideline for As, then it should be retested for Mn and U; 3) if a sample meets the WHO guidelines for As, Mn, and U, then it should be retested for B, Ba, Cr, Mo, Ni, and Pb. All safe tube wells should be considered for use as public drinking water supplies.
Abundant water is readily available in Calcutta's natural environment but few people in this megacity can consume water with any confidence in its purity. Supply sources have been contaminated, the formal system fails to reach millions of the city's population and even those who are served cannot rely on it, while those who draw their drinking water informally directly from natural sources put their health at risk. The paper examines how this situation has come about and considers how supply can be made more efficient and equitable – through decentralized management, water pricing and improved distributional efficiency – and how such measures might begin to heal degraded environments from which water is taken
Samples of the Black-chin Tilapia were analyzed for the concentration of heavy metals (Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and zinc) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The sequence of order of the heavy metals measured in the fish samples observed from the Sakumo lagoon was as follows: Fe > Cu > Mn> V> Hg > Cd, respectively. The results showed elevated levels of iron, copper and managanese in all the fish samples although mercury and cadmium were available in relatively low concentration in the most of the fish samples. Fe, Mn, and Zn concentration in fish were greater than WHO/FAO certified values. Hazard index < 1 suggests unlikely adverse health effects whereas HI $ 1 suggests the probability of adverse health effects. Although the heavy metals analysed in Blackchin Tilapia did not pose any immediate health risk to humans but due to the bioaccumulation and magnification of these heavy metals in humans, it is essential to safeguard levels of the metals in the environment.
Surface water quality regulation in EECCA countries: Directions for Reform
- Epa Task
- Force Secrretariat
EPA Task Force Secrretariat. 2008. Surface water quality regulation in EECCA countries:
Directions for Reform. Ukraine
5.
National technical regulation on domestic water quality. Ministry of Health Portal, Circular No
Ministry of Health Portal (2009). National technical regulation on domestic water quality.
Ministry of Health Portal, Circular No.05/2009/TT – BYT. Hanoi.
A sustainable water supply plan for Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam
- N Jayasuriya
- X Ho
Jayasuriya, N., Ho, X., 2006. A sustainable water supply plan for Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam.
Paper presented at the thirth Asia Pacific Associationof Hydrology and Water Resources
(APHW) 16-18 October, Bangkok, Thailand, pp.8.
Assessment and control of main pollutants for Saigon River, Vietnam. The First international conference for Environment and Natural Resources on "Environmental Protection for Urban and Industrial Zones to International Integration
- N T V Ha
- N V M Hang
- P T D Phương
- S Takizawa
Ha. N.T.V., Hang N.V.M., Phương P.T.D., Takizawa S. 2008. Assessment and control of main
pollutants for Saigon River, Vietnam. The First international conference for Environment and
Natural Resources on "Environmental Protection for Urban and Industrial Zones to
International Integration", ICENR 2008, HCMC, Vietnam, 125-134.
Guideline for Ecological risk assessment
US.EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Guideline for Ecological risk
assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F. Washington DC.
Occurrence of selected metals in the Saigon River-Canal system: implications for risk assessment of safety water supply to HCMC
- N T V Ha
- N T T Nam
- S Suthipong
Ha.N.T.V., Nam N.T.T., Suthipong S. 2010, Occurrence of selected metals in the Saigon
River-Canal system: implications for risk assessment of safety water supply to HCMC,
Vietnam. Proceeding of Science and Technology Sustainability,Vol 8: Assessing Ecosystem
Health in Mekong River Basin, Korea, 162-190.
National technical regulation on surface water quality
- Qđ -Btnmt
- Hanoi
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 2008. National technical regulation on
surface water quality. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Decree No.16/2009/QĐ
-BTNMT. Hanoi.
National technical regulation on domestic water quality. Ministry of Health Portal
- Tt -Byt
- Hanoi
Ministry of Health Portal (2009). National technical regulation on domestic water quality.
Ministry of Health Portal, Circular No.05/2009/TT -BYT. Hanoi.
Guideline for carcinogen risk assessment
US.EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1986. Guideline for carcinogen risk
assessment. Federal Register, 51 (185): 33992-34003.
National Primary Drinking water regulations
US.EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2009. National Primary Drinking
water regulations. US.EPA, 816-F-09-004 May 2008