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Divided Partners: The Challenges of Civil-Military Cooperation in Peacebuilding Operations
The article will explore the possible emergence of a civilian capacity community in Serbia comprised of Serbian policymakers, researchers and practitioners who are interested in peace support operations and willing to deploy Serbian experts through multilateral organizations such as the European Union, United Nations and the Organization of Security and Co-operation in Europe. Having recently undergone a security sector reform, Serbia can offer to share relevant experience and expertise with these organizations through secondment or direct hire, in order to support the countries experiencing complex crises or those that are emerging from conflict. Serbian expertise can serve to soften some of the criticism leveled against peace support operations and provide relevant expertise to those in the field.
The article examines the development of the relationship and cooperation of the European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in conflict regulation. It states that over three phases these two institutions deepened their relationship in the aspect of an intensification of their cooperation, an adoption of specific functions and a de facto clearer division of labour in conflict regulation. It will analyse whether and to what degree this cooperation and a functional division of labour is based on the functional ascription by member states or more on the activities of the institutions themselves. This comparative study will thereby contribute to a necessary theory-based analysis of the relationship of these two major international security institutions and to a deeper analysis of the inter-institutional cooperation of EU and NATO. Furthermore, it will show the importance of a combined principal- (states) and agent- (institutions) centred approach towards the shaping and explaining of inter-institutional relationships as well as going beyond the simple principal–agent relationship and advancing to the principal–agent–agent relationship.
International humanitarian nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and government donors have grown increasingly close in the past two decades as they responded to conflict and post-conflict situations, with effects on each other that remain unclear. We advance a dynamic understanding of the opportunities and constraints that international NGOs (INGOs) experience in their relationship with the US government in conflict zones, arguing that shifts in INGOs’ potential to influence US responses are situationally determined. We offer three explanatory variables (aid market structure, bureaucratic regulatory environment, and US government demand for INGO services) to explain when and why INGOs possess opportunities for autonomy, and when their actions are constrained by donors. Applying this framework to the conflicts in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, we conclude that INGOs possess the greatest opportunities during violence-induced humanitarian crises and experience many more constraints during peacekeeping scenarios.
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