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PRAGMATIC USAGE OF HARITAKI (TERMINALIA CHEBULA RETZ): AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE VIS-À-VIS CURRENT PRACTICE
Abstract
Haritaki (Chebulic myrobalan-Terminalia chebula Retz (Combretaceae Family) denotes “a fruit having dark greenish yellow colour, which drives away diseases” The widely acclaimed Ayurvedic drug is the best wholesome substance and safe for bodily passages (haritaki pathyanam). Haritaki enjoys wide patronage in Tibetan medicine also which is known as A-ru-ra and praised with the adjective Sman-mchog-rgyal-pa (the king of best medicines). Haritaki in day to day life by judicious combinations of different adjuvants will be a boon for the person who consumes it. Though the Ayurvedic texts provide decent options such as Rituharitaki (Seasonal use of Haritaki with selective adjuvant), specific indications and contra indications, may practitioners as well as others do not pay much attention to them. This has lead to the underutilization of this wonderful fruit drug. It is the time to take fresh look at the Ayurvedic perspective of pragmatic usage of Haritaki in the light of current therapeutic evidence, pharmaceutical practices.
... However, subacute toxicity was not observed when the mice were treated with 25 mg/kg bw i.p. of the extract for 30 days. It is noteworthy that T. chebula is the sole plant in this herbal preparation that exhibited radioprotective activity [23]. Naik et al. [24] observed that the aqueous extract of this herbal mixture inhibited the formation of γradiation-induced strand breaks in plasmid DNA pBR322. ...
In recent years, there has been growing scientific interest in the search for natural radioprotectors that can be used to mitigate the effects of radiation on patients, healthcare personnel, and even for space travel. This narrative review covers the past fifty years and focuses on herbal preparations of Ayurvedic, Traditional Chinese, and Kampō Medicines that have the potential to reduce or eliminate the harmful effects of radiation. Our findings highlight ten herbal preparations, namely Abana, Amalakyadi Churna, Amritaprasham, Brahma, Bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang (BZYQT), Chyavanaprasha, Cystone, Geriforte, Mentat, and Triphala, which have demonstrated potential radioprotective effects. This review examines their composition, properties, and possible mechanisms of action in relation to their radioprotective properties. Exploring the ethnobotany of traditional Asian medicine is particularly interesting as it may lead to the discovery of new active compounds with radioprotective properties.
... Extracts from different parts of diverse species of plants like root, flower, leaves, seeds, etc. exhibit antibacterial properties were applied on cotton material for wound, healthcare care application. It is a well-known fact that the demand for the herbal drug treatment of various ailments is increasing and plant drugs from the ayurvedic system are being explored more, not only in India but also globally [2] . Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) is a drug which acquires highest position among all the drugs. ...
... It has been discovered that the "haritaki" mixture, which is prepared according to the principles of Ayurvedic medicine, has an antiinflammatory effect on the hemorrhoids types created in rats, and it is useful as edema resolvent. Terminalia chebula leaves bark and fruit due to the presence of phenolic showed high antioxidant activity, Terminalia chebula exhibited xanthine oxidase inhibition, 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals scavenging acitivity terminal chebula the purgative effects have been reported (7). ...
All over the world, herbal treatments have been attracting attention as modern medicine. Careless use of herbal medicines can lead to various complications. Hemorrhoids that plagued humankind since ancient times and is a disease that disrupts people's quality of life. We present a 41-year-old woman who had of an unusual esophageal foreign body, terminalia chebula seeds, used for traditional Chinese herbal treatment for hemorrhoidal disease and successfully removed using endoscopy. This case is intended to emphasize the complications resulting from the use of herbal medicines. Patients should be informed about all its results.
... 'Aajasrik Rasayana' in Ayurveda (general rejuvenation) deals with food products that can be consumed daily for improving quality of life and for protection against external and internal stressors. Commonly used Ayurvedic nutraceuticals include 'Chyavanprash' (for general health and prevention of respiratory disorders); Brahm Rasayana (for protection from mental stress); Phala Ghrita (for reproductive health); Arjuna Ksheerpaka (for cardioprotection); Shatavari Ghrita (for general health of women during various physiological states) and Rasona Ksheerpaka (for cardioprotection) 22 .It is interesting to learn that Ayurveda lays a great emphasis on the quality of nutritious food for (i) averting the degenerative changes caused by ageing (Rasayana), (ii) convalescence after an illness (Balya), (iii) enhancing the defense system the fruit of Chebulic myrobalans (Terminalia chebula) as per the season 23 . The fruit should be used along with rock salt (Saindhava) in rainy season, with sugar in autumn, with dried rhizome of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in early winters, with fruit powder of long pepper (Piper longum) in late winters, with honey in spring and with jaggery in summer season 24 . ...
The nutraceuticals have many physiological effects on the health of consumers. The upper limit of the
physiological effect dimension would be food that can cure or heal certain diseases. Nutraceuticals
also have the benefits beyond to its basic nutritional functions. It is important to distinguish nutritional
deficiency from other physiological effects such as disease risk reduction. Nutraceuticals may range
from dietary supplements to genetically engineered foods, herbal products and processed foods. This
article outlines the nutraceuticals with their groups, international and national status, need, safety,
merit, existing nutraceutical products, major nutraceutical companies, therapeutic applications and
also stressed the urgent need for R & D in the formulation of nutraceuticals.
... It is also used for treating parasitic infection. The compounds present in T. chebula were found to be responsible for many pharmacological activities such as anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer, anti-helmintic, etc., 9,10,11 . ...
Cotylophoron cotylophorum, the parasite of ruminants cause a disease called paramphistomosis. Paramphistomosis in domesticated ruminants cause considerable economic loss to the livestock industry in India. In the present study, the anthelmintic activity of Terminalia chebula was assessed based on its effects on the motility and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the digenetic trematode C. cotylophorum in vitro. The flukes were exposed to five different sub-lethal concentration of ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula (TcEE) for 2, 4 and 8h. The motility response of the drug-treated parasites was recorded with the aid of Electronic micromotility meter (EMM). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of the C. cotylophorum was assayed following standard method. The maximum inhibition of motility and AChE activity was observed at 0.5 mg/ml concentration after 8 h of exposure. Inhibition of AChE activity increased with an increase in the drug concentration and the period of exposure. AChE is an enzyme involved in neurotransmission. The ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula (TcEE) inhibits the AChE and affect the motor activity of the parasites, thus the parasite lose its biochemical hold fast and get expelled from the host. INTRODUCTION: Cotylophoron cotylophorum is a gastrointestinal digenetic trematode, lives in the rumen of livestock. It has a complex life cycle which requires an intermediate host, planorbid snail. It parasitizes a wide range of hosts. Heavy infection of C. cotylophorum causes paramphistomosis in cattle, sheep and goats. Paramphistomosis has been a neglected trematode infectious disease; recently, it emerged as an important cause of productivity loss 1, 2. Clinical symptoms include decreased appetite, listlessness, weight-loss, fluid foul-smelling diarrhea, dehydration resulting in death of the host 3. Anthelmintic drugs are used to treat the parasites of intestinal tract.
The main objective of orthodontic treatment is to correct various types of malocclusions. Although orthodontic treatments are intended to be noninvasive, the placement of fixed attachments on the teeth for an extended period is frequently associated with greater levels of bacterial development in the form of supragingival and subgingival biofilms, leading to gingival irritation and inflammation. Even the most determined patients find it difficult to keep their teeth clean with fixed orthodontic appliances, and almost all patients have gingival inflammation. Optimal periodontal health should be maintained throughout orthodontic treatment. Herbal products are gaining popularity in den- tal and medical practice today due to their potent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, biocompatibil- ity, and antioxidant properties. Because the number of patients consuming herbal medications has recently increased, physicians will undoubtedly encounter more patients using these products in their everyday practice. Patients choose natural products since they avoid many of the medications’ adverse effects. As a result of this circumstance, herbal products have become popular in dentistry, as well as in all disciplines of medicine. As a result, dentists should be more knowledgeable about herbal remedies and their interactions with other medications as well as any associated adverse effects.
Terminalia chebula is an ancient medicinal herb. it is also known as Haritaki, Yellow myrobalan, Chebulic myrobalan, Yellow myrobalan, and Terminalia chebulabe longs to Combretaceae family is a major Ayurvedic medicine that is native to South Asia, predominantly from India. Apart from Ayurveda, it is commonly used in Unani and Homeopathic medicine systems. Because of the broad variety of pharmacological activities connected with the biologically active constitutents found throughout this herb, it is included in conventional medicine. The fruit contains main pharmacological activities such as Hepatoprotective activity, Cytoprotective activity Cardioprotective activity, Antidiabetic and renoprotective activity, Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Antiviral activity, Antiprotozoal activity, Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, Anticarcinogenic activity, Antimutagenic, radioprotective and Chemopreventive activity, Hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic activity, Adaptogenic and anti anaphylactic activities, Gastrointestinal motility improving and anti-ulcerogenic activity, Antispasmodic activity, Wound healing activity, Anticaries activity, Immunomodulatory activity any many are reported with scientific evidence. All these ancient applications of Terminalia chebula as home remedies have been confirmed in preclinical trials. The current evidence on the effect of Terminalia chebula intake or consumption on gastrointestinal disorders and diseases is scientifically based on preclinical and clinical trials. All these ancient applications of Terminalia chebula as home remedies have been confirmed in preclinical trials. The current evidence on the effect of Terminalia chebula intake or consumption on gastrointestinal disorders and diseases is scientifically based on preclinical and clinical trials. Study indicates different dosage of Terminalia chebula is effective to get relief from gastrointestinal troubles. Due to less number of gastrointestinal studies, there is no scientific report to consume a specific amount of dose. To prove that Terminalia chebula and its standard extracts are effective as a gastroprotective agent, more comprehensive preclinical and clinical trials are required. To reliably evaluate the appropriate dosages for specific disorders and preparation of extract of Terminalia chebula fruit in prospective human trials procedures, dose-finding preclinical studies should be conducted. There is an evident need for more patient and physician education concerning specific therapies, legislation to regulate the quality of pharmaceutical preparations, and, in particular, more clinical and pre-clinical trials to determine the value and safety of such medicaments in digestive and other disorders.
The present study intended to evaluate the beneficiary effects of ethanolic extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruits (EETC) by using alloxan-monohydrate induced diabetic control by using Wistar Albino rats. The toxicity study was performed on aliquot doses of EETC (100 to 500 mg kg -1 b.wt.) and predetermined the LD 50 value on 30 days evaluation; also the behavioral changes, symptoms and mortality have been checked, the EETC showed the nil toxicity up to 500 mg kg -1 b.wt. The effect of EETC (200 mg kg -1 b.wt.) was compared with the glibenclamide (600 mg kg -1 b.wt.) that is often used as a standard drug and the anti-diabetic activity has been conducted for 30 days. After the completion of the study, animals were dissected through cervical dislocation and collected the blood, serum and pancreas. The collected samples were performed under parameters like biochemical and anti-oxidant enzymes related to diabetes such as, weight variation, blood glucose, plasma insulin, serum and liver protein, serum and liver cholesterol, serum and liver triglyceride, serum and liver phospholipids, SGOT (Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetic Transaminase), SGPT (Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase), ACP (Acid Phosphatase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase), GSH (Glutathione reductase), GPT (Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase), GPX (Glutathione Peroxidase),CAT (Catalase) and histopathological sections of the pancreas, the above parameters calculated and showed that the significance at p<0.001 to 0.05. The histopathological changes caused after induction of alloxan showed the granular cytoplasm, dilatation, shrunken nuclei and inflammation, which were reduced after treatment of the EETC (200 mg kg -1 b.wt.). Excess proliferation of epithelium in the pancreas was observed in diabetic rats, which was reduced after administration of the EETC (200 mg kg -1 b.wt.). From the evaluation of the present study on EETC has been confirmed that having the pharmacological action against the diabetic condition, even though the mechanism of the action is unknown, also it can be used further molecular compound analysis and define the chemical to the action.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) fruits on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental diabetes in rats. Oral administration of ethanolic extract of the fruits (200 mg/kg body weight/rat/day) for 30 days significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic rats. Determination of plasma insulin levels revealed the insulin stimulating action of the fruit extract. Also, the alterations observed in the activities of carbohydrate and glycogen metabolising enzymes were reverted back to near normal after 30 days of treatment with the extract. Electron microscopic studies showed significant morphological changes in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of pancreatic β cells of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Also, a decrease in the number of secretory granules of β-cells was observed in the STZ-induced diabetic rats and a these pathological abnormalities were normalized after treatment with T. chebula extract. The efficacy of the fruit extract was comparable with glibenclamide, a well known hypoglycemic drug.
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) family Combretaceae is an important plant used traditionally for medicinal purposes. It is component of the classic Ayurvedic combination called "Triphala". Hyperlipidemia was induced by treated orally with atherogemc diet. In atherogenic diet induced hyperlipidemic model, the rats receiving treatment with Haritaki showed significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein and elevation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Haritaki was found to possess significant hypolipidemic activity. The results also suggest that Haritaki at 1.05 and 2.10 mg/kg b.wt. concentrations are an excellent lipid-lowering agent.
Terminalia chebula Retz is traditionally used to relieve constipation. The current study was performed to investigate the pharmacological action of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula seeds (ATC) in vitro and in vivo.
Terminal pieces of rat ileum were suspended in organ bath containing Tyrode solution. The ileum spontaneous motility frequency and contractility were recorded isotonically. To induce ileal contraction, carbachol and ATC were added to the organ bath. In addition, the effect of hexamethonium, indomethacin, atropine, and verapamil on the ATC-induced ileal contractions was also investigated. The effectiveness of ATC on relieving morphine-induced constipation was investigated in an in vivo study by measuring the faecal number, faecal water content, and intestinal transit ratio.
ATC increased the frequency of ileum motility and tension of contraction dose-dependently (P < 0.05). Responses induced by ATC were inhibited by pre-treatment of the tissue with verapamil. The ATC activities were not affected by atropine, hexamethonium, and indomethacin. The faecal number and faecal water content were increased dose-dependently by ATC (P < 0.05).
The excitatory effects of ATC on ileal contractile frequency and tension are possibly mediated through Ca(2+) channels activation. The results of the present study support the traditional usage of ATC for the treatment of constipation.
Tannins extracted from immature fruits of Terminalia chebula Fructus Retz. are considered as effective components promoting the process of wound healing. The objective of this study is to explore the optimal extraction and purification technology (OEPT) of tannins, while studying the use of this drug in the treatment of a cutaneous wound of rat as well as its antibacterial effects.
The content of tannin extracts was measured by the casein method, and antibacterial ability was studied by the micro-dilution method in vitro. In wound healing experiment, animals in group Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were treated with vaseline ointment, tannin extracts (tannin content: 81%) and erythromycin ointment, respectively (5 mg of ointment were applied on each wound). To evaluate the process of wound healing, selected pharmacological and biochemical parameters were applied.
After optimal extraction and purification, content of tannin extracts was increased to 81%. Tannin extracts showed the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella Pneumonia in vitro. After excision of wounds, on days 7 and 10, the percent of wound contraction of group Ⅱ was higher than that of group Ⅰ. After being hurt with wounds, on days 3, 7, and 10, the wound healing quality of group Ⅱ was found to be better than that of group Ⅰ in terms of granulation formation and collagen organization. After wound creation, on day 3, the vascular endothelial growth factor expression of group Ⅱ was higher than that of group Ⅰ.
The results suggest that tannin extracts from dried immature fruits of Terminalia chebula Fructus Retz. can promote cutaneous wound healing in rats, probably resulting from a powerful anti-bacterial and angiogenic activity of the extracts.
Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) is a medium-sized tree that grows in the wild throughout India. T. chebula has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani, and homoeopathic medicine. The fruit has been used as a traditional medicine for a household remedy against various human ailments. Traditionally T. chebula is used to cure chronic ulcer, gastritis, and stomach cancers.
The present study is to evaluate the antiulcer effect of hydroalcoholic (70%) extract of Terminalia chebula fruit.
Aspirin, ethanol and cold restraint stress-induced ulcer methods in rats were used for the study. The effects of the extract on gastric secretions, pH, total and free acidity using pylorus ligated methods were also evaluated.
Animals pretreated with doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract showed significant reduction in lesion index, total affected area and percentage of lesion in comparison with control group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) in the aspirin, ethanol and cold restraint stress-induced ulcer models. Similarly extracts increased mucus production in aspirin and ethanol-induced ulcer models. At doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg of T. chebula extract showed antisecretory activity in pylorus ligated model, which lead to a reduction in the gastric juice volume, free acidity, total acidity, and significantly increased gastric pH.
These findings indicate that hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit T. chebula displays potential antiulcerogenic activity. This activity thus lends pharmacological credence to the suggested use of the plant as a natural remedy in the treatment or management of ulcer.
To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and the cytotoxicity of Phyllanthus emblica Linn, Terminalia chebula Retz, and Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn) Roxb extracts.
Standard phytochemical screening tests were used to detect metabolites in the plant extract. The water extracts of medicinal plants were tested for their antiplasmodial activity in vitro by assessing their ability to inhibit the uptake of [3H] hypoxanthine into the Plasmodium falciparum K1 multidrug-resistant strain. Cytotoxicity of all extracts was determined on Vero cell line. The in vivo antiplasmodial activity in Plasmodium berghei infected mice was evaluated by the standard 4-day suppressive test.
Phytochemical screening of the water extracts of three plants revealed the presence of flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins, saponin and terpenes. All plant extracts showed antimalarial activity (IC50 values ranging from 14.33 +/- 0.25-15.41 +/- 0.61 microg/ml). The water extract of Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn) Roxb had the highest in vitro antiplasmodial activity followed by Phyllanthus emblica Linn. and Terminalia chebula Retz. The cytotoxic activity was exhibited by all plant extracts on Vero cells with IC50 values of 157.86 to 238.70 mg/ml. All of the plant extracts showed selectivity with the selectivity index (SI) ranged from 11 to 17. A standard 4-day suppressive test on P. berghei infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the extracts at 250 mg/kg/day. The results revealed that in vivo antiplasmodial activity with good suppression activity ranged from 53.40% to 69.46%.
All of the plant extracts exhibited interesting in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity with good selectivity.
The wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of fruit of Terminalia chebula evaluated on excision and incision model, in albino rats, in the form of an ointment with two concentrations (5% and 10% w/w ointment of bark extract in simple ointment base).Both concentrations of the ethanolic extract showed significant response in both the wound types tested when compared with the control group. Nitrofurazone ointment (0.2%w/w) used as standard.
Abstract The in vitro antioxidant potential of Triphala and its constituents was tested with the following systems: radical scavenging activity measured by DPPH reduction, and superoxide radical and peroxy radical scavenging properties measured by riboflavin/light/NBT reduction and linoleic acid peroxidation, respectively. Alcohol extracts of Triphala and its constituents were studied comparatively and found to be strong anti-oxidants. Triphala was also effective in preventing superoxide-induced haemolysis of red blood cells. The extracts also prevented lipid peroxidation induced by Fe3+/ADP/Ascorbate system in rat liver mitochondria. The major phenolic compounds of the alcohol extracts were confirmed as tannins.