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... Recently, it has been reported that antioxidants reduce pain in formalin test (52). It has been reported that R. damascena contains flavonoid (2, 53,54). Therefore, it seems that these compounds have some role in the analgesic effect of the plant. ...
... Rosa damascena mill L, commonly known as Damask rose (1), is known as Gole Mohammadi in Iran (2). It is one of the most important species of Rosaceae family. ...
Rosa damascena mill L., known as Gole Mohammadi in is one of the most important species of Rosaceae family flowers. R. damascena is an ornamental plant and beside perfuming effect, several pharmacological properties including anti-HIV, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitussive, hypnotic, antidiabetic, and relaxant effect on tracheal chains have been reported for this plant. This article is a comprehensive review on pharmacological effects of R. damascena.
Online literature searches were performed using Medline, medex, Scopus, and Google Scholar websites backed to 1972 to identify researches about R. damascena. Searches also were done by going through the author's files and the bibliographies of all located papers.
... It is believed to posses bacteriostatic properties and in addition have mood relaxing, anti-spasmodic and gall bladder healing effect. Avicenna et al reported a study of the rose oil and its has use in an aromatherapy treatment of cardiac diseases (7). In this study, biological activities of essential oil of this plant are evaluated against human colon cancer cell line. ...
In this study, we report the effect of the essential oil of Rosa Damascena on human colon cancer cell line (SW742) and human fibroblast cells.
Colon cancer is the second most common fatal malignancy. Owing to the existence of many side effects and problems related to common treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, alternative treatments are being investigated. Some herbal medicines have shown promising results against different types of cancers. Herbal medicines used have included the use naturally occurring essential oils.
The essential oil of Rosa Damascena was obtained by distillation and its effect on SW742 cell-line and fibroblast cells were investigated with cell culture. The cells were cultured and different volumes of essential oil were induced to the cells. After48hincubation, cell survival was measured and using statistical analysis, the findings were evaluated and reported.
This study showed that soluble part of Rosa Damascena oil increases cell proliferation in high volumes and the non-soluble component decreases cell proliferation.
The effects of essential oils, such as Rosa Damascena, on cell proliferation require more thorough investigation.
... Several pharmacological effects such as therapeutic activity on premenstrual breast tenderness and inflammation reduction were reported for these species distillates. In addition, it is a valuable natural drug agent possessing bacteriostatic, gall curative, antispasmodic action; and it is also used on aroma-therapy for the treatment of cardiac diseases, and relaxation [10] [11], as well as in cosmetics and bread-candy industry [12] [13] [14] [15]. The most common aroma concentrates of rose are rose oil and rose water, derived by a hydrodistillation method For quality control of this product, a suitable and effective analytical extraction method is required [16] [17]. ...
The present study aims to enrich the field of friendly to the environment rural crops, by introducing the distillation
products of Rosa damascena, rose oil and water, and their benefits. The chemical composition of these extracts is
presented. According to the results, the rose oil processes a significant number of organic compounds that render it as
excellent essence oil competitive with all existing oils in the market. It is worth mentioning that the presence of 59
detectable compounds on that oil may contribute to the aromatic character of the produced oil and particularly to the
forecasted centesimal proportion of the final composition. However, the exact way that they participate in the
attributes of the final product should be studied further. Moreover, the analysis of the rose water indicated that its
physicochemical properties are similar to those of potable water lacking microbial presence. Our results support rose
cultivation and exploitation in the region of Western Macedonia in Greece, since it is friendly to the environment, and
its products (rosewater, rose oil and roses) have significant qualitative characteristics, which make them highly
competitive in different products and applications.
... In another report from Iran, essential oil of R. damascena was extracted obtained in acidic solutions. In this report yield of essential oil was 10% v/v [16]. Analyses of essential oil of R. damascena in different countries have been done, too. ...
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The yield of the oil was 0.16% (v/w). Among 25 components, eight components, representing 99.98% of the oil, were characterized. Nonadecane (39.73%), heneicosane (32.38%), docosane (7.34%), citronellol (6.14%) and 9-nonadecene (5.69%), were found to be major constituents.
... from the water oil surface and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. The extracted oil was stored at 4 °C in a brown bottle until further use (Clevenger, 1928; Loghmani‐Khouzani et al., 2007). The determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of individual combining agents' i.e. ...
The recent approach of using herbs and antibiotics in combination constitutes a strategy to overcome the problems of resistance and side effects associated with conventional antibiotics. In the present study, the antimicrobial effect of Pelargonium graveolens L' Hér essential oil in combination with ciprofloxacin was evaluated on uropathogens, namely, Klebsiella pneumoniae KT2, Proteus mirabilis PRT3 and Staphylococcus aureus ST2. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of P. graveolens essential oil and ciprofloxacin were determined by the microbroth dilution method and further, the interaction between these two agents was studied by a checkerboard method. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was calculated to be 0.375 for both K. pneumoniae KT2 and P. mirabilis PRT3, while for S. aureus ST2 it was found to be 0.5. The values of FICI for the tested microorganisms were found to be ≤0.5, which indicates synergism between P. graveolens essential oil and ciprofloxacin. The concave shaped curve in the isobolograms also depicted a synergistic effect of P. graveolens essential oil and ciprofloxacin against the tested microorganisms. Hence, the synergistic action of P. graveolens essential oil and ciprofloxacin may be applied for the treatment of UTIs, which have hitherto been treated by using only synthetic drugs.
The highly valued oil of Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae), widely used in high perfumery, cosmetics, and other spheres of human life, obliges us to know and study the safety profile of the product obtained from the water–steam distillation of fresh rose petals. The genotoxicity of the essential oil (EsO) has not been thoroughly studied despite its wide range of applications. That predetermined the object of this study—to evaluate, through classical cytogenetic methods, the possible cytotoxic/genotoxic activities of R. damascena Mill. EsO (EsORdm) in three different test systems: plant root meristem cells, mammalian bone marrow cells, and human lymphocyte cultures. The rose essential oil showed varying concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic and genotoxic effects depending on the test system used, and it was established that the oil showed moderate cytotoxicity in lymphocyte cultures and non-high cytotoxicity in ICR mice but none in barley. Both barley and human lymphocytes showed a genotoxic effect with a dose-dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and a substantial rise in micronucleus (MN) frequency, while no genotoxicity was observed in bone marrow cells at the applied concentrations. Human lymphocytes exhibited the highest susceptibility to cytotoxic and genotoxic actions of the EsO. As a valuable plant-derived aromatic product with versatile uses in human life, R. damascena Mill. essential oil should be used in an appropriate concentration range tailored to cellular sensitivity.
This study proposes a scheme for optimizing the extraction of Damask rose essential oil under supercritical conditions. The effects of temperature, pressure, and static time on the extraction process were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that increasing pressure and static time had a positive effect on extraction, while increasing temperature had a negative effect. The optimal conditions for extraction were found to be 45 °C, 180 bar, and 180 min, with an efficiency of approximately 92% and a content of 54.2% for 2-phenylethanol. The extraction process was modeled using Peng–Robinson equations based on equilibrium data, with values of kij and lij determined as 0.311 and 0.037, respectively. The separation unit was simulated using Aspen Hysys, with operating conditions set at 20 °C and 55 bar. An economic evaluation of the industrial plan was conducted using Aspen Plus. The fixed investment cost (FIC) for the project was calculated as 220,000. The capital return period for the project was determined to be 8 months, indicating that the initial investment would be recovered within this timeframe.
Rosa damascena Mill. a plant from Rosaceae family is traditionally used for treatment of many disorders especially against infectious diseases. The antimicrobial activity of R. damascena oil was determined against a large number of microorganisms including Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, yeast and filamentous by micro broth dilution assay. The oil was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Chemical composition of oil revealed the presence of β-citronellol (48.2 %), geraniol (17.0 %), β-phenylethyl benzoate (5.4 %) and phenyl ethyl alcohol (5.1 %) as the main components. The MIC values of oil were in the ranges of 0.125–1 μl/ml. Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were less sensitive to R. damascena oil. The oil exhibited the antimicrobial activity against a large number of microorganisms especially against Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumonia. This oil could be used as a natural antimicrobial agent in treatment of infectious diseases; more clinical studies should be done for demonstration of its efficacy.
The essential oil content in the flowers of Persian Yellow Rose (Rosa foetida Herrm.) growing wild in Kurdistan, west of Iran was found to be 0.1 % based on the fresh weight. The oil was analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Six constituents, representing 69 % of the oil were identified. The major components of the oil were n-nonadecane (28.0 %), 1-heptadecene (16.0 %) and n-dodecanoic acid (12.0 %). The quality of this investigated rose oil was found not to be comparable to that obtained from the other Rosa species.
Industrial cultivation of Rosa damascena and rose oil production is a centuries-old industry based on well-established traditional hand-picking of rose flowers. Here the traditional rose harvesting practices were evaluated through GC/MS analysis of the volatile compounds accumulation in R. damascena flowers at eight different developmental stages, flower buds with arrested development and flowers collected at six daytime points related to flower picking. The accumulation of 80 out of 100 volatile compounds was significantly influenced by the stage of flower development while 62 out of 103 compounds were significantly influenced by the daytime period of flower collection. Principal component analysis showed close clustering of the flower developmental stages and daytime periods preferable for flower harvesting and production of high quality and quantity of rose oil. Taken together the obtained results provide further support to the currently applied traditional rose flower harvesting practices. The possible applications of more precise flower harvesting for fine modulation of rose oil composition and reduction levels of the unwanted compound methyl eugenol are discussed.
Background and the purpose of study: Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) has cooling, soothing, astringent, and anti-inflammatory effects, and has been used in the north of Iran as a cardiotonic agent. The aim of this study was to identify components of R. damascena (cultivated in Guilan Province) extract and essential oil and to study their biological activities. Methods: Essential oil of R. damascena was prepared by hydrodistillation and analyzed with GC/MS instrument. The antioxidant activity of hydro-alcohlic extract of petals and essential oil was measured using free radical scavenging activity with 2-2-diphenyl, 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation (ferric ammonium thiocyanate) methods. Results: Hydro-alcoholic extract showed strong free radical scavenging capacity compared to lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects. IC 50 values of the extract were 2.24 µg/mL and 520 µg/mL in free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation assays, respectively. The major components of essential oil were linalool (3.8%), nerol (3.05%), geraniol (15.05%), 1-nonadecene (18.56%), n-tricosane (16.68%), hexatriacontane (24.6%) and n-pentacosane (3.37%). The bioassay- guided fractionation of extract led to the isolation of three flavonol glycosides: quercetin-3-O- glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3-O-arabinoside. The IC 50 value of the radical scavenging activity of kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside which was, 530 µg/mL was weaker than the extract. Major conclusion: The petal of this cultivated rose has no bitter taste and because of its potential antioxidant activity and good taste, can be used as food flavor and a preventing agent for many diseases.
Rosa damascena, or Damask rose, is a rose hybrid commonly harvested for rose oil used in perfumery and for rose water used to flavor food. The petal extract of R. damascena was recently found to decrease Drosophila melanogaster mortality without impairing reproductive fitness or metabolic rate. Here, we report that R. damascena extended both mean and maximum lifespan of the fly. The extract also protected against oxidative stress in flies, predominantly in females. However, it did not alter mitochondrial respiration or content, superoxide production, or the major antioxidant defenses, superoxide dismutase and catalase. The extract increased survival in both sexes when exposed to reduced iron, though surprisingly, it sensitized both sexes to heat stress (survival at 37°C), and appeared to down-regulate the major heat shock protein HSP70 and the small mitochondrial heat shock protein HSP22, at 25°C and after heat shock (4 h at 37°C). We hypothesize that R. damascena extends lifespan by protecting against iron, which concomitantly leads to decreased HSP expression and compromising heat tolerance.
The antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and total phenolic contents of Rosa damascena Mill. flower extracts (absolute, essential oil and hydrosol) were investigated. The chemical compositions of these extracts were analysed by GC-MS. Phenylethyl alcohol (78.38%) was found to be the main constituent of rose absolute, while citrenellol and geraniol were the major compounds (>55%) of rose essential oil and hydrosol. Tocopherol and carotene levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The levels of beta carotene (422.3+/-35.6 ppm), alpha tocopherol (2397.1+/-72.5 ppm) and gamma tocopherol (343.1+/-28.4 ppm) of rose absolute were found to be higher than that of essential oil and hydrosol. Their total phenolic contents were also evaluated. The total phenolic content of the tested extracts varied from 5.2 to 2134.3 GAE/mg L(-1). Rose absolute and essential oil contained high levels of phenolics and demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472) and Erwinia carotovora (ATCC 39048) strains.
SARs may enable the evaluation of the toxic potential of chemicals by drawing conclusions from available data on structurally-related chemicals, thus reducing the need for further testing. The Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance (BUA) [1,2] of the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker [GDCh]) has compiled data on the toxicity and ecological impact for several groups of chemicals [3, 4]. In the present review, some common toxicological properties for aliphatic amines were revealed after evaluation and comparison of the toxicity data.
Recovery of water-soluble constituents of rose oil from aqueous solutions using simultaneous distillation–extraction was studied. Experiments were carried out using a modified Likens–Nickerson apparatus. A preliminary study was first performed on aqueous 2-phenylethanol solutions. Using n-butyl acetate as the solvent, the effects of extraction time, solvent volume and solute concentration on recovery yields were investigated. The optimum experimental conditions obtained from the preliminary study were applied to extract rose oil constituents from actual aqueous solutions, such as rose water, second distillation water and residual water of Iranian rose (Rosa damascena Mill). The results show that a representative extract with recovery of the most valuable constituents of rose oil was carried out successfully. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rose concrete obtained from Rosa damascena Mill. was fractionated by supercritical CO2 extraction at 80 bar pressure and 40°C temperature by using a two-stage separation procedure. Two products, containing mainly paraffins and volatile oil, were recovered in the first and in the second separator, respectively. The volatile oil was analysed by GC–MS and compared with the products obtained from rose concrete by steam distillation and ethyl alcohol solubilization. The supercritical rose oil and the steam distilled product had very different compositions. The major difference was in the 2-phenylethanol content which was 50.0% in the SFE product and 10.4% in the steam-distilled rose oil. The liquid product obtained by ethyl alcohol solubilization contained 28.3% of 2-phenylethanol but more than 46% of paraffins, whereas the supercritical volatile oil contained only 15.1% of these compounds. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thirty-two compounds have been characterized by GC/MS and relative retention time in the oil of Rosa damascena cultivated in Kangra Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India at an altitude of 4000 ft. The major components were citronellol (40%), geraniol (14.49%), nonadecane (12.30%), heneicosane (6.69%) and phenylethyl alcohol (4.06%).
Experiments were conducted on field distillation unit to distil rose oil and rose water from the fresh flowers of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) under different pressures and temperatures to study and compare the essential oil composition by GC–FID. The monoterpene hydrocarbons and esters were found to be in traces, and stearoptene content was found to be higher in the oil distilled under high pressure, as compared to oil produced under atmospheric pressure. In general, the percentage of total alcohols (55.25–83.41%) in rose oil increased with the increase in pressure and temperature of the distillation. Physicochemical properties of rose oil distilled at varying level of temperatures and pressures are discussed. A comparative study was also conducted of rose oil constituents from dichloromethane-extracted rose water and redistilled rose water under atmospheric and higher pressure. At higher pressure early-eluting components in the GC column were present in traces and decrease in total alcoholic content was observed. It can be concluded that distillation conducted under pressure does not yield good quality oil. However, dichloromethane-extracted rose oil from rose water carries a higher amount of 2-phenylethyl alcohol. The total rose alcohol content present in rose water was higher than in rose oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) cultivar ‘Kelkar’, grown in the agroclimatic conditions of the western Himalayas, was processed by various hydrodistillation methods, which revealed that water distillation of the herb gave a higher oil yield (0.16–0.22%) than the water–steam distillation (0.09–0.12%) and steam distillation methods (0.06–0.18%). The samples were analysed by GC and GC–MS to study and compare the essential oil compositions which revealed that the oil distilled by the water–steam distillation method contained a higher content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (1.7%), followed by steam distillation without cohobation and without recycling (1.5%). A higher content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4.4%) was found in cumulative oil followed by ‘direct oil’ (4.2%) obtained by steam distillation with cohobation and without recycling of hydrosol, followed by the water–steam distillation method (3.4%). ‘Decanted oil’, recovered from redistilling the hydrosol obtained by steam distillation with cohobation and without recycling, contained maximum monoterpene cyclic ethers (1.1%) and carbonyl content (9.9%), closely followed by water–steam distillation method (1.1% and 7.2%, respectively). Steam distillation without cohobation and without recycling of hydrosol yielded essential oil with a higher percentage of esters (21.1%), followed by ‘direct oil’ (16.6%). Lower ester content (5.3%) was noticed in ‘decanted oil’, followed by oil distilled by steam distillation with cohobation and with recycling (11.8%) and oil distilled in a Clevenger apparatus by the water distillation method (12.2%), whereas maximum total alcohols were found in the ‘decanted oil’ (75.1%), followed by oil from the Clevenger apparatus (72.8%) and steam distillation with cohobation and with recycling (69.1%). A lower alcohol content was found in the ‘direct oil’ (55.2%) closely followed by ‘cumulative oil’ (55.8%). The variation in total alcohol and ester contents in geranium oil samples, distilled by using different processing techniques on pilot scale distillation, is mainly due to hydrolysis of some volatile constituents. This was further supported by acid values of the oils, along with other physicochemical properties, such as specific gravity, optical rotation, refractive index, solubility in alcohol, ester value with cold and hot methods, estimation of ester content as geranyl formate and geranyl tiglate, ester number after acetylation, and ester number after formylation with aceto-formic acid and formic acid. Methods have been standardized and proposed for distillations of specific quality, e.g. ester-rich and alcohol-rich geranium oils, to meet different requirements of the industry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiments were conducted on field distillation unit to distil rose oil and rose water from the fresh flowers of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) under different pressures and temperatures to study and compare the essential oil composition by GC–FID. The monoterpene hydrocarbons and esters were found to be in traces, and stearoptene content was found to be higher in the oil distilled under high pressure, as compared to oil produced under atmospheric pressure. In general, the percentage of total alcohols (55.25–83.41%) in rose oil increased with the increase in pressure and temperature of the distillation. Physicochemical properties of rose oil distilled at varying level of temperatures and pressures are discussed. A comparative study was also conducted of rose oil constituents from dichloromethane-extracted rose water and redistilled rose water under atmospheric and higher pressure. At higher pressure early-eluting components in the GC column were present in traces and decrease in total alcoholic content was observed. It can be concluded that distillation conducted under pressure does not yield good quality oil. However, dichloromethane-extracted rose oil from rose water carries a higher amount of 2-phenylethyl alcohol. The total rose alcohol content present in rose water was higher than in rose oil.
The essential oil of Rosa damascena petals was evaluated for its antibacterial effects against three strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis spp. vesicatoria. The essential oil may be a potential control agent in the management of the disease caused by X.a. vesicatoria in tomato and pepper plants.
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