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Understanding the internal processes of behavioral engagement in a national park: A latent variable path analysis of the value-belief-norm theory
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Theoretical advances in research on the antecedents of human behavior have offered promising explanations for why people choose to undertake environmentally friendly action. This investigation provides further insight on the psychological processes driving self-reported behavioral engagement among visitors to Channel Islands National Park in the United States. We used latent variable structural equation modeling to test the hypothesized structure stipulated by the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory of environmentalism. Biospheric-altruistic values geared toward non-human species and concern for other people positively predicted environmental worldview and pro-environmental behavior, whereas egoistic values negatively influenced moral norm activation. Consistent with previous research, findings also showed that belief structures and personal moral norms gave rise to conservation behaviors reported by visitors to the park.
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... The VBN theory is frequently employed to examine how individual values relate to beliefs, norms and behavior toward the environment [26,29]. In general, these studies have aided in understanding tourism behavior in nature [32,33], but there is very little research information on young people's views on environmentally sustainable tourismrelated behavior. ...
... Egoistic value refers to the importance of self-interest over society's interests [29]. In previous studies, individuals with environmental awareness that are influenced by biospheric value tend to take positive environmental action [32,76]. Environmental awareness and altruism are positively correlated in the context of green intentions [77][78][79]. ...
... Tourism's altruistic value has been shown to significantly affect the NEP [20,86]. From the viewpoint of tourism, earlier empirical research discovered substantial associations between egoistic value and the NEP [20,32,55,64,66,87]. Thus, this study proposes the following hypotheses: ...
The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical framework by integrating the value�belief-norm (VBN) theory with environmental awareness in measuring Chinese university students’ environmentally sustainable behavior toward tourism destinations. University students tend to engage in sustainability efforts since their values and beliefs are still being formed. The participants were 301 university students from a university in eastern China. The empirical findings demonstrate
that: (1) environmental awareness has positive influences on biospheric value, altruistic value and egoistic value; (2) biospheric value positively predicts the new ecological paradigm (NEP), whereas altruistic and egoistic values do not; (3) the NEP, awareness of consequence and personal norms play an important mediating role. Results indicate that extended VBN can explain students’ environmentally sustainable behavior. This research supports the growth of sustainable tourism and
has a number of practical implications for universities and the relevant environmental departments to promote university students’ involvement in sustainable tourism.
... Worldviews are more general than norms, as they are a reflection of broader tendencies that are not specific to one particular area . PEBs are connected to environmental worldviews (Van Riper & Kyle, 2014), which are measured in this study by the widely adopted New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale (Dunlap et al., 2000;Dunlap, 2008). The NEP scale theoretically relates to principles about living in harmony with or having mastery over natural and social worlds (Schwartz, 1994(Schwartz, , 1999. ...
... Only minor rewording of the items was required. The questionnaire was based on previous PEB literature focusing on interpretive program outcomes, and relevant theoretical concepts (Bamberg & Möser, 2007;Lawhon et al., 2013;López-Mosquera & Sánchez, 2012;Mobley et al., 2010;Vagias et al., 2014;van Riper & Kyle, 2014). While we did not conduct an elicitation study as per Francis et al. (2004) we did include multiple items pertaining to each construct (more than three). ...
... To confirm internal consistency of all scales, we generated Cronbach's alpha coefficients; an alpha coefficient of 0.7 or above indicates good scale reliability (Nunnally, 1978), achieved by all but two items ( Table 2). The low Cronbach's alpha coefficients of cognitive and affective attitudes align with previous findings (López-Mosquera & Sánchez, 2012;Vagias et al., 2014;van Riper & Kyle, 2014). Furthermore, as the coefficient alpha is a function of the number of items within a scale and both attitude constructs were only measured using four items, we reduced our concern for the low alpha coefficients given the low number of scale items (Cortina, 1993). ...
Environmental interpretation can improve sustainability by mitigating the negative impacts of nature-based recreation. However, we do not fully understand the psychological factors that influence interpretation’s efficacy in changing human behaviours. Specifically, the role of emotions has been understudied within environmental psychology and nature-based recreation. This study, therefore, provides further insight into the psychological processes driving pro-environmental behavioural intentions among overnight visitors attending personal interpretation programs in provincial parks in Alberta, Canada. In 2018 and 2019, we surveyed 763 attendees of personal interpretation events. We used latent variable structural regression modeling to test the hypothesized relationships between ecological worldview, attitudes, emotions, and pro-environmental behaviours. As predicted, there were positive relationships between worldviews, affective and cognitive attitudes, and emotions; these variables and knowledge gain were positively associated with pro-environmental behaviours. Findings suggest that interpretation should focus programming on the affective elements of communication, target personal meaning such as responsibility to act, and continue to transmit knowledge.
... The Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Environmentalism (Stern et al., 1999) holds that three key values inform environmental beliefs: biospheric, altruistic, and egoistic values. A large body of research has supported this tripartite conceptualization and provided evidence for their relevance in influencing environmental beliefs and behavior (Stern et al., 1999;van Riper & Kyle, 2014;Steg et al., 2005;de Groot & Steg, 2008). These three values are distinct, as evidenced by the different relationships each has with environmental beliefs and behaviors. ...
... Some researchers (e.g. Pradhananga et al., 2015;van Riper & Kyle, 2014) have suggested that altruistic and biospheric values should be collapsed into one dimension, whereas other researchers have distinguished between the two. Egoistic values are a distinct third value, given that they are negatively correlated with environmental beliefs (de Groot & Steg, 2008;Stern et al., 1998). ...
... To generalize results beyond the tailored messages used for this study, future work should aim to represent values with a broader array of messages. Third, our study integrated biospheric and altruistic values within a single message in line with self-transcendence (Schwartz, 2012) whereas our path models recognized differences between the effects of these two value orientations (van Riper & Kyle, 2014). Future work should seek to disentangle the effects of these two values by testing messages that include only one value dimension, particularly given past work that has indicated combining frames in one message may be less effective than individual frames (Nilsson et al., 2016). ...
Aquatic invasive species (AIS) pose negative threats to ecosystems and society on a global scale. The unintentional transport of AIS by recreationists who move between waterbodies has prompted outreach campaigns that encourage changes in human behavior. These campaigns have been widely disseminated, however the risks of AIS transport remain high. Thus, evaluations of how these campaigns are being processed by stakeholders are urgently needed. In this study, we tested the persuasive capacity of values-framed messages among recreational water users throughout the U.S. state of Illinois. Results indicated that messages framed to reflect biospheric and altruistic values were most likely to resonate with recreationists. Specifically, participants with strong biospheric values tended to review the message closely when it was aligned with their values, resulting in stronger beliefs about their ability to take action. Implementing values-framing in AIS outreach may ultimately increase support for AIS prevention and lower the risk of spread.
... Finally, social environmentalism is reflected by collective arrangement through peer-to-peer interactions and influences from groups on the environment. Given the importance of human behaviors for advancing agendas that support environmental management, a considerable amount of research attention has been directed toward the psychological principles that give rise to behavior under assumptions of rationality (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1977;Miller, 2017) and moral obligation that is rooted in values (Dietz et al., 2005;Stern et al., 1999;van Riper and Kyle, 2014). ...
... Previous research has provided empirical evidence that connects values to behavior through multiple pathways of predictor variables (Schwartz, 1973;Stern, 2000;de Groot and Steg, 2009;van Riper and Kyle, 2014). One established chain of predictor variables includes values, beliefs such as environmental concern, and personal norms defined as feelings of guilt and pride that induce behavior change when activated (Vaske and Donnelly, 1999). ...
... The environmental concern construct included six items that spanned three dimensions: 1) affective, 2) cognitive, and 3) conative concern (Diekmann and Preisendörfer, 2003). Personal norms were measured using three items that encompassed a respondent's obligation to behave in an environmentally friendly way (van Riper and Kyle, 2014). To examine attitudes, we assessed respondents' willingness to use a portion of their yearly dividend from the APFD as a financial method to support protected area management. ...
The participation of local communities in management decisions is critically important to the long-term salience and therefore, success, of protected areas. Engaging community members in meaningful ways requires knowledge of their behavior and its antecedents, particularly values. Understanding how learning influences cooperation in conservation initiatives is also fundamentally important for supporting decisions being made about public lands. However, there is little empirical evidence of how learning from different information sources works in conjunction with values that shape behavior. Using data from a household survey of residents living in the Denali region of Interior Alaska, U.S, we estimated a two-step structural equation model to understand the psychological reasons why stakeholders made decisions to collectively benefit the environment. Results showed that more diverse pathways by which learning occurred were instrumental in explaining why residents performed pro-environmental behaviors over the past year. Additionally, values that reflected the goals of eudaimonia influenced the transfer and negotiation of knowledge exchange among stakeholders as a correlate of behavior. Environmental concern and personal norms were positively associated with reported behaviors operationalized as social environmentalism and living in an environmentally conscientious manner, whereas environmental concern and willingness to pay for protected area management positively influenced civic engagement. We argue that broadening the range of learning spaces and considering a more diverse array of values in communities surrounding protected areas will encourage daily lifestyle changes, social interactions to support environmentalism, and more robust, pluralistic forms of public engagement in natural resource management.
... Environmental threats are real and have caused many climatic changes. An awareness of the consequences of human actions builds the necessary belief to behave in a specific manner (van Riper and Kyle, 2014). Awareness of consequences involves a level of personal awareness of the consequences of environmental threats around an individual (López-Mosquera and Sánchez, 2012). ...
... The conception of consequences is linked with the understanding that human actions impact individuals, society, and ecology (van Riper and Kyle, 2014). The causal chain of biospheric values impacts the awareness of consequences; individual actions influence the environmental aspect of energy conservation (Leygue et al., 2017). ...
... With the development of adequate personal norms, the individual becomes more inclined to engage in green behaviors (van Riper and Kyle, 2014). Personal norms assist in the development of green behavioral intentions (Ünal et al., 2019). ...
A country's energy usage can depict the development of its economy. Excessive energy consumption generates carbon emissions that degrade the climate and present challenges for sustainable global development. China is achieving economic development with excessive energy consumption and excessive carbon emissions, damaging the climate. As more energy is consumed at workplaces than in households and other buildings, energy conservation behaviors at workplaces can help mitigate environmental issues. In this study, we explore energy conservation behaviors in the workplace using the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory that has been extended and tested with survey data collected from China. Online survey-based data were collected from a total of 1,061 respondents and analyzed with partial least square regression structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results of our analysis indicate that biospheric values significantly predict pro-environment beliefs, awareness of consequences, and ascription of responsibility. Moreover, pro-environment beliefs positively affect awareness of consequences, and awareness of consequences positively affects the ascription of responsibility. Findings further revealed that pro-environment beliefs, awareness of consequences, an ascription of responsibility, and social norms positively affect personal norms. Furthermore, social and personal norms lead to intentions to engage in energy conservation behavior, which influences energy conservation behavior in the workplace. The current study contributes to our knowledge and understanding about workplace energy conservation behaviors by constructing biospheric values that lead to developing the necessary beliefs and norms to activate energy conservation behaviors. Policy and managerial implications are reported, which involve inculcating the necessary values and beliefs that generate norms that lead to pro-climate behavior.
... These actions, ranging from recycling at home to voting for an environmental party, span multiple behavioral domains (Larson, Stedman, Cooper, & Decker, 2015) that may influence the trajectory of human-environment interactions in the future. In light of these complexities, researchers have sought to improve measurement of psychometric scales by identifying the classes of pro-environmental behaviors with similar feasibility (Halpenny, 2010) and ensuring survey items are tailored to specific resource management contexts (van Riper & Kyle, 2014). ...
... Previous research has suggested there are multiple dimensions of pro-environmental behavior, depending on the domain and extent of impacts (Steg, Bolderdijk, Keizer, & Perlaviciute, 2014;Stern, 2000). While some researchers have measured pro-environmental behavior using unidimensional typologies (e.g., Kaiser, 1998;van Riper & Kyle, 2014), others have followed Stern's (2000) classification of behavior including activist and non-activist actions that span public and private spheres. Drawing on this latter perspective, scholars have argued that pro-environmental behavior can be conceptualized in terms of conservation lifestyles, social environmentalism, environmental citizenship, and land stewardship (Larson et al., 2015), as well as public, private, and social stewardship (van Riper, Browning, et al., 2019). ...
... Previous research has argued that values can directly predict behaviors that promote environmental sustainability (Karp, 1996;van Riper, Winkler-Schor, et al., 2019) or indirectly affect behavior when mediated by other psychological factors such as personal norms (Han, 2015;Nordlund & Garvill, 2003). This tripartite model of the value basis for explaining pro-environmental behavior has been validated in a wide array of research contexts (Han, 2015;Obeng & Aguilar, 2018;Poortinga et al., 2004;Steg & Vlek, 2009;van Riper & Kyle, 2014). ...
... These actions, ranging from recycling at home to voting for an environmental party, span multiple behavioral domains (Larson, Stedman, Cooper, & Decker, 2015) that may influence the trajectory of human-environment interactions in the future. In light of these complexities, researchers have sought to improve measurement of psychometric scales by identifying the classes of pro-environmental behaviors with similar feasibility (Halpenny, 2010) and ensuring survey items are tailored to specific resource management contexts (van Riper & Kyle, 2014). ...
... Previous research has suggested there are multiple dimensions of pro-environmental behavior, depending on the domain and extent of impacts (Steg, Bolderdijk, Keizer, & Perlaviciute, 2014;Stern, 2000). While some researchers have measured pro-environmental behavior using unidimensional typologies (e.g., Kaiser, 1998;van Riper & Kyle, 2014), others have followed Stern's (2000) classification of behavior including activist and non-activist actions that span public and private spheres. Drawing on this latter perspective, scholars have argued that pro-environmental behavior can be conceptualized in terms of conservation lifestyles, social environmentalism, environmental citizenship, and land stewardship (Larson et al., 2015), as well as public, private, and social stewardship (van Riper, Browning, et al., 2019). ...
... Previous research has argued that values can directly predict behaviors that promote environmental sustainability (Karp, 1996;van Riper, Winkler-Schor, et al., 2019) or indirectly affect behavior when mediated by other psychological factors such as personal norms (Han, 2015;Nordlund & Garvill, 2003). This tripartite model of the value basis for explaining pro-environmental behavior has been validated in a wide array of research contexts (Han, 2015;Obeng & Aguilar, 2018;Poortinga et al., 2004;Steg & Vlek, 2009;van Riper & Kyle, 2014). ...
Understanding the transactions that occur between humans and their environments requires research focused on phenomena that explain behavioral patterns, particularly values that serve as guiding principles in life. Mounting evidence has suggested that pro-environmental behavior is motivated by the long-term goal of living a meaningful life, as reflected by Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia. However, the relationships among value concepts, particularly eudaimonic values, remains unclear despite the fundamental role that these constructs play in explaining why people make behavioral decisions. We conceptualized eudaimonic values with guidance from Self-Determination Theory to understand how a suite of values affected pro-environmental behavior reported by recreational anglers (n = 1,103) across five US states (Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Indiana) in the Great Lakes region. Results from a latent variable path model showed that eudaimonic values were strong predictors of biospheric, altruistic, egoistic, and hedonic values, which in turn, influenced self-reported behavior among recreational anglers who were at risk of spreading aquatic invasive species. These findings suggest that eudaimonic values are an antecedent to values-behavior relationships and can improve the predictive capacity of models being developed to inform management strategies for minimizing human activities that are contributing to the unintentional spread of aquatic invasive species.
... A large body of literature has examined the prevalence and psychological drivers of various pro-environmental behaviour (Dresner et al., 2015;López-Mosquera & Sánchez, 2012), such as sustainable consumption and behaviours Ding et al., 2019;Klöckner, 2013;Li et al., 2020;Peattie, 2010;Wang et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2021) and behaviours of engaging with a national park (e.g. volunteering in parks) (van Riper & Kyle, 2014). Understanding the psychological factors motivating pro-environmental behaviour can be complex. ...
... Halpenny (2010) demonstrates that place attachment to a national park was positively related to pro-environmental behaviour. van Riper and Kyle (2014) found that personal norms concerning a national park are positively linked with pro-environmental behaviour affecting the park, such as volunteering for the park and reducing invasive species. Whitburn et al. (2019) show that participating in tree planting is positively associated with pro-environmental behaviour. ...
... A five-point Likert scale (1: strongly disagree-5: strongly agree) was used to measure this construct. Items for altruistic, biospheric, and egoistic values were adopted from several studies in the literature (Landon et al., 2018;Stern et al., 1999;van Riper & Kyle, 2014). These value-related constructs were measured in a fivepoint Likert scale (1: not at all important-5: extremely important). ...
Urban nature is widely recognized to be vital for sustainable urban development due to its wide range of benefits to urban residents. One of these benefits is urban nature’s contribution to promoting pro-environmental behaviour. This behaviour can reduce individual consumption, thereby decreasing the overall ecological footprint of urban areas. However, there is limited empirical evidence for a link between urban nature and pro-environmental behaviour. To test this link, we apply the value-belief-norm theory by examining the relationship between learning in urban nature and environmental values among Singaporean residents (n = 1,500). Our findings showed that learning in urban nature affected biospheric values and personal norms of the public. In turn, these values and norms promoted the public’s support for certified timber products, organic products, and boycotts of non-sustainable products. Relational values also supported these impacts. These benefits indicate an urban ecosystem service transcending city boundaries as urban nature in one region can support reducing an ecological footprint in other regions. These study findings may contribute to finding a contribution of urban nature as a nature-based approach to encouraging sustainable consumption, and a role of relational values in promoting pro-environmental behaviour.
... Environmental values consist of egotistic values (i.e., individualistic and materialistic consumer values) which are balanced by social altruistic values and environmentally oriented biospheric values [42]. Previous research showed that biospheric, altruistic, and egoistic values influence environmentalism and, in turn, feelings of moral obligation which result in sustainable behavior [61,62]. According to Nordlund and Garvill [63], environmental values can encourage consumers to engage in sustainable consumption. ...
... For example, we asked respondents to evaluate their agreement or disagreement with such statements as "we are approaching the limit of the number of people the Earth can support" or "humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs.". To measure environmental values, we used 13 items adopted from Howell [61] and Van Riper and Kylie [62], as based on Schwartz [65]. From these, four items reflect biospheric values, four reflect altruistic values, and five reflect egoistic values. ...
This study explores the links between environmental attitudes and values, personal norms, perceived responsibility, pro-environmental and prosocial engagement in sustainable consumption, and sustainable consumption behavior. Data was collected by surveying 904 Lithuanians through non-random quota sampling. Empirical research reveals that internal factors, such as environmental attitudes, values, personal norms, and perceived responsibility, have a positive direct effect on engagement with sustainable consumption. In addition, the findings indicate that pro-environmental and prosocial engagement to act as a mediator in enhancing the impact on sustainable consumer behavior. The results of this study expand the understanding of the engagement phenomena and how it can assist in shifting to sustainable consumer behavior in the Lithuanian context. Opportunities to encourage sustainable consumption behavior are presented for marketers and policy makers.
... Thus, the intention to use reusable alternatives to SUPs is more of a moral decision than a rational one. In this regard, tourists' intentions to use reusable alternatives to SUPs can be regarded as pro-social in nature with an altruistic motive that aims to protect the environment of destinations for its sake and for the benefit of other tourists (Gao, Huang, and Zhang 2017;van Riper and Kyle 2014;Wittenberg, Blöbaum, and Matthies 2018). The finding further reaffirms the notion that being a transient population, morality and for that matter the sense of obligation carries much weight amongst tourists in relation to actions that are geared toward protecting and preserving the environment than the idea of systematic rational considerations that underpin the rational theorization (Han 2015;Li and Wu 2019). ...
... In relation to the model on NAM (morality) for the overall sample, all the hypothesized paths were significant except the influence of awareness of consequences on personal norm. The positive influence of awareness of consequences on ascription of responsibility, ascription of responsibility on personal norm and personal norm on intention to use reusable alternatives are consistent with the theoretical foundations of the NAM (Gao, Huang, and Zhang 2017;Han 2015;van Riper and Kyle 2014). The NAM assumes that pro-environmental intentions such as the intention to use reusable alternatives to SUPs is a pro-social behavior and therefore directly determined by the personal norms of tourists (De Groot and Steg 2009;Steg and de Groot 2010;Wittenberg, Blöbaum, and Matthies 2018). ...
Though rational and moral antecedents to tourists’ pro-environmental behavioral intentions have been separately established, the literature remains inconclusive on whether tourists’ pro-environmental intentions are underpinned by rational or moral considerations. Based on the theory of planned behavior and the norm activation model, this study examines the competing rational and moral antecedents of intention to use reusable alternatives to single-use plastics using data obtained from 653 tourists and analyzed with the structural equation modeling. The results indicate that though morality better explained nthe intention to use reusable alternatives to single-use plastics amongst all tourists, rationality underpinned the intention amongst domestic tourists while morality better explained the intentions of international tourists. The implications of these findings regarding future theorization of tourists’ pro-environmental behavior and measures to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in coastal destinations are discussed
... That is, adding other relevant influential factors to the TPB such as personal norms and awareness of consequences from the NAM can enhance better predictive validity so that we can reach a more accurate predictive model (Steg et al., 2014;Xu et al., 2017). This is supported by the PEB literature suggesting PEB can be considered a type of pro-social behaviour which is driven by altruistic beliefs about what is right or wrong based on the consequences of a person's actions on others' welfare (Lindenberg and Steg, 2007;Steg and Vlek, 2009;Van Riper and Kyle, 2014). Given this rationale, several studies have suggested integrating the TPB with the NAM to improve the predictive power of the PEB model in the general pro-social context (Manosuthi et al., 2020;Shin et al., 2018) including waste separating. ...
... It should be noted that 'intention' as a proxy for measuring 'behaviour' in the TPB was removed in the current proposed conceptual model as shown in Fig. 1 the 'intention-action gap' has been highlighted in numerous studies (Goh and Baum, 2021;Goh, 2020a;Goh et al., 2017;Unsworth et al., 2013). In an effort to address this gap, some researchers have considered measuring 'on-site/current behaviour' as an immediate proxy for measuring actual behaviour once there is a possibility to measure their current behaviour while in the house (on-site behaviour) Goh, 2020b;Van Riper and Kyle, 2014;Kaiser et al., 2005). Given this rationale, this study attempted to shift from measuring residential households' waste separation intentions to gathering data based on their current behaviour. ...
A pro-environmental behaviour to solve the problem of household waste and achieve sustainable municipal solid waste management is waste separation behaviour (WSB). As part of pro-environmental behaviour, WSB is argued to be influenced by rational decision-making approach (i.e. the theory of planned behaviour [TPB]) and moral norms approach (i.e. norm activation model [NAM]). Drawing from the integration of the TPB and the NAM along with the addition of a moderator i.e. ‘local government support’ as an external predictor of WSB, a new model was developed. Using structural equation modelling, this study tested the integrated structural model amongst 1697 household residents in the city of Joondalup, Australia. The SmartPLS results indicated that the personal norm, social norms and perceived behavioural control were found to be the major factors influencing residents towards WSB while both attitudes and local government support were unexpectedly found to have no significant influence thereon. Furthermore, the perceived behavioural control was found to have the highest effect on WSB. This indicates the more Joondalup residents feel confident and capable of sorting the waste at source, they will be more driven towards sorting their waste using the three-bin system. These findings are useful for promoting and planning WSB by policy-makers to ease the waste disposal problem.
... Personal norms are the self-constructed behavioral expectations that an individual puts on themself in different situations [43]. Both, awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility, are antecedents of personal norms, as they trigger the activation of this mindset [44]. The Norm Activation Model [43] postulated a causal chain of relationships where higher awareness of consequences leads to a greater ascription of responsibility, which in turn increases personal norms [45]. ...
... Additionally, this study can help companies to improve their marketing strategy with content that encourages green consumer behavior. Advertisements should appeal to the awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility of consumers, as these are important triggers of personal norm [44]. If consumers are aware of the consequences that their behavior has and take responsibility for it, they are going to be more likely to buy green products. ...
Recycling used materials is one way to deal with the depletion of natural resources available on earth. Companies increasingly integrate recycled materials into their production processes and transition towards circular business models. However, although the attitude towards sustainable products is positive, consumers still prefer to buy products made from new instead of recycled materials. Empirical research on factors influencing the purchase intention of recycled products is still limited. This study aims to examine consumers’ individual factors that are important in the decision process to buy recycled products. The Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory is explored in the context of recycled product purchase intention. Perceived risk is added to the research model as a moderator that hinders purchase intention. The different influences are analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modelling with a sample of 177 respondents from Germany. Results indicate that the causal chain of relationships between values, beliefs, and personal norm has a positive influence on recycled product purchase intention. Perceived risk, on the other hand, has a significant negative direct effect on purchase intention but strengthens the relationship between personal norms and purchase intention. Theoretical and managerial implications as well as avenues for further research are discussed.
... A general classification of 56 values representing ten universal value types found across cultures was put forward by Schwartz (1994). Research since the 90s' has shown an association between these values and environmental behaviour (Gutiérrez, 1996;Thogersen & Grunert-Beckmann, 1997;van Riper & Kyle, 2014). Studies have also sought to see a link between values and attitudes (Grunert & Juhl, 1995;Nordlund & Garvill, 2002;Schultz & Zelezny, 2003). ...
... Values are also considered multidimensional constructs acting as guiding principles that reach across different situations and influence decision-making (van Riper et al., 2020). Furthermore, values are a basis for many psychological processes and thus are considered critical in behavioural change (van Riper & Kyle, 2014;Wynveen, Wynveen, & Sutton, 2015;Jones, Shaw, Ross, Witt, & Pinner, 2016). Dietz, Fitzgerald and Shwom (2005) concluded that values are stable in a person's life. ...
... Analysing students' perceptions of sustainable development in developing countries such as the Dominican Republic is of great importance because these young people will become the leaders who will have to develop strategies and actions in their professional and personal lives. Being able to analyse students' perceptions and propose alternatives to improve their perception towards sustainability is essential because there is evidence that knowledge about sustainability fosters good attitudes and behaviours in students, as well as increasing their intention to engage in sustainable actions [20][21][22][23][24]. One of the challenges teachers face regarding education for sustainable development is the inclusion of even more content in an already overloaded curriculum [25]. ...
... Steg et al. [41] confirmed that aspects such as value and environmental attitude influence people's sustainable behaviours. Some studies indicate that there is a relationship between behaviour in favour of the environment and environmental attitudes [20]. People who care about the environment and natural resources tend to adopt sustainable attitudes since they believe that protecting the environment is the right thing to do [42]. ...
Environmentally friendly behaviour and the equitable and sustainable use of natural resources can contribute to solving various environmental, economic, and social problems in different countries. The analysis of the perception of young students is important because schools are suitable for educating future generations and shaping their attitudes to also include a greater concern for the environment. This research aims to determine the degree of influence that a series of Likert-type questions of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours about sustainable development has on a series of items of the student profile (gender, age, course, and household members) in a developing country. For this, an artificial neural network is used that allows us not only to quantify the degree of influence but also to obtain an estimation of the student’s profile according to the responses obtained on sustainable development. The network developed allows us to obtain, through a determined collection of answers to questions about sustainable development, the estimation of a specific profile of a student from a developing country. This can be useful to educational communities interested in optimising economic resources through sustainable development, allowing them to know which issues they should focus more (or less) on according to the profile of the student they are targeting.
... tudás Farmer et al. 2007, Antimova et al. 2012, Juvan-Dolnicar 2017, Debbage-Debbage 2019, Abdullah et al. 2020 attitűd Antimova et al. 2012, Juvan-Dolnicar 2014, Meng-Choi 2016, Passafaro 2020 érzelem Kals et al. 1999, Ramkissoon et al. 2012, Kasza-Kelemen 2015, Gössling 2020, Mkono-Hughes 2020, Zhao et al. 2020, Fenitra et al. 2021 érték Van Riper-Kyle 2014, Landon et al. 2018, Verma-Chandra 2018személyes norma Han et al. 2015, Zhao et al. 2020, Confente-Scarpi 2021 társadalmi norma Goldstein et al. 2008, Reese et al. 2014, Doran-Larsen 2016, Han et al. 2019 kognitív disszonancia Nikolić et al. 2021, Juvan-Dolnicar 2014 hétköznapi környezettudatosság Becken 2007, Barr et al. 2010, Juvan-Dolnicar 2014, Mkono-Hughes 2020 szokások, gyakorlatok Verbeek-Mommaas 2008, Sørensen-Baerenholdt 2020 Forrás: saját szerkesztés ...
A környezettudatosság és az egyéni cselekedetek környezeti hatásai napjaink egyre égetőbb kérdései. A turizmus környezeti fenntarthatósága – az ágazat jellegénél fogva – vitatott kérdés, a jellemző megközelítés alapján azonban normatív orientációként jelenhet meg, amelynek szükségessége mind a szolgáltatói, mind a fogyasztói oldalon meg kell mutatkozzon. Jelen cikk szakirodalmi áttekintést nyújt a környezettudatos turisztikai fogyasztói magatartást fókuszba állító kutatások eredményeiről, és bemutatja az arra ható legfontosabb egyéni és egyénen kívüli tényezőket. Az eredmények rendszerbe foglalásával a cikk aktuális kutatási irányokat jelöl ki: a környezettudatos turisztikai magatartás szereplők általi értelmezésének, illetve a társadalmi normák és a kulturális környezet hatásának vizsgálata további lehetőségeket tartogat.
... Three value orientations govern this environmental attitude: (a) biosphere value orientation (that is, attention to values that are closely related to the natural environment and biosphere), (b) social altruistic value orientation (i.e., concern for the welfare of other human beings), and (c) egoism or self-interest (i.e., concern for one's welfare). Of these three environmental attitude value orientations, other studies have further supported that biosphere value is the best antecedent variable to predict environmental attitude [48,49,52]. Individuals who hold values related to the natural environment and biosphere tend to have a positive attitude toward environmental protection efforts. ...
Ecotourism is an alternative to conventional tourism where tourists can enjoy natural scenery by prioritizing conservation aspects as a form of expressing responsibility to the environment. There are several popular ecotourism sites in Indonesia, one of which is Banyuwangi Regency, which was the world winner of the 12th United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) awards. This study was conducted to analyze the factors that influence the behavioral intention of tourists to ecotourism at Banyuwangi Regency. By knowing the factors influencing behavioral intention, tourism managers and local governments can gain better insight into strategies that can be adopted to increase consumers’ positive intention toward ecotourism. This research was conducted with multivariate structural equation modeling (SEM), and twelve hypotheses were tested. A total of 344 respondents participated. Six accepted hypotheses were revealed. A positive and significant influence was found on the subjective norm and destination image variables on ecotourism behavioral intention. The analysis found a positive and significant effect between ecotourism self-identity and subjective norm variables. Other results found that the biosphere value had a positive and significant effect on the environmental attitude, and the future time perspective and destination image variables were found to have a positive and significant effect on the environmental concern variable. Most respondents in this study admitted that they are individuals who have a love for nature and are willing to dispose of their garbage in its proper place. Further theoretical and practical implications were described.
... The contents usually reflect the environmental-related values that are adopted by users (Ryan & Spash, 2008;Sultan et al., 2021). A study explores how UGC influences positively and significantly image, attitude, and intention to visit tourist destination Sultan et al., 2021;Van Riper & Kyle, 2014). Environmental-related UGC that is shared through social media aims to have persuasive communication that could affect tourist pro-environmental attitude and behavior (Langley & Broek, 2010;Sultan et al., 2021). ...
... Human actions affect the climate, and public awareness harnesses the belief to change the currently adopted practices to restore the climate (Lopez-Mosquera & Sanchez, 2012). The consciousness of consequences is the level of personal awareness of the cost of environmental threats (Riper & Kyle, 2014). A sense of responsibility emerges from the awareness to take necessary actions to mitigate the climate issues that help to achieve human wellbeing . ...
Energy conservation is a necessary form of green behaviour, as energy production and consumption gravely affect the climate. The current study aimed to explore energy conservation behaviour among Chinese households based on the value-belief-norm framework. This study used a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative data from 1671 respondents through an online survey. The hybrid analysis techniques of partial least squares structural equation modelling and artificial neural network analysis were used to analyse the data. Findings revealed that biospheric values have a positive and significant effect on pro-environmental beliefs, awareness of consequences, and ascription of responsibility, which ultimately explains 46.3% of the change in personal norms and 42.6% of the change in green trust. The results shed light on the significant positive impact of green trust and personal norms on the energy conservation intention. Green trust and personal norms can elucidate 27.3% of the change in energy conservation intention. The energy conservation intention (39.1%) explains the energy conservation behaviour. The results of ANN analysis revealed energy conservation intention, personal norms, green trust, and awareness of consequences as the four most significant contributors to the formation of energy conservation behaviour. The current study extended the VNB model with the green trust. It offered empirical evidence on the effects of pro-environmental belief, awareness of consequences, and ascription of responsibility concerning energy conservation intention. Energy policies should thus concentrate on addressing energy conservation behaviour, promoting energy-efficient household appliances, and rewarding energy conservation by lowering energy prices for low-energy users.
... The VBN theory has been used extensively to provide deep analysis of consumers' pro environmental behavior and then was extended to examine purchase intention to buy green products (Hein, 2022). More specifically, this theory is based on the values and beliefs that explain environmental protection norms that vary among consumers (van Riper and Kyle, 2014;and Steg et al., 2005). Furthermore, VBN theory suggests that the perceived environmental risks that arise due to climate change could motivate the adoption of a hazard-mitigation behavior, resulting in lower carbon emissions and thus better environment . ...
Sustainability has now emerged as a critical priority for businesses. With consumers' increasing concern about the environment, many businesses are fast investigating and exploring new approaches, creating new ideas, and preparing different approaches to position their green brands in the minds of the customers as a solution for environmental problems. This study contributes to the literature by the being among the first to test the impact of green purchase intention on carbon emissions in Egypt. A new conceptual framework was formed by integrating three important theories: theory of planned behaviour (TPB), Cognition–affection–behavior theory of attitude (CAB) and Value Belief Norm (VBN) theory of environmentalism. The proposed model incorporates green brand positioning, consumer`s green attitude, perceived environmental knowledge, green behaviour, green brand knowledge, and green purchase intention as main factors. A questionnaire was designed, and we obtain 231 eligible responses. We used PLS – SEM method to test the validity and reliability of the measurement model and then testing the hypothesises using structural equation model. The finding revealed that higher consumer`s intention to purchase green brands (GPI) would lead to lower carbon emissions (CE) and thus improve the environmental quality. We found also a positive and significant effect of consumers' attitude (GA) towards green brands and green behaviour on consumers' intention to purchase green brands (GPI). On the other hand, green brand positioning (GBP), perceived environmental risks (PEK), and green brand knowledge (GBK) have insignificant impact on consumers' intention to purchase green brands in Egypt. Moreover, the results showed that perceived environmental knowledge (PEK) and green brand knowledge (GBK) have indirect effect on consumer's intention to purchase green products through their effect on consumers' attitude and thus CGA is said to play a significant intermediary role. Furthermore, GBK is said to mediate the relation between GBP and GPI.
... Specifically, awareness of consequences precedes ascription of responsibility (De Groot and Steg, 2009;Steg and De Groot, 2010;Stern, 2000;Stern et al., 1999). Previous studies show that when people are aware of adverse consequences, they tend to show responsibility for negative outcomes (Aguilar-Luzón et al., 2012;Han, 2015;Han et al., 2017;Park et al., 2018;Stern et al., 1999;Van Riper and Kyle, 2014). In addition, recognizing the consequences can lead to the identification of benefits (Loebnitz and Grunerta, 2018). ...
This study developed a conceptual framework for a preventive travel decision-making process amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, combining the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Value-Belief-Norm (VBN). Analyzing 409 responses collected from an online survey, this study verified the integrated model as a salient theory addressing the importance of social components and health belief factors in affecting behavior. The model revealed that altruistic value influences the HBM variables, whereas personal norms mediate preventive behaviors and beliefs in both VBN and HBM. These findings offer new theoretical insights into decision-making process and provide practitioners with effective crisis management strategies concerning pro-social and health beliefs.
... (1) PEB was evaluated using the Tourists' Pro-environmental Behavior Scale (Riper & Kyle, 2014;Su et al., 2020). It includes six items. ...
Tourists’ pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) has a positive social significance for the sustainable development of the destination environment. Based on the theory of planned behaviour, the norm activation model, and affect-behaviour theory, this study established the ‘rational-affective-moral’ (R-A-M) factor model of tourists’ PEB. It used questionnaires to investigate the main influencing factors and mechanisms of tourists’ PEB in a more comprehensive and in-depth manner, using a sample of 488 tourists from China. The results showed that (1) the structural equation model of R-A-M fitted well. Cognitive attitudes, perceived behaviour control, positive emotions, personal norms, and daily green behaviour habits directly impacted tourists’ PEB, among which affective factors had the largest effect. (2) The mediating effect test results revealed two completely mediating paths—social norms-cognitive attitudes-tourists’ PEB; and social norms-personal norms-tourists’ PEB—and two indirect mediation paths—perceived behaviour control-cognitive attitudes-tourists’ PEB; and daily green behaviour habits-personal norms-tourists’ PEB. (3) Positive emotions not only directly influenced tourists’ PEB but indirectly moderated the effects of perceived behaviour control, personal norms, and daily green behaviour habits on tourists’ PEB. Finally, the study discusses the theoretical innovation and potential application value of the R-A-M factor model.
... According to the theory of Values Beliefs Norms (VBN), values, especially biospheric values, determine environmental attitude (Stern et al., 1993(Stern et al., , 1995Hansla et al., 2008;Lee, 2011;Papagiannakis and Lioukas, 2012;van Riper and Kyle, 2014). The theory also confirmed that a person with altruistic values is more likely to act pro-environmentally (Stern, 2000 as cited by Prager, 2012). ...
This study reveals that strong feelings of altruism were found to be statistically significant in explaining prosocial and pro-environmental behaviors. However, this was not the case for the latent trait biosphere in explaining pro-environmental behavior (e.g., past volunteering in clean-up activities). Regardless of whether they are overseas graduates or not, subjects in this study are more altruistic than biospheric by nature. Using the Graded Response Model (GRM) approach, the study found that the biosphere and altruism are obviously independent of each other and merging them into one dimension, in this instance referred to as “self-transcendence,” makes the construct less reliable. That is why this study in consistence with previous studies could not detect the effect of self-transcendence statistically, as it affects both the past volunteering in environmental affairs and the past volunteering in social welfare.
... Given the importance of understanding the mechanism of the formation of TERB, multiple theories have been developed and applied in existing studies. These theories include planned behavior theory (Han et al., 2010), normative motivation theory (Gao et al., 2017), value-belief-norm theory (Van Riper and Kyle, 2014), social capital theory (Li and Wu, 2020), goal-directed behavior (Han and Yoon, 2015), and an integrated analysis framework of the theories mentioned above (Lindenberg and Steg, 2007;Han and Hyun, 2017). The variables covered by these theoretical models, such as behavior attitude, perceived behavior control, ascription of responsibility, awareness of consequences, personal norms, and interpersonal trust, and the variables included in the extended model and framework, such as environmental attitude and tourism experience (Lee and Jan, 2015), environmental concern (Li and Wu, 2020), conservation commitment (Lee, 2011), and place attachment (Qu et al., 2017), focus more on personal intrinsic psychological factors than on contextual factors. ...
The promotion of tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior (TERB) plays a central role in destination management for sustainability. Based on the stimulus–organism–response framework, this study proposes an integrated model for behavior management by examining the relationship between stimuli (natural environment and availability of infrastructure) and response factors (satisfaction and TERB) through the organism (the emotion of awe). Survey data from 458 tourists visiting Mount Heng in Hunan Province, Southern China, were used to empirically evaluate the proposed framework. The findings demonstrate that the perception of a destination’s natural environment positively impacts tourists’ sense of awe and satisfaction; the perception of availability of infrastructure positively and significantly influences awe, satisfaction, and TERB; and awe positively impacts satisfaction and TERB. Moreover, the emotion of awe plays a significant mediating role in this proposed model. The theoretical significance of this study and the implications for tourism destinations are discussed.
... However, a review of the extant literature shows there are inconsistencies in understanding PEBs. For example, some research has primarily measured visitors' PEBs via one dimension, considering it as a general group of behaviours (Moghimehfar et al., 2018;Tonge et al., 2014;Van Riper & Kyle, 2014) while others have considered them as specific behaviours (Brown, Ham, & Hughes, 2010;Esfandiar, 2020;Goh et al., 2017;Liu, Sheng, Mundorf, Redding, & Ye, 2017). Some proenvironmental behaviours may occur at the organisation or community level (i.e., public-sphere environmentalism such as supporting conservation organisations) while others take place at an individual or personal level (i.e., private-sphere environmentalism such as engaging in recycling) (Diekmann & Preisendörfer, 2003). ...
Understanding pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) in protected areas has attracted considerable research attention. This perennial issue is pertinent in reducing negative compounded impacts and/or increasing positive impacts in protected areas. This study aims to provide a review of the literature to unpack the existing publications of PEBs in protected areas and to scope future research avenues. A total of 88 empirical research journal articles were collected through Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Results showed 43.18% of the articles analysed considered PEBs as a general group of behaviours while the remaining 56.82% were specific domains of PEBs including littering, staying on-trail, and car use. The majority of the literature adopted cross-sectional quantitative survey methodology, making limited use of longitudinal, experimental and qualitative research approaches, which may have limitations for future research. The review suggests modelling and predicting PEBs needs to be focused on a specific behaviour of a specific (target) audience in a specific context (time and place). There are avenues for potential future PEBs research; however, its specific domains, theoretical advancement, measurability and cultural influences, require significant rethinking for future research.
... Therefore, those personal norms determine whether an individual should engage in a particular behavior to prevent damaging outcomes [14]. In other words, when altruistic values are considered to be the life's rule of thumb and responsible to minimize environmental change, his personal norms will increase [15]. ...
This study develops a conceptual model for volunteer tourists by applying norm activation theory. Even though this theory has been employed in numerous studies to understand a wide range of intentions and behaviors in various fields, a little has investigated and extended the theory to explain tourists' intention to experience volunteer tourism and behavior, by including risk perception as a moderator. Data from a survey of 212 volunteer tourists in Indonesia, who at least participated once in a volunteer activity, was used to test the proposed model and hypotheses. The findings from the structural equation modeling showed that perceived risk moderates the relationship between personal norm and voluntourism behavior.
... The measurement scale was developed based on the proposed conceptual model (Figure 1), which included 37 measurement items from previous literature (see Table S1 for details) [11,28,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. These observed variables were appropriate amendments developed to fit this study's settings. ...
With the deepening of the garbage classification policy strength, making urban household garbage sorting mandatory in China, it is imperative to clarify the key factors affecting the urban residents’ intention to behave in garbage classification. Though it has attracted the attention of researchers, there are still several aspects that need to be supplemented and improved. Thus, this study aims to investigate the critical factors affecting the urban residents’ intention of garbage sorting and develop an extended model of planned behavior by integrating expectancy theory (ET) and norm activation model (NAM). Given the positive externalities of urban residents’ garbage sorting behaviors, awareness of consequences and attribution of responsibility are correspondingly interpreted as environmental benefits (EB) and environmental concerns (EC). The sample data of 668 urban residents who lived in four pilot cities of garbage classification in China were collected and adopted to the structural equation modeling (SEM) with bootstrapping estimation method to assess the causal relationship between variables. The results indicated that the expectation (Exp) was a significant positive predictor of garbage sorting intention. Attitude (AT), perceived behavior control (PBC) and subjective norm (SN) positively affected urban residents’ expectation of garbage sorting, with SN having the most significant direct impact. The results also found that the EB has significant influences EC, which strongly influences urban residents’ expectation of garbage sorting. Furthermore, the total effect of EC on Exp is higher than other paths, and the mediating effect of SN on Exp by AT and PBC is greater than other indirect paths, which accounted for about 27.1% of the total effect. Finally, we discuss both theoretical and practical implications, along with recommendations for future research.
... Therefore, the following hypotheses are proposed: Egoistic values usually pose a negative impact on the new ecological paradigm (Kiatkawsin & Han, 2017;X. Liu et al., 2018;Lorenzo-Romero et al., 2019;Van Riper & Kyle, 2014). An explanation for that result could be that egoistic values are associated with the emphasis of dominance, great fortune, control over others, and power of authoritarianism that expects to be respected and obeyed by others -these characteristics are not highly posited by young respondents (Kiatkawsin & Han, 2017). ...
This study proposed a theoretical framework based on Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory to examine tourists’ intentions to undertake agrotourism and to behave pro-environmentally while travelling in Vietnam, and assess the moderating effect of tourist sources. The results validate VBN theory explaining that tourists’ intentions could be determined through the chain of values beliefs, and personal norms, contributing to the theoretical evidence within the context of Vietnam’s agrotourism. Practical implications were drawn from the findings that reveal some similarities and differences between Vietnamese and international tourists, indicating that two groups are not homogeneous then suggest marketing strategies for Vietnam’s agrotourism market.
... Kebanyakan penelitian yang dilakukan pada negara barat yang cenderung memiliki nilai budaya individualis, seperti Amerika Serikat, Lithuania, Spanyol, Belanda (Aguilar-Luzón et al., 2012;De Groot & Steg, 2010;Poškus, 2016;Van Riper et al., 2018;Van Riper & Kyle, 2014;Whitley et al., 2016). Milfont et al. (2006) menyatakan bahwa negara yang memiliki nilai individualis cenderung memiliki orientasi nilai biosfer lebih besar yang mendukung seseorang untuk melakukan perilaku pro-lingkungan. ...
... Biospheric value is associated with nature and the biosphere; altruistic value is concerned with the welfare of others; and egoistic value emphasizes maximizing individual benefits (Klöckner, 2013;. According to existing research, values have a positive impact on an individual's environmental concern, norms, and attitude, which in turn has a positive impact on their pro-environmental actions (Choi et al., 2015;Han, 2015;Jakovcevic & Steg, 2013;Riper & Kyle, 2014). ...
Despite the increasing popularity of green hotels, there is a dearth of research and literature on consumer attitudes toward green hotels. The purpose of this study is to investigate consumer intention to visit a green hotel in Sri Lanka by examining the effect of biospheric and egoistic values on consumer attitudes toward green hotels and desire for green hotels. An online survey was distributed among young consumers through google forms by using social media neworks (Facebook and LinkedIn). Three-hundred and twenty-six (326) consumers were eligible to participate in the survey and 280 respondents were used for the further analysis. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse the collected data, assess the model and test hypotheses. The findings indicate that biospheric value is a highly significant predictor of consumer attitudes and desires toward green hotels. Additionally, it appears that the desire for green hotels is a stronger predictor of green hotel visit intention than the attitude toward green hotels. This is the first study to deepen our understanding of the two psychological theories namely goal-directed behaviour and value-belief-norm theory in the context of green hotel. To this end, the findings of the study provide unique cues for managers and green hotel practitioners in developing marketing strategies to enhance behavioural intention among young consumers to choose green hotels.
... Future research should also expand this model by including extra critical variables of pro-environmental behaviors (e.g., ecological values, environmental attitudes, conservation intentions) and incorporating them to perfect this model. Specifically, some scholars studying pro-environmental behaviors believe that values, environmental attitudes, and ecological concerns significantly influence pro-environmental intentions and behaviors that are conducive to the environment [35,73,74]. Extending this model with these key concepts will increase the explanatory power for pro-environmental behaviors. ...
This paper establishes an analysis framework to investigate the effect of the awareness of consequences and the ascription of responsibility on farmers’ organic fertilizer application behaviors (OFABs). Using questionnaire survey data from Hubei Province, one of the main grain-producing areas in China, this study employed both mediating effects and moderating effect analytical methods to analyze the influencing mechanism of the awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility on farmers’ OFABs. The results show that, firstly, the awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility have a significant positive impact on farmers’ OFABs. The improvement in farmers’ awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility can effectively promote the utilization of organic fertilizers for enhanced ecological production. Secondly, the awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility have a significant positive impact on farmers’ OFABs through individual farmers’ personal norms. Increasing farmers’ awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility firstly stimulates their personal norms; then, personal norms have a positive impact on farmers’ OFABs. Thirdly, farmers’ social norms can positively regulate the relationship between personal norms and their OFABs. The higher the social norms of farmers, the more their social norms can have a positive regulating effect on their OFABs. Therefore, in the future, it will be necessary to vigorously promote farmers’ awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility, in order to enhance farmers’ social norms, and to improve the level of farmers’ social norms, in order to greatly promote farmers’ engagement in OFABs. This will ultimately better promote rural ecological environmental protection and ecological civilization construction.
Purpose
Personal values, ascribed responsibility and green self-identity (GSI) have been analyzed separately for a long time, but a more in-depth investigation is required on the relationships between these variables and their combined effects on consumers' visiting intention toward green hotels. Thus, this study aims to draw on Schwartz's (1992) personal values framework and ascribed responsibility. It expands the Schwartz personal values framework by incorporating GSI as a moderator to understanding consumers' visiting intention toward green hotels.
Design/methodology/approach
Partial least squares-structural equation modeling was used to analyze 387 responses collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire from hotel consumers in Pakistan.
Findings
The findings revealed that ascribed responsibility and self-transcendence values were significant factors in predicting consumers' intention toward green hotels. Moreover, GSI significantly moderated between self-conservation values, self-transcendence values and attitude. However, the association between self-conservation values and attitude was found insignificant.
Practical implications
This study can assist hotel management in planning and implementing efficient hotel marketing strategies. Hospitality marketers should heed attention to self-transcendence values, ascribed responsibility and stress on using these aspects to sustain green hotels' adoption.
Originality/value
The study contributes to the literature on the antecedents of consumers' visiting intention toward green hotels by expanding the Schwartz personal values framework by adding ascribed responsibility. Further, the authors incorporated GSI as a moderator to understand consumers' visiting intentions toward green hotels in Pakistan.
The interrelated concepts of place attachment and place meaning are antecedents to pro-environmental behavior and essential for supporting decisions that foster relationships between people and places. Previous research has argued that affect is instrumental in conceptualizing place-related phenomena but has not yet been considered in terms of discrete emotions. We disentangled the empirical relationships between concepts of place and the emotions of pride and guilt to understand how they collectively contributed to individuals’ decisions about environmental sustainability. Specifically, we conducted an online survey of residents living in the Midwestern US and asked questions about their attachments to places and their place-related behavior. We then tested a latent variable path model with first- and second-order factors that shaped the behavioral intentions of survey respondents, as well as evaluated the psychometric properties of a place meaning scale, to uncover the range of reasons why human-nature relationships were formed. Our findings show that multiple place meanings predicted place attachment, which in turn predicted the discrete emotions of pride and guilt. Place attachment, pride, and guilt positively correlated with pro-environmental behavior. We also observed that the relationships between multi-dimensional conceptualizations of place attachment and behavioral intentions were partially mediated by pride but not guilt, as hypothesized in response to the broaden and build theory of positive emotions. This study develops theoretical insights to clarify how cognitive-emotional bonding can lead people to behave in more environmentally friendly ways.
Tourist destinations play an important role in facilitating restoration and recovery from stress and mental fatigue. Building upon the Reasonable Person Model, this study tested the causal relationships between three antecedent constructs, i.e., perceived destination restorative qualities (PDRQs), tourist hedonic well-being, tourist eudaemonic well-being, and one consequent construct, i.e., environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). It also assessed the biased effect of perceived crowding through multi-group analysis. A total of 427 valid questionnaires were collected. Results showed that PDRQs exert positive effects on tourist hedonic and eudaemonic well-being as well as ERB. Moreover, tourist eudaemonic well-being exerts a positive effect on ERB and partially mediates the relationship between PDRQs and ERB. This study also revealed that perceived crowding plays a moderating role in the relationship between PDRQs and ERB. Findings enrich the extant knowledge on restorative tourist destination and human-nature relationships and provide implications for destination management and environmental protection.
Conservation and sustainable use of coastal resources is essential to sustain people’s lives, all the more so with small-scale fishermen whose livelihoods depend on those resources. In the course of pursuing conservation and sustainable use of coastal resources, participation of stakeholders is vital. This study aims at exploring any potential signals which might influence the pro-environmental behavior of residents, especially regarding marine and coastal conservation, taking small-scale fishing communities in the Philippines as a case study. Face-to-face questionnaires were conducted in two communities, which resulted in a total of 267 responses valid for analysis. Principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted to explore relationships between the potential signals and pro-environmental behavior regarding conservation of the coastal environment. This study found potentials that: i) the higher the conformity of residents to the communities, the more frequent their joining activities for coastal conservation might be, ii) positive perception of the current coastal environment and willingness to join coastal conservation activities tend to coexist, and iii) non-conformity could work on either side, i.e., not joining or regularly joining in coastal conservation activities. The importance of this study lies in having found that conformity exists and it might promote behavior for coastal conservation, though not strongly. An insight gained from this research, was that to promote residents’ joining activities for coastal conservation in fishing-communities, conformity of the residents to the communities might be utilized. At the same time, it should be noted that some residents with high non-conformity could be core actors for coastal conservation.
This study explored the generation gap in American consumers’ green perceptions and purchase intentions across four generations (Gen Z, Y, X, and Baby Boomers) from the perspectives of consumer socialization and social intelligence. Analyzing a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States (N = 19,450), the survey results revealed that the American consumer’s green norms and beliefs varied by generation. A series of multiple regression analyses showed that each generation had similar but idiosyncratic beliefs in purchasing products from green companies. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Pro-environmental behaviors play a key role in the management and sustainability of parks and protected areas. An understanding of the antecedents of visitors' pro-environmental behaviors is vitally important in advancing knowledge, encouraging sustainability, and bettering management practice. This study developed and tested a behavioral model which integrated personal norms and social norms as normative influences, with connectedness to nature as a personality trait, as antecedents of pro-environmental behaviors. Data were collected through a visitor survey across three protected areas in Western Australia and analyzed via structural equation modelling. Results indicated that personal norms and connectedness to nature had a positive effect on pro-environmental behaviors, whereas social norms did not. The results highlight to protected area managers the need to consider moral obligations and personal identification with nature to foster on-site pro-environmental behaviors and encourage a positive spill-over effect off-site.
El estudio de los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) en entornos urbanos ha tenido un gran crecimiento en los últimos años, debido a su relación con el bienestar de los ciudadanos y la manera en que estos perciben y valoran la naturaleza. En este estudio, se analizó la percepción de 674 personas pertenecientes a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá sobre los servicios ecosistémicos urbanos (SEU) proporcionados por el campus, utilizando encuestas semiestructuradas. Las respuestas fueron comparadas a nivel de facultades y grupos de interés (estudiantes, docentes y personal administrativo), identificando espacialmente las áreas importantes en oferta de SEU. Se comparó la percepción de los encuestados entre dos escenarios: previo a ser informados sobre el concepto de los SEU (a priori) y posterior a esto (a posteriori). Un 77,23% de los entrevistados desconocía el término “servicio ecosistémico”; sin embargo, reconocen los beneficios de la naturaleza en su diario vivir. Los servicios culturales y de regulación recibieron las mayores valoraciones (principalmente recreación, salud física y mental, calidad del aire) asociados a las zonas verdes o arboladas dentro del campus. Se evidenciaron diferencias en la importancia de los servicios en relación con la facultad, y, en menor medida, de acuerdo con su tipo de vinculación. Finalmente, los encuestados reconocieron la importancia del campus universitario como proveedor de SEU en el entorno local y como parte de la matriz urbana bogotana, haciendo hincapié en los beneficios obtenidos de los espacios naturales al interior de la ciudad.
It has been more than 20 years since the value-belief-norm theory of environmentalism has been conceptualized. The said theory has been used as a lens and has guided scholars in exploring and understanding pro- environmental behavior, however to date, there has been no study conducted that attempted to explore and report the bibliometric properties of studies related thereto. Aimed at determining research opportunities and future research directions, this paper reports a study that explored the bibliometric properties of studies conducted pertaining to the above-mentioned theory. Data were extracted from Scopus database and analyzed using Microsoft Excel, Publish or Perish, and VOSviewer. Results showed that while there is an increasing trend of studies using value-belief-norm theory, there is still considerably small and limited number of papers published, as well as scholars, institutions, and countries engaged on studies using the theory. Considering the inter/multidisciplinary nature of pro-environmental behavior, it may be necessary to encourage the conduct of more context-specific studies using available and more advanced methods across cultures, sectors, and levels.
La thèse part d’un double constat sur les pratiques récréatives de montagne. D’une part, il se développe un intérêt croissant pour les sports de nature, qui amène chaque année un nombre de plus en plus élevé de pratiquant·es dans le milieu naturel (Lefèvre et Thiery 2015). D’autre part, malgré des conséquences négatives avérées sur les milieux et notamment sur la faune (Boyle et Samson 1985, Steven et al. 2011, Sato et al. 2013, Larson et al. 2016), les usager·ères récréatif·ves ne sont pas toujours conscient·es des conséquences que peut entrainer leur présence dans la nature (Gruas et al. 2020). Ce travail a donc pour objectif d’interroger le rapport des amateur·rices d’activités hivernales (ski de randonnée et raquette) et estivales (randonnée pédestre et trail), à la faune sauvage de montagne. L’analyse est basée sur quatre terrains (massifs des Bauges, Belledonne, Aiguilles Rouges et Vanoise) et sur des données récoltées par questionnaires (n = 2559) et par entretiens (n = 33). Quatre axes de recherche sont développés. Le premier concerne l’origine sociale des pratiquant·es. Contrairement à l’idée communément répandue, les données quantitatives de l’enquête excluent l’hypothèse d’une réelle démocratisation de la montagne tant lespratiquant·es sont homogènes dans leurs origines sociales. Le deuxième axe vise à analyser les modalités de pratique différenciées au sein de chaque sport ainsi que leurs éventuelles affinités avec les groupes sociaux dont sont issu·es leur pratiquant·es. Si chaque sport hébergebien différents styles de pratique, ceux-ci ne sont pas reliés de manière aussi évidente que l’on aurait pu le penser aux origines sociales des sportif·ves. Ces deux premiers axes mettent également en évidence de fortes inégalités d’accès aux sports de montagne, et à leurs modalitésde pratiques les plus engagées, pour les femmes. Le troisième axe porte sur les attitudes et comportements éco-responsables propres aux individus en dehors de leur pratique sportive, dans la vie quotidienne. Les pratiquant·es interrogé·es dans le cadre de cette enquête sonten effet plus soucieux·ses de la question environnementale que leurs concitoyen·nes. Des différences marquées apparaissent cependant au sein de l’échantillon, notamment en fonction du genre et du milieu social. Le quatrième axe est dédié à la question du rapport à la faune sauvage. Si le genre et le domaine d’étude influencent en partie le lien affectif à la faune et sa connaissance, ils n’expliquent aucunement la perception du dérangement et le respect des zones de quiétude qui sont davantage liés aux valeurs environnementales.Cette analyse structuraliste des sports de montagne vise in fine à proposer une approche de la sociologie des pratiques sportives en milieu naturel sous le triple rapport de la pratique sportive, de la relation au milieu de pratique et de la perception du dérangement de la faunesauvage.
Mangrove wetlands are facing an existential threat from rapid socio-economic development. In this study, public environmental values regarding mangrove wetlands in the Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) city in the United Arab Emirates were assessed, considering gender, age, education, income, length of residency in RAK, knowledge of RAK mangrove and awareness of sustainability. A population sample of 427 respondents were face-to-face interviewed. Results suggest that mangrove value orientations are highly associated with length of residency in RAK and awareness of sustainability at significance levels of 0.003 and 0.005, respectively. Value orientations are less associated with age, knowledge of RAK mangrove and education at significance levels of 0.023, 0.039 and 0.095, respectively, being largely independent of gender and income. The majority of the respondents support the preservation of the mangroves even at the expense of economic development. This indicates the need to draft policies and regulations to safeguard the mangroves.
A part of our empirical research trying to develop a new scale in or to measurehip consumer citizenship
Purpose – This paper aims to explore pro-environmental behavior (PEB) in Azerbaijan. Therefore, the authors used value-belief-norm (VBN) theory, extended by the construct of social norms (SN), as a basis.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected by establishing a link within various social media platforms. The final sample consisted of 407 respondents. The authors analyzed four dimensions of PEB using higher-order structural equations. The authors also examined both direct and (serial) indirect effects for cross-cultural validation of the extended VBN theory.
Findings – The authors were able to confirm the VBN theory in its entirety. However, SN, which are influential in collectivistic and Sunni-majority states, do not contribute significantly to explaining PEB in predominantly Shiite Azerbaijan.
Research limitations/implications – The authors could not establish a direct effect of SN on PEB within this study. However, the authors observed an indirect “values-beliefs-norms-behavior” effect. The different (partly abbreviated) effect channels of the four tested value antecedents provide interesting insights for marketing research.
Practical implications – Based on the results, it seems crucial to make Muslim consumers aware of the negative outcomes of their consumption behavior and to emphasize individual responsibility. However, SN may not need to be addressed depending on cultural and/or religious values.
Originality/value – The authors examined PEB in Azerbaijan by testing the serial mediation effects in the VBN model. Further, the authors tested the influence of SN within the framework of the original VBN theory, contributing to a better understanding of the possibility of integrating components of the theory of planned behavior.
In this investigation, we developed a model of the psychological drivers of landowners’ decisions to implement prescribed fire on their properties. The Southern Great Plains in the USA evolved with fire and prescribed fire is an important management tool aimed at maintaining and enhancing ecological and economic resilience in the region. The conceptualized model is reflective of a decision-making paradigm that considers decision making to be a process inclusive of a variety of factors and their inter-relationships to arrive at judgments on whether or not to utilize prescribed fire. The approach considered a spectrum of inputs, obstacles, and their associations to capture the complexity of decision making that is often lost when modeling single factors in dynamic social-ecological settings. Further, we considered the decision to use prescribed fire as a multifactor process that incorporates not only individual barriers to fire implementation but inter-barrier associations and other inputs (e.g., sociodemographic variables). Path analysis revealed five statistically significant relationships within the hypothesized model. For prescribed fire decision making, women tended to be more analytical whereas men were more inclined to rely on heuristics. Additionally, those who indicated owning their property for non-consumptive recreation-related reasons were also more inclined to rely upon heuristics. Texans reported more experience with prescribed fire as did respondents who indicated owning property for livestock product. Alternately, those owning their property for an investment and non-consumptive recreation opportunities reported less experience with prescribed fire. Last, ownership for crop and livestock production was positively associated with past wildfire experience. Findings have implications for three issue areas: (1) the provision of an evolved conceptualization through which prescribed fire implementation decisions can be examined, (2) enhancing the approach of prescribed fire outreach to a changing landowner population, and (3) improving the content and delivery of prescribed fire education efforts.
El estudio de los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) en entornos urbanos ha tenido un gran crecimiento en los últimos años, debido a su relación con el bienestar de los ciudadanos y la manera en que estos perciben y valoran la naturaleza. En este estudio, se analizó la percepción de 674 personas pertenecientes a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá sobre los servicios ecosistémicos urbanos (SEU) proporcionados por el campus, utilizando encuestas semiestructuradas. Las respuestas fueron comparadas a nivel de facultades y grupos de interés (estudiantes, docentes y personal administrativo), identificando espacialmente las áreas importantes en oferta de SEU. Se comparó la percepción de los encuestados entre dos escenarios: previo a ser informados sobre el concepto de los SEU (a priori) y posterior a esto (a posteriori). Un 77,23% de los entrevistados desconocía el término “servicio ecosistémico”; sin embargo, reconocen los beneficios de la naturaleza en su diario vivir. Los servicios culturales y de regulación recibieron las mayores valoraciones (principalmente recreación, salud física y mental, calidad del aire) asociados a las zonas verdes o arboladas dentro del campus. Se evidenciaron diferencias en la importancia de los servicios en relación con la facultad, y, en menor medida, de acuerdo con su tipo de vinculación. Finalmente, los encuestados reconocieron la importancia del campus universitario como proveedor de SEU en el entorno local y como parte de la matriz urbana bogotana, haciendo hincapié en los beneficios obtenidos de los espacios naturales al interior de la ciudad.
Central to the theoretical model I have presented is the idea that altruistic
behavior is causally influenced by feelings of moral obligation to act on one's
personally held norms. Research supporting this central tenet of the model has demonstrated associations between personal norms and behavior, rather than
causal relations. I have argued that these associations are at least partly causal,
however, because: (1) the associations appear primarily in the presence of
personality conditions conducive to norm activation and are absent when personality
conditions are conducive to deactivation; and (2) attributes of personal
norms (e.g., centrality, ·stability, intensity) relate to altruism singly and' in
combination in ways predicted when we assume the causal impact of anticipated
moral costs on behavior.
A third critical link in this argument would be forged by studies showing
that variations in situational conditions conducive to activation of moral obligation
also influence the relationship between personal norms and behavior. There
is ample evidence that variables which foster movement through the activation
process, according to the theoretical model, are themselves related to altruistic
behavior (e.g., seriousness of need, uniqueness of responsibility). What remains
to be determined is whether the impact of these variables on altruism is
mediated by personal norms.
Evidence relevant to the sequential nature of the steps in the theoretical
model is sparse. Both the ·distinctiveness and ordering of the postulated steps
rests largely on logical rather than empirical grounds. The role of feedback
among the steps, with new input of information from later redefinitions or overt
actions in a chain of decisions, also merits investigation.
It is worth noting that study of how personal norms are related to altruism is
part of a larger enterprise, the investigation of attitude-behavior relations in
general. Personal norms are a subtype of attitudinal variable, i.e., evaluations of
acts in terms of their moral worth to the self. Techniques developed to discover
whether the impact of personal norms on altruism is causal might profitably be
imported into general attitude-behavior research. Reasoning like that employed
to identify personality and situational moderators of the impact of personal
norms on altruism might be used to track down the elusive moderators of other
attitudinal variables. Characteristics of personal norms and the normative structure
which influence their impact (e.g., centrality, stability) might also suggest
characteristics of attitudes which warrant consideration. Equally important, the
extensive research on attitude-behavior relations may yield leads for understanding
the workings of personal norms.
Next steps in developing the theory will have to address three issues given
cursory treatment here. First, how do emotional arousal and feelings of moral
obligation jointly influence altruism? Under what conditions and in what ways
do they enhance 9r blunt each other's effects? How might emotional arousal
modify the perception and processing of need-relevant information, for example?
And how might rapidity of onset and deterioration in need cues affect
shifting between empathic and morally mediated responsiveness?
Second, how do perceived social norms and personal norms complement or
supplement each other in their impact on altruistic behavior? Under what
conditions do social norms have any influence? And do these effects ever
interact with those of personal norms? Finally, how, if at all, do personal norms
mediate boomerang effects on helping? What are the differences between conditions
which elicit feelings of moral obligation and those which induce a sense of
undue pressure or manipulation? Speculations and hypotheses regarding some of
these questions, offered in my discussion of past research, may suggest directions
for approaching these three issues.
Experimental social psychologists, with their chariness toward individual
differences, have conducted most of the research on prosocial behavior. Attention
to internalized norms and values has consequently been restricted, and
normative explanations have received short shrift (Darley & Latane, 1970;
Krebs, 1970). I hope that the theory and research presented here will strengthen
the credibility of normative approaches. Altruism-in contrast to the more
inclusive "prosocial behavior" -implies purposes based in the person's value
system. Hence altruism cannot be understood fully in the absence of studies
which consider individual differences in values and norms as they interact with
situational variables.
This paper presents a theory of potentially universal aspects in the content of human values. Ten types of values are distinguished by their motivational goals. The theory also postulates a structure of relations among the value types, based on the conflicts and compatibilities experienced when pursuing them. This structure permits one to relate systems of value priorities, as an integrated whole, to other variables. A new values instrument, based on the theory and suitable for cross-cultural research, is described. Evidence relevant for assessing the theory, from 97 samples in 44 countries, is summarized. Relations of this approach to Rokeach's work on values and to other theories and research on value dimensions are discussed. Application of the approach to social issues is exemplified in the domains of politics and intergroup relations.
Dunlap and Van Liere's New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale, published in 1978, has become a widely used measure of proenvironmental orientation. This article develops a revised NEP Scale designed to improve upon the original one in several respects: ( 1 ) It taps a wider range of facets of an ecological worldview, ( 2 ) It offers a balanced set of pro- and anti-NEP items, and ( 3 ) It avoids outmoded terminology. The new scale, termed the New Ecological Paradigm Scale, consists of 15 items. Results of a 1990 Washington State survey suggest that the items can be treated as an internally consistent summated rating scale and also indicate a modest growth in pro-NEP responses among Washington residents over the 14 years since the original study.
Place attachment provides insight on why and to what extent individuals value a particular setting. Most investigations involving place attachment and environmental attitudes have been conducted in terrestrial settings; little work has addressed proenvironmental behavior in marine settings. The purpose of the current investigation was to extend Stern et al.’s work, which indicates that individuals’ environmental worldviews (EWVs) influence their attitudes toward anthropogenic impacts on the environment. We hypothesized a model wherein place attachment partially mediates the relationship between recreational visitors’ EWV and their awareness of consequences of negative impacts on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. We then compared this model with competing models. Our results suggest that place attachment is a useful addition to studies that use Stern et al.’s value-belief-norm model.
Place attachment is a multidimensional construct comprising place dependence, place affect, place identity, and place social bonding. Yet, studies investigating the relationships between place attachment, place satisfaction, and pro-environmental behaviour have not investigated its pluralistic nature. Using data from 452 visitors to the Dandenong Ranges National Park, Australia, this study investigates these four dimensions of place attachment and their relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Findings suggest that the four place attachment constructs are significantly associated with place satisfaction. Results suggest that it is necessary to consider pro-environmental behavioural intentions as a two-factor structure construct, comprising low and high effort pro-environmental behaviour. Place satisfaction is associated with low effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Place affect is significantly associated with both types of environmental behavioural intentions. Place identity is not associated with either type of environmental behavioural intentions. A significant association is also noted between low effort and high effort pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Practical applications of the study include marketing aimed at encouraging repeat visitation, with sophisticated message development and delivery building emotional attachment, a sense of belonging, and enhanced personal meaning. Heritage interpretation could use affect and emotion to enhance visitor satisfaction and experience, coupled with an outcomes-focused communication plan.
The New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale, published in The Journal of Environmental Education by R. E. Dunlap and K. D. Van Liere (1978), has become the most widely used measure of environmental concern in the world and been employed in hundreds of studies in dozens of nations. This article tells the story of the NEP Scale, beginning with how the author developed the notion of an environmental paradigm and then decided to measure it. The author describes the original NEP Scale and its 3 revisions, 1 of which is rapidly replacing the 1978 version in most studies. The author then reviews current uses of the various NEP Scales and examines major criticisms of them. Last, the author discusses the failure of an ecological worldview to become institutionalized in the United States, stemming from intense opposition to it since the 1990s, and the need to understand the sources of this opposition and monitor the situation.
This article builds on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior and on Stern et al.'s value-belief-norm theory to propose and test a model that predicts proenvironmental behavior. In addition to relationships between beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, we incorporate Inglehart's postmaterialist and Schwartz's harmony value dimensions as contextual antecedents at the national level. Structural equation modeling analyses of a 27-country sample provide almost full support for the mediation model. Postmaterialistic values, but not harmony, affect environmental concern; in turn, environmental concern, perceived threat, and perceived behavioral control affect willingness to sacrifice, which then affects a variety of proenvironmental behaviors. The findings emphasize the contribution of cultural conditions to the shaping of individuals'actions vis-à-vis environmental issues, alongside individual-level social-psychological variables.
The purpose of the study was to test a hierarchical model of the effects of general values, environmental values, problem awareness, and personal norms on general proenvironmental behavior. The model starts with the effects of the relatively stable structures of general values and moves toward effects of more specific environmental values, environmental problem awareness, and personal norms. A personal norm was expected to mediate the effects of values and problem awareness on proenvironmental behavior. Survey data from a Swedish sample of 1,400 individuals were used in a path analysis to test the model, which was supported, and the results showed that the personal norm could be seen as derived from self-transcendent and ecocentric values and activated by problem awareness. The personal norm mediated the effects from general values, environmental values, and problem awareness on proenvironmental behavior.
A simple model was tested in which attitudinal factors and external conditions act in combination to influence behavior. The model predicts that behavior is a monotonic function of attitudes and external conditions and that the strength of the attitude-behavior relationship is a curvilinear function of the strength of the external conditions, with extreme values setting boundary conditions on the applicability of attitude models. The model also allows for interactions in which perceived costs enter into the attitudinal process. Evidence is taken from a natural experiment in recycling in which collection bins for curbside pickup had been provided to 26% of 257 survey respondents. Consistent with the model, main effects of attitudes and external conditions were found, as was an interaction effect in which the Schwartz norm-activation model predicted recycling behavior only for households without bins. Interactive models such as the one developed here can yield better policy-relevant analyses by clarifying the relationships between external and internal influences on behavior change.
In this study, the role of values in the field of household energy use is investigated by using the concept of quality of life (QOL). Importance judgments on 22 QOL aspects could be summarized into seven clearly interpretable value dimensions. The seven value dimensions and general and specific environmental concern contributed significantly to the explanation of policy support for government regulation and for market strategies aimed at managing environmental problems as well as to the explanation of the acceptability of specific home and transport energy-saving measures. In line with earlier research, home and transport energy use were especially related to sociodemographic variables like income and household size. These results show that it is relevant to distinguish between different measures of environmental impact and different types of environmental intent. Moreover, the results suggest that using only attitudinal variables, such as values, may be too limited to explain all types of environmental behavior.
Proponents of ecotourism within protected areas believe that tour design and interpretation can help mitigate the negative impacts of tourism, human and environmental, and build an educated and motivated constituency that supports environmental conservation and social improvements. However, ecotourism's claims to achieve those objectives are largely untested, and linkages between tourism's operational characteristics and positive changes in tourists” environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviours are largely unexplored. This exploratory research investigated the efforts of one Galapagos National Park tour operator to explore whether a well-conceived interpretation/ecotourism product could influence tourists” educational outcomes and support of environmental conservation. Results suggest that well-designed and delivered interpretation during the ecotourism experience can increase knowledge of the host-protected area, supportive attitudes towards resource management issues facing the host-protected area, general environmental behavioural intentions and philanthropic support of conservation.
Recent research has examined the relationship between values and attitudes about environmental issues. Findings from these studies have found values of self-transcendence (positively) and self-enhancement (negatively) to predict general concern for environmental problems. Other recent findings have differentiated between environmental attitudes based on concern for self (egoistic), concern for other people (social-altruistic), and concern for plants and animals (biospheric).This article reports the results from a study of the relationship between values and environmental attitudes in six countries: Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, India, New Zealand, and Russia. Results show strong support for the cross-cultural generalizability of the relationship between values and attitudes and on the structure of environmental concern. In addition, analyses of the relationship between values and environmental behavior show evidence for norm activation only for self-transcendence; results for self-enhancement show a consistently negative relationship.
Criticisms of normative explanations of helping behavior are examined, and an explanation responsive to these criticisms is proposed. This explanation specifies conditions which affect the activation of personal norms and hence their influence on behavior. One hypothesis based on the explanation was tested: the impact of norms on behavior is a function of the tendency to deny or to ascribe responsibility to the self (AR). AR and personal norms toward donating bone marrow to a stranger were measured in a mailed questionnaire. Three months later, 132 women received mailed appeals to join a pool of potential donors from an unrelated source. As predicted, volunteering was a function of the AR × personal norm interaction (p < .0001). Personal norms had no impact on volunteering among those low on AR (deniers), but a substantial impact among those high on AR. Neither intentions to donate, attitudes toward transplants, nor various sociodemographic variables added to the variance in volunteering accounted for by the AR × personal norm interaction.
This article examines the value attitude behavior cognitive hierarchy as it pertains to wildland preservation. Data for this investigation were obtained from a random sample of Colorado residents (n=960). A biocentric/anthropocentric value orientation continuum was developed and examined empirically. Consistent with previous research, confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis suggested that a respondent's value orientation toward wildlands can be positioned along this single continuum. As predicted by theory, a structural equation analysis demonstrated that the biocentric/anthropocentric value orientation continuum predicted a respondent's attitude toward the preservation of wildlands, and that the attitude fully mediated the relationship between value orientation and behavioral intention to vote for wildland preservation. Overall, this article provides empirical support for using the cognitive hierarchy when attempting to understand and predict responses to natural resource issues.
Environmental protection may be described as a social dilemma. That is, collectively, we are better off If the environment Is protected, but rational self-interest often dictates environmental exploitation. The role of personal values in influencing pro-environmental behavior Is gaining Increasing attention relative to other solutions, such as monetary incentives and punitive sanctions. Using Schwartzks measure of values, I examine the influence of values on environmental behavior. Based on Schwartz s theory, values found to have a positive influence on environmental behavior are self-transcenden Vopenness to change and universalisn/blospheric. Values found to have a negative influence Include self-enhancement conservation.
There appears to be general agreement among social psychologists that most human behavior is goal-directed (e. g., Heider, 1958 ; Lewin, 1951). Being neither capricious nor frivolous, human social behavior can best be described as following along lines of more or less well-formulated plans. Before attending a concert, for example, a person may extend an invitation to a date, purchase tickets, change into proper attire, call a cab, collect the date, and proceed to the concert hall. Most, if not all, of these activities will have been designed in advance; their execution occurs as the plan unfolds. To be sure, a certain sequence of actions can become so habitual or routine that it is performed almost automatically, as in the case of driving from home to work or playing the piano. Highly developed skills of this kind typically no longer require conscious formulation of a behavioral plan. Nevertheless, at least in general outline, we are normally well aware of the actions required to attain a certain goal. Consider such a relatively routine behavior as typing a letter. When setting this activity as a goal, we anticipate the need to locate a typewriter, insert a sheet of paper, adjust the margins, formulate words and sentences, strike the appropriate keys, and so forth. Some parts of the plan are more routine, and require less conscious thought than others, but without an explicit or implicit plan to guide the required sequence of acts, no letter would get typed.
The predictive power of the Ajzen, Triandis, and Schwartz models are
compared in the context of car use for university routes. Two hundred fifty-four students
filled out a questionnaire designed to measure the components of the three models.
In the prediction of intention to use a car, results indicated that one variable from
the Trinandis model—role beliefs—increased the explanatory power offered by the
components of the Ajzen model. In the prediction of self-reported car use, one variable
of the Triandis model—car use habit—significantly increased the predictive
power of the Ajzen model. The central variable of the Schwartz model—personal
norm—exerted no significant effect either on intention or on behavior. The implications of the findings for interventions to reduce the car use of students for university
routes are discussed.
Numerous theoretical frameworks have been developed to explain the gap between the possession of environmental knowledge and environmental awareness, and displaying pro-environmental behavior. Although many hundreds of studies have been undertaken, no definitive explanation has yet been found. Our article describes a few of the most influential and commonly used analytical frameworks: early US linear progression models; altruism, empathy and prosocial behavior models; and finally, sociological models. All of the models we discuss (and many of the ones we do not such as economic models, psychological models that look at behavior in general, social marketing models and that have become known as deliberative and inclusionary processes or procedures (DIPS)) have some validity in certain circumstances. This indicates that the question of what shapes pro-environmental behavior is such a complex one that it cannot be visualized through one single framework or diagram. We then analyze the factors that have been found to have some influence, positive or negative, on pro-environmental behavior such as demographic factors, external factors (e.g. institutional, economic, social and cultural) and internal factors (e.g. motivation, pro-environmental knowledge, awareness, values, attitudes, emotion, locus of control, responsibilities and priorities). Although we point out that developing a model that tries to incorporate all factors might neither be feasible nor useful, we feel that it can help illuminate this complex field. Accordingly, we propose our own model based on the work of Fliegenschnee and Schelakovsky (1998) who were influenced by Fietkau and Kessel (1981).
In this article, we provide guidance for substantive researchers on the use of structural equation modeling in practice for theory testing and development. We present a comprehensive, two-step modeling approach that employs a series of nested models and sequential chi-square difference tests. We discuss the comparative advantages of this approach over a one-step approach. Considerations in specification, assessment of fit, and respecification of measurement models using confirmatory factor analysis are reviewed. As background to the two-step approach, the distinction between exploratory and confirmatory analysis, the distinction between complementary approaches for theory testing versus predictive application, and some developments in estimation methods also are discussed.
We present a theory of the basis of support for a social movement. Three types of support (citizenship actions, policy support and acceptance, and personal-sphere behaviors that accord with movement principles) are empirically distinct from each other and from committed activism. Drawing on theoretical work on values and norm-activation processes, we propose a value-belief-norm (VBN) theory of movement support. Individuals who accept a movement's basic values, believe that valued objects are threatened, and believe that their actions can help restore those values experience an obligation (personal norm) for pro-movement action that creates a predisposition to provide support; the particular type of support that results is dependent on the individual's capabilities and constraints. Data from a national survey of 420 respondents suggest that the VBN theory, when compared with other prevalent theories, offers the best available account of support for the environmental movement.
Psychological research involving scale construction has been hindered considerably by a widespread lack of understanding of coefficient alpha and reliability theory in general. A discussion of the assumptions and meaning of coefficient alpha is presented. This discussion is followed by a demonstration of the effects of test length and dimensionality on alpha by calculating the statistic for hypothetical tests with varying numbers of items, numbers of orthogonal dimensions, and average item intercorrelations. Recommendations for the proper use of coefficient alpha are offered.
This study explores the relationship between Australian’s attitudes toward climate change impacts on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). We hypothesize that general attitudes toward climate change, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict intended and reported behavior, and that attitude negatively influences constraints on adopting ERB. The moderating effect of residential condition (urban vs. rural contexts) was tested across these hypothesized relationships. We randomly selected 200 individuals from eight regions: Five within 50 km of the GBR Coastline and three from the Statistical Metropolitan Areas in Australia. We yielded 1,623 surveys by telephone interviews. Findings confirm our hypotheses and suggest the most important predictor of intentions is perceived behavioral control. The two groups of respondents (urban vs. rural) illustrate different relationships. This study offers insight on how managers of the GBR can effectively shape residents’ behavioral tendencies that minimize human impacts on the natural environment.
As communities continue to engage in debate surrounding land use and preservation, insight into stakeholder knowledge and concern with local species becomes increasingly important. This project explores the association between individual knowledge/concern with species diversity as related to environmental perspective, measured through the New Ecological Paradigm scale. We aim to understand whether concern with local species diversity is associated with species-specific knowledge and/or ecocentric outlooks more generally. Results from a mail survey in Boulder, CO reveal that individuals with ecocentric perspectives place greater priority on species preservation relative to those with anthropocentric perspectives, regardless of species knowledge. These results imply that to engage local publics in issues of biodiversity, outreach should not simply provide background specific to local species, but also demonstrate the significance of ecological integrity and biological diversity more broadly.
An empirically corroborated model of proenvironmental commitments is outlined. According to this model, willingness to contribute to the saving of global commons (atmosphere, oceans, etc.) is motivated by the awareness of global ecological risks, by perceived injustices of the distributions of benefits and costs resulting from exploiting and polluting activities, and by the conviction that many actors-ordinary citizens as well as powerful authorities in business and politics-have both effective means and responsibilities to contribute to the protection of the environment. Political implications are drawn from the typical attributional pattern of multi-responsibility for environmental protection and from the perception of distributive injustices of the current overuse and pollution of commons. Basic issues of ecological justice are discussed. Cet article presente un modele d'engagements envers l'environnement qui a ete corrobore par des donnees empiriques. Selon ce modele, la volonte de contribuer a sauver les ressources (atmosphere, oceans, etc.) est motivee par la conscience des risques ecologiques globaux, par l'injustice percue dans la distribution des couts et benefices lies a l'exploitation et a la pollution ainsique par la conviction que plusieurs intervenants-citoyens ordinaires aussi bien que les puissants de l'economie et de la politique-ont les moyens et les responsabilites pour contribuer a la protection de l'environnement. Le pattern typique d'attribution d'une responsabilite partagee pour la protection de l'environnement tout comme la perception des injustices dans la surexploitation et la pollution actuelle des ressources ont tout deux des implications politiques qui sont discutees dans ce texte. Des problemes fondamentaux de justice ecologique sont egalement abordes.
This article aimed to demonstrate that hedonic values are important for
understanding environmentally relevant beliefs, preferences, and actions, next
to egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric values. In four studies, the authors found
consistent support for their hypothesis that hedonic, egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric
values can be distinguished empirically, suggesting that the distinction
between the four types of values is not only theoretically meaningful but also
recognized by individuals. Importantly, in line with the authors’ expectations,
hedonic values appeared to be significantly and negatively related to a range of
environmentally relevant attitudes, preferences, and behaviors, even when the
other values were controlled for. This suggests that it is indeed important to
include hedonic values in environmental studies and that interventions aimed
to promote proenvironmental actions should consider hedonic consequences
of actions, as these may be important barriers for behavior change.
The determinants of individual behaviors that provide shared environmental benefits are a longstanding theme in social science research. Alternative behavioral models yield markedly different predictions and policy recommendations. This paper reviews and compares the literatures from two disciplines that appear to be moving toward a degree of convergence. In social psychology, moral theories of pro-environmental behavior have focused on the influence of personal moral norms while recognizing that external factors, such as costs and incentives, ultimately limit the strength of the norm-behavior relationship. Rational choice models, such as the theory of planned behavior in social psychology and the theories of voluntary provision of public goods in economics, have sought to incorporate the effects of personal norms and to measure their importance in explaining behaviors, such as recycling and the demand for green products. This paper explores the relationship between these approaches and their implications for the theory and practice of ecological economics.
This research investigates the potential dimensionality of environmental worldviews using a scale derived from the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP). It delineates the substantive consequences of dimensionality for our understanding of environmental behavior and both demographic and religious correlates of environmentalism. We found that our NEP-based Scale of Worldview contained two distinct dimensions that were differentially predicted by demographic and religious variables. Of particular importance was the relationship of religious fundamentalism to the two subscales thereby highlighting the inherent religious implications of NEP item wording. In general, we found that Worldviews do not contribute substantially to the prediction of Environmental Behavior. Additionally, Worldviews do not allow us to account for demographic differences in the performance of Environmental Behavior. We concluded that environmental worldviews have limited policy implications given the lack of correspondence to behavior but that they remain an important prerequisite to such behavior which is deserving of careful study.
In this article, we provide guidance for substantive researchers on the use of structural equation modeling in practice for theory testing and development. We present a comprehensive, two-step modeling approach that employs a series of nested models and sequential chi-square difference tests. We discuss the comparative advantages of this approach over a one-step approach. Considerations in specification, assessment of fit, and respecification of measurement models using confirmatory factor analysis are reviewed. As background to the two-step approach, the distinction between exploratory and confirmatory analysis, the distinction between complementary approaches for theory testing versus predictive application, and some developments in estimation methods also are discussed.
First published in 1949 and praised in The New York Times Book Review as "a trenchant book, full of vigor and bite," A Sand County Almanac combines some of the finest nature writing since Thoreau with an outspoken and highly ethical regard for America's relationship to the land. Written with an unparalleled understanding of the ways of nature, the book includes a section on the monthly changes of the Wisconsin countryside; another part that gathers informal pieces written by Leopold over a forty-year period as he traveled through the woodlands of Wisconsin, Iowa, Arizona, Sonora, Oregon, Manitoba, and elsewhere; and a final section in which Leopold addresses the philosophical issues involved in wildlife conservation. As the forerunner of such important books as Annie Dillard's Pilgrim at Tinker Creek , Edward Abbey's Desert Solitaire , and Robert Finch's The Primal Place , this classic work remains as relevant today as it was forty years ago.