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Risk Eating Behaviors in male and female students: A longitudinal study
... Por ejemplo, considerando el punto de corte del Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT, por sus siglas en inglés) de Garner y Garfinkel [7], que es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados a nivel internacional y nacional para identificar la presencia de CAR, se encontró que entre 13,9 y 18,9% de las mujeres presentaban este tipo de conductas [8][9][10]. En tanto que, utilizando el Cuestionario Breve de Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo [11], se reportó que entre 5,3 y 26% de las mujeres presentan CAR [12][13][14][15][16][17]; no obstante, existe mayor prevalencia entre quienes presentan sobrepeso u obesidad en comparación con quienes tienen peso normal [13,15,17,18], en adolescentes entre 15 y 19 años de edad, en comparación con adolescentes entre 10 y 14 años de edad [13] y en estudiantes de preparatoria en comparación con las de universidad [14]. ...
Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre conductas alimentarias de riesgo, estatus de peso e insatisfacción corporal en mujeres adolescentes y jóvenes mexicanas. Materiales y métodos: participaron 487 mujeres, de una preparatoria pública (50,3%; Edad: media = 16,5, desviación estándar = 1.0 años) y de una universidad pública (49.7%; Edad: media = 19,7, desviación estándar = 1.4 años), seleccionadas con un muestreo no-probabilístico de tipo intencional. Considerando la edad se formaron dos grupos etarios (adolescentes y jóvenes). Las participantes contestaron una cédula de datos generales donde se reportó peso y estatura, asimismo, contestaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias y el Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal, ambos validados para población mexicana. Resultados: se encontró que 11,4% de las adolescentes y 6.6% de las jóvenes reportaron conductas alimentarias de riesgo; las de mayor presencia fueron la dieta restrictiva, evitar alimentos con azúcar y el conteo de calorías. Entre las jóvenes, a mayor índice de masa corporal mayor presencia de conductas alimentarias de riesgo, no así entre las adolescentes. De manera general, las participantes con exceso de peso presentaron cinco veces mayor probabilidad de desarrollar conductas alimentarias de riesgo. Mientras que 18,8% de las adolescentes y 19,8% de las jóvenes presentaron insatisfacción corporal. Finalmente, en ambos grupos las conductas alimentarias de riesgo se asociaron con la insatisfacción corporal, excepto la conducta de vómito. Conclusiones: es necesario implementar medidas preventivas en esta población considerando el estatus de peso y la presencia de insatisfacción corporal.
... Past studies were conducted in regard to eating disorder behavior, specifically on their potential effects towards men and women (Eldredge & Agras, 1996;González-González, Betancourt-Ocampo, Tavel-Gelrud, & Martínez-Lanz, 2014). One example of eating disorder behavior is called the night eating syndrome (NES), which was caused by high level of emotional eating (Nolan & Geliebter, 2012). ...
This study examined the prevalence of academic burnout and the relationship between academic burnout and eating disorder among Monash university students for a period of one year. One hundred and thirty-two participants were recruited for the study via advertisement. They were invited to complete three instruments, namely Demographic Questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory – Student Survey (MBI-SS) and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised 18-item (TFEQ-18). In addition, anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage and waist circumference were taken. All data were collected at baseline and after 6–8 weeks. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Kruskal–Wallis and Bonferroni pairwise comparison tests were performed using Stata version 13. The prevalence of academic burnout after 6–8 weeks was revealed to be 17.4% and 73.5% respectively for moderate and high level of academic burnout respectively. Emotional eating (EEat) scores were significantly different over levels of academic burnout after 6–8 weeks (p = 0.0103) while no significant differences was observed in other subscales such as cognitive restraint (CR) and uncontrolled eating (UE). These findings evidenced partial associations between academic burnout and eating disorder.
Este trabalho tem como principal objectivo analisar o papel do professor de Ciências Naturais na Educação Alimentar (EA) e indagar acerca das práticas. Neste estudo foi aplicado um questionário, a professores de Ciências Naturais e a professores responsáveis pela Educação para a Saúde (EpS) em escolas de ensino básico de duas cidades no Norte de Portugal. A EA está inserida nos currículos escolares e é abordada de forma diversificada pelos professores. É possível perceber o aumento da preocupação com a oferta de alimentos saudáveis dentro do espaço escolar e das políticas públicas voltadas para a área da EA.
Objective: To learn about the relationship between percentilar Body Mass Index and risk eating behaviors in Mexican adolescents. Method: A sample of 7 597 adolescents between 13 and 18 years was obtained from the Drug and Alcohol Prevalence in the Student Population Survey of Mexico City in 1997. A self report questionnaire of 11 items was used to assess their eating behavior during the three previous months before applying the survey. Comparisons by sex and age were carried out. Results: The data showed a trend to present higher percentages of risk eating behaviors as Body Mass Index and age increases. Although this same trend was observed in both sexes, women show higher means of clinical symptoms compared to men. In agreement to the results obtained, it may be concluded that 1.5% of the men between 13 and 15 years, and 2.2% of the men between 16 and 18 years meet the risk criteria for developing an eating disorder, while these percentages increase up to 5.4% in women between 13 and 18 years and up to 16.1% in women between 16 and 18 years. It was observed that adolescents with overweight are those who meet higher percentages of risk eating behaviors. This fact indicates that overweight must be considered as an important predisponent characteristic for the development of eating disorders. The small percentage of adolescents with low and very low weight that presents risk eating behaviors, also deserve our attention, as their eating behavior might be motivated by body image distortion (they perceive themselves fatter than they really are). Conclusions: This data show that 1) There is a relationship between Body Mass Index and risk eating behaviors, and that 2) Overweight and low weight should both be considered as risk factors for the development of eating disorders.
The main purpose of this paper was to present the construct validity of an instrument for the detection of risk factors for eating disorders in Mexican adolescents and young women, such that professionals in this area have a reliable and valid instrument for the detection of risk factors with qualitative and quantitative specifications, for the discrimination of risk severity in conjunction with decision-making related to prevention and treatment. This has been a theoretical and practical issue lacking issue in our present socio-cultural context. As systematic research on eating disorders is recent in Mexico, and because the low prevalence of these diseases has limited the access to clinical populations, their cause may be explained based on other cultural context's research findings. Therefore it has become an important task to enrich such information with the Mexican eating disordered women's experience, related to cultural issues. It may appear reiterative to develop new assessment instruments for this purpose, considering that international workings are abundant and some of them have been already validated with Mexican populations, for instance the Eating Attitudes Test, a self-report screening test of the symptoms and concerns characteristic of eating disorders, and the Eating Disorders Inventory, that measures traits and symptom clusters presumed to have relevance for the understanding and treatment of eating disorders. However, it is important to highlight the cultural differences of a particular culture and their relationship to psychopathology. The results obtained in different cultures, question the universal meanings for psychological disorders challenging the validity of standardization for non-occidental cultures. These views support the development of appropriate assessment instruments in different cultures. The main contribution of this instrument is that it was developed based on the information provided by Mexican eating disordered patients in relation to the development of their illness. Risk factors associated with the development of eating disorders were assessed in a sample of 332 Mexican adolescents and young women (average age 19.1 years, SD=3.8), high school and college students at public and private schools in Mexico City. The study was carried out in two phases: in the first, the individual (eating behaviors, body weight history, curriculum, dating and violence), psychosocial (self-esteem, body image, depression, personality traits, identity and sexuality) and sociocultural (interpersonal relationships, career choice and values towards the body) factors associated with the development of eating disorders were assessed using a qualitative methodology (in-depth interviews) with 10 Mexican eating disordered patients in treatment at the Eating Disorders Unit of the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón del Fuente in Mexico City. The data obtained from the first phase, was used to identify the most important issues reported by patients, and questions were developed to assess the different areas; this resulted in the development of a 273 question self-report instrument. The instrument included two types of measurements: questions specifically implemented for this study, and scales previously validated in Mexican populations, such as the CES-D, suicidal ideation scale, and the relationship with mother/father scale, the Pope self-esteem scaie, and the Eating Disorders Inventory perfectionism, maturity fears and body dissatisfaction scales. The instrument was initially assessed with a pilot study to determine the correct comprehension of the items and its statistical discrimination, with 31 women diagnosed with eating disorders in treatment at the Eating Disorders Unit, and 30 normal controls with similar ages (X=22.5, SD=7.7), similar schooling curriculum in years (X=12.5, DE=3.3) and BMI (X=22.3, SD=3.6). To achieve these goals, independent samples t-tests were conducted between groups, considering as valid those items that were different at a .05 level. After the pilot study the instrument included 14 areas and 216 questions associated with the development of eating disorders; nevertheless, in this paper only the results from the validation analyses of the 8 Likert scales that comprise the instrument will be reported: depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, self-esteem, psychological characteristics, relationships with brothers and sisters, with males, with mother and father. Afterwards, reliability analyses and factorial validation were conducted. The results showed a high total internal consistency for all of the scales (Cronbach alphas between .80 and .94), with factorial distributions similar to those obtained in the previous analyses done with other Mexican populations, as well as an internal consistency of the subscales from moderate to high (Cronbach alphas between .60 and .94). The depressive symptoms scale, showed a two-factor distribution that distinguished between depressive mood and somatic symptoms. The suicidal ideation scale obtained an appropriate internal consistency score and in accordance with previous research in Mexican populations, only one factor was obtained that explained a high percentage of the total variance. The self-esteem scale showed a factorial distribution very similar to the one previously obtained in Mexican adolescents, although not all of the statistical scores were adequate, for instance, in the family relationships and anger subscales (Cronbach alphas < .70). The psychological characteristics scale obtained a 4 factor distribution, eliminated the questions related to the measurement of perfectionism, kept the maturity fears questions, and, the cluster of questions that were originally directed to measure body image, yielded two subscales, one related to the actual aesthetical body model, and the other directly related to body dissatisfaction, all of which obtained good statistical scores of internal consistency and explained variance. The scale "Relationship with brothers and sisters", and "Relationship with males" obtained good statistical scores, in a one factor structure that clustered positive and negative questions. The relationship with father scale, showed a 5-factor structure with an appropriate total internal consistency score; nevertheless, 2 of the 5 subscales: father's criticism and father's maltreatment were not conceptually coherent. In the opposite, the other 3 subscales were conceptually good but one of them had a low internal consistency (Fathers support). On the other hand, the distribution of the same questions in the relationship with mother scale had more conceptual coherence and good statistical scores.
The central objective of the present study was to determine if in a sample of Mexican adolescents there would be a relationship frequently postulated between restrictive dieting and compulsive eating behavior. The whole sample was conformed by 305 adolescents (154 women and 151 men). This sample was divided into n 1 = 278 adolescents that in a period of 15 days had "never" followed a restrictive diet and sample n 2 = 27 adolescents that in the same period of 15 days had followed a restrictive diet very "frequently" and "always". The mean age for men was X=16.09 years old and S=0.90, and the mean age for women was of X=16.16 years old and S=1.07. A scale was applied which explores risk factors associated with eating disorders. The instrument was applied in classrooms to the adolescents who accepted to participate voluntarily. Considering the most interesting findings, a prevalence of 10% of adolescents with a high and clear manifestation of risk eating behavior was found and the relationship between restrictive dieting and compulsive eating behavior or overeating were confirmed.
El término «conducta alimentaria» se asocia de manera inmediata con el hecho de ingerir alimentos; sin embargo, es una conducta compleja mediada por factores externos a la persona y no exclusivamente porque los individuos quieran satisfacer sus necesidades alimentarias y sus requerimientos nutricios. La alteración de esta conducta ha dado origen a lo que se conoce como trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) tales como la anorexia nervosa, la bulimia nervosa y «el trastorno por atracón», en los cuales se ven distorsionados los patrones de la ingestión de alimentos, olvidándose la importancia de mantener un balance entre ingestión y gasto de energía, lo que repercute de manera importante en el estado nutricio y por ende en la salud del individuo. Es bien sabido el origen multifactorial de los TCA, y dentro de los factores de riesgo más estudiados están: las conductas alimentarias, el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y las actitudes hacia el cuerpo provenientes de la interiorización de una figura corporal delgada. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de las conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR) y su relación con la interiorización del ideal estético de delgadez y con el IMC, en estudiantes de ambos sexos de nivel preparatoria y licenciatura en una escuela privada de la ciudad de Pachuca, Hidalgo. Un objetivo adicional fue el de proporcionar datos de confiabilidad y validez de las escalas utilizadas en una muestra de hombres, así como datos adicionales de validez en las mujeres...
Objective: To determine the degree of tracking of adiposity from childhood to early adulthood, and the risk of overweight in early adulthood associated with overweight in childhood and parental weight status in a cohort of children born in the mid 1970s.
Design: Longitudinal observational study.
Subjects: Approximately 155 healthy boys and girls born in Adelaide, South Australia 1975-6 and their parents.
Measurements: Height and weight of subjects at 2 years, annually from 4 to 8 years, biennially from 11 to 15 years and at 20 years, and of parents when subjects were aged 8 years. BMI of subjects converted to standard deviation scores and prevalence of overweight and obesity determined using worldwide definitions. Parents classified as overweight if BMI > 25kg/m2. Tracking estimated as Pearson correlation coefficient. Risk ratio used to describe the association between weight status at each age and parental weight status and weight status at 20 years and weight status at each earlier age, both unadjusted and adjusted for parental weight status.
Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity increased with age and was higher than that reported in international reference populations. Tracking of BMI was established from 6 years onwards to 20 years at r values > 0.6 suggesting that BMI from 6 years is a good indicator of later BMI. Tracking was stronger for shorter intervals and for those subjects with both parents overweight compared with those with only one or neither parent overweight. Weight status at an earlier age was a more important predictor of weight status at 20 years than parental weight status, and risk of overweight at 20 years increased further with increasing weight status of parents.
Conclusion: Strategies for prevention of overweight and targeted interventions for prevention of the progression of overweight to obesity are urgently required in school aged children in order to stem the epidemic of overweight in the adult population.
Objective: To learn about the relationship between percentilar Body Mass Index and risk eating behaviors in Mexican adolescents. Method: A sample of 7 597 adolescents between 13 and 18 years was obtained from the Drug and Alcohol Prevalence in the Student Population Survey of Mexico City in 1997. A self report questionnaire of 11 items was used to assess their eating behavior during the three previous months before applying the survey. Comparisons by sex and age were carried out. Results: The data showed a trend to present higher percentages of risk eating behaviors as Body Mass Index and age increases. Although this same trend was observed in both sexes, women show higher means of clinical symptoms compared to men. In agreement to the results obtained, it may be concluded that 1.5% of the men between 13 and 15 years, and 2.2% of the men between 16 and 18 years meet the risk criteria for developing an eating disorder, while these percentages increase up to 5.4% in women between 13 and 18 years and up to 16.1% in women between 16 and 18 years. It was observed that adolescents with overweight are those who meet higher percentages of risk eating behaviors. This fact indicates that overweight must be considered as an important predisponent characteristic for the development of eating disorders. The small percentage of adolescents with low and very low weight that presents risk eating behaviors, also deserve our attention, as their eating behavior might be motivated by body image distortion (they perceive themselves fatter than they really are). Conclusions: This data show that 1) There is a relationship between Body Mass Index and risk eating behaviors, and that 2) Overweight and low weight should both be considered as risk factors for the development of eating disorders.
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue presentar la validez de constructo de un instrumento para detectar factores de riesgo en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) en mujeres mexicanas adolescentes y jóvenes adultas. De tal manera, los estudiosos en esta área pueden contar con un instrumento válido y confiable para la detección de tales factores de riesgo considerando las especificaciones cualitativas y cuantitativas que les permite discriminar la severidad del riesgo en correspondencia con la toma de decisiones, en lo que a la prevención o tratamiento se refiere, ya que en la actualidad y en nuestro contexto socio-cultural se carece de este apoyo teórico-práctico. Debido a que la investigación sistemática sobre este tema en México es reciente y a que el acceso a las personas clínicamente diagnosticadas se ha visto limitado debido a la baja prevalencia que caracteriza a estas enfermedades, hasta ahora las explicaciones acerca de las causas que las provocan, se han basado en las investigaciones realizadas en otros contextos socioculturales. De ahí la importancia de complementar dicha información con la exposición de los aspectos culturales que pueden derivarse de la experiencia de las mujeres mexicanas. Si bien puede parecer reiterativo construir nuevos instrumentos con este fin, dado que abundan en la bibliografía internacional y que algunos ya han sido validados en población mexicana (como el Eating Attitudes Test que es un instrumento autoaplicable de tamizaje de los síntomas y preocupaciones características de los TCA y el Eating Disorders Inventory, que mide rasgos y conjuntos de síntomas que tienen relevancia en el entendimiento y tratamiento de los TCA); es importante resaltar la importancia que tienen las diferencias culturales de una particular población y su relación con la psicopatología. Los estudios apoyados en los resultados obtenidos de muestras provenientes de diversas culturas, cuestionan las acepciones universales para los trastornos psicológicos, y por lo
Data of the Drug and Alcohol Prevalence in Student Population of Mexico City Survey 1997 were used to achieve knowledge about the presence of risk eating behaviors, characteristic of eating disorders in the student population of Mexico city (N = 10,173). The sample was conformed by boys (47.9%) and girls (52.1%), with a mean age of 14.5 years (SD = 1.8). The identification of the differences between boys and girls, and age groups in two occurrence categories of risk eating behavior (ever and two or more times per week) were among the main objectives. An eleven items scale with three answering options about eating behavior during the last three months was used. The BMI-P distributed normally, with greater percentage of overweight, than underweight in both sexes. A greater percentage of risk eating behaviors were found among girls, excluding hard exercising and binge eating, as well as similar percentages of laxative and enema use in both sexes. The analysis held by age groups for risk eating behaviors showed significant differences in binge eating, self induced vomiting, pills and enemas use among boys, while girls showed differences in almost all of these practices, being the group of 18 and 19 years where the greater percentages were found.
The purpose of this paper was to review and summarize the research literature on the spectrum of eating disturbances.
Literature was searched using a computer data base to identify recent articles related to the prevalence and occurrence of disturbed eating patterns as well as full and partial syndrome eating disorders (EDs).
This review indicates that the prevalence of partial syndrome EDs in nonclinical populations is at least twice that of full syndrome EDs, and that there is a progression in some individuals from less to more severe disturbances in eating behavior.
These findings suggest the need for careful, scientific evaluation of risk factors for EDs in both children and adults. A longitudinal research program in progress is described which aims to identify the risk factors for EDs.
Cross-sectional studies have suggested that children who were less physically active and children who watched more television (TV) had more excess body weight, but no large nationwide longitudinal studies have addressed whether children who change their personal levels of activity or inactivity, from one year to the next, experience changes in adiposity. Our objective is to study the association between change in body mass index (BMI) over 1 year and same year change in recreational physical activity and change in recreational inactivity (TV/videos/video games).
Cohort study using data from 2 mailed questionnaires, 1 year apart.
A total of 11 887 boys and girls, aged 10 to 15, who returned questionnaires in both 1997 and 1998 as part of the Growing Up Today Study. Outcome Measure. Change in BMI from 1997-1998, accounting for increases in BMI associated with growth and development.
An increase in physical activity from 1997-1998 was associated with decreasing relative BMI in girls (-0.06 kg/m2 per hour increase in daily activity; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.11, -0.01) and in overweight boys (-0.22 kg/m2; CI: -0.33, -0.10). An increase in inactivity was associated with increasing BMI in girls (+0.05 kg/m2 per hour increase in daily TV/videos/video games; CI: +0.02, +0.08). Effects were generally stronger among overweight children. Increasing time doing aerobics/dancing and walking were associated with BMI declines for some groups of children.
Many children may benefit by increasing their physical activity and by reducing time watching TV or videos and playing video games. In particular, 2 activities accessible to most children, aerobics/dancing and walking, also appeared beneficial.
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