KNOWLEDGE OF CYBERCRIME AMONG ELDERLY ACROSS GENDER

Abstract

Abstract: Narcolepsy is a chronic disorder of impaired expression of wakefulness and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, reported more in adults as they have less sleeping hours because of busy work schedules whether in office or at home. There are studies indicating narcolepsy among old people as they suffer from different diseases due to their age but studies showing narcoleptic adults are lacking. The purpose of present study is to know about this under-recognized disease during adulthood. Pathophysiological studies have shown that the disease is caused by the early loss of neurons in the hypothalamus that produce hypocretin, a wakefulness-associated neurotransmitter present in cerebrospinal fluid. Only cataplexy exhibits a high specificity for diagnosis of narcolepsy. While the natural history is poorly defined, narcolepsy appears to be lifelong but not progressive. Mild disease severity, misdiagnoses or long delays in cataplexy expression often cause long intervals between symptom onset, presentation and diagnosis. Only 15-30% of narcoleptic individuals are ever diagnosed or treated, and nearly half first present for diagnosis after the age of 40 years.Treatment includes counselling as to the chronic nature of narcolepsy, the potential for developing further symptoms reflective of REM sleep dyscontrol, and the hazards associated with driving and operating machinery. Nonpharmacological management also includes maintenance of a strict wake-sleep schedule, good sleep hygiene, the benefits of afternoon naps and a programme of regular exercise. Thereafter, treatment is highly individualised, depending on the severity of daytime sleepiness, cataplexy and sleep disruption.It is important that general practitioners and other primary health-care workers identify abnormal daytime sleepiness early.
Keyword: sleeping disorder, cataplexy, narcolepsy, non-pharmacological therapy.

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www.ijaret.org Vol. 2, Issue II, Feb. 2014
ISSN 2320-6802
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ADVANCE RESEARCH IN
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
WINGS TO YOUR THOUGHTS…..
Page 7
Abstract: Cyber crime encompasses any criminal act dealing with computers and networks (called hacking). Additionally, cyber
crime also includes traditional crimes conducted through the Internet. For example; hate crimes, telemarketing and Internet
fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts are considered to be cyber crimes when the illegal activities are committed
through the use of a computer and the Internet. This includes anything from downloading illegal music files to stealing millions
of dollars from online bank accounts. Cybercrime also includes non-monetary offenses, such as creating and
distributing viruses on other computers or posting confidential business information on the Internet. Cybercrime is a term for
any illegal activity that uses a computer as its primary means of commission. Elderly is that vulnerable group who has been
deprived from any information regarding latest technologies and innovation especially in the area of computer and internet and
is likely to become an attractive target of cybercrime. The finding of the study indicates that knowledge of cybercrime is high
among elderly males as compared to elderly females because of lack of availability of internet facilities. The purpose of the
study was to assess the knowledge of cyber crime among elderly across gender. The research design was cross-sectional in
nature. 60 elderly male and 60 elderly female were selected from different areas of Lucknow city. Total sample size was 120.
The purposive random sampling technique was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed by employing Mean, Standard
Deviation, and “t” ratio. The results showed that there is no significant difference between knowledge and gender of
respondents (t-value= 0.081) at 5% level of significance.
Keywords: Cybercrime, Internet, Knowledge, Elderly.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to
serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of
networks that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks, of local to
global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless and optical networking technologies. [1] Cyber
crime is the latest and perhaps the most complicated
problem in the internet world. “Any criminal activity that
uses a computer either as an instrumentality, target or a
means for perpetuating further crimes comes within the
ambit of cyber crime”. [2] A generalized definition of cyber
crime may be “ unlawful acts wherein the computer is either
a tool or target or both” The computer may be used as a tool
in the following kinds of activity- financial crimes, sale of
illegal articles, pornography, online gambling, intellectual
property crime, e-mail spoofing, forgery, cyber defamation,
cyber stalking. [3]
Cybercrime also includes non-monetary offenses, such as
creating and distributing viruses on other computers or
posting confidential business information on the Internet.
Cybercrime is a term for any illegal activity that uses a
computer as its primary means of commission. [4] Elderly
are found to be disproportionately affected by the cyber
crime, and as they have more free time to spend on internet
they are likely to have more chances of falling victims to
cyber crime. [5] Elderly is that vulnerable group who has
been deprived from any information regarding latest
technologies and innovation especially in the area of
computer and internet and become an attractive target of
cybercrime. [6] Knowledge of cybercrime is low among
elderly females because of lack of availability of internet
facilities to them as compared to elderly males. [7]
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Aims and Objectives
The aim and objective of the study was to assess the
knowledge of cybercrime among elderly across gender.
KNOWLEDGE OF CYBERCRIME AMONG ELDERLY
ACROSS GENDER
Nabat Arfi 1 and Dr. Shalini Agarwal 2
1 Department of Human Development & Family Studies, School for Home Science
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025
nabat.arfi@gmail.com
2Department of Human Development & Family Studies, School for Home Science
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow-226025
s_gupt@rediffmail.com

www.ijaret.org Vol. 2, Issue II, Feb. 2014
ISSN 2320-6802
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ADVANCE RESEARCH IN
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WINGS TO YOUR THOUGHTS…..
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2.2 Locale of the study
Lucknow city was selected for conducting the study.
Lucknow is a central placed district of U.P spread over an
area of 25285 sq. km. Sitapur from North, Barabanki from
East Raibareli from South West are surrounding the district.
The city has a population about 3,647,834 (2011 census) of
which males were 1,932,317 and remaining 1,715,517 were
females. About 63.22 percent of this population lives in the
urban area while 37.88 percent of the population lives in the
rural areas. The data of elderly males and females was
collected from Indira Nagar, Gomti Nagar, south city and
Rajnikhand area of Lucknow as well as from AASTHA
HOSPIC Old Age Centre at Kapoorthala, Aliganj and from
CHETNA Old Age Home.
2.3 Research design
A research design is the specification of methods and
procedure for acquiring the information needed. The
research design for the present study was cross-sectional
research design. Cross-sectional method was used because
this method is extensive and can be used to collect data
from a large sample at a particular point of time.
2.4 Sampling Design
The sample for the present study consisted of 120
respondents (60 elderly males and 60 elderly females). The
purposive random sampling technique used to select the
sample from the selected area.
2.5 Methods of Data Collection
As the study is Cross- Sectional in nature, survey method
was adopted to collect the information from the target
population. A well structured and pre tested interview
schedule was given to the subjects to their response.
Interview schedule was used with great care so as to have
minimum possible biasness. “English” version of the
interview schedule was used.
Table 1: To study the Knowledge of respondents regarding
cybercrime, a questionnaire (correct, partially correct and
incorrect) was developed to get the response of the
respondents.
S. No.
Statements
1
Any criminal offense committed against or
with the use of a computer or computer
network is cybercrime.
2
Unlawful acts wherein the computer is either
a tool or target results in cyber crime.
3
A cybercrime can lead to loss of business.
4
Cyber criminals can operate from anywhere
in the world targeting large number of
people across international boundaries too.
5
A cybercrime can lead to financial loss.
6
A cyber criminal take advantage of lacunas
of computer operating system and penetrate
into the computer system to commit
cybercrime.
7
A cybercrime can lead to loss of intellectual
property.
8
Hacking is defined as unauthorized access to
computer system.
9
A cybercrime can lead to productivity loss.
10
A cybercrime can lead to loss of consumer
confidence
11
Control over the websites of another is web
jacking or hi-jacking.
12
Cyber stalking involves use of internet to
harass someone.
13
Spamming is sending of unsolicited bulk
and commercial messages over the internet.
14
Cyber pornography is committed when
women and children are victims of sexual
exploitation through internet and is part of
cybercrime.
15
Phishing is a cybercrime criminally
fraudulent process of acquiring sensitive
information such as username and password
is done.
16
Financial gain is one of the common reason
of cybercrime by cyber criminals.
17
Computers are vulnerable so different
provision of cyber laws are made to
safeguard them against cybercrime.
18
In India the Information Technology (IT)
Act, 2000 was passed to provide legal
recognition for transaction carried out by
means of electronic communication.
19
The Information Technology Act, 2000 to
deal with the law relating to digital
contracts, digital property and violation of
these laws constitutes a crime.
20
Life imprisonment and fine up to rupees ten
lakhs may be given to certain classes of
cybercrime under IT Act (2008).
21
Punishment for cyber terrorism may extend
to imprisonment for life under section 66 F
of IT Act, (2008).
22
Online charity contributions, life insurance
are some financial crime against elderly.
23
Underreporting and victim vulnerabilities
are most usual factors contributing to
financial crimes against elderly.
24
Seniors who have active social lives and
experience a broad array of consumer
situations may be vulnerable to fraud
because of increased exposure.
25
According to MacAfee, older people have
much more implicit trust and therefore they
are much more likely to be a victims of
cyber fraud.

www.ijaret.org Vol. 2, Issue II, Feb. 2014
ISSN 2320-6802
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ADVANCE RESEARCH IN
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WINGS TO YOUR THOUGHTS…..
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26
Senior citizen is disproportionately affected
by internet crime and our current law do not
able to protect them.
27
Elderly are often subjected to four types of
cybercrime that is fraud, illegal access to
computer networks, vandalism and identity
theft.
28
In 1984, computer fraud and abuse act
created seven computers specific offenses
for unauthorized access to computers, rarely
applies to cybercrime against elderly.
29
Online fraud and cheating is one of the most
lucrative business that are growing today in
cyber space.
30
Avoid disclosing any information pertaining
to one is the best for preventing cyber
stalking.
31
Always use latest and update antivirus
software to guard against virus attacks.
32
Never use to send your credit card number
to any site that is not secured to guard
against fraud.
33
Cyber law is the term used to describe legal
issue related to the use of communication
technology, particularly cyberspace.
34
Malware is software designed to damage a
computer system without the owner’s
informed consent.
35
The global anti- malware market is driven
by cyber criminal threats.
36
Lack of awareness towards cybercrime
makes the elderly an even more attractive
victim of cybercrime.
37
Cyber- piracy is the illegal copying and
trading of software through internet.
38
Elderly dependency on others increases their
vulnerability to certain schemes involving
identity theft.
39
Information Technology Act, 2008 punishes
various cyber crimes including cyber
terrorism.
40
Cyber squatting is an issue that has not been
tackled in IT Act, 2000.
41
Centre for cyber victim counseling in India
provides counseling for the trauma one has
gone through by becoming a target of
cybercrime.
2.6 Data Analysis
For the analysis of data the following steps were followed:
1. Coding- A coding plan was developed in which code
numbers were given to every question and its
responses and then tabulated on the coding sheet.
2. Tabulation- The coded data was transferred from the
coding sheet to comprehensive tables to give a clear
picture of the findings.
3. Statistical Analysis- The data was analyzed by
employing Mean, Standard Deviation, and “t” ratio.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table.2: “t-value” between independent variable gender
and knowledge. Significant at 0.05 levels.
MEAN
MALE
FEMALE
Figure 1: Distribution of respondents on the basis of mean
of their gender.
The above table revealed that no significant differences
were found between knowledge and gender of the
respondents (t-value= 0.081) at 5% level of significance,
therefore the null hypothesis has been accepted. Hence, the
knowledge of respondents may not vary according to their
gender.
References
[1] Knowledge of internet.
http://www.internetworld.com. Accessed on
September 2012.
[2] N. Arfi, S. Agarwal, “Knowledge of Cybercrime
among Elderly”, International Journal of Scientific
& Engineering Research, 4(7), pp. 1463-1468, 2013.
[3] N. Arfi, S. Agarwal, “Assessment of types of
Cybercrime faced by Elderly across Residence”,
The International Journal of Engineering &
Science, 2(6), pp. 1-3, 2013.
[4] M. Bowen, “Computer Crime” 2009. [Online].
Available at: http://www.guru.net/, Visited:
07/09/12.
[5] B.J. Bick, “Internet crime and the Elderly”, New
Jersey Law, 2(4), pp. 1-2, 2011.
[6] R.J. Campbell, J. Wabby, “The Elderly and the
Internet: A case study”, The Internet Journal of
Health, 3(1), 2003.
[7] N. Arfi, S. Agarwal, “Assessment of knowledge of
Cybercrime among Elderly across Residence”,
International Journal of Innovative Research
&Studies, 2(6), pp. 643-650, 2013.
S.No.
Gender
Mean
S.D.
t
Sig.
1.
Male
50.16
17.698
2.252
0.081
2.
female
42.90
14.300