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767
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
75: 767-792, 2002
Analysis of the contribution and efficiency of the Santuario de la
Naturaleza Yerba Loca, 33º S in protecting the regional vascular plant
flora (Metropolitan and Fifth regions of Chile)
Análisis de la contribución y eficiencia del Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca,
33º S, en la protección de la flora vascular regional (regiones Metropolitana y Quinta
de Chile)
MARY T. K. ARROYO1, CLODOMIRO MARTICORENA2, OSCAR MATTHEI2,
MÉLICA MUÑOZ3 & PATRICIO PLISCOFF1
1Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Research on Biodiversity (CMEB), Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile;
e-mail: southern@abello.dic.uchile.cl
2Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de
Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
3Sección Bótanica, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Casilla 787, Santiago, Chile
ABSTRACT
Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca (SN Yerba Loca), Metropolitan Region (MR), 33º S, Chile is analyzed for its
conservation value and efficiency in protecting native vascular plants in a regional context. The reserve’s flora of 500
species and subtaxa was evaluated for species richness, endemism, range size and marginally distributed taxa, using
species-area analysis, and tendencies in the floras of the MR (1.434 species and subtaxa) and MR-Fifth regions (1,841
species and subtaxa) to set the regional pattern. The reserve (0.7 % of MR land area and 0.3 % MR-Fifth land area)
contains 34 % of the MR and 27% of the MR-Fifth floras, and around 16-17 % of the mediterranean-climate area
(regions IV-VIII) flora of central Chile. Veech’s Relative Richness Index (RRI) revealed that SN Yerba Loca houses
exaggerated richness in relation to its land area (28 % more species than expected from the regional model). However,
endemism rates (35 % Continental Chile endemics, 22 % Mediterranean endemics, 3% MR-Vth endemics) are
statistically lower than in the MR (44 %, 29 %, 9 %) and the MR-Vth (48 %, 31 %, 11 %) floras, and SN Yerba Loca
houses proportionately fewer MR endemics (2 %) than the MR (6 %). Compared with the regional floras, the reserve
contains statistically fewer marginally distributed species, and range size (median = five administrative regions) is
significantly larger. The reserve’s outstanding species richness compensates for its low endemism rates bringing the
absolute number of endemics to 92 % of the regional expectation. Corresponding values for marginally distributed
species are 81 % (northern limits), 63% (southern limits) and for median and shorter range taxa, 100 %. It is concluded
that SN Yerba Loca is a highly efficient reserve from the point of view of vascular plant conservation, and represents
an excellent conservation choice. SN Yerba Loca and MN El Morado (a second state protected area in the MR),
conservatively, house 39 % of the native vascular plant flora of the MR (30 % of that of the MR-Fifth) on 0.9 % of MR
land area. Our study emphasizes that relatively small land areas in central Chile can house significant amounts of
biodiversity, and that moreover, the RM and RM-Fifth are areas of high species richness within the central Chilean
biodiversity hotspot. The outstanding conservation value of SN Yerba Loca calls for a management plan designed to
assure the integrity of the reserve under increasing pressures from the Metropolitan Region with six million inhabitants.
Key words: conservation efficiency, endemism, hotspot, protected area, mediterranean flora, species richness, SN
Yerba Loca.
RESUMEN
Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca (SN Yerba Loca), 33ºS, un área protegida en la Región Metropolitana (RM) de
Chile, es analizado en términos de su aporte a la conservación de la flora vascular y su eficiencia en un contexto regional.
Se analizó la flora vascular nativa, compuesta por 500 taxa en terminos de riqueza de especies, endemismos, rango de
distribución, y presencia de taxa con límites de distribución geográfica en la zona de estudio, empleando análisis de
especie-área y en base de tendencias en las floras de la RM (1-434 especies y subtaxa) y RM-Quinta Región (1.841
especies y subtaxa). La reserva (de 0,7 % de la superficie de RM y 0,3 % de RM-Quinta Región) contiene el 34 % de
la flora nativa de RM y el 27 % de RM-Quinta Región, y alrededor de 16-17 % de la flora mediterránea (regiones IV-
VIII) de Chile central. El Índice de Riqueza Relativa (IRR) de Veech indica que SN Yerba Loca alberga una riqueza
extraordinaria en relación a su superficie (28 % más especies de lo esperado del modelo regional). Sin embargo, los
niveles de endemismo para SN Yerba Loca (35 % endémicos de Chile continental, 22 % endémicos de la zona
768 ARROYO ET AL.
INTRODUCTION
The conservation of biodiversity in a modern
context (Heywood & Watson 1995) spans the
gamut from the sustainable use of the components
of biodiversity to strict preservation. Globally,
protected areas are considered to constitute an
important means for protecting biodiversity
(Miller et al. 1995). Most national (and some
private) protected areas combine the sustainable
use of the components of biodiversity and
biodiversity preservation. The protection and
maintenance of biodiversity in the natural
environment on the one hand, underpins
recreation, while the use of protected areas for
recreation permits biodiversity per se to be
preserved through non-extractive sustainable use.
At the landscape level, protected areas also can
perform important ecological services, such as
watershed protection, CO2 sequestration (e.g. as
in forests) and maintenance of carbon sinks (e.g.,
as in peat bogs).
Although the protection of biodiversity is now
explicitly recognized as an objective of protected
areas, many protected areas were set up prior to
world concern about biodiversity, with scenic or
wilderness value, or the protection of a select
number of useful or charismatic species being the
overriding criteria for their establishment
(Armesto et al. 1998). For example, in India,
protected areas of forest species have existed
since the IV century (Groombridge 1992). Using
data given in Groombridge (1992), around 60 %
of all existing protected areas were established
before the 1980s, which corresponds with the
decade of accelarated global concern for
biodiversity. It was in the late 80’s that Wilson &
Peters (1988) brought the notion of biodiversity
to a wide field of scientists and others. The
contracted form of biological diversity
(biodiversity) was apparently coined by Walter
G. Rosen in 1985 for the first planning meeting of
mediterránea y 3 % endémicos a RM-Quinta Región) son estadísticamente más bajos que los niveles regionales (RM:
44, 29 y 9 %; RM-Quinta Región: 48, 31, y 11 %), y SN Yerba Loca alberga proporcionalmente menos taxas endemicos
a RM (2 %) que RM (6 %). En comparasión con las floras regionales, SN Yerba Loca contiene menos especies
marginalmente distribuidas, y los rangos geográficos para especies presentes en SN Yerba Loca (mediana = cinco regiones
administrativas) son significativamente mayores que en las floras regionales. La riqueza destacada de la reserva compensa
su bajo nivel de endemismos, con el número absoluto de taxas endemicos llegando al 92 % de la expectación regional.
Valores correspondientes para especies con distribuciones marginales son 81 % (límites norte), 63 % (límites sur) y para
taxas con rangos cortas, 100 %. Se concluye que SN Yerba Loca es una reserva muy eficiente desde el punto de vista de
conservación de la flora vascular. SN Yerba Loca y MN El Morado (un segundo área protegida en RM) constituyen el 0,9
% de la superficie de RM. Albergan alrededor del 39 % de la flora de la RM (y 30 % de la flora de RM y RM-Quinta Región).
Nuestro estudio indica que áreas pequeñas en Chile central pueden albergar mucha biodiversidad, y que RM y RM-Quinta
Región son áreas de alta riqueza de especies dentro del “hotspot” Chile central de biodiversidad. El sobresaliente valor de
SN Yerba Loca en lo respecto a la conservación exige un plan de manejo para asegurar la integridad de la reserva frente
de presiones de la Región Metropolitana con seis millones de inhabitantes.
Palabras clave: eficiencia de conservación, endemismos, área protegida,“hotspot” flora , mediterránea, riqueza de
especies, SN Yerba Loca.
the “National Forum on Biodiversity” held in
Washington DC in September, 1986 (Heywood &
Watson 1995). Gathering concern throughout the
late 80’s and early 90’s eventually lead to the
signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity
which came into force in 1993. In Chile the esta-
blishment of protected areas dates to 1907, with
the creation of the Reserva Nacional Malleco,
followed by the Villarrica, Alto Bío-Bío and
Llanquihue forest reserves created in 1912 (Benoit
1996). The first national park (still in existence),
Parque Nacional Vicente Pérez Rosales, was
created in 1926, with 10 new parks established
between 1935-1945. Over the period 1945-1969,
52 additional national parks and forest reserves
came into being. Of the 90-odd current protected
areas in Chile, thus a very large number were
created before 1980.
As biodiversity became a global concern, the
notion of biodiversity conservation began to make
its way into the hands of the decision makers
(e.g., Muñoz et al. 1996). However, even today,
new protected areas tend to be created more on
the basis of a select group of species, or dominant
species, rather than concern for adequate and
efficient coverage of all species in a region. The
early establishment of many protected areas on
the basis of wild, scenic or utilitarian value,
signifies that there can be no guarantee that a set
of existing national parks and reserves protects
all of a region’s biodiversity. Nor can it be assumed
that existing protected areas are efficient in terms
of the amounts of biodiversity they protect. Given
the latter, as a working hypothesis, individual
protected areas should span the natural range of
variation in the landscape, there being reserves
with relatively low to relatively high levels of
biodiversity: that is, some protected areas, by
chance could house high levels of biodiversity,
while others could contain low amounts.
In order to consolidate any national protected
area system a first objective should be that of
769CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
learning how much biodiversity is contained in
existing protected areas. This information is fun-
damental for determining which species in the
region of interest are protected and their level of
protection. Secondly, individual protected areas
should be evaluated for their relative conservation
efficiency. This kind of information is essential
to guide the right decisions when changes in the
boundaries (reductions, amplifications) of existing
protecting areas are contemplated. In this paper
we outline and analyze the vascular plant flora of
the Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca,
Metropolitan Region, 33º S, Chile. The Santuario
de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca is one of four
protected areas managed by CONAF-Chile in the
densely populated Metropolitan Region of Chile.
Some 25 % of the land area of the Metropolitan
Region is intensively used for agriculture and
urban development; many semi-natural areas are
today heavily subject to grazing (Arroyo et al.
2000). The Metropolitan Region occurs in the
mediterranean-type climate area of central Chile
(di Castri & Hajek 1976), known for its high
levels of endemism and species richness (Arroyo
& Cavieres 1997, Arroyo et al. 1999). Reflecting
the latter, in a recent paper in Nature, central
Chile (based on the original data provided by
Arroyo et al. 1999 in Mittermeier et al. 1999) has
been declared a “biodiversity hotspot for
conservation priority” (Myers et al. 2000). Based
on comprehensive floristic lists of the native flo-
ra for the Metropolitan Region and Metropolitan
and Vth regions combined, we first determine the
proportion of the regional floras contained in the
Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca. We then
employ a series of criteria designed to evaluate
the conservation value of the reserve. Specifically
we analyze the reserve’s flora from the perspective
of: (i) total number of vascular plants protected in
relation to the physical size of the reserve; (ii)
concentration and absolute numbers of endemic
taxa; (iii) average range size of taxa; (iv) presence
of marginally distributed species. For the purposes
of our analysis, a highly efficient reserve is one in
which: (i) a higher number of species in relation
to the expected regional average for the reserve
size are protected; (ii) the density of endemic
species is high; (iii) the average range size of
species is low, and (iv) marginally distributed
species are well represented. Finally, we combine
published floristic information for Monumento
Nacional El Morado (a second protected area in
the Metropolitan Region) with that for Santuario
de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca and determine the
proportion of the Metropolitan Region (and
Metropolitan-Quinta Region combined) flora
contained in the two protected areas.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study site
Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca (hereafter
SN Yerba Loca) (Fig. 1) is located in the
Municipality of Lo Barnechea to the NE of the
city of Santiago. The area was decreed a “Nature
Sanctuary” on 24 July, 1973 by the Chilean
Council of National Monuments (Consejo Nacio-
nal de Monumentos Nacionales). As originally
designated, the reserve covers 39,029 ha.
However, only the 10,500 ha. of the reserve
managed by the Corporación Nacional Forestal
(CONAF) is considered here. The reserve is
centered on the deeply-cut, northeast-southwest
trending valleys of the Estero Yerba Loca running
from the base of Cerro La Paloma, and Estero La
Leonera, situated to the east and running into
Estero Yerba Loca. It comprises steep
mountainous territory located to the east of the
Río San Francisco, from its junction with Estero
Yerba Loca to the level of La Ermita. Estero
Yerba Loca shows strong signs of heavily
glaciation in the Pleistocene. Permanent glaciers
are found today on Cerro La Paloma and Cerro
Plomo. The reserve spans an altitudinal range of
approximately 1,300 to 5,340 m. However, above
3,600 m vascular plants are essentially absent.
Vegetation types include typical low-elevation
mediterranean sclerophyllous scrub and succulent
scrub (900-1,500 m), montane sclerophyllous
woodland dominated by Kageneckia angustifolia
(1,600-2,000 m), and high alpine vegetation
(2,000-3,600 m). A significant extension of
Andean wetlands (locally referred to as “vegas”)
is found on the eastern side of the reserve below
Cerro La Parva. The upper reaches of Estero
Yerba Loca below Cerro La Paloma contain one
of the largest and best conserved extensions of
high Andean cushion bog in the general area. The
structure and ecology of the alpine vegetation of
the Farellones–La Parva-Valle Nevado area
immediately to the east, as described in Arroyo et
al. (1981, 1982) and Cavieres et al. (2000), is
typical of SN Yerba Loca. Details on the
composition and ecology of montane
sclerophyllous forest in the reserve can be found
in Arroyo & Uslar (1993) and Peñaloza et al.
(2001).
Floristic data
Knowledge of the flora of SN Yerba Loca was
generated from an intensive field collecting
program supplemented with a small number of
770
previous literature and herbarium records (3 %
taxa). Field work incompassed 92 man/woman
days of collecting time spread across 31 separate
collecting trips in the early spring to late autumn
of 1998-2001 and covered the entire elevation
range of vascular plants, all major watersheds,
ranges and expositions as well as vegetation types
in the reserve. All plant species occurring along
the explored gradients and trajectories were
collected and herbarium specimens prepared. Each
plant collection was formally recorded in relation
to georeferenced points (Garnmin GPS). So as to
document the flora of the reserve, herbarium
collections have been deposited at the University
of Concepción (CONC) and Museo National de
Historia Natural (SGO). The field effort resulted
in more than 1,700 herbarium collections and
their respective duplicates. The floristic lists for
the Metropolitan Region and Metropolitan-Fifth
regions combined were generated from the Chilean
flora data base, University of Concepción (version
23 August, 2001). This constantly up-dated
electronic data base contains distributional data
at the level of Chile administrative regions and
life-form data for all currently accepted species,
subspecies and varieties in the Chilean flora. The
only major modification to the data base affected
was replacement of the existing set of names for
Fig. 1: Location of the Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, Chile.
Ubicación del Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, Chile.
ARROYO ET AL.
771
the genus Calceolaria with a much reduced set of
taxa recognized in the recent taxonomic revision
of the genus by Ehrhart (2000). A few new taxa
for the Metropolitan Region discovered in SN
Yerba Loca were added to the regional lists. The
regional lists can be considered fairly complete,
since the Metropolitan and Vth regions are among
the best explored in Chile.
Conservation criteria: species richness
In order to evaluate the species packing efficiency
of a reserve, a measure of relative species richness
is required that takes into account that species
richness does not increase linearly with size of
area. The efficiency of SN Yerba Loca in
concentrating species richness was evaluated by
comparing the number of species contained in the
reserve in relation to the expected number of
species for the reserve land area as predicted from
a regional species-area curve. Previous work for
a wider area of central Chile (mediterranean area
in general) showed that species richness is strongly
linearly correlated with area under the power
function (Arroyo et al. 1995, Cowling et al. 1996).
In order to evaluate the species richness capacity
of SN Yerba Loca, we constructed a new species-
area curve for the area comprising the Fifth and
Metropolitan regions. The data used to construct
the new curve comprised: (a) current estimates of
species richness for the Fifth and Metropolitan
Regions obtained from the Chilean species data
base (see above); (b) species numbers for the
Valparaíso area, Marga Marga Valley, Santiago
Valley and Quebrada de La Plata as in Arroyo et
al. (1995); (c) a published species list for Monu-
mento Nacional El Morado (hereafter MN El
Morado) (Teillier et al. 1994) and the new data
for SN Yerba Loca, as presented herein. Inclusion
of MN El Morado also allowed comparison of the
species packing efficiency of SN Yerba Loca
with that of a second protected area in the
Metropolitan Region. For the species richness
analysis, subtaxa were eliminated from the data
sets for the Vth, Metropolitan Region, SN Yerba
Loca and MN El Morado, so as to enable use of
the floristic lists previously published in Arroyo
et al. (1995) which correspond to species-level
counts. Following Veech (2000), we calculated
the Relative Richness Index (RRI) as per Bowers
& McLaughlin (1982) for all data points used in
constructing the regression line. RRI is obtained
from the regression residuals expressed as a
percentage of the expected number of species for
the size of the land area of a reserve (c.f., Bowers
& McLaughlin 1982, Veech 2000):
Sobs-Sexp
RRI =———— x 100
Sexp
where Sobs is observed species richness Sexp is
expected species richness.
Conservation criteria: endemism
The efficiency of SN Yerba Loca in concentrating
endemic taxa was evaluated by comparing levels
of endemism in the reserve with those in the floras
of the Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined and
the Metropolitan Region. Four endemism categories
were considered: (a) taxa restricted in distribution
to continental Chile; (b) taxa restricted in
distribution to administrative regions Fourth
through Eigth; (b) taxa restricted in distribution to
the Metropolitan and Vth regions combined; (c)
TABLE 1
Comparison of species richness (species and subtaxa) and life-form composition for the native
vascular plant floras of the SN Yerba Loca, Metropolitan Region, 33º S, the Metropolitan and
Fifth regions combined, and the Metropolitan Region, Chile
Comparación de la riqueza de especies (especies y subtaxa) y composición en términos de forma de vida de las
floras vasculares nativas del SN Yerba Loca, Región Metropolitana, 33º S, regiones Metropolitana y Quinta
combinadas, y la Región Metropolitana, Chile
SN Yerba Loca Metropolitan Metropolitan-Fifth
Life-form n % n % n %
Annual and biennials 105 21.0 301 21.0 361 19.6
Perennial herbs 278 55.6 801 55.8 1,038 56.4
Shrubs and subshrubs 109 21.8 295 20.6 394 21.4
Trees 8 1.6 37 2.6 48 2.6
Total native flora 500 1,434 1,841
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
772
taxa restricted in distribution to the Metropolitan
Region. Taxa (species, or subtaxa) restricted in
distribution to continental Chile will be referred to
as “Continental Chile endemics”. Taxa restricted
in distribution to Chile and the area described by
administrative regions IV-VIII will be referred to
as “Mediterranean endemics”. These last
administrative regions were chosen as a surrogate
for the mediterranean-type climate region based
on their close fit to the latitudinal limits of the
mediterranean-climate area as defined by Van
Husen (1967) (30-38º S) and the availability of
accurate species lists at the level of Chile’s
administrative regions in the Chilean flora data
base (University of Concepción). It should be noted
that taxa endemic to the Metropolitan Region
constitute a subset of the Metropolitan-Vth regions
combined endemics, which in turn are a subset of
the Mediterranean endemics. Mediterranean
endemics comprise a subset of the Continental Chile
endemics. Endemism status at the level of continen-
tal Chile was determined by consulting the
geographical distributions of species in monographic
treatments, and checking the recently published
checklists for neighboring or geographically-close
Argentina (Zuloaga et al. 1994, Zuloaga & Morrone
1996, 1999), Peru (Brako & Zarucchi 1993) and
Ecuador (Jorgensen & León-Yáñez 1999). Subsets
of mediterranean and regional endemics were
obtained by filtering distributional information
contained in the Chilean flora data base at the level
of Chile’s administrative regions. Statistical
comparisons of endemism levels for SN Yerba Loca
with the regional floras were made using the G-test
of independence (Sokal & Rohlf 1995).
Conservation criteria: range size
In order to determine whether the constituent taxa
in the SN Yerba Loca reserve are more narrowly
distributed on average than species in the regio-
nal floras, we compared the range sizes of species
and their subtaxa in the SN Yerba Loca, the
Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined and the
Metropolitan Region. The number of
administrative regions occupied by each taxa in
Chile was used as an index of range size. Following
Matthei (1995) and Arroyo et al. (2000), the Vth
and Metropolitan Regions were amalgamated into
one composite region. The latter was considered
appropriate so as to define a geographical unit
that is more equivalent to the other 11
administrative regions in Chile, all of which span
the breath of Chile from the Pacific Ocean to the
Andean crest. Range size was calculated
separately for the subsets of Continental Chile
endemics, Mediterranean endemics and non-
endemic native taxa. The subset of Metropolitan-
Fifth regions combined and Metropolitan Region
endemics were not considered in this analysis, in
that all species on the criteria used here, have the
same distributional ranges (one administrative
region). Use of the number of administrative
regions gives an approximate measure of range
size, in that there is considerable variation in the
size of the individual administrative regions in
Chile. However, when comparisons are made for
subsets of flora from the same general
geographical area, as is the case here, this variation
is of little relevance, in that species in the areas
compared are drawn from the same regional
species pool, and thus will be subject to the same
level of error. The number of administrative
regions occupied by a species in Chile is useful as
a comparative measure of geographical range in
the absence of more accurate distributional data,
in that it provides a rough measure of the latitudi-
nal range. Statistical comparisons of range size
among the floras were made using the non-
parametric Mann-Whitney U-test (Statistica
Version 6.0, 1998 version).
Conservation criteria: marginally distributed
species
We evaluated SN Yerba Loca’s contribution to
conserving marginally distributed species by
considering presence in the reserve of species
with northern and southern distributional limits
found within the Metropolitan-Fifth regions
combined, following the same criterion as used
for range size for determining distributional limits.
The percentages of marginally-distributed species
in SN Yerba Loca were then compared with
corresponding sets of data generated for the re-
gional floras using the G-test of Independence
(Sokal & Rohlf 1995). Subsets of species of
different origins (endemic, non-endemic, etc.), as
well as the entire native flora, were considered so
as to detect differences between floristic
components.
Conservation criteria: combined criteria
Proportional values provide a measure of the
propensity of a local flora to contain species of a
given category (for example endemic species).
However, low proportional values for any given
category of species, could be compensated by
higher than average species richness. Absolute
expected numbers of endemic species, numbers
ARROYO ET AL.
773
of species with marginal distributions and numbers
of species with shorter than average distributions
were estimated for an area the size of SN Yerba
Loca, and compared with observed numbers in
the reserve. For endemism, the expected number
of species in the different endemism classes were
obtained by multiplying the corresponding
percentages found in the Metropolitan Region-
Fifth regions combined by the expected number
of species for SN Yerba Loca as obtained in the
regression equation obtained under the procedures
described in Material and Methods, section (a). A
parallel procedure was employed for northern
and southern distributional limits. For range size
we first determined the proportion of species in
the regional flora with median to lower range
sizes, and then multiplied this number by the
expected number of species for an area the size of
SN Yerba Loca obtained from the regression.
This number was compared for the observed
number of taxa in SN Yerba Loca, having median
and lower range sizes, as per in the regional flora.
Because our range size and endemism data
correspond to the species and subtaxa level, it
was necessary to adjust the predicted species
number of SN Yerba Loca as obtained from the
regression, so as to account for subtaxa. This was
achieved by multiplying the expected species
number obtained in regression by the ratio (number
of species + subtaxa) / number of species as in the
observed data for SN Yerba Loca.
RESULTS
Species richness and life-form
The Appendix gives the full listing of native
species found in SN Yerba Loca, along with life-
form, endemism status and distribution according
to administrative region. The identifications for
eight species and one putative hybrid in the
Appendix 1 (nine taxa in total) are tentative.
Including the nine taxa, the native flora of SN
Yerba Loca is comprised of 500 species and their
subtaxa. The total number of species in the reser-
ve is 488, excluding 11 varieties or subspecies in
cases where species are represented by one or
more varieties or subspecies (as in Adesmia
papposa, Adiantum chilense, Bromus setifolia,
Calceolaria ascendens, Calceolaria corymbosa,
Hypochaeris tenuifolia, Mustisia ilicifolia, M.
subulata, Oxalis compacta, Sisyrinchium
arenarium), and one putative hybrid (Cistanthe
arenaria x) (total de subtaxa = 12).
Table 1 compares species richness and the life-
form composition for the native floras of SN
Yerba Loca, the Metropolitan-Fifth regions
combined and the Metropolitan Region. The native
flora of the Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined
stands at 1,841 species and subtaxa, with the
Metropolitan Region housing 1,434 species and
subtaxa. Disregarding subtaxa reduces these last
numbers to 1,723 and 1,355 species, respectively.
Eliminating the nine taxa of tentative identity in
SN Yerba Loca (n = 491), it can be seen that the
nature reserve conservatively contains an
outstanding 34 % of all native vascular plant taxa
reported for the Metropolitan Region and 27 % of
all vascular plants known for the Metropolitan-
Fifth regions combined. Present knowledge
suggests that the entire mediterranean climate
area as described by regions IV-VIII contains
around 3,160 native species and subtaxa. Again,
using a conservative estimate for SN Yerba Loca,
it can be seen that SN Yerba Loca contains around
16 % of the entire flora of the mediterranean area
of central Chile. The mediterranean region as
defined here, contains 2,864 species when subtaxa
are disregarded. Using a conservative estimate of
480 species for SN Yerba Loca (i.e., eliminating
the tentatively identified species from the total
species number of 488), SN Yerba Loca can be
seen to house 17 % of the mediterranean region
flora.
Fig. 2: Regional species-area relationship (power
function) based on data for the Fifth and
Metropolitan regions of Chile. Sources of floristic
data are indicated in the Methods section.
Regression equation: Log S = 2.109 + 0.234 Log
A, F1,7 = 99.718, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.934. Data
points for the two protected areas with available
floristic lists are indicated by the arrows.
Relación regional entre riqueza de especies y área (función
de potencia) basada en datos para las regiones Quinta y
Metropolitana de Chile. Se indican las fuentes de los datos
florísticos en la sección de Métodos. Ecuación de regre-
sión: Log S = 2,109 + 0,234 Log A; F1,7 = 99,718; P <
0,001; R2 = 0,934. Los datos correspondientes a las dos
áreas protegidas en la Región Metropolitana con listas
florísticas disponibles están indicados con flechas.
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
774
Life-form composition in both regional floras
is diverse (Table 1) and not significantly different
(G = 0.532, NS). The life-form spectra of the SN
Yerba Loca flora does not differ statistically from
that of either regional flora (Metropolitan-Fifth
regions: G = 1.140, P < 0.05; Metropolitan Region:
G = 0.968, P < 0.05). This indicates that the
reserve’s flora is highly representative of the
regional life-form spectrum.
Figure 2 depicts the regional species-area
relationship. The log-log regression is highly
significant (F1, 7 = 99.781, P < 0.001, R2 = 0.934),
indicating that the curve can be used reliably as
an indicator of the relationship between species
richness and area. Table 2 gives values of the
Relative Richness Index (RRI) for areas used in
the analysis, ranked from high positive to low
negative values. It can be seen that RRI for SN
Yerba Loca ranks highest among all the areas
compared, the reserve having an excess of 28 %
species in relation to the model. On a regional
scale, thus SN Yerba Loca supports outstanding
species richness in relation to its land area. Of
special note is the RRI value for MN Nacional El
Morado. This reserve situated in the Andes in the
Cajón de Maipo to the south of SN Yerba Loca, in
contrast to SN Yerba Loca, is associated with a
large negative RRI value, and thus is an area of
low species richness for its particular land area.
Other interesting asides are the higher intrinsic
richness of the Metropolitan Region in comparison
with the Fifth Region, and the very low intrinsic
richness of the Santiago valley.
Endemism
Table 3 provides endemism levels for SN Yerba
Loca and the regional floras. So as not to
overestimate endemism levels, the 9 taxa of
tentative identity have been placed in the non-
endemic category (see Appendix 1). Endemism
levels in the regional floras are high (44-48 %,
continental Chile endemics; 29–31 %,
Mediterranean endemics). Moreover significant
numbers of species are strictly endemic to the
regions under consideration (see Table 3). Conti-
nental Chile endemism levels are higher in the
Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined than in the
Metropolitan Region (G = 5.832, P < 0.05),
however this pattern did not characterize the other
endemism categories.
Of the 883 continental Chile endemics in the
Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined, 173 (19.6
%) are found in SN Yerba Loca. Of the 575
Mediterranean endemics found there, 110 (19.1
%) occur in SN Yerba Loca. Sixteen of the 193
species endemic to the Metropolitan-Fifth regions
combined (8.3 %) are found in the reserve.
Corresponding figures in relation to the
Metropolitan Region flora are 27.6 %, 26.1 %,
and 12.1 % respectively. The reserve contains 11
TABLE 2
Values of the Relative Richness Index (RRI) for different areas in the Fifth and Metropolitan
regions, central Chile, including the SN Yerba Loca and MN El Morado, based on the
regression equation in Fig. 2. Data correspond to species numbers, disregarding subtaxa. High
positive values of RRI indicate exaggerated species richness in relation to land area. Low
negative values indicate low average richness in relation to land area
Valores del Índice de Riqueza Relativa (RRI) para diferentes áreas en las regiones Quinta y Metropolitana, Chile
central, incluyendo el Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca y MN El Morado, basado en la ecuación de regresión
en la Fig. 2. Los datos corresponden a riqueza de especies, sin contabilizar los subtaxa. Valores positivos altos de
RRI indican áreas con una riqueza intrínseca exagerada con relación al área. Valores grandes negativos indican una
riqueza muy baja con relación al área
Area Species Land area (km2)* Expected S RRI
SN Yerba Loca 488 105 382 27.7
Fifth-Metropolitan regions 1,723 31,538 1,452 18.7
Quebrada de La Plata 249 10 220 13.2
Metropolitan Region 1,355 15,507 1,229 10.3
Fifth Region 1,276 16,031 1,231 3.0
Valparaíso area 799 3,300 856 -6.7
MN El Morado 245 30 285 -14.0
Marga Marga valley 457 450 537 -14.9
Santiago valley 654 4,000 895 -26.9
*Land area for the Fifth and Metropolitan regions as in CONAF-CONAMA-BIRF (1999)
ARROYO ET AL.
775
of the 91 (12.1 %) strictly Metropolitan Region
endemics. Although high proportions of the
endemic taxa found in the regional floras occur in
SN Yerba Loca, the reserve’s endemism levels
are significantly lower than in the two regional
floras: (a) Metropolitan-Fifth regions: continen-
tal Chile endemics: G = 28.800, P < 0.001;
Mediterranean endemics: G = 16.883, P < 0.001;
Metropolitan-Fifth endemics: G = 31.425, P <
0.001; (b) Metropolitan Region: continental Chi-
le endemics: G =12.879, P < 0.001; Mediterranean
endemics: G = 10.565, P < 0.001; Metropolitan-
Fifth region endemics: G = 22.191, P < 0.001;
Metropolitan Region endemics: G= 15.001, P <
0.001. Inclusion of the nine taxa with tentative
identifications did not alter these tendencies.
Overall, thus, SN Yerba Loca, is not an area
outstanding for its concentration of endemic taxa.
Range size
Taxa occurring in the two regional floras may be
distributed in one to 12 political regions with a
median value of four regions in each case. In both
regional floras, continental Chile endemics (range
= 1-10, median = 3) and mediterranean endemics
(range = 1-5, median = 2), as expected, have
smaller geographical ranges than the overall flo-
ra, while non-endemic natives tend to have the
largest distributions (range = 1-12; median = 5).
Comparing SN Yerba Loca and the two regional
floras, in all but one case (continental Chile
endemics) the median values for range size were
higher in SN Yerba Loca (total flora = 5,
mediterranean endemics = 3, non-endemic natives
= 6). Range size distribution was not normal,
forcing the use of non-parametric statistics.
Significant differences between SN Yerba Loca
and the two regional floras were revealed, with
range size always being larger in the SN Yerba
Loca flora: (a) Metropolitan-Fifth regions
combined: total native flora: Z = 6.534, P < 0.001;
Continental Chile endemics: Z = 3.613, P < 0.001;
Mediterranean endemics: Z = 9.138, P < 0.001;
non-endemic natives: Z = 3.611, P = 0.005; (b)
Metropolitan Region: total native flora: Z = 4.765,
P < 0.001; continental Chile endemics: Z = 2.730,
P < 0.01; Mediterranean endemics Z = 8.042, P <
0.001; and non-endemic natives: Z = 2.834, P =
0.005. Summarizing, in general the reserve
contains proportionately more species with larger
range sizes than the regional floras. The
distribution of range sizes for the SN Yerba Loca
and Metropolitan Region floras are shown in Fig.
3.
Marginally distributed species
Table 4 shows numbers of taxa in the
Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined and the
Metropolitan Region with northern and southern
distributional limits, respectively, together with
corresponding data for SN Yerba Loca. Marginal
populations of a large number of species in both
the Metropolitan Region and the Metropolitan-
Fifth regions combined are found at the latitude
of those regions (northern limits: 39-41 % -
southern limits: 26-31 %; Table 4, Total flora),
TABLE 3
Comparison of endemism levels (expressed as a percentage of total native flora, including
subtaxa) in the vascular plant floras of the SN Yerba Loca, Metropolitan Region, 33º S, the
Metropolitan and Fifth regions combined, and the Metropolitana Region, Chile. Nine taxa
with tentative identifications have been placed in the “non-endemic native” category.
Percentages en all cases in relation to total flora
Comparación del nivel de endemismo (expresado en porcentaje del total de la flora nativa incluyendo subtaxa) en
las floras vasculares del SN Yerba Loca, Región Metropolitana, 33º S, regiones Metropolitana y Quinta combinadas,
y Región Metropolitana de Chile. Los nueve taxa con identificaciones tentativas han sido incluidos en la categoría
de “nativa no endémica”. Los porcentajes en todos los casos guardan relación con el tamaño de la flora total
Floristic component SN Yerba Loca Metropolitan Metropolitan-Fifth
(n = 500) (n = 1,434) (n = 1,841)
n% n% n%
Continental Chile endemics 173 34.6 627 43.7 883 48.0
Mediterranean endemics 110 22.0 422 29.4 575 31.2
Metropolitan-Fifth endemics 16 3.2 132 9.2 193 10.5
Metropolitan endemics 11 2.2 91 6.3 91 4.9
Non-endemic natives 327 65.4 807 56.3 958 52.0
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
776
there being nevertheless significantly more
northern than southern distributional limits in
both cases (Metropolitan-Fifth: G = 37.003, P <
001; Metropolitan: G = 60.252, P < 0.001).
Between 17-23 % of northern limit and 13-21 %
of southern limit taxa in the two regional floras
are found in SN Yerba Loca. These percentages
tend to be slightly lower when only endemic taxa
are considered, and somewhat higher when native
non-endemic taxa are considered.
Comparing the two regional floras, for all
floristic components, significant differences in
relation to the proportion of northern limits are
lacking. In contrast, for southern limits, the
Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined exceed the
Metropolitan Region, except in the case of the
non-endemic natives (Total flora: G = 12.351, P <
001 - continental Chilean endemics: G = 8.709, P
< 0.005 – Mediterranean endemics: G = 6.847, P
< 0.01). The two regional floras thus show
interesting structural differences, a feature that
probably relates to the presence of proportionately
more high elevation species in the Metropolitan
Region flora.
Comparing the total native flora of SN Yerba
Loca with the Metropolitan Region and the
Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined, the
proportions of marginally distributed taxa
occurring in the reserve are significantly lower
(Metropolitan-Fifth, total flora: northern limit: G
= 37.209, P < 0.001 - southern limit: G = 50.441,
P < 0.001; Metropolitan, total flora: northern
limit: G = 28.017, P < 0.001 - southern limit: G =
21.462, P < 0.001 ). This situation is repeated for
Fig. 3: Frequency distribution of range size for the flora of SN Yerba Loca, 33º S, Chile and the
Metropolitan Region, Chile. Range size is represented as the number of administrative regions in which
a species occurs: black bars = Metropolitan Region; white bars = SN Yerba Loca. See Table 4 for n
values.
Distribución de frecuencias del tamaño de rango de las floras de SN Yerba Loca, 33º S, Chile y la Región Metropolitana,
Chile. El tamaño del rango es representado por el número de regiones en la cual existe una especie: barras negras = Región
Metropolitana; barras blancas = SN Yerba Loca. Ver Tabla 4 para los valores de n.
ARROYO ET AL.
777
all categories of endemic taxa in both regional
floras: (a): Metropolitan-Fifth: continental Chile
endemics: northern limit: G = 15.144, P < 0.001 -
southern limit: G = 19.769, P < 0.001;
Mediterranean endemics: northern limit: G =
7.835, P < 0.01- southern limit: G = 20.627, P <
0.001; (b) Metropolitan: continental Chile
endemics: northern limit: G = 13.790, P < 0.001-
southern limit: G = 6.492, P < 0.05; Mediterranean
endemics: northern limit: G = 8.371, P < 0.005 -
southern limit: G = 8.238, P < 0.005. It also
characterizes non-endemic native taxa: (a)
Metropolitan-Vth: northern limit: G = 16.711, P <
0.001- southern limit: G = 15.439, P < 0.001; (b)
Metropolitan: northern limit: G = 11.073, P <
0.001 - southern limit: G = 9.488, P < 0.001.
Thus, although a considerable number of
marginally distributed taxa are found in SN Yer-
ba Loca, it may be concluded that the reserve
concentrates proportionately fewer marginally
distributed species than the regional floras.
Combined criteria
As explained earlier, relatively low proportions
of endemics and marginally distributed species
could be compensated for in absolute terms in a
species-rich area such as SN Yerba Loca, such
that the reserve becomes efficient from a
conservation perspective on these criterion in
addition to species richness. Table 5 compares
expected and observed numbers of taxa combining
the three criteria previously considered separately.
Because our species richness predictions were
based on a curve for the general geographical
circumscription of the Fifth and Metropolitan
regions, the endemism levels and other
parameters used in the projections in Table 5 are
necessarily those for the Metropolitan-Fifth
regions combined. The expected number of
species and subtaxa for SN Yerba Loca
(extrapolated from the expected number of
species) was 391. It can be seen (Table 5) that
the high species richness of SN Yerba Loca
brings the absolute number of Continental
Chilean endemics quite close to the regional
expectation (92 %), although the deficit tends to
be larger in the more restricted endemism
categories. For species with median or smaller
ranges (Table 5) the observed number is equal to
the regional expectation (100%). High species
richness least compensates the number of species
with northern or southern limits (81 and 63%,
respectively). Overall, the high species richness
in SN Yerba Loca goes along way to compensate
for the lower contributions of categories of species
considered here to have high conservation priority.
TABLE 4
Comparison of numbers of taxa (species and their subtaxa) reaching their northern and
southern distributional limits found in the Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca,
Metropolitan Region, 33º S, the Metropolitan and Fifth regions combined, and the
Metropolitana Region, Chile. Nine taxa with tentative identifications in SN Yerba Loca have
not been included. Percentages calculated on the basis of the total for each floristic category
Comparación del número de taxa (especies y subtaxa) que alcanzan sus límites de distribución norte y sur en el
Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, Región Metropolitana, 33º S, regiones Metropolitana y Quinta combinadas, y
Región Metropolitana de Chile. Los nueve taxa con identificaciones tentativas en SN Yerba Loca no han sido
incluidas. Los porcentajes guardan relación con el total para cada categoría florísitica
SN Yerba Loca Metropolitan Metropolitan-Fifth
n% n% n%
Total native flora 491 1,434 1,841
Northern limit 128 26.1 561 39.1 751 40.8
Southern limit 77 15.7 367 25.6 574 31.2
Continental Chile endemics 173 627 883
Northern limit 52 30.1 286 45.6 405 45.9
Southern limit 47 27.2 235 37.5 398 45.1
Mediterranean endemics 110 422 575
Northern limit 45 40.9 238 56.4 319 55.5
Southern limit 35 31.8 198 46.9 318 55.3
Non-endemic natives 318 807 958
Northern limit 76 23.9 274 34.0 346 36.1
Southern limit 30 9.4 132 16.4 176 18.4
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
778
DISCUSSION
The native vascular flora of SN Yerba Loca of
500 native taxa, conservatively containing 27 and
34 % of the floras of the Metropolitan-Fifth regions
combined and Metropolitan Region, respectively,
and an estimate of 16-17 % of all species
distributed in the Mediterranean-type climate area
(Fourth to Eigth regions) is clearly very rich by
any standard. The regional floras themselves, in
the context of the central Chile hotspot, are also
very rich. Squeo et al. (2001), for a total land area
of 40,462 km2, report a total of 1,478 species and
subtaxa for the Fourth Region of which 53.5 %
are continental Chile endemics. While the
endemism levels (43.7-48.0 %) are slightly lower
in the regional floras considered here, intrinsic
species richness (1,434 species and subtaxa on a
land area of 15,480 km2 (RM) and 1841 species
and subtaxa on 31,794 km2 (RM-Fifth) is clearly
much higher in the north-central part of the
Mediterranean area than in the arid Fourth Region
to the north. What is more relevant in the present
context, however, is the efficiency of the SN
Yerba Loca in concentrating species richness in
relation to its land area. Reserves that contain a
high number of species in relation to the amount
of land area protected can be considered to have
high conservation value (Margules et al. 1988,
Araujo 1999). The use of regression residuals
expressed as a percentage of expected species
richness (standardized residuals - Veech 2000)
(RRI) constitutes the only legitimate way to
establish whether a given area is richer than
expected, given that richness will be always be a
function of size of area. Based on these principles,
SN Yerba Loca was revealed to concentrate an
outstanding number of species for its land area.
Clearly, on the basis of the richness criterion and
from a utilitarian point of view the reserve
constitutes an excellent conservation choice with
regard to vascular plants. In contrast to SN Yerba
Loca, the RRI value for MN El Morado was
strongly negative, indicating that this reserve has
low efficiency in terms of concentrating species.
These two contrasting situations support the
hypothesis that protected areas established on the
basis of wild and scenic value will span the gamut
of situations from containing very high to low
levels of species richness. Of course, we recognize
that our sample size is very limited at this stage
and that it would be convenient to perform this
analysis on a broader set of protected areas –
however, this is the only data available for the
study area at this stage.
On face value, SN Yerba Loca could be
considered a “hotspot” and MN El Morado a
“coldspot” within the Metropolitan Region (c.f.,
Veech 2000). However it is important to separate
a utilitarian view of the efficiency of a piece of
land in concentrating richness, as has been the
main focus of this paper and that of Veech (2000),
from the issue of underlying intrinsic richness.
The wide elevational range, presence of steep,
opposite and mainly north-south facing valleys,
and two large areas of wetlands undoubtedly
contribute strongly to the high species richness in
SN Yerba Loca. The low efficiency of MN El
TABLE 5
Expected numbers of endemic taxa (species and their subtaxa), taxa with northern and
southern limits and taxa with short (median or smaller) geographical ranges for an area the
size of SN Yerba Loca, calculated from the regional regression and regional percentages
(Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined), compared with the observed values for the reserve
Número esperado de taxa (especies y subtaxa) endémicos, con límites norte y sur, y con rangos de distribución
cortos (mediana o menor) para un área del tamaño del SN Yerba Loca calculados en base de la regresión regional y
los porcentajes al nivel regional (regiones Metropolitana y Quinta combinadas), comparados con los valores
observados para la reserva
Component Expected Observed O/E
Endemic species
Continental Chile endemics 188 173 0.92
Mediterranean endemics 122 110 0.90
Metropolitan-Fifth endemics 41 16 0.39
Metropolitan endemics 19 11 0.58
Marginal distributions
Northern limits 159 128 0.81
Southern limits 122 77 0.63
Median or smaller ranges 228 234 1.03
ARROYO ET AL.
779
Morado, on the other hand, reflects its higher
average elevation, and the much lower elevational
range covered by the reserve (Teillier et al. 1994).
Bowers & McLaughlan (1982) studied the
influence of area, elevational range (and collecting
effort) for twenty local floristic lists in the state
of Arizona, USA. These authors came to the
conclusion that elevational range was a much
better predictor of species richness than area. In
their study, elevational range and collecting effort
accounted for 77 % of the variation in species
richness. If SN Yerba Loca were a fairly flat piece
of land, undoubtedly it richness would descend
considerably. While SN is clearly an excellent
conservation choice in relation to the regional
average for its land area, it would be unadvisable
at this stage to assume that is a true hotspot within
the Metropolitan Region. Likewise, MN El Mora-
do might not be a cold spot in relation to other
areas in the high Andes in the Metropolitan
Region. Before any conclusion of exaggerated or
lower than average intrinsic richness can be
accepted, additional studies of areas covering
similar elevational ranges in the Andes in the
Metropolitan Region will be necessary. This
brings home the related point that the detection of
relative richness will always be conditioned by
the data available. Each time a new area is added
to the species-area regression, the RRI values of
individual areas can expect to change somewhat.
Clearly, access to a stable regression equation is
essential for reaching solid conclusions. It is
presently unknown how much raw floristic data
will be necessary to produce a stable species-area
relationship in central Chile.
We argued that a well placed reserve will be one
that concentrates a high number of endemic taxa,
high numbers of narrowly distributed species,
and high numbers of species with marginal
populations. Endemic taxa can be considered a
region’s unique biodiversity. Narrowly distributed
species, whether endemic or not, in general will
be more vulnerable to severe anthropogenic
disturbances outside reserves, and thus will be
more prone to extinction (Holsinger & Gottlieb
1991). Particularly, this will be the case if rarity
is combined with limited range size (Gaston &
Kunin 1997). The conservation of representative
populations from a species entire geographic range
is an ideal conservation target. In particular, it is
probably true to say that marginal populations
tend to be overlooked. Marginal populations can
contain unusual genotypes, adapted to extreme
conditions. Moreover, increasing attention is
being given to marginal populations on account
of the role such populations could play under
global climatic change (Arroyo et al. 1993). While
SN Yerba Loca excels in terms of efficiency in
housing species, the reserve was found to be less
notable in terms of concentrating outstanding
numbers of endemic species, species with margi-
nal distributions and species with smaller
geographical ranges. Nevertheless, it was seen
that the outstanding species richness in the reser-
ve compensated the absolute numbers of species
in these categories to a large extent, thus
warranting the conclusion that SN Yerba Loca is
also a fairly efficient reserve on the basis of these
criteria. The generally lower percentages of
endemic taxa in the reserve suggest that greater
concentrations of endemic taxa will be found at
lower elevations in central Chile. Undoubtedly,
the large component of high alpine species in the
reserve has a strong influence on all categories of
endemism. In general, a large proportion of the
high Andean flora is shared with eastern slopes of
the Andes in Argentina, thus lowering the
percentage of endemism rate of reserves situated
in the high Andes (on the continental Chile
criterion used here). For conservation assessments
it would be preferable to eliminate the traditional
endemism concept and replace it for some
quantitative measure of the size of a species
distribution (c.f., Gaston 1994). In this study a
first step in that direction was taken by employing
a crude measure of range size (number of
administrative regions occupied). Range size
measured this way was generally larger in the SN
Yerba Loca flora than in the regional floras. Our
results provide the first quantitative data
suggesting that components of the high Andean
flora have larger geographical ranges than low
elevation species in central Chile. Such a tendency
is not unexpected, given that the high alpine area
of the Andes forms a fairly continuous corridor
along which species can migrate with ease from
north to south. To advance in this general area of
southern South American biogeography, floristic
data for Argentina organized in electronic form is
badly needed.
Our study of SN Yerba Loca invites additional
comments. That over a third of the native flora of
the Metropolitan Region and over a quarter of that
of the Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined were
found in SN Yerba Loca on a land area equivalent
to 0.7 and 0.3 % of the size of the regional areas
suggests that relatively small land areas can house
considerable plant biodiversity. These same data
suggest relatively low turnover in the mediterranean
flora of central Chile. In general mediterranean
floras tend to be characterized by much local
endemism (Cowling et al. 1996). The fairly large
distributional ranges of the species in the two
regional floras, added to what appears to be low
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
780
floristic turnover, suggests that local endemism
might be less evident in the Mediterranean-type
climate flora of central Chile in comparison with
most other Mediterranean-type climate areas.
Indeed, the proportion of regional endemics with
more local distributions, is not particularly high.
Moreover, several genera that have not been revised
taxonomically in recent times figure strongly
among the more local endemics (e.g., Viola).
Chilean botany has been characterized by an excess
of synonyms as a result of the earlier naturalists
sampling disjunct portions of continuous ranges
and giving them specific epithets. Thus a number
of the more local endemics could eventually turn
out to be artifacts of taxonomy. This suggests the
hypothesis that endemism in the Mediterranean
area of central Chile might be more strongly
conditioned by the strength of the Andean barrier
than rapid local evolution or adaptation to particu-
lar edaphic conditions. Arroyo et al. (1995)
previously showed that the oceanic climate of
central Chile is associated with a strongly woody
Mediterranean flora containing many signs of
evolutionary conservatism. The Mediterranean-
type climate area also has significantly fewer annual
species compared with climatically-similar
California (Arroyo et al. 1995). Additionally, in
relative terms, it has already been shown that
intrinsic species-richness in central Chile is lower
than in other Mediterranean-type climate areas
(Arroyo et al. 1995, Cowling et al. 1996).
Demonstration of lower levels of local endemism
would constitute another expression of evolutionary
conservatism in the Chilean Mediterranean flora.
Low turnover and the presence of fairly large
geographic ranges in many species, of course, is
positive from a conservation viewpoint, since many
individual species found in a reserve like SN Yer-
ba Loca will have a high chance of falling into
existing protected areas beyond the Metropolitan
Region. The latter is highly relevant for the
conservation of the mediterranean-type climate
flora of central Chile in general, where less than 5
% of the land area is contained in the state protected
area system in comparison with 19 % for all of
continental Chile (Arroyo & Cavieres 1997).
A long range objective of our present research
efforts concerns determining what proportion of
the Mediterranean flora of central Chile occurs in
the national protected area system, and to what
extent individual species’ geographical ranges
are covered. We are also engaged in detecting
areas of high biodiversity content on the landscape
outside existing reserves so as to allow objective
decisions in central Chile insofar as the establish-
ment of new protected areas is concerned (c.f.,
Castro-Parga et al. 1996, Williams 1996, Araujo
1999). These goals are being pursued at different
spatial scales: individual political regions,
climatic divisions with the Mediterranean area
and Mediterranean area as a whole. In this context,
some preliminary comments concerning the
conservation status of the vascular plant flora of
the Metropolitan Region can now be made. The
Metropolitan Region contains four national
protected areas: SN Yerba Loca, MN Nacional El
Morado, Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo (all in the
Andes) and Reserva Nacional Robleria de Loncha
(in the Coast Range). These reserves comprise a
mere 1.9 % of the area of the Metropolitan Region.
Thus far (including the present results) reliable
floristic surveys are available for two of the four
protected areas. Table 6 amalgamates floristic
information for SN Yerba Loca and MN El Mora-
do, which together comprise 0.9 % of Metropolitan
Region land area. Conservatively, 39 % of the
known native vascular plant flora of the
Metropolitan Region (and 30% of the flora of the
TABLE 6
Joint contribution of the floras of SN Yerba Loca and MN El Morado to the conservation of
the native flora of the Metropolitan Region, Chile. The estimate does not take into account
species of tentative identity in each reserve, and thus is conservative. See text for more
details
Contribución en conjunto de las floras de SN Yerba Loca y MN El Morado a la conservación de la flora nativa de la
Región Metropolitana, Chile. La estimación no toma en cuenta especies de identidad tentativa en cada reserva, y por
lo tanto es conservativa. Ver texto para más detalles
Protected area Number of species and subtaxa Species (%)
SN Yerba Loca and MN El Morado, shared 171 30.6
SN Yerba Loca only 320 57.2
MN El Morado only 68 12.2
Total taxa in the two protected areas 559
Percent MR flora in two reserves 39.0
ARROYO ET AL.
781
Metropolitan-Fifth regions combined) is contained
in the two reserves. The remaining two
Metropolitan Region reserves, which extend to
lower elevations, undoubtedly will contain many
lowland species not found in RN Yerba Loca and
MN El Morado. However, many of the species in
RN Río Clarillo found above 1300 m can be
expected to be shared with one or more of the two
inventoried reserved. All things being equal, it is
likely that a good number of species found in the
Metropolitan Region are not contained in any
national protected area in the region.
Finally, a review of the species richness data
(Arroyo et al. 2001) suggests that SN Yerba Loca
contains many more native species than any other
reserve (Bellotos de Melado, Fray Jorge and
Talinay, Contulmo area) in central Chile studied
to date. Outside of the mediterranean-type climate
area, this trend also holds up. Parque Nacional
Puyehue in the Tenth Region contains less than
300 native species (Muñoz 1980). Northern parks
for which comprehensive species lists are
available (Parque Nacional Pan de Azúcar, Rundel
et al. 1966; Parque Nacional Llullaillaco, Arroyo
et al. 1998) also exhibit lower richness. Parque
Nacional Pan de Azúcar situated in the coastal
desert, considered to be a floristically-rich area,
contains 206 native vascular plants species in an
area of 43,754 ha. Parque Nacional Llullaillaco in
the hyper-arid sector of the northern Andes (24-
25º S) contains less than 100 species in 262,000
ha. In making these comparisons, it must be
recognized that the sample size is still very small:
as mentioned earlier continental Chile has some
90-odd protected areas (Muñoz et al. 1996).
Moreover, the protected areas for which species
richness data is presently available vary
enormously in size and include units that are
much smaller than SN Yerba Loca (e.g., RN
Bellotos del Melado). Thus it cannot be concluded
at this stage that SN Yerba Loca ranks highest
among all protected areas in Chile in terms of
species richness in relation to area.
Notwithstanding the latter, the reserve does
contain a very large flora, and is very rich in
relation to the regional average. It thus deserves
special attention from a management perspective.
Yearly, SN Yerba Loca is receiving increasing
numbers of visitors from the Metropolitan Region,
with a population of close to six million (2002
Census). Transhumance cattle herding was
practiced in the area of the reserve before it was
decreed a Nature Sanctuary; today cows and horses
can still be found in the reserve which is only
partially fenced off from surrounding lands. In
our opinion, a concerted effort is needed to assure
the integrity of SN Yerba Loca.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Work supported by FONDECYT grant 1980705
(MKA-OM) and an Endowed Presidencial Science
Chair (Cátedra Presidencial en Ciencias (MKA).
This paper forms part of the research and outreach
activities of the “Millennium Center for Advanced
Studies in Ecology and Research on Biodiversity”,
supported by grant No. P99-103-F ICM, and of an
IBOY (International Biodiversity Observation
Year) satellite project. Many assistants participated
in the field work. Foremost, we acknowledge Ana
Maria Humaña for her outstanding dedication,
organizational talent, and tireless effort. We also
thank Alejandro Muñoz, Maritza Mihoj, Carlos
Valdivia, Fernanda Pérez, Francisca Diaz, Peter
McPherson, Antonio Maldonado, Carmen Castor,
and Denise Rougier. We apologize if we have
overlooked any volunteer helper. Park guides at
SN Yerba Loca and Sr. Carlos Weber, Executive
Director of Corporación Nacional Forestal are
thanked for their support.
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CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
Associate Editor: P. Marquet
Received June 7, 2001; accepted September 4, 2002
784
APPENDIX 1
Native vascular plant flora (total number of species = 500) of the Santuario de la Naturaleza
Yerba Loca, Metropolitan Region, 33º S, Chile: CCE: continental Chile endemic; MED:
Mediterranean endemic (restricted to IV-VIII regions); MET-V: endemic to Metropolitan-
Fifth regions combined; MET: endemic to Metropolitan Region; LF: life form (A = annual, B
= biennial, H = perennial herb, S = subshrub, K = cactus, F = shrub, T = tree); DIS:
distribution according to presence in administrative regions of continental Chile (A = Tenth
Region, B = Twelve Region, C = Thirteenth Region)
Plantas vasculares nativas (número total de especies = 500) en el Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, Región
Metropolitana, 33º S, Chile: CCE: endémico a Chile continental; MET: endémico en la zona mediterránea (regiones
IV-VIII); MET-V: endémico en las regiones Metropolitana-Quinta combinadas; MET: endémico en la Región
Metropolitana; LF: forma de vida (A = hierba anual, B = hierba bianual, H = hierba perenne, S = subarbusto, K =
cactus, F = arbusto, T = árbol); DIS: distribución según presencia en las regiones administrativas de Chile
continental (A = Décima Region, B = Duodécima Región; C = Décimo tercera Región)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
TAcacia caven (Molina) Molina Mimosaceae 345M6789A
HAcaena alpina Poepp. ex Walp. Rosaceae 5M6789A
HS Acaena magellanica (Lam.) Vahl Rosaceae 12345M789ABC
HAcaena patagonica A.Marti. affin. Rosaceae (M)
HAcaena pinnatifida Ruiz et Pav. Rosaceae 45M6789ABC
HAcaena splendens Hook. et Arn. Rosaceae 45M67
HAdesmia brachysemeon Phil. Papilionaceae M678
HAdesmia brevivexillata Burkart Papilionaceae 5M8
AAdesmia capitellata (Clos) Hauman Papilionaceae 345M
HAdesmia codonocalyx Grandjot Papilionaceae M
FAdesmia confusa Ulibarri Papilionaceae 45M6
HAdesmia coronilloides Gillies ex Hook. et Arn. Papilionaceae M7
HAdesmia exilis Clos Papilionaceae 4M67
HAdesmia germainii Phil. Papilionaceae M
HAdesmia glomerula Clos var. glomerula Papilionaceae M789
FAdesmia gracilis Meyen ex Vogel Papilionaceae 4M7
HAdesmia longiseta DC. Papilionaceae M68
HAdesmia montana Phil. Papilionaceae 4M
HAdesmia papposa (Lag.) DC. var. papposa Papilionaceae 45M6789
HAdesmia papposa (Lag.) DC. var. radicifolia (Clos) M.N.Correa Papilionaceae 45M678
AAdesmia tenella Hook. et Arn. var. tenella Papilionaceae 2345M6
HAdiantum chilense Kaulf. var. chilense Adiantaceae 1345M6789ABC
HAdiantum chilense Kaulf. var. hirsutum Hook. et Grev. Adiantaceae 12345M678
HAdiantum scabrum Kaulf. Adiantaceae 5M6789A
HAdiantum sulphureum Kaulf. Adiantaceae 45M6789AB
HAgoseris chilensis (Less.) Greene Compositae 45M6
HAlonsoa meridionalis (L.f.) Kuntze Scrophulariaceae 45M678
HAlstroemeria ligtu L. subsp. simsii (Spreng.) Ehr.Bayer Alstroemeriaceae 5M67
HAlstroemeria pallida Graham Alstroemeriaceae 5M
HAlstroemeria revoluta Ruiz et Pav. Alstroemeriaceae 5M6789
HAlstroemeria umbellata Meyen Alstroemeriaceae 4M
AAmsinckia calycina (Moris) Chater Boraginaceae 1245M6789ABC
HAnagallis alternifolia Cav. var. alternifolia Primulaceae 2345M6789ABC
FAnarthrophyllum cumingii (Hook. et Arn.) F.Phil. Papilionaceae 45M67
FAnarthrophyllum gayanum (A.Gray) B.D.Jacks. Papilionaceae 4M
HAnisomeria coriacea D.Don Phytolaccaceae 45M67
HAntennaria chilensis J.Remy Compositae 45M78C
HApium prostratum Labill. ex Vent. Umbelliferae 234M8ABC
HArenaria digyna D.F.K.Schltdl. Caryophyllaceae 12345M6789ABC
AArgemone hunnemannii Otto et A.Dietr. Papaveraceae 2345M67
HArgylia adscendens DC. var. adscendens Bignoniaceae 45M
FT Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz Elaeocarpaceae 45M6789AB
HArmeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. Plumbaginaceae 45M6789ABC
SAstragalus chamissonis (Vogel) Reiche Papilionaceae 345M6789
ARROYO ET AL.
785
APPENDIX 1
(continuation)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
HAstragalus darumbium (Bertero ex Colla) Clos Papilionaceae M6
HAstragalus looseri I.M.Johnst. Papilionaceae 45M6
HK Austrocactus spiniflorus (Phil.) F.Ritter Cactaceae M
TAzara petiolaris (D.Don) I.M.Johnst. Flacourtiaceae 45M678
SAzorella madreporica Clos Umbelliferae 345M679
HAzorella trifoliolata Clos Umbelliferae 34M89ABC
FBaccharis confertifolia Colla var. confertifolia Compositae 345M
FBaccharis linearis (Ruiz et Pav.) Pers. subsp. linearis Compositae 345M6789A
FBaccharis paniculata DC. Compositae 45M78
HBaccharis pingraea DC. Compositae 2345M6789A
FBaccharis poeppigiana DC. subsp. poeppigiana Compositae 45M
FBaccharis sagittalis (Less.) DC. Compositae 1345M6789AB
HBarneoudia balliana Britton Ranunculaceae 4M
HBarneoudia chilensis Gay Ranunculaceae 45M
HBarneoudia major Phil. var. major Ranunculaceae 5M6
HBelloa chilensis (Hook. et Arn.) J.Remy Compositae M678
FBerberis actinacantha Mart. Berberidaceae 245M6789
FBerberis empetrifolia Lam. Berberidaceae 45M6789ABC
FBerberis montana Gay Berberidaceae 5M6789A
HBlechnum hastatum Kaulf. Blechnaceae 45M6789A
ABowlesia incana Ruiz et Pav. Umbelliferae 245M678
HBowlesia tropaeolifolia Gillies et Hook. Umbelliferae 1245M6789ABC
ABowlesia uncinata Colla Umbelliferae 45M678
ABromus berterianus Colla Gramineae 12345M6789
HBromus burkartii Muñoz Gramineae M9
AH Bromus catharticus Vahl Gramineae 12345M6789ABC
HBromus cebadilla Steud. Gramineae 1245M6789AC
HBromus lithobius Trin. Gramineae 45M789ABC
HBromus setifolius J.Presl var. brevifolius Nees Gramineae 345M6789BC
HBromus setifolius J.Presl var. pictus (Hook.f.) Skottsb. Gramineae MC
HBromus setifolius J.Presl var. setifolius Gramineae 34M678C
FT Buddleja globosa Hope Buddlejaceae 1345M6789A
HCaiophora coronata (Gillies ex Arn.) Hook. et Arn. Loasaceae 2345M8
HCaiophora espigneira (Gay) Urb. et Gilg Loasaceae M67
HCalandrinia affinis Gillies ex Arn. Portulacaceae 45M67
HCalandrinia caespitosa Gillies ex Arn. Portulacaceae 345M79C
ACalandrinia compressa Schrad. ex DC. Portulacaceae 145M6789A
ACalandrinia monandra (Ruiz et Pav.) DC. Portulacaceae 5M6789AC
HCalceolaria arachnoidea Graham subsp. nubigena (Poepp.) Ehrhart Scrophulariaceae 45M6
FCalceolaria ascendens Lindl. subsp. ascendens Scrophulariaceae 45M
FCalceolaria ascendens Lindl. subsp. glandulifera (Witasek) Ehrhart Scrophulariaceae 45M6
HCalceolaria corymbosa Ruiz & Pavon subsp. mimuloides (Clos) Ehrhart Scrophulariaceae 45M
HCalceolaria corymbosa Ruiz & Pavon subsp. santiagina Ehrhart Scrophulariaceae 5M6
HCalceolaria filicaulis Clos subsp. luxurians (Witasek) Ehrhart Scrophulariaceae 45M6
HCalceolaria glandulosa Poepp. ex Benth. subsp. glandulosa Scrophulariaceae 345M67
FCalceolaria hypericina Poepp. ex Benth. Scrophulariaceae 45M6
FCalceolaria meyeniana Phil. subsp. meyeniana Scrophulariaceae 5M67
HCalceolaria nudicaulis Benth. Scrophulariaceae 5M6
HCalceolaria petioalaris Cav. Scrophulariaceae 45M67
SCalceolaria polifolia Hook. Scrophulariaceae 45M
HCalceolaria purpurea Graham Scrophulariaceae 5M
FCalceolaria segethii Phil. Scrophulariaceae 45M
FCalceolaria thyrsiflora Graham Scrophulariaceae 5M67
ACallitriche antarctica Engelm. ex Hegelm. Callitrichaceae MC
ACallitriche lechleri (Hegelm.) Fassett Callitrichaceae 5M689AC
ACallitriche terrestris Raf. subsp. turfosa (Bertero ex Hegelm.) Bacigalupo Callitrichaceae 25M6789AB
HCalopappus acerosus Meyen Compositae 45M67
HCaltha sagittata Cav. Ranunculaceae 4M6789ABC
ACalycera sessiliflora Phil. var. sessiliflora Calyceraceae 45M
HCardamine cordata Barnéoud var. cordata Cruciferae 4M689A
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
786
APPENDIX 1
(continuation)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
HCardamine glacialis (G.Forst.) DC. Cruciferae 34M78ABC
HCarex andina Phil. Cyperaceae 45M789C
HCarex atropicta Steud. Cyperaceae 345MBC
HCarex banksii Boott Cyperaceae 5M6789ABC
HCarex macloviana d’Urv. var. thermarum (Phil.) Kük. Cyperaceae 5M78
HCarex nebularum Phil. Cyperaceae M8
HCarex setifolia Kunze ex Kunth var. berteroana (E.Desv.) Gunckel Cyperaceae 45M679
SCentaurea chilensis Hook. et Arn. var. chilensis Compositae 345M6
HCerastium humifusum Cambess. Caryophyllaceae 245M
FCestrum parqui L’Hér. Solanaceae 12345M6789A
HChaetanthera apiculata (J.Remy) F.Meigen Compositae 5M
AChaetanthera euphrasioides (DC.) F.Meigen Compositae 45M67
AChaetanthera flabellata D.Don Compositae 5M7
AChaetanthera glabrata (DC.) F.Meigen Compositae 2345M
SChaetanthera glandulosa J.Remy Compositae 45M
AChaetanthera linearis Poepp. ex Less. var. linearis Compositae 345M6
HChaetanthera lycopodioides (J.Remy) Cabrera Compositae 45M
AChaetanthera microphylla (Cass.) Hook. et Arn. Compositae 5M678
AChaetanthera moenchioides Less. Compositae 245M6789
HChaetanthera pentacaenoides (Phil.) Hauman Compositae M
AChaetanthera planiseta Cabrera Compositae 4M
AChaetanthera pusilla (D.Don) Hook. et Arn. Compositae 4M
HChaetanthera renifolia (J.Remy) Cabrera Compositae M
HCheilanthes glauca (Cav.) Mett. Adiantaceae 45M6789AB
HCheilanthes hypoleuca (Kunze) Mett. Adiantaceae 2345M6789
HChenopodium ambrosioides L. Chenopodiaceae 12345M6789A
AChenopodium frigidum Phil. Chenopodiaceae 1234M
AChenopodium philippianum Aellen Chenopodiaceae 45M67
SChiropetalum berterianum Schltdl. var. berterianum Euphorbiaceae 345M79
HChloraea disoides Lindl. var. picta (Phil. ex Kraenzl.) M.N.Correa Orchidaceae 4M6
SChorizanthe paniculata Benth. Polygonaceae 45M6
FChuquiraga oppositifolia D.Don Compositae 45M67
HF Cissarobryon elegans Kunze ex Poepp. Vivianiaceae 5M6789
ACistanthe arenaria (Cham.) Carolin ex Hershk. Portulacaceae 345M6789
ACistanthe arenaria (Cham.) Carolin ex Hershk. (hybrid x ?) Portulacaceae (M)
HCistanthe frigida (Barnéoud) Peralta Portulacaceae 345M
HCistanthe grandiflora (Lindl.) Schltdl. Portulacaceae 12345M678
AClarkia tenella (Cav.) F.H.Lewis et M.R.Lewis subsp. tenella Onagraceae 45M6789A
FColletia hystrix Clos Rhamnaceae 345M6789AB
FColliguaja integerrima Gillies et Hook. Euphorbiaceae 45M67BC
FColliguaja odorifera Molina Euphorbiaceae 2345M67
FColliguaja salicifolia Gillies et Hook. Euphorbiaceae 45M78
ACollomia biflora (Ruiz et Pav.) Brand Polemoniaceae 5M6789ABC
HColobanthus lycopodioides Griseb. Caryophyllaceae MC
HColobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. Caryophyllaceae 12345M789ABC
HConvolvulus chilensis Pers. Convolvulaceae 2345M68
HConvolvulus demissus Choisy Convolvulaceae 4M7
HConyza arabidifolia J.Remy Compositae 5M6
AH Conyza floribunda Kunth Compositae 45M6789A
HCortaderia araucana Stapf var. araucana Gramineae 45M6789AB
FCorynabutilon bicolor (Phil. ex K.Schum.) Kearney Malvaceae 4M
FCorynabutilon ceratocarpum (Hook. et Arn.) Kearney Malvaceae 5M6
AH Cristaria dissecta Hook. et Arn. var. dissecta Malvaceae 12345M6
ACryptantha alfalfalis (Phil.) I.M.Johnst. Boraginaceae M6
HCryptantha alyssoides (A.DC.) Reiche Boraginaceae 5M67
HCryptantha capituliflora (Clos) Reiche Boraginaceae 45M
ACryptantha glomerata Lehm. ex Fisch. et C.A.Mey. subsp. glomerata Boraginaceae 1245M68
AH Cryptantha involucrata (Phil.) Reiche Boraginaceae 34M
ACryptantha linearis (Colla) Greene Boraginaceae 245M67
ACuscuta chilensis Ker-Gawl. Cuscutaceae 12345M6789A
ARROYO ET AL.
787
APPENDIX 1
(continuation)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
HCynanchum chilense (Phil.) Malme Asclepiadaceae 45M6
SCynanchum nummulariifolium Hook. et Arn. var. nummulariifolium Asclepiadaceae 45M6789A
HCystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. apiiformis (Gand.) C.Chr. Woodsiaceae 145M6789ABC
ADeschampsia airiformis (Steud.) Benth. Gramineae M9A
HDeschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. var. cespitosa Gramineae 4M79BC
ADeschampsia looseriana Parodi Gramineae 45M6789
A
Descurainia cumingiana (Fisch. et C.A. Mey) Prantl. var. glabrescens (Speg.) O.E.Schulz Cruciferae MA
BDescurainia erodiifolia Prantl ex Reiche Cruciferae 5M7
BDescurainia pimpinellifolia (Barnéoud) O.E.Schulz Cruciferae 345M
HDeyeuxia breviaristata Wedd. affin. Gramineae (M)
HDeyeuxia chrysostachya E.Desv. Gramineae 45M
HDeyeuxia curvula Wedd. affin. Gramineae (M)
HDeyeuxia erythrostachya E.Desv. var. erythrostachya Gramineae M678AC
HDioscorea humifusa Poepp. var. humifusa Dioscoreaceae 45M789
HDioscorea saxatilis Poepp. Dioscoreaceae 45M67
HDiposis bulbocastanum DC. Umbelliferae 45M6
FDiscaria nana (Clos) Benth. et Hook.f. ex Weberb. Rhamnaceae 45M6789
FT Discaria trinervis (Gillies ex Hook. et Arn.) Reiche Rhamnaceae 345M6789B
HDraba gilliesii Hook. et Arn. Cruciferae 45M789ABC
HDraba pusilla F.Phil. Cruciferae 4M67C
FEccremocarpus scaber Ruiz et Pav. Bignoniaceae 5M6789A
TK Echinopsis chiloensis (Colla) Friedrich et G.D.Rowley Cactaceae 245M67
HEleocharis albibracteata Nees et Meyen ex Kunth Cyperaceae 1234M789ABC
HEleocharis macrostachya Britton Cyperaceae 45M9AC
HElymus angulatus J.Presl Gramineae 2345M6789ABC
FEphedra chilensis K.Presl Ephedraceae 2345M6789
FEphedra frustillata Miers Ephedraceae MC
HEpilobium barbeyanum H.Lév. Onagraceae 345M678
HEpilobium glaucum Phil. Onagraceae 45M6789ABC
HEquisetum bogotense Kunth Equisetaceae 145M6789AB
HErigeron andicola DC. Compositae 4M6789BC
SErigeron gilliesii (Hook. et Arn.) Cabrera Compositae M6789C
HErigeron leptopetalus Phil. Compositae 34M78C
HK Eriosyce aurata (Pfeiff.) Backeb. var. aurata Cactaceae 345M
HK Eriosyce curvispina (Bertero ex Colla) Katt. var. curvispina Cactaceae 45M67
HEryngium paniculatum Cav. et Dombey ex F.Delaroche Umbelliferae 45M6789A
FEscallonia alpina Poepp. ex DC. var. carmelitana (Meyen) Acevedo et KauselEscalloniaceae 5M678
FEscallonia illinita K.Presl var. illinita Escalloniaceae 45M678
FT Escallonia myrtoidea Bertero ex DC. Escalloniaceae 45M678
FEscallonia virgata (Ruiz et Pav.) Pers. Escalloniaceae M789ABC
HEuphorbia collina Phil. var. collina Euphorbiaceae 4M7
FFabiana imbricata Ruiz et Pav. Solanaceae 345M6789A
AFacelis retusa (Lam.) Sch.Bip. Compositae 245M689
HFestuca acanthophylla E.Desv. Gramineae 145M67
HFestuca magellanica Lam. Gramineae 4M789BC
HFestuca purpurascens Banks et Sol. ex Hook.f. Gramineae M89ABC
HGalium araucanum Phil. Rubiaceae 45M6789ABC
HGalium eriocarpum Bartl. ex DC. Rubiaceae 45M678
HGalium gilliesii Hook. et Arn. subsp. gilliesii Rubiaceae 45M6
HGalium hypocarpium (L.) Endl. ex Griseb. subsp. hypocarpium Rubiaceae 245M6789AB
HGalium leptum Phil. Rubiaceae 4M
SGalium philippianum Dempster Rubiaceae 45M6
SGalium suffruticosum Hook. et Arn. Rubiaceae 345M67
HGamochaeta chamissonis (DC.) Cabrera Compositae 5M789ABC
HGamochaeta polybotrya (Phil.) Cabrera Compositae M8AC
HGamochaeta spiciformis (Sch.Bip.) Cabrera Compositae 5M789ABC
FGaultheria pumila (L.f.) D.J.Middleton var. leucocarpa (DC.) D.J.MiddletonEricaceae M789ABC
AGayophytum humile A.Juss. Onagraceae 34M67
AH Gentiana sedifolia Kunth Gentianaceae 1234M6789C
HGentianella ottonis (Phil.) Muñoz Gentianaceae 4M7
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
788
APPENDIX 1
(continuation)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
HGeranium commutatum Steud. Geraniaceae M7A
HGeranium core-core Steud. Geraniaceae 12345M6789ABC
HGeranium sessiliflorum Cav. Geraniaceae 1M789ABC
HGeranium submolle Steud. Geraniaceae 5M689C
AGilia crassifolia Benth. Polemoniaceae 2345M6
AGilia laciniata Ruiz et Pav. Polemoniaceae 12345M6789AB
HS Glandularia laciniata (L.) Schnack et Covas Verbenaceae 5M6789
HS Glandularia sulphurea (D.Don) Schnack et Covas Verbenaceae 345M9
AGnaphalium aldunateoides J.Remy Compositae M689
HGnaphalium cheiranthifolium Lam. Compositae 45M6789A
AGnaphalium diminutivum Phil. Compositae M6
AGnaphalium perpusillum Phil. Compositae 4M
HGnaphalium puberulum DC. Compositae 5M6
AGnaphalium ulophyllum Hook. et Arn. Compositae 45M789A
FGochnatia foliolosa (D.Don) D.Don ex Hook. et Arn. var. foliolosa Compositae 45M6789
FGuindilia trinervis Gillies ex Hook. et Arn. Sapindaceae 45M67(8)
FGymnophyton isatidicarpum (K.Presl ex DC.) Mathias et Constance Umbelliferae 45M6
FHaplopappus anthylloides Meyen et Walp. Compositae M67
HHaplopappus arbutoides J.Remy Compositae 45M67
FHaplopappus rotundifolius H.M.Hall Compositae 5M
FHaplopappus schumannii (Kuntze) G.Br. et W.D.Clark Compositae M
FHaplopappus scrobiculatus (Nees) DC. Compositae 45M6789
FHaplopappus uncinatus Phil. Compositae 45M67
AH Helenium aromaticum (Hook.) L.H.Bailey Compositae 45M67
AB Helenium urmenetae (Phil.) Cabrera var. urmenetae Compositae 234M
AHeliotropium paronychioides A.DC. Boraginaceae 45M6789A
AHomalocarpus dichotomus (Poepp. ex DC.) Mathias et Constance Umbelliferae 345M6
AHomalocarpus nigripetalus (Clos) Mathias et Constance Umbelliferae 45M
HHordeum chilense Roem. et Schult. Gramineae 124M68C
HHordeum comosum J.Presl Gramineae 2345M6789C
HHydrocotyle modesta Cham. et Schltdl. Umbelliferae 5M6A
HHydrocotyle ranunculoides L.f. Umbelliferae 45M6789A
HHypochaeris tenuifolia (Hook. et Arn.) Griseb. var. clarionoides (J.Remy) Bortiri Compositae 45M
HHypochaeris tenuifolia (Hook. et Arn.) Griseb. var. tenuifolia Compositae 5M679C
HHypochaeris thrincioides (J.Remy) Reiche Compositae 45M678A
HJuncus arcticus Willd. var. andicola (Hook.) Balslev Juncaceae 234M8A
AJuncus bufonius L. Juncaceae 2345M6789ABC
HJuncus cyperoides Laharpe Juncaceae 45M6789ABC
HJuncus stipulatus Nees et Meyen Juncaceae 12345M6789ABC
FJunellia scoparia (Gillies et Hook.) Botta Verbenaceae 45M6
FJunellia spathulata (Gillies et Hook.) Moldenke var. spathulata Verbenaceae 45M67
TKageneckia angustifolia D.Don Rosaceae 45M67
TKageneckia oblonga Ruiz et Pav. Rosaceae 45M678
SLaretia acaulis (Cav.) Gillies et Hook. Umbelliferae 345M67
HLathyrus subandinus Phil. Papilionaceae 5M789
HLepidium reichei Phil. ex Reiche Cruciferae M
ALepidium strictum (S.Watson) Rattan Cruciferae 1235M789A
HLeucheria bridgesii Hook. et Arn. Compositae 45M6
HLeucheria congesta D.Don Compositae 45M
HLeucheria hieracioides Cass. Compositae 5M67
HLeucheria landbeckii (Phil.) Reiche Compositae 45M6
HLeucheria rosea Less. Compositae 5M67
HLeucheria salinae (J.Remy) Hieron. subsp. zoellneri Crisci Compositae 4M6
ALeucheria tenuis Less. Compositae 5M69
HLeucheria viscida (Bertero ex Colla) Crisci Compositae 4M6789
HLeucocoryne alliacea Miers ex Lindl. Alliaceae 45M6789
HLeucocoryne ixioides (Sims) Lindl. Alliaceae 45M678
HLilaeopsis macloviana (Gand.) A.W.Hill Umbelliferae 12345M89ABC
ALimosella australis R.Br. Scrophulariaceae 245M6789ABC
TLithrea caustica (Molina) Hook. et Arn. var. caustica Anacardiaceae 45M6789
ARROYO ET AL.
789
APPENDIX 1
(continuation)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
ALoasa floribunda Hook. et Arn. var. floribunda Loasaceae 45M
ALoasa micrantha Poepp. Loasaceae M6789
ALoasa pallida Gillies ex Arn. Loasaceae 45M
ALoasa prostrata Gillies ex Arn. Loasaceae 45M6
HLoasa sigmoidea Urb. et Gilg Loasaceae 45M7
HLobelia oligophylla (Wedd.) Lammers Campanulaceae 12345M6789ABC
ALotus subpinnatus Lag. Papilionaceae 2345M6789A
ALupinus microcarpus Sims Papilionaceae 12345M6789A
HLuzula racemosa Desv. Juncaceae 45M6789ABC
FLycium chilense Miers ex A.DC. var. chilense Solanaceae 45M67
AMadia chilensis (Nutt.) Reiche Compositae 45M6789AC
AMadia sativa Molina Compositae 345M6789ABC
HMalacothamnus chilensis (Gay) Krapov. Malvaceae 345M67
AMalesherbia humilis Poepp. var. humilis Malesherbiaceae 2345M7
SMalesherbia linearifolia (Cav.) Pers. Malesherbiaceae 45M6
TMaytenus boaria Molina Celastraceae 345M6789ABC
HMelica argentata E.Desv. Gramineae 45M67
HF Melosperma andicola Benth. Scrophulariaceae 45M678
HMenonvillea hookeri Rollins Cruciferae M67
AMicrosteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene Polemoniaceae 145M6789ABC
AMimulus glabratus Kunth Scrophulariaceae 12345M6789ABC
AH Mimulus luteus L. var. luteus Scrophulariaceae 345M6789AB
HMirabilis prostrata (Ruiz et Pav.) Heimerl Nyctaginaceae 2345M67
AMontia fontana L. Portulacaceae 45M678AC
HMontiopsis andicola (Gillies ex Hook. et Arn.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 45M678
AMontiopsis capitata (Hook. et Arn.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 1345M678
HMontiopsis cistiflora (Gillies ex Arn.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 4M6789
AMontiopsis cumingii (Hook. et Arn.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 1245M
AMontiopsis demissa (Phil.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 1345M
HMontiopsis gilliesii (Hook. et Arn.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 45M7
HMontiopsis potentilloides (Barnéoud) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 45M
AMontiopsis ramosissima (Hook. et Arn.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 45M6
HMontiopsis sericea (Hook. et Arn.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 45M7
AMontiopsis trifida (Hook. et Arn.) D.I.Ford Portulacaceae 12345M
AMoscharia pinnatifida Ruiz et Pav. Compositae 45M678
FMuehlenbeckia hastulata (Sm.) I.M.Johnst. var. hastulata Polygonaceae 345M6789A
SF Mulinum spinosum (Cav.) Pers. var. spinosum Umbelliferae 345M6789B
FMutisia acerosa Poepp. ex Less. Compositae 45M678
FMutisia cana Poepp. Compositae 345M
FMutisia ilicifolia Cav. var. decandolleana (Phil. ex Reiche) Cabrera Compositae 45M7
FMutisia ilicifolia Cav. var. ilicifolia Compositae 45M678
SMutisia rosea Poepp. ex Less. Compositae 45M678
FMutisia sinuata Cav. Compositae 345M67
SMutisia subulata Ruiz et Pav. f. rosmarinifolia (Poepp. et Endl.) Cabrera Compositae 45M678
SMutisia subulata Ruiz et Pav. f. subulata Compositae 45M6789
AMyosurus apetalus Gay Ranunculaceae 4MC
FNardophyllum lanatum (Meyen) Cabrera Compositae 345M6
HS Nassauvia aculeata (Less.) Poepp. et Endl. var. aculeata Compositae 5M6789
FNassauvia axillaris (Lag.) D.Don Compositae 45M
HNassauvia lagascae (D.Don) F.Meigen var. lagascae Compositae 45M679AC
HNassauvia looseri Cabrera Compositae M
HNassauvia pinnigera D.Don Compositae 5M67
HNassauvia pyramidalis Meyen Compositae M678
HNassella chilensis (Trin.) E.Desv. Gramineae 245M6789
HNastanthus spathulatus (Phil.) Miers var. spathulatus Calyceraceae M67
ANicotiana acuminata (Graham) Hook. var. acuminata Solanaceae 345M678
ANicotiana corymbosa J.Remy Solanaceae 2345M7
ANicotiana miersii J.Remy var. miersii Solanaceae 345M
HOenothera acaulis Cav. Onagraceae 45M6789A
HOlsynium philippii (Klatt) Goldblatt subsp. philippii Iridaceae 45M6
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
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APPENDIX 1
(continuation)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
HOlsynium scirpoideum (Poepp.) Goldblatt subsp. scirpoideum Iridaceae 2345M6789
HOreopolus glacialis (Poepp.) Ricardi Rubiaceae M6789ABC
HOsmorhiza berteroi DC. Umbelliferae 45M6789ABC
AOxalis alfalfalis Phil. affin. Oxalidaceae (M)
HOxalis cinerea Zucc. Oxalidaceae 5M6
AH Oxalis compacta Gillies ex Hook. et Arn. subsp. berteroana (Barnéoud) Lourteig Oxalidaceae 45M6
HOxalis compacta Gillies ex Hook. et Arn. subsp. compacta Oxalidaceae 345M67
HOxalis hypsophila Phil. Oxalidaceae 1234M
SOxalis incana Phil. Oxalidaceae M67
SOxalis lineata Gillies ex Hook. et Arn. Oxalidaceae 5M68
AOxalis micrantha Bertero ex Colla Oxalidaceae 245M6789A
HOxalis penicillata Phil. Oxalidaceae 5M
AOxalis rosea Jacq. Oxalidaceae 45M6789A
AOxalis san-romanii Phil. Oxalidaceae 34M6
HOxalis squamata Zucc. Oxalidaceae M67
HOxalis succulenta Barnéoud Oxalidaceae 4M
HOxychloe bisexualis Kuntze affin. Juncaceae (M)
HPasithea caerulea (Ruiz et Pav.) D.Don var. caerulea Hemerocallidaceae 2345M6789A
HPatosia clandestina (Phil.) Buchenau Juncaceae 2345M789
APectocarya linearis (Ruiz et Pav.) DC. Boraginaceae 345M68
HPerezia carthamoides (D.Don) Hook. et Arn. Compositae 45M67
HPerezia nutans Less. Compositae 5M6789
HPerezia poeppigii Less. Compositae 45M67
APhacelia brachyantha Benth. Hydrophyllaceae 45M6C
APhacelia cumingii (Benth.) A.Gray Hydrophyllaceae 12345M6
HPhacelia secunda J.F.Gmel. Hydrophyllaceae 145M6789ABC
HPhleum alpinum L. Gramineae 45M789ABC
HPhycella herbertiana Lindl. Amaryllidaceae M67
HPhycella scarlatina Ravenna Amaryllidaceae 4M
HPhylloscirpus acaulis (Phil.) Goetgh. et D.A.Simpson Cyperaceae 1234M789
HPlacea arzae Phil. Amaryllidaceae 5M6
APlagiobothrys calandrinioides (Phil.) I.M.Johnst. Boraginaceae M7C
APlagiobothrys myosotoides (Lehm.) Brand Boraginaceae 15M6789
HPlantago barbata G.Forst. subsp. barbata Plantaginaceae 345M6789ABC
HPlantago grandiflora Meyen Plantaginaceae 5M678
APlantago hispidula Ruiz et Pav. Plantaginaceae 12345M68
HPoa acinaciphylla E.Desv. Gramineae M
HPoa bonariensis (Lam.) Kunth Gramineae 2345M89
HPoa holciformis J.Presl Gramineae 45M6789
HPoa resinulosa Nees et Steud. Gramineae MC
HPoa rigidifolia Steud. Gramineae MABC
FPodanthus mitiqui Lindl. Compositae 45M678
APolemonium micranthum Benth. Polemoniaceae 45MBC
HPolygala salasiana Gay Polygalaceae 34M6789BC
HPolygonum bowenkampii Phil. Polygonaceae M
SPolygonum sanguinaria J.Remy Polygonaceae 45M8B
HPolypogon australis Brongn. Gramineae 12345M6789AB
HPolystichum andinum Phil. Dryopteridaceae M789ABC
FT Porlieria chilensis I.M.Johnst. Zygophyllaceae 45M6
HPozoa coriacea Lag. Umbelliferae 45M6789
FProustia cuneifolia D.Don f. cuneifolia Compositae 145M678
FProustia ilicifolia Hook. et Arn. f. baccharoides (D.Don ex Hook. et Arn.) Fabris Compositae 345M
HPteromonnina pterocarpa (Ruiz et Pav.) B.Eriksen Polygalaceae 345M
HPuya alpestris (Poepp.) Gay Bromeliaceae 45M6789
TQuillaja saponaria Molina Rosaceae 45M6789
HQuinchamalium chilense Molina Santalaceae 12345M6789AB
HQuinchamalium parviflorum Phil. Santalaceae 4M7
HRanunculus peduncularis Sm. var. peduncularis Ranunculaceae 45M6789ABC
AReyesia parviflora (Phil.) Hunz. Solanaceae 234M
HRhodophiala rhodolirion (Baker) Traub Amaryllidaceae M67
ARROYO ET AL.
791
APPENDIX 1
(continuation)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
FRibes cucullatum Hook. et Arn. Saxifragaceae 5M689ABC
FRibes polyanthes Phil. Saxifragaceae M8
FRibes punctatum Ruiz et Pav. Saxifragaceae 45M6789A
HRorippa austroamericana Mart.-Lab. Cruciferae 5MA
HRytidosperma pictum (Nees et Meyen) Nicora var. pictum Gramineae 45M6789AC
HRytidosperma violaceum (E.Desv.) Nicora Gramineae 5M6789
HRytidosperma virescens (E.Desv.) Nicora Gramineae 45M6789ABC
HSalpiglossis sinuata Ruiz et Pav. Solanaceae 45M6789A
HSanicula crassicaulis Poepp. ex DC. Umbelliferae 45M6789A
HSanicula graveolens Poepp. ex DC. Umbelliferae 45M6789B
FSchinus montana (Phil.) Engler Anacardiaceae 5M6
FT Schinus polygama (Cav.) Cabrera var. parviflora (Marchand) F.A.Barkley Anacardiaceae 345M789A
ASchizanthus grahamii Gillies ex Hook. Solanaceae M678
AB Schizanthus hookeri Gillies ex Graham Solanaceae 45M6789
ASchizanthus pinnatus Ruiz et Pav. Solanaceae 45M6789A
ASchizopetalon dentatum (Barnéoud) Gilg et Muschl. Cruciferae 5M
HScirpus asper J.Presl et K.Presl var. asper Cyperaceae 1234M7
HScirpus deserticola Phil. Cyperaceae 1234M
HScirpus macrolepis Phil. Cyperaceae 4MC
AB Scyphanthus elegans Sweet Loasaceae 45M678
HSenecio adenotrichius DC. Compositae 45M
HSenecio bustillosianus J.Remy var. bustillosianus Compositae 5M6
SSenecio clarioneifolius J.Remy Compositae 45M67
SSenecio crithmoides Hook. et Arn. Compositae 45M7
SSenecio davilae Phil. Compositae 5M
SSenecio donianus Hook. et Arn. Compositae 45M
FSenecio eruciformis J.Remy var. eruciformis Compositae 45M78
SSenecio farinifer Hook. et Arn. Compositae 45M7
HSenecio fistulosus Poepp. ex Less. var. fistulosus Compositae 45M6789AB
FSenecio francisci Phil. Compositae 45M67
SSenecio laetevirens Phil. Compositae 5M
SSenecio linariifolius Poepp. ex DC. var. heliophytoides (Phil.) Reiche Compositae M79AB
SF Senecio microphyllus Phil. Compositae 45M67
SSenecio pentaphyllus Phil. Compositae M6
HSilene chilensis (Naudin) Bocquet Caryophyllaceae 4M6789AC
HSisymbrium berteroanum Phil. affin. Cruciferae (M)
SSisymbrium philippianum I.M.Johnst. affin. Cruciferae (M)
HSisyrinchium arenarium Poepp. subsp. adenostemon (Phil.) Ravenna Iridaceae 5M
HSisyrinchium arenarium Poepp. subsp. arenarium Iridaceae 45M6789BC
HSisyrinchium striatum Sm. Iridaceae 45M6789
ASolanum furcatum Dunal ex Poir. var. furcatum Solanaceae 12345M6789AB
FSolanum ligustrinum Lodd. Solanaceae 45M678A
HSolaria miersioides Phil. Alliaceae M78
HSolenomelus segethii (Phil.) Kuntze Iridaceae 45M6789AC
HSolidago chilensis Meyen Compositae 1345M6789AB
HStachys albicaulis Lindl. Labiatae 5M6789
HStachys philippiana Vatke Labiatae 45M89
HStellaria chilensis Pedersen Caryophyllaceae 1245M6789A
HStemodia durantifolia (L.) Sw. var. chilensis (Benth.) C.C.Cowan Scrophulariaceae 345M6789
HStipa brevipes E.Desv. Gramineae MBC
HStipa chrysophylla E.Desv. var. chrysophylla Gramineae 12345M67C
HStipa pogonathera E.Desv. Gramineae 2345M7
HStipa speciosa Trin. et Rupr. Gramineae 12345M78
HTaraxacum gilliesii Hook. et Arn. Compositae MC
FTetraglochin alatum (Gillies ex Hook. et Arn.) Kuntze Rosaceae 345M678
FTeucrium bicolor Sm. Labiatae 45M6789A
HThlaspi magellanicum Comm. ex Poir. Cruciferae 5M78BC
FTrevoa quinquenervia Gillies et Hook. Rhamnaceae 45M67
HTrifolium polymorphum Poir. Papilionaceae 2345M678A
ATriptilion capillatum (D.Don) Hook. et Arn. Compositae 45M6
CONTRIBUTION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE SANTUARIO DE LA NATURALEZA YERBA LOCA
792
APPENDIX 1
(continuation)
CCE MED MET-V MET LF Species Family Distribution
HTrisetum caudulatum Trin. var. caudulatum Gramineae M78
HTrisetum cumingii (Nees ex Steud.) Parodi ex Nicora var. cumingii Gramineae M7AC
HTrisetum lasiolepis E.Desv. Gramineae M9AC
HTrisetum preslei (Kunth) E.Desv. var. preslei Gramineae 34M
HTristagma bivalve (Lindl.) Traub Alliaceae 45M6789
HTristagma nivale Poepp. f. nivale Alliaceae 4M689C
HTristerix aphyllus (Miers ex DC.) Tiegh. ex Barlow et Wiens Loranthaceae 345M6
HTristerix verticillatus (Ruiz et Pav.) Barlow et Wiens Loranthaceae 345M678A
HTropaeolum polyphyllum Cav. Tropaeolaceae 45M67
HTropaeolum sessilifolium Poepp. et Endl. Tropaeolaceae 45M6
HTropaeolum tricolor Sweet Tropaeolaceae 2345M6789A
STweedia birostrata (Hook. et Arn.) Hook. et Arn. Asclepiadaceae 245M678
HS Urtica mollis Steud. Urticaceae 245M679ABC
HValeriana bridgesii Hook. et Arn. Valerianaceae 45M6
FValeriana graciliceps Clos Valerianaceae 5M67
HValeriana hornschuchiana Walp. Valerianaceae 5M67
HValeriana lepidota Clos Valerianaceae 5M6
HValeriana radicalis Clos Valerianaceae M
nSValeriana stricta Clos Valerianaceae 345M67
HValeriana vaga Clos Valerianaceae 345M
HValeriana verticillata Clos Valerianaceae 5M7
HVicia vicina Clos. affin. Papilionaceae (M)
HViola atropurpurea Leyb. Violaceae 5M67
HViola canobarbata Leyb. Violaceae 4M6
AViola domeykoana Gay Violaceae 4M6
HViola germainii Sparre Violaceae M
HViola montagnei Gay var. montagnei Violaceae 345M6
HViola philippii Leyb. var. philippii Violaceae M7
AViola pusilla Poepp. Violaceae 345M678
AViola rhombifolia Leyb. Violaceae 345M
AViola subandina J.M.Watson Violaceae M678
FViviania marifolia Cav. Vivianiaceae 345M678
FViviania ovata Phil. Vivianiaceae 5M678
SWendtia gracilis Meyen Ledocarpaceae 45M6789B
HWerneria pygmaea Gillies ex Hook. et Arn. Compositae 12345M
HZoellnerallium andinum (Poepp.) Crosa Alliaceae 45M6
ARROYO ET AL.