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Associations of overall sitting time and sitting time in different contexts with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms
... Others considered screen time as sedentary time, in which participants remained seated in front of screens (Tamminen et al., 2020;Zhou et al., 2021). In the study by Rebar et al. (2014), the self-report of sedentary time was collected through the 10-item Workforce Sitting Questionnaire. the results of the associations was also presented considering the pre-and post-pandemic periods. ...
... Regarding anxiety, 68% of the 19 articles found positive associations between anxiety and screen time. Before COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety scores increased in six studies (Gao et al., 2021;Griffioen et al., 2021;Hossain et al., 2019;Rebar et al., 2014;Wu et al., 2015Wu et al., , 2016, while during COVID-19, in seven studies it was associated (Aliverdi et al., 2022;Gao et al., 2020;Giuntella et al., 2021;Jáuregui et al., 2022;Lambert et al., 2022;Meyer et al., 2021;Sewall et al., 2021). Stress was positively associated with screen time in 56%, 4 of which were before COVID-19 (Dennis et al., 2022;Ge et al., 2020;Griffioen et al., 2021;Vizcaino et al., 2020) and 1 study during COVID-19 . ...
... Before the pandemic, four studies observed no changes in anxiety (Dennis et al., 2022;Feng et al., 2014;Hunt et al., 2018;Olds et al., 2018) and during the pandemic, another two studies Xu et al., 2021). Stress also showed no changes before COVID-19 in 2 studies (Rebar et al., 2014;Vally & D'Souza, 2019) and during the pandemic in one study (Aliverdi et al., 2022). There was a study conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic that found negative associations between screen time and mental health disorders, with decreased depression and stress scores (Olds et al., 2018). ...
Screen time, represented by the daily time spent using digital technology on any screen devices, has been increasing. This review sought to expand understanding of the associations between screen time and mental health in adults. The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - PRISMA and registered in Prospero under number CRD42022335373. Defined according to the PICO strategy (acronym for P: population/patients; I: intervention/exposure; C: comparison/control; O: outcome), a search was conducted in January 2023 with the following keywords: “screen time”, “adults” and “mental health” combined with the AND operator in PubMed, PsycInfo and Scopus databases. 1,695 articles were identified, and 90 papers were read in full, of which 32 were included in this review. There were 19 studies conducted before the COVID-19 Pandemic and 13 studies conducted in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most studies found associations between excessive screen exposure and impact on aspects of mental health in adults. Before the pandemic, high screen times were associated with depression, anxiety, stress, burnout, and lower well-being. Watching TV was worse for mental health than computer or mobile device use. Replacing non-work time in a recent retirement with screen time is worse for mental health than replacing it with sleep or physical activity. Recreational screen time was associated with depression and screen time for schoolwork was not. During the pandemic, messaging app usage was associated with decreased feelings of loneliness. Screens and social media were associated risk of depression, anxiety, loneliness and Fear of Missing Out-FoMO. For in college adults, before and during the pandemic, depression and anxiety were associated with screen use, especially for leisure. In addition to the time spent on screens, the type of device with which we interact and the use of various devices simultaneously may be associated with mental health problems. Always-on mobile devices can increase interruptions to activities, weaken time management, and decrease the quality of time spent with children.
... Another important factor in mood disorders prevention is sedentary behavior. Spending a lot of time sitting has been linked to more depressive symptoms (Rebar et al., 2014). Experimental evidence suggests that sedentary behavior can negatively affect mood detached of physical activity (Giurgiu et al., 2019). ...
... Our results show that for male participants, physiological anxiety is negatively influenced by decrease in hours of strenuous work-related activity per week. Rebar et al. (2014) showed that people who spent more time sitting overall had more severe depression and anxiety symptoms than people who sat less. Our results confirmed that male participants who sit more during lockdown had bigger score on physiological anxiety. ...
... But our results show that the increased sitting time because of COVID-19 lockdown significantly influenced physiological anxiety, affective depression, and anxiety at female participants. Authors from before lockdown had already proved that people who spent more time sitting overall had more severe depression and anxiety symptoms than people who sat less (Rebar et al., 2014). Similar studies were made also in lockdown (Romero-Blanco et al., 2020), and they proved connection between sitting time, depression, and anxiety. ...
Purpose
We focused on changes in the amount of physical activity (PA) and depression and anxiety symptoms in people, who were previously regularly physically active, as they were all members of fitness centers at time of lockdown because of COVID-19.
Materials and methods
We sampled 150 fitness center members, tested individually in facilities of fitness centers. Depression and anxiety were measured with subscales of Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and PA was measured with global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ).
Results
We found that depression (t = −1.97; p < 0.05) and anxiety (t = −2.66; p < 0.05) was more present in female participants than male participants, single participants experienced more depression (t = 2.04; p < 0.05) than participants in relationship, unemployed participants experienced more depression (F = 3,24; p < 0.05) and anxiety (F = 5,32; p < 0.01) than employed participants and participants with lower levels of education experienced higher levels of affective depression (F = 3,42; p < 0.05) and physiological anxiety (F = 3,72; p < 0.05) than participants with higher levels of education. Finally, we found that mental health can be influenced by changes in amount of movement–both anxiety (p < 0.05) and depression (p < 0.05) (in whole and its specific dimensions) increased for male participants when there is less strenuous work-related activity, less walking, or cycling to work and when they would spend more time each day sitting. For female participants, affective depression (t = 3.78; p < 0.01) and anxiety (t = 3.23; p < 0.01) increased with increased sitting time. Ex-competitive athletes are particularly immune to anxiety (t = −2.18; p < 0.05) and depression (t = −2.09; p < 0.05).
Discussion
As in some previous studies, our results show that because of lockdown, the most endangered groups for mood disorders are women, singles, unemployed and students, uneducated people and those, who had less PA, and more sitting time. Additionally, those who had some sport competitive history are less endangered for depression and anxiety.
Conclusion
Isolation has great impact on mental health, the most effective solution to stress relief and anxiety is physical exercise, which was limited or non-existent in the time of pandemic. Ex-professional athletes are especially immune to anxiety and depression in events such as COVID-19 lockdown. For future studies we recommend focusing on likelihood of increased depression and anxiety levels in individuals, who were physically active before the isolation period.
... Previous studies also revealed the association between certain psychosocial problems and suicidal ideation. Additionally, studies have confirmed that low self-esteem and depression are the principal factors behind suicidal ideation [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], and morecurrent articles have reported that loneliness, unsatisfied interpersonal needs, entrapment, defeat, and poor social support are also strong predictors [17,19,[24][25][26]. One study in China reported poor social support as the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation, depression and low self-esteem were also strong predictors [24]. ...
... Respondents rated how often they felt a certain way (e.g., "These days, the people in my life would be better off if I were gone"), scored from 1 (not at all true for me) to 7 (very true for me). Six items [7,8,10,13,49] were recoded before computing. Higher than the 75th percentile score of 49 was defined as interpersonal needs being unsatisfied (Cronbach's α: 0.855; range: 15-96). ...
... This should not be surprising, considering suicidal ideation and behavior are known outcomes of feeling trapped in a stressful situation, with no evident escape or rescue [62]; this result has been found in diverse populations and in the context of various disorders and research methodologies [56,57]. Despite prevalence of poor psychosocial status among STI patients, huge gaps are still visible in concern and service, due to inadequate information and emotional support, and a shortage of qualified professional psychosocial treatment [13,[63][64][65]. To show that suicidal ideation also co-occurs among STI patients, we have extended previous research that confirmed there was a syndemic effect on suicidal ideation in MSM [32]. ...
Background:
Patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) experience difficulties with stability and trust in long-term relationships and have poor mental health, factors that may lead to suicidal ideation. We sought to verify whether psychosocial health problems among patients with STIs were associated with these patients' suicidal ideation and to examine the syndemic effect of multiple psychosocial problems on suicidal ideation.
Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study of 519 STI patients at the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. Demographic, psychosocial, and suicidal ideation information about the participants was collected by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were performed to detect the association between demographic variables and suicidal ideation, as well as each individual psychosocial variable and suicidal ideation, and to verify the syndemic effect of psychosocial factors.
Results:
Of the participants, 25.0% (130/519) reported having suicidal ideation. In univariable analysis, low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, entrapment, defeat, and unsatisfied interpersonal needs were associated with suicidal ideation. Multivariable analysis found depression (odds ratio [OR]: 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3-7.2) and entrapment (OR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.1-4.1) each had a more significant relation with suicidal ideation than the other psychosocial problems examined. STI patients who experienced two or more psychosocial health problems had approximately fourfold odds of suicide ideation (adjusted OR [AOR]: 4.2; 95%CI: 2.6-6.8) compared with those in the non-syndemic group, especially in the high-level (five or more psychosocial problems) group (AOR: 7.0; 95%CI: 3.9-12.5).
Conclusions:
The study found the participants had a high rate of suicidal ideation and suffered from severe psychosocial problems. These results show a syndemic effect of psychosocial problems on increasing the odds of suicidal ideation. Our findings suggest an urgent need for efforts to prevent suicidal ideation among STI patients toward improving the social and health conditions of this population.
... Characteristics of included studies are summarised in Table 1. Sixteen studies employed a crosssectional design [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] (n=72 to 34,129 participants). Four studies were longitudinal [33,[49][50][51] (n=271 to 11,676), two were controlled clinical trials [52,53] (n=43-231), two were pilot interventions [54,55] (n=12 to 20) and two were direct observation studies (i.e. ...
... Objective measures of stress were used in n=7 studies, and included salivary [37,52,54,55] or hair [44,47,48] cortisol, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) [52] and heart rate [52]. Stress was self-reported using measures including the Life Events Inventory (LEI, n=3) [33], the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, n=8) [35, 38-40, 43, 48-50], the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21, n=1) [41], the Perceived Stress Questionnaire for Young Women (PSQYW, n=1) [51], the affective experience component of the Princeton Affect and Time Survey (n=1) [36], the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI, n=1) [56], the Chronic Burden Scale (CBS, n=1) [45], the Traumatic Stress Schedule (TSS, n=1) [45], job stressors (n=1) [42], the Health and work Questionnaire (n=1) [53] and the Effort Reward Imbalance Scale (ERIS, n=1) [46]. One study measured stress using self-report survey items designed speci cally for that study [34]. ...
... Self-report measures of sedentary behaviour were used in 16 studies. Types of sedentary behaviour that were self-reported included: total daily and/or weekly sitting [34, 35, 38, 40-42, 44-46, 50, 51]; TV viewing time [33,36,39,41,43,44,47,50]; occupational sitting time [41]; computer use [41,44]; transport-related sitting time [41]. Reliability and validity of all the above measures of sedentary behaviour and stress are reported in Supplemental Table 2. ...
Background Emerging evidence shows sedentary behaviour may be associated with mental health outcomes (e.g. anxiety, depression). Yet, the strength of the evidence linking sedentary behaviour and stress is unclear. This study aimed to synthesise evidence regarding associations between time spent in sedentary behaviour and stress in adults. Methods A systematic search was conducted (January 1990 – November 2018). Following PRISMA guidelines, an evaluation of methodological quality, and best-evidence synthesis of associations between time in sedentary behaviour (including sitting time, TV viewing, computer use) and stress were presented. Twenty-three studies reporting on data from n=68,932 people (age 18-98y, 62.7% women) were included. Results Across the studies (n=2 strong-, n=7 moderate- and n=14 weak-quality), there was insufficient evidence that overall time in sedentary behaviour and sitting time were associated with stress, regardless of the type of measure used (objective or subjective) to assess sedentary behaviour or stress. There was strong evidence of no association between TV viewing, or computer use and stress. Conclusion Although previous research may suggest sedentary behaviour may be linked to mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety, the evidence for an association between various types of sedentary behaviour and stress is limited in quality, and relationships are either inconsistent or null. High-quality longitudinal/interventional research is required to confirm findings and determine the direction of associations between different contexts (i.e. purpose) and domains (i.e. leisure, occupational, transport) of sedentary behaviour and stress.
... Characteristics of included studies are summarised in Table 1. Sixteen studies employed a crosssectional design [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] (n=72 to 34,129 participants). Four studies were longitudinal [33,[49][50][51] (n=271 to 11,676), two were controlled clinical trials [52,53] (n=43-231), two were pilot interventions [54,55] (n=12 to 20) and two were direct observation studies (i.e. ...
... Objective measures of stress were used in n=7 studies, and included salivary [37,52,54,55] or hair [44,47,48] cortisol, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) [52] and heart rate [52]. Stress was self-reported using measures including the Life Events Inventory (LEI, n=3) [33], the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, n=8) [35, 38-40, 43, 48-50], the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21, n=1) [41], the Perceived Stress Questionnaire for Young Women (PSQYW, n=1) [51], the affective experience component of the Princeton Affect and Time Survey (n=1) [36], the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI, n=1) [56], the Chronic Burden Scale (CBS, n=1) [45], the Traumatic Stress Schedule (TSS, n=1) [45], job stressors (n=1) [42], the Health and work Questionnaire (n=1) [53] and the Effort Reward Imbalance Scale (ERIS, n=1) [46]. One study measured stress using self-report survey items designed speci cally for that study [34]. ...
... Self-report measures of sedentary behaviour were used in 16 studies. Types of sedentary behaviour that were self-reported included: total daily and/or weekly sitting [34, 35, 38, 40-42, 44-46, 50, 51]; TV viewing time [33,36,39,41,43,44,47,50]; occupational sitting time [41]; computer use [41,44]; transport-related sitting time [41]. Reliability and validity of all the above measures of sedentary behaviour and stress are reported in Supplemental Table 2. ...
Background: Emerging evidence shows sedentary behaviour may be associated with mental health outcomes. Yet, the strength of the evidence linking sedentary behaviour and stress is still unclear. This study aimed to synthesise evidence regarding associations between time spent in sedentary behaviour and stress in adults. Methods: A systematic search was conducted (January 1990 – September 2019). Following PRISMA guidelines, an evaluation of methodological quality, and best-evidence synthesis of associations between time in sedentary behaviour (including sitting time, TV viewing, computer use) and stress were presented. Twenty-six studies reporting on data from n=72,795 people (age 18-98y, 62.7% women) were included. Results: Across the studies (n=2 strong-, n=10 moderate- and n=14 weak-quality), there was insufficient evidence that overall time spent in sedentary behaviour and sitting time were associated with stress, particularly when using self-report measures of sedentary behaviour or stress. There was strong evidence of no association between TV viewing, or computer use and stress. Amongst studies using objective measures of sedentary behaviour and/or stress there was also strong evidence of no association. Conclusion: Although previous research suggested sedentary behaviour may be linked to mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety, the evidence for an association between various types of sedentary behaviour and stress is limited in quality, and associations are either inconsistent or null. High-quality longitudinal/interventional research is required to confirm findings and determine the direction of associations between different contexts (i.e. purpose) and domains (i.e. leisure, occupational, transport) of sedentary behaviour and stress. Keywords: sedentary behaviour; sitting time; television viewing; stress; mental health; adults
... Characteristics of included studies are summarised in Table 1. Sixteen studies employed a crosssectional design [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] (n=72 to 34,129 participants). Four studies were longitudinal [33,[49][50][51] (n=271 to 11,676), two were controlled clinical trials [52,53] (n=43-231), two were pilot interventions [54,55] (n=12 to 20) and two were direct observation studies (i.e. ...
... Objective measures of stress were used in n=7 studies, and included salivary [37,52,54,55] or hair [44,47,48] cortisol, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) [52] and heart rate [52]. Stress was self-reported using measures including the Life Events Inventory (LEI, n=3) [33], the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, n=8) [35, 38-40, 43, 48-50], the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21, n=1) [41], the Perceived Stress Questionnaire for Young Women (PSQYW, n=1) [51], the affective experience component of the Princeton Affect and Time Survey (n=1) [36], the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI, n=1) [56], the Chronic Burden Scale (CBS, n=1) [45], the Traumatic Stress Schedule (TSS, n=1) [45], job stressors (n=1) [42], the Health and work Questionnaire (n=1) [53] and the Effort Reward Imbalance Scale (ERIS, n=1) [46]. One study measured stress using self-report survey items designed speci cally for that study [34]. ...
... Self-report measures of sedentary behaviour were used in 16 studies. Types of sedentary behaviour that were self-reported included: total daily and/or weekly sitting [34, 35, 38, 40-42, 44-46, 50, 51]; TV viewing time [33,36,39,41,43,44,47,50]; occupational sitting time [41]; computer use [41,44]; transport-related sitting time [41]. Reliability and validity of all the above measures of sedentary behaviour and stress are reported in Supplemental Table 2. ...
Background: Emerging evidence shows sedentary behaviour may be associated with mental health outcomes. Yet, the strength of the evidence linking sedentary behaviour and stress is still unclear. This study aimed to synthesise evidence regarding associations between time spent in sedentary behaviour and stress in adults. Methods: A systematic search was conducted (January 1990 – September 2019). Following PRISMA guidelines, an evaluation of methodological quality, and best-evidence synthesis of associations between time in sedentary behaviour (including sitting time, TV viewing, computer use) and stress were presented. Twenty-six studies reporting on data from n=72,795 people (age 18-98y, 62.7% women) were included. Results: Across the studies (n=2 strong-, n=10 moderate- and n=14 weak-quality), there was insufficient evidence that overall time spent in sedentary behaviour and sitting time were associated with stress, particularly when using self-report measures of sedentary behaviour or stress. There was strong evidence of no association between TV viewing, or computer use and stress. Amongst studies using objective measures of sedentary behaviour and/or stress there was also strong evidence of no association. Conclusion: Although previous research suggested sedentary behaviour may be linked to mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety, the evidence for an association between various types of sedentary behaviour and stress is limited in quality, and associations are either inconsistent or null. High-quality longitudinal/interventional research is required to confirm findings and determine the direction of associations between different contexts (i.e. purpose) and domains (i.e. leisure, occupational, transport) of sedentary behaviour and stress. Keywords: sedentary behaviour; sitting time; television viewing; stress; mental health; adults
... Objective measures of stress were used in n = 7 studies, and included salivary [39][40][41]52] or hair [43,50,54] cortisol, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) [39] and heart rate [39]. Stress was self-reported using measures including the Life Events Inventory (LEI, n = 3) [33], the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, n = 8) [35, 38, 44-47, 50, 53], the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21, n = 1) [49], the Perceived Stress Questionnaire for Young Women (PSQYW, n = 1) [55], the affective experience component of the Princeton Affect and Time Survey (n = 1) [36], the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI, n = 1) [37], the Chronic Burden Scale (CBS, n = 1) [56], the Traumatic Stress Schedule (TSS, n = 1) [56], job stressors (n = 1) [51], the Health and work Questionnaire (n = 1) [48] and the Effort Reward Imbalance Scale (ERIS, n = 1) [57]. One study measured stress using self-report survey items designed specifically for that study [34]. ...
... Selfreport measures of sedentary behaviour were used in 16 studies. Types of sedentary behaviour that were selfreported included: total daily and/or weekly sitting [34,35,44,45,47,49,51,[54][55][56][57]; TV viewing time [33,36,43,45,46,49,53,54]; occupational sitting time [49]; computer use [49,54]; transport-related Self-report: Effort Reward Imbalance 17-item scale. ...
... Selfreport measures of sedentary behaviour were used in 16 studies. Types of sedentary behaviour that were selfreported included: total daily and/or weekly sitting [34,35,44,45,47,49,51,[54][55][56][57]; TV viewing time [33,36,43,45,46,49,53,54]; occupational sitting time [49]; computer use [49,54]; transport-related Self-report: Effort Reward Imbalance 17-item scale. ...
Background:
Emerging evidence shows sedentary behaviour may be associated with mental health outcomes. Yet, the strength of the evidence linking sedentary behaviour and stress is still unclear. This study aimed to synthesise evidence regarding associations between time spent in sedentary behaviour and stress in adults.
Methods:
A systematic search was conducted (January 1990 - September 2019). Following PRISMA guidelines, an evaluation of methodological quality, and best-evidence synthesis of associations between time in sedentary behaviour (including sitting time, TV viewing, computer use) and stress were presented. Twenty-six studies reporting on data from n = 72,795 people (age 18-98y, 62.7% women) were included.
Results:
Across the studies (n = 2 strong-, n = 10 moderate- and n = 14 weak-quality), there was insufficient evidence that overall time spent in sedentary behaviour and sitting time were associated with stress, particularly when using self-report measures of sedentary behaviour or stress. There was strong evidence of no association between TV viewing, or computer use and stress. Amongst studies using objective measures of sedentary behaviour and/or stress there was also strong evidence of no association.
Conclusion:
Although previous research suggested sedentary behaviour may be linked to mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety, the evidence for an association between various types of sedentary behaviour and stress is limited in quality, and associations are either inconsistent or null. High-quality longitudinal/interventional research is required to confirm findings and determine the direction of associations between different contexts (i.e. purpose) and domains (i.e. leisure, occupational, transport) of sedentary behaviour and stress.
... Sedentary behavior is a public health issue of widespread concern around the world [8]. Sedentary behavior exists among people of different ages, especially teenagers who spend a lot of time sitting and playing every week [9]. ...
... We set up a separate convolution layer containing 64 two-dimensional convolution kernels before the residual layer to extract the deep features of the three-dimensional input data composed of Doppler shift and RSSI difference data. The calculation results of the convolutional layer are represented by (9) and (10). ...
The rapidly developing Internet of things technology is gradually being utilized to monitor people's unhealthy behaviors. Sedentary behavior and wrong sitting posture are common health issues that can detrimentally impact the physical and psychological health of teenagers. An effective way to promptly rectify improper sitting postures among teenagers is to use equipment to monitor and recognize the alterations of sitting posture. The majority of conventional sitting posture recognition methods rely on cameras or sensors to recognize sitting posture. The employment of cameras will violate user's privacy, and the utilization of sensors will increase the cost of implementation. A dynamic sitting posture recognition system based on commodity off-the-shelf (COTS) radio frequency identification (RFID) devices is proposed. This system can recognize six common erroneous sitting postures by simply sticking five passive RFID tags on the user's back. We collect phase and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) data of passive RFID tags, then transform them into Doppler shift and RSSI difference data respectively, and finally input them into the established deep residual neural network for the classification of sitting postures. The experiment results show that our system achieves an average recognition accuracy of 99.17% with six sitting postures and is highly robust to different users and different usage environments.
... Previous studies conducted univariate analyses of the relationships between sitting time, smoking, and stress [25][26][27][28][29]. Nonetheless, few studies have examined the relationship between sitting time, smoking, and perceived stress. ...
... In a 6-year prospective cohort study of Spanish university graduates, the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (University of Navarra Follow-up) study reported a vital link between physical activity and sedentary behavior in the development of mental illness [26]. A study with Australian adults conducted by Rebar et al. [27] found no association between overall sitting time and stress. Furthermore there are studies on the beneficial effects of physical activity on stress [34], however people may think that sedentary behavior is more beneficial in the short term [35]. ...
Purpose: Sitting time, smoking, and perceived stress strongly influence physical health independent of physical activity. However, the associations among perceived stress, sedentary behavior, and smoking are poorly understood. Therefore, we examined the relationships between sitting time, smoking, and perceived stress in Korean adults aged < 65 years.Methods: We analyzed data from the seventh National Health and Nutrition Survey. In this cross-sectional study, data from 6,890 Korean adults aged < 65 years were analyzed. Complex-sample logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between sitting time, smoking, and perceived stress. Results: The group with a high sitting time (≥ 8 h/day) and those who smoked had significantly higher odds of experiencing stress than the low sitting time (< 8 h/day) and non-smoking groups (odds ratio: 1.88, 95% confidence interval: 1.42-2.50).Conclusion: Perceived stress was positively correlated with current smoking status and increased sitting time. High sitting time (≥ 8 h/day) and current smoking were associated with a higher risk of perceived stress in Korean adults aged < 65 years.
... Sex was categorized as male or female. Age was categorized into three groups: 40s (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), 50s (50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59), and 60s (60-69). Household income was classified as upper, middle, or lower. ...
... This highlights the need to target some combination of all such aspects when attempting to reduce depressive symptoms stemming from the workplace. This study also found that sitting time affected depression for office and service workers, which can be explained by the fact that long sitting time as an occupational characteristic affects depressive symptoms in office and service workers [47]. Labor workers perform tasks that are largely based on physical activity and they spend less time sitting, therefore their tasks are relatively less likely to affect depressive symptoms. ...
Depressive symptoms can be influenced by different factors, including job types. In this study, we identified factors that affect depressive symptoms among South Korean workers by job type using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Examined respondents were between 40 and 69 years (N = 9375). A complex sample linear regression analysis revealed various significant factors based on job type. For office workers, the number of household members, health-related quality of life, diabetes, sitting time, subjective health, and stress were significant influencing factors for depressive symptoms (explanatory power of 23.2%) (p < 0.001). For service workers, gender, health-related quality of life, food intake, aerobic exercise, sitting time, subjective health, and stress were significant influencing factors for depressive symptoms (explanatory power of 49.6%) (p < 0.001). For labor workers, gender, type of living, health-related quality of life, BMI, weight change, weight control, aerobic exercise, diabetes, subjective health, and stress were significant influencing factors for depressive symptoms (explanatory power of 35.8%) (p < 0.001). These differences highlight the need for customized programs targeted at each job type to maintain and promote mental health among workers.
... CI:0.02-0.04) [19]. Similarly, in adults with chronic diseases in Thailand and Vietnam, a sitting time of more than 8 h per day significantly increased anxiety disorders (odds ratio [OR]:1.42, ...
... Previous studies have reported a close association between sedentary behavior and anxiety in adults; in particular, sedentary time over 8 h has significantly increased anxiety and sedentary time [20]. Previous studies have verified the relationship between high sedentary behavior and anxiety in adults [19,20,27]; however, our study is meaningful in that sedentary behavior increases the risk of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Moreover, the results of this study support the previous study that the presence or absence of sedentary behavior increases the probability of serious symptoms of depression and anxiety by 1.31 times for adolescents aged 14 to 15 years in Canada [28]. ...
This study aimed to identify the association between sedentary behavior and anxiety disorders in 53,510 Korean adolescents. It analyzed data from the 16th (2020) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). The dependent variable was the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7). The GAD-7 scores were divided into normal, mild, moderate, and severe levels. The independent variables were sedentary time for learning, other sedentary times, total sedentary time, and regular physical activity. The confounding variables were sex, grade, stress, depression, substance abuse, suicidal thoughts, violent victimization, drinking, smoking, sleep satisfaction, and smartphone addiction. A chi-squared test, one-way analysis of variance, and logistic regression analysis were used for analysis. After adjusting for all confounding variables, the risk of severe level in GAD-7 increased by 1.045 times each time the sedentary time for learning based on increased by one hour. In other sedentary time and total sedentary time, the risk of severe level in GAD-7 increased by 1.025 times and 1.045 times per hour, respectively. However, in regular physical activity, after adjusting for the confounding variables, there was no significant association with the GAD-7 levels. Therefore, to prevent generalized anxiety disorders in Korean adolescents, it is necessary to reduce the overall sedentary times including sedentary time for learning.
... 19 In addition to associations with physical health, high volumes of sedentary behaviour appear to be associated with an increased risk of poor mental health, including more severe depression, anxiety and psychological distress. 4,20 In office workers specifically, higher occupational sitting time and time spent sitting while at a computer was detrimentally associated with mental health. 20,21 This evidence demonstrates that higher sedentary time is adversely associated with physical and mental health in office workers and the general population. ...
... 4,20 In office workers specifically, higher occupational sitting time and time spent sitting while at a computer was detrimentally associated with mental health. 20,21 This evidence demonstrates that higher sedentary time is adversely associated with physical and mental health in office workers and the general population. ...
Introduction
This paper reviews the prevalence and health risks of excess sedentary behaviour in office workers, and the effectiveness of sedentary workplace interventions in a manner accessible to practitioners.
Sources of data
A narrative review of empirical studies obtained from PubMed and Web of Science.
Areas of agreement
Office workers are highly sedentary, increasing their risk of health problems. Interventions using individual, organisational and environmental level strategies can be effective for reducing workplace sitting.
Areas of controversy
The effects of sedentary workplace interventions on health are inconsistent. This may be due to a lack of randomized controlled trials powered to detect changes in health outcomes.
Growing points
Multicomponent interventions that use a combination of the strategies above may be the most effective for reducing sitting.
Areas timely for developing research
Determining the long-term health and cost-effectiveness of sedentary workplace interventions is a priority to encourage employer buy-in for their implementation.
... Previous studies also revealed the association between certain psychosocial problems and suicidal ideation. Additionally, studies have confirmed that low self-esteem and depression are the principal factors behind suicidal ideation [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] , and more-current articles have reported that loneliness, unsatisfied interpersonal needs, entrapment, defeat, and poor social support are also strong predictors 18,20,[25][26][27] . One study in China reported poor social support as the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation, depression and low self-esteem were also strong predictors 25 . ...
... This should not be surprising, considering suicidal ideation and behavior are known outcomes of feeling trapped in a stressful situation, with no evident escape or rescue 56 ; this result has been found in diverse populations and in the context of various disorders and research methodologies [50][51] . Despite prevalence of poor psychosocial status among STI patients, huge gaps are still visible in concern and service, due to inadequate information and emotional support, and a shortage of qualified professional psychosocial treatment 14,[57][58][59] . ...
Background: We sought to verify whether psychosocial health problems among patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were associated with these patients’ suicidal ideation and to examine the syndemic effect of multiple psychosocial problems on suicidal ideation.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 519 STI patients at the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. Demographic, psychosocial, and suicidal ideation information about the participants was collected by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were performed to detect the association between demographic variables and suicidal ideation, as well as each individual psychosocial variable and suicidal ideation, and to verify the syndemic effect of psychosocial factors.
Results: Of the participants, 25.0% (130/519) reported having suicidal ideation. In univariable analysis, low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, entrapment, defeat, and unsatisfied interpersonal needs were associated with suicidal ideation. Multivariable analysis found depression (odds ratio [OR]: 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3–7.2) and entrapment (OR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.1–4.1) each had a more significant relation with suicidal ideation than the other psychosocial problems examined. STI patients who experienced two or more psychosocial health problems had approximately fourfold odds of suicide ideation (adjusted OR [AOR]: 4.2; 95%CI: 2.6–6.8) compared with those in the non-syndemic group, especially in the high-level (five or more psychosocial problems) group (AOR: 7.0; 95%CI: 3.9–12.5).
Conclusions: The study found the participants had a high rate of suicidal ideation and suffered from severe psychosocial problems. These results show a syndemic effect of psychosocial problems on increasing the odds of suicidal ideation. Our findings suggest an urgent need for efforts to prevent suicidal ideation among STI patients toward improving the social and health conditions of this population.
... Few studies have explored links between the contexts of sedentary behavior and mental health. In a cross-sectional study, overall sitting time and sitting while at a computer were both associated with more severe depression and anxiety symptoms; yet, neither work nor leisure-time sitting (both assessed using the Workforce Sitting Questionnaire) was associated with depression, anxiety or stress symptoms (Rebar et al., 2014). In high-income countries where most adults are employed and many work in offices, sitting for high volumes of time (i.e. ...
... When the highest duration categories within each context were compared, the odds of frequent depression/anxiety symptoms were higher for leisure-time sedentary behavior (3.85) compared to occupational sedentary behavior (1.47). Consistent with other investigations (Rebar et al., 2014), when data from both contexts were merged and analysed together, sedentary time was associated with greater odds of frequent depression/anxiety symptoms. Thus, composite measures of sedentary time may not be the optimal variable to refer to in studies exploring associations with mental health, as it may obscure context-based differences in these relationships. ...
... The evidence regarding the positive impact on mental health was limited but consistent. Four studies [27,33,37] confirmed that standing desks reduced anxiety and stress, and improved mood, which is consistent with the findings of a previous study in which spending much of one's time sitting was associated with more symptoms of depression and anxiety [48]. Research suggests that working while standing can improve concentration and productivity [49]. ...
Background
The use of standing desks may reduce sedentary behavior and, in turn, improve other health and academic outcomes. However, the evidence is sparse among university settings. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and map evidence for the effects of standing desk interventions on sedentary behavior and physical, mental, and academic outcomes in university students, as well as instructors and students’ perceptions of this type of equipment in the classroom.
Methods
A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Review guidelines. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, PubPsych and ERIC databases were searched for qualitative and quantitative studies from their inception to 2024. Narrative synthesis and network plots were used to summarize the available evidence.
Results
Seventeen studies involving 2886 university students and 163 instructors were included. Fourteen studies were experimental and three were cross-sectional. In seven studies standing desks improved movement patterns (sitting and standing time in the classroom) and in four studies improved mental health outcomes (anxiety, mood, stress, and positive or negative feelings). Four studies analyzed pain and discomfort, one found significant improvements and three found mixed results. Eleven studies analyzed academic and classroom outcomes and seven found significant improvements in the standing desks group and five did not. Additionally, the use of standing desks was accepted and positively perceived by students in ten studies and by instructors in two.
Conclusions
The implementation of standing desks at university settings could be a behavioral intervention for improving movement patterns and mental health. However, the extant evidence is sparse; further long-term, high-quality trials are needed to draw robust conclusions.
... Sedentary lifestyles, such as looking at screens, driving, and sitting in the office, are becoming increasingly common, and the age trend is getting younger. Prolonged sedentary behavior can induce various chronic diseases [1][2][3][4] and is listed as the fourth -leading global risk factor for death by the World Health Organization (WHO) [5]. Among them, college students are one of the high -risk groups for sedentary behavior. ...
In order to explore whether sedentary college students can get more and better emotional benefits from motion-sensory interactive exercise compared with traditional aerobic exercise. In this study, 18 sedentary college students were selected in a cross-controlled experiment to receive 2 times of exercise in a random balanced order. 1) In the somatosensory interactive exercise group, subjects were asked to perform somatosensory dance for 30 minutes; 2) Power bicycle group: Subjects were required to do 30 minutes of power bicycle; Each subject completed the mood scale, emotion regulation strategy scale, self-efficacy scale, exercise enjoyment questionnaire and emotional attention bias tasks before and after the intervention. The results showed that: 1) Compared with power cycling exercise, the positive emotion was significantly improved and the negative emotion was decreased after the intervention (p < 0.05); In addition, somatosensory interactive exercise made college students gain greater self-efficacy (p < 0.05); In addition, motion-sensing interactive exercise obtained better sports enjoyment (p < 0.05). 2) The results of the attention bias task test of emotion showed that compared with the power bicycle exercise, the subjects who participated in the somatosensory interactive exercise could disengage from the negative emotion-related cues more quickly (p < 0.05). However, no difference was found in positive emotion-related cues between the two forms of exercise (p>0.05). Somatosensory interactive movement can be used as a potential tool to improve negative emotions and mobilize positive emotions, and is a very effective way of emotion regulation.
... However, the few existing studies on the relation between stress and sedentary behavior seem to be divergent. Some studies have shown that reducing the number of hours spent sitting each day decreases stress levels (29,30), while other studies found no relationship between sedentary behavior and stress (31,32). In particular, when considering Karasek model, participation in regular physical activities could help to cope with job strain (33) while physically inactivity may increase for people experiencing job strain (34). ...
Objectives
To study the relationship between the occupational stress model, specifically the Job Demand-Control Model of Karasek, physical activity level and sedentary behavior.
Method
This is a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 100 volunteers working at Clermont Auvergne University. The questionnaire included the Karasek questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.
Results
The results reveal that occupational characteristics play a significant role, with individuals exhibiting high job control showing reduced sitting time and increased physical activity compared to those with low job control. Job strain was associated with increased sitting time and decreased physical activity. Further analysis revealed that being in a state of job strain significantly predicted sitting for more than 7 h per day. Similarly, job strain and isostrain were explanatory factors for having a low to moderate physical activity level. Logistic regression quantified the risks, indicating that sitting for more than 7 h per day increased the risk of job strain by 4.80 times, while high physical activity levels and being male reduced the risk by 79 and 84%, respectively. Job strain also increased the risk of prolonged sitting by 5.06 times and low to moderate physical activity levels by 5.15 times. Additionally, mediation analysis revealed that a substantial portion of the association between sitting time and job strain was mediated by physical activity, and vice versa, emphasizing the interconnected nature of sedentary behavior and physical activity in influencing occupational stress.
Conclusion
The study highlights the impact of sedentary behavior on occupational stress, assessed using Karasek’s Job-Demand-Control Model. Despite being less studied, sedentary behavior appears to be a relevant contributor to occupational stress. Furthermore, the results emphasize the significant role of physical activity levels, suggesting that it plays a substantial part in the relationship between sedentary behavior and occupational stress.
... A variety of populations, including younger adults, are negatively impacted by sedentary time, including an increase in anxiety, [38] depression, [39] and a decrease in emotional wellbeing. [40][41][42][43][44] Lack of PA and prolonged sitting can hinder the release of endorphins, which are crucial in regulating mood and reducing stress. Moreover, spending excessive time sitting can negatively affect cognitive function, attention span, and overall performance. ...
Background and Objective: Leisure activities encompass a wide range of recreational pursuits that individuals engage in during their free time. This study aims to assess the perceptions toward leisure activities and prolonged sitting among Saudi adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among people living in Saudi Arabia to assess the perception of adults toward leisure activities and prolonged sitting using a total of 25-item questionnaires divided into four sections on the 5-point Likert scale. Results: Two hundred and one (n = 201) Saudi adults completed the survey. In this study, 51.2% of the males were participated. With regard to time spent on leisure activities, such as social media, 28.4% of the respondents spent 30 min, followed by coffee and dessert by 70.6% for 2 h, related activity by 63.2% for >4 h, business-related activity by 30% for <30 min, family time by 30% for 2 h, and 29.4% spend <30 min watching television. Furthermore, 59.2% of participants believed that sitting for long periods of time was harmful to their health. Conclusion: Leisure activities and prolonged sitting have emerged as important topics concerning the health and well-being of Saudi adults. The high prevalence of sitting time and its associated health risks necessitate the implementation of strategies to reduce prolonged sitting and increase physical activity levels. By promoting leisure activities and creating a supportive environment, Saudi adults can be encouraged to adopt a more active lifestyle, leading to improved overall health and well-being.
... Les recherches scientifiques ont observé une association entre le temps passé assis et une santé psychique détériorée (Teychenne et al., 2010(Teychenne et al., , 2015. Les personnes ayant une quantité importante de temps passé en position assise tout en étant devant un écran (caractéristiques des emplois de bureau avec l'utilisation d'ordinateurs) observent des symptômes plus sévères de dépression et d'anxiété (Rebar et al., 2014). Par ailleurs, des recherches ont montré que les salariés du secteur tertiaire avaient un risque accru de dépression et d'anxiété comparé à d'autres professionnels, tel que les salariés du secteur secondaire (Kang et al., 2016). ...
Les transformations sociétales menées par les diverses révolutions techniques et technologiques ont entraîné une réduction inéluctable du temps consacré aux activités physiques au profit des comportements sédentaires. Symbole de ces nouvelles caractéristiques comportementales, le domaine professionnel, de surcroît le secteur tertiaire, a émergé comme le milieu représentant ces nouveaux comportements du mouvement au sein de la population et des stratégies ont émergé pour lutter contre cette évolution délétère. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de questionner l’intérêt de l’utilisation de pédalier de bureau afin d’améliorer la santé globale d’individus travaillant dans le secteur tertiaire. Dans ce contexte, ce travail doctoral a permis le développement d’un protocole expérimental implémentant un pédalier de bureau auprès de salariés ayant un travail assis. Sa mise en place a permis d’observer les effets de l’utilisation de cette stratégie active pour améliorer différents paramètres cardiométaboliques et les comportements du mouvement humain auprès de cette population. De plus, une exploration de deux profils énergétiques lors de l’utilisation d’un pédalier de bureau a permis de caractériser des paramètres métaboliques spécifiques liés à ces profils. Nos résultats ont clairement mis en avant les bénéfices sur la santé globale de travailleurs liés à la pratique de pédalier de bureau durant le temps professionnel. Nos travaux ouvrent ainsi de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension liée à l’implémentation et à l’utilisation de pédalier de bureau dans le milieu professionnel.
... Prior literature suggests that this association may be bidirectional, meaning that sedentary behavior can be a symptom or a cause of poor mental health. [42][43][44] Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the US was facing a sedentarism pandemic, 45 which has generally been worsened due to the COVID-19 pandemic from shelter in place and physical distancing protocols. 9,44 The continued reductions in social interaction may influence PA compounding the existing low PA levels and high sedentary behavior. ...
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic altered lifestyles and impacted mental health of many adults. Engaging in physical activity, avoiding prolonged sitting, and consuming a healthy diet improve mental health. The current study investigated the association between health-related lifestyle behaviors on feelings of anxiety and depression in adults during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: Adults (n=796) living in the United States completed an internet-based survey in Spring 2020 that included validated survey instruments for moods, physical activity, sitting and dietary behaviors. Multivariate multiple regression models were used to assess the association between health-related lifestyle behaviors and feelings of anxiety and depression.
Results: A majority (70.7%; 95% CI: [0.607, 0.807]) of participants met physical activity (PA) guidelines, 43.7% (95% CI: [0.287, 0.587]) sat for ≥ 8 hours per day, and 87.7% (95% CI [0.807, 0.947]) ate a healthy diet. Our final models explained 6.2% and 9.8% of the variance in anxiety and depression, respectively. Vigorous PA (anxiety: B=-0.111, 95% CI: [-0.171,0.000]; depression: B=-0.111, 95% CI: [-0.186,-0.037]) and dietary behaviors (anxiety: B=-0.112, 95% CI: [-0.180,-0.444]; depression: B=-0.112, 95% CI: [-0.213,-0.076]) were associated with reduced feelings of anxiety and depression while sitting time (anxiety: B=0.119, 95% CI: [0.000,0.199]; depression: B=0.119, 95% CI: [0.199,0.199]) were associated with greater feelings of anxiety and depression.
Conclusion: Engaging in vigorous physically activity, reducing sitting time, and consuming a healthy diet was associated with reduced feelings of anxiety and depression during the early part of the pandemic. The aforementioned modifiable lifestyle behaviors are independent of each other suggesting improvements in one behavior may improve feelings of anxiety and depression.
... Sedentary behavior is any waking activity characterized by an energy expenditure ≤ 1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs), while in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture. 1 Common sedentary behaviors include electronic device use (e.g., television, computer, tablet, phone), reading, and driving. Systematic review evidence indicates that after controlling for physical activity levels, high levels of sedentary behavior are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, 2 type 2 diabetes, 3 depression, 4 anxiety, 5 and mortality. 6 Sedentary behavior is highly prevalent in modern societies, with most adults spending 9-10 hours per day sedentary. ...
Objective:
Examine effects of self-affirmation on university students' processing of health risk messages related to sedentary behavior.
Participants:
Eighty-eight students from a Canadian university (females = 53; males = 35; Mage = 21.74, SD = 5.36) participated during the 2018-2019 academic year.
Methods:
Participants were randomized to a self-affirmation (n = 43) or control group (n = 45), watched a video conveying sedentary behavior risk messages, and completed measures of acceptance, derogation, risk perceptions, negative affect, and intentions. A one-way between-groups multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) examined effects of condition on the combined set of outcome variables.
Results:
Self-affirmation had no observable effect on any outcome variables.
Conclusion:
Self-affirmation did not appear to impact students' reactions to sedentary behavior risk messages. Given the lack of a manipulation check, however, this finding must be interpreted with caution. The Trigger and Channel framework offers a useful account of factors that influence self-affirmation effects. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
... It has been shown that prolonged sitting can cause muscle fatigue, poor posture, muscle and joint pain, lower back pain, headaches, and digestive problems [2,3]. Moreover, it can have negative cognitive and psychological effects [4]. Even people with moderate to high physical activity levels can suffer from the side effects of prolonged sitting [5]. ...
Many modern jobs require long periods of sitting on a chair that may result in serious health complications. Dynamic chairs are proposed as alternatives to the traditional sitting chairs; however, previous studies have suggested that most users are not aware of their postures and do not take advantage of the increased range of motion offered by the dynamic chairs. Building a system that identifies users’ postures in real time, as well as forecasts the next few postures, can bring awareness to the sitting behavior of each user. In this study, machine learning algorithms have been implemented to automatically classify users’ postures and forecast their next motions. The random forest, gradient decision tree, and support vector machine algorithms were used to classify postures. The evaluation of the trained classifiers indicated that they could successfully identify users’ postures with an accuracy above 90%. The algorithm can provide users with an accurate report of their sitting habits. A 1D-convolutional-LSTM network has also been implemented to forecast users’ future postures based on their previous motions, the model can forecast a user’s motions with high accuracy (97%). The ability of the algorithm to forecast future postures could be used to suggest alternative postures as needed.
... Sitting time may have increased for some individuals with the change to working from home and missing out on physical activity associated with commuting to work (cycling, walking to bus stop, walking from parking building) and the lack of distinction between work and home [36]. Previous research indicates similar sedentary and wellbeing trends outside the lockdown setting [37][38][39]. Moreover, those with a greater intention to exercise also reported better wellbeing, although these results were not statistically significant. ...
Strategies implemented worldwide to contain COVID-19 outbreaks varied in severity across different countries, and established a new normal for work and school life (i.e., from home) for many people, reducing opportunities for physical activity. Positive relationships of physical activity with both mental and physical health are well recognised, and therefore the aim was to ascertain how New Zealand’s lockdown restrictions impacted physical activity, mental health and wellbeing. Participants (n = 4007; mean ± SD: age 46.5 ± 14.7 years, 72% female, 80.7% New Zealand European) completed (10–26 April 2020) an online amalgamated survey (Qualtrics): International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Short Form; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-9; World Health Organisation-Five Well-Being Index; Stages of Change Scale. Positive dose–response relationships between physical activity levels and wellbeing scores were demonstrated for estimates that were unadjusted (moderate activity OR 3.79, CI 2.88–4.92; high activity OR 8.04, CI 6.07–10.7) and adjusted (confounding variables: age, gender, socioeconomic status, time sitting and co-morbidities) (moderate activity 1.57, CI 1.11–2.52; high activity 2.85, CI 1.97–4.14). The study results support previous research demonstrating beneficial effects of regular physical activity on mental health and wellbeing. Governments may use these results to promote meeting physical activity guidelines in order to protect mental health and wellbeing during the ongoing COVID-19 restrictions and future pandemics.
... Sitting time may have increased for some individuals with the change to working from home and missing out on physical activity associated with commuting to work (cycling, walking to bus stop, walking from parking building) and the lack of distinction between work and home [36]. Previous research indicates similar sedentary and wellbeing trends outside the lockdown setting [37][38][39]. Moreover, those with a greater intention to exercise also reported better wellbeing, although these results were not statistically significant. ...
Strategies implemented worldwide to contain COVID-19 outbreaks varied in severity across different countries, and established a new normal for work and school life (i.e. from home) for many people, reducing opportunities for physical activity. Positive relationships of physical activity with both mental and physical health are well recognised, therefore the aim was to ascertain how New Zealand’s lockdown restrictions impacted physical activity and mental health and wellbeing. Participants (n=4007; mean±SD: age 46.5±14.7y, 72% female, 80.7% New Zealand European) completed (10–26 April 2020) an online amalgamated survey (Qualtrics): International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Short Form; Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-9; World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index; Stages of Change Scale. Positive dose response relationships between physical activity levels and wellbeing scores were demonstrated for estimates that were unadjusted (moderate activity OR 3.79, CI 2.88-4.92; high activity OR 8.04, CI 6.07-10.7) and adjusted (confounding variables: age, gender, socioeconomic status, time sitting, co-morbidities) (moderate activity 1.57, CI 1.11-2.52; high activity 2.85, CI 1.97-4.14). The study results support previous research demonstrating beneficial effects of regular physical activity on mental health and wellbeing. Governments may use such results to promote meeting physical activity guidelines in order to protect mental health and wellbeing during the ongoing COVID-19 and future pandemics.
... Throughout the pandemic gyms and team sports have operated at a limited capacity around the globe, decreasing physical activity opportunities along with the social aspects associated with these activities. Exercise has antidepressant effects that are stronger than other nonpharmacological interventions such as meditation and relaxation (Chekroud et al., 2018;Cooney et al., 2014;Mikkelsen et al., 2017), whereas a sedentary lifestyle is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety (Rebar et al., 2014). Thus, it is concerning that physical activity has been reduced while sedentary time has increased during COVID-19 confinement, effects especially apparent among students and young adults (Castañeda-Babarro et al., 2020). ...
Emerging adults, including post-secondary education students, are disproportionately affected by the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The speed with which society moved in attempt to minimize the spread of the virus left many students with uncertainty and concern about their health, mental health, and academic futures. Considering that post-secondary students are a population at risk, it is important to determine how students respond in the face of the pandemic, and what coping mechanisms or supports will result in improved mental health outcomes. This knowledge will be helpful for post-secondary institutions to understand how COVID-19 has influenced the health and well-being of their students, and may facilitate the implementation of strategies to support their students. This narrative review explores evidence on how COVID-19 has impacted students with the overall goal to provide a set of recommendations to post-secondary institutions to help meet the evolving needs of this population.
... Early studies have found that adequate physical activity (PA) can reduce the incidence of depression in adolescents [9][10][11]. Recent methodological developments have led to the establishment of a new framework, called time-use epidemiology, where periods of time spent in PA, SB and sleep are no longer considered as independent risk factors, but instead are treated as mutually exclusive and exhaustive parts of the 24-h day [12][13][14]. ...
Purpose: Physical activity is a well-recognized protective factor against depression in adolescents. As a component of physical activity, muscle strengthening exercise (MSE) is also viewed as a correlate associated with lower risks of depression in adults. However, little is known about the association in adolescents. This study aimed to explore the association between MSE and depression in a sample of Chinese adolescents. Method: A self-reported questionnaire was used for data collection including variables of MSE, depression (assessed by Children’s Depression Inventory) and selected sociodemographic factors (e.g., sex, grade, height and weight [for body mass index]). Generalized Linear Models was utilized to estimate the association between MSE and depression. Results: Results showed a negative association between MSE and depression (Beta = –0.66; both MSE and depression were treated as continuous variables). When treating MSE (meeting or not meeting the recommendations) and depression as binary variables, odds ratio for depression in adolescents not meeting the MSE recommendation was significant higher (odd ratio = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.15–1.96) than those meeting the MSE recommendations. Conclusions: This study found that MSE may be a protective factor against MSE in adolescents. Future studies are encouraged to confirm or negate our study finding using improved study design.
... Importantly, time spent sitting, standing, and walking, as well as frequency of breaks from sitting at work were each significantly related to one or more healthrelated outcome at 6 weeks. These findings correspond with previous observational and experimental research that has established a relationship between weekday or occupational sitting time and indicators of mental health and well-being among working adults (Gibson et al., 2017;Kilpatrick et al., 2013;Puig-Ribera et al., 2015;Rebar et al., 2014). Consequently, potential mediators of the effect of the sedentary intervention on specific indicators of health-related quality of life were explored. ...
Objective:
This secondary analysis study examined the effects of a 6-week theory-based planning and mHealth text message intervention targeting workplace sitting time on health-related quality of life and work performance in office workers.
Design:
Office-working adults (Mage=45.18 ± 11.33 years) were randomised into either a planning + text message intervention (n = 29) or control (n = 31) condition.
Outcome measures:
Workplace sitting time, time spent in specific non-sedentary behaviours (e.g. standing), health-related outcomes (i.e. emotional well-being, energy/fatigue, perceived role limitations), and work performance were assessed at baseline and week 6.
Results:
Significant group by time interaction effects, that favoured the intervention group, were found for perceived role limitations due to emotional health problems and emotional well-being. No significant interaction effects emerged for energy/fatigue, role limitations due to physical health problems or work performance. Significant correlations in the expected direction were found between sedentary/non-sedentary behaviours and health-related outcomes. No significant mediation effects were found to suggest the intervention affected health-related outcomes through reductions in sedentary behaviour.
Conclusion:
Reducing workplace sitting improves emotional well-being and contributes to fewer perceived role limitations due to emotional health problems among office workers.
... However, electronic devices with screens, such as TVs, computers, tablets, and mobile phones, encourage sedentary behaviors and are associated with the higher rate of emotional problems (such as anxiety, depression, and lower self-control in children) [19,20]. Despite the increased amount of multimedia devices with screens present in the household, the TV is still the dominant device in terms of time spent by children in front of a screen [21,22]. ...
Background:
Promoting healthy lifestyles in children, has become a priority for public health institutions. However, electronic devices with screens encourage sedentary behaviors. The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of the habits of physical activity practice and television watching in a cohort of 20 years of research in Spanish children.
Methods:
A cross-sectional, observational study was based on data from the Spain National Health Surveys between 1997 and 2017 (N = 11,444). The dependent variables considered were the frequency with which the minor practiced physical activity (PA) in his/her spare time, the daily TV viewing habit, and the daily hours of TV viewing.
Results:
The children who practiced physical activity daily has decreased 7.3% throughout the study period. The proportion of children who watched the television daily for more hours increased significantly (6.3%). Such increase was constant throughout the years, and the analysis by sex showed that the proportion of boys who watched television for more than three hours per day increased three percent, and that of girls increased fourfold.
Conclusions:
The habits of physical activity practice and television viewing have changed towards sedentary lifestyle. Particularly, the girls and the children between 12 and 14 years showed the most sedentary behavior. Public health policies must consider the differences between sexes in order for such interventions to be effective in the population of pre-adolescents, in general, and girls, in particular.
... 5 Furthermore, studies suggest that sedentary behavior is related to an increase in depression and anxiety. 6 Many college students can be physically active at times and yet still be highly sedentary. 7,8 In one study, more than one-third of the adolescents and young adults were highly sedentary and yet met recommended daily activity levels. ...
Objectives
The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of using an activity workstation on the physiological stress response as measured by heart rate variability while completing cognitively demanding tasks. Participants: Eleven college students (6 females; age: 19.4 ± 0.9 years) participated in the study. Methods: The participants completed three psychologically stressful cognitive tasks while seated at a traditional desk and while using an activity workstation. Heart rate variability was recorded and analyzed with power spectrum density and time-domain analysis. Results: Using activity workstations while completing stressful cognitive tasks did not negatively affect task performance. There was; however, a reduction in low frequency heart rate variability but no change in cardiac sympathovagal balance. Conclusion: The results indicate that using activity workstations while completing difficult tasks reduces sympathetic reactivity to stress in college students. This suggests that using activity workstations could provide a coping mechanism for stress.
... There is some conflict in the literature about the association between depressive symptoms and physical activity in the general population [43][44][45] and in people with knee OA [12,13]. This may relate to differences in cohort characteristics and in study methodology including the measurement of depressive symptoms and defining and assessing physical activity. ...
Background:
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological characteristics and physical activity levels, measured as the average number of steps per day, in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA).
Methods:
This study analysed baseline data from a randomized controlled trial (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry reference: ACTRN12612000308897). A total of 167 adults aged over 50 years, with knee pain rated as four or more on an 11-point numeric rating scale, and knee OA diagnosed using American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria, were recruited from the community (62 men and 105 women, mean age, 62.2 ± 7.5 years). The average number of steps per day over seven consecutive days was measured using an accelerometer-based device. Psychological characteristics evaluated were: depressive symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), self-efficacy (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale for pain and other symptoms), fear of movement (Brief Fear of Movement Scale for Osteoarthritis), and pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale). The association between the average number of steps per day and psychological characteristics was analyzed using a multiple linear regression analysis, with the average number of steps per day as the dependent variable, adjusting for each psychological characteristic separately, and age, sex, body mass index, and pain entered as covariates.
Results:
There was evidence that the amount of physical activity was associated with fear of movement (coefficient [B]: - 117, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: - 227 to - 8) and with pain catastrophizing (B: -44, 95%CI: - 86 to - 1). The association with self-efficacy was similar (B:117, 95%CI: - 12 to 246). However, the direction of the association with depressive symptoms was less clear (B: -59, 95%CI: - 138 to 19).
Conclusions:
The results of this study revealed that the relationship was such that lower fear of movement and lower pain catastrophizing may be associated with more steps per day. It may be hypothesized that fear of moving and pain catastrophizing lead to activity avoidance and that strategies to improve these disease-related psychological aspects may be useful in enhancing physical activity participation, although this hypothesis is highly speculative and needs further testing given the cross-sectional design of this study.
... There is some conflict in the literature about the association between depressive symptoms and physical activity in the general population [43][44][45] and in people with knee OA [12,13]. This may relate to differences in cohort characteristics and in study methodology including the measurement of depressive symptoms and defining and assessing physical activity. ...
Background:The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological characteristics and physical activity levels, measured as the average number of steps per day, in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA).
Methods: This study analysed baseline data from a randomized controlled trial (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry reference: ACTRN12612000308897). A total of 167 adults aged over 50 years, with knee pain rated as four or more on an 11-point numeric rating scale, and knee OA diagnosed using American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria, were recruited from the community (62 men and 105 women; mean age, 62.2 ± 7.5 years). The average number of steps per day over seven consecutive days was measured using an accelerometer-based device. Psychological characteristics evaluated were: depressive symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), self-efficacy (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale for pain and other symptoms), fear of movement (Brief Fear of Movement Scale for Osteoarthritis), and pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale). The association between the average number of steps per day and psychological characteristics was analyzed using a multiple linear regression analysis, with the average number of steps per day as the dependent variable, adjusting for each psychological characteristic separately, and age, sex, body mass index, and pain entered as covariates.
Results: There was evidence that the amount of physical activity was associated with fear of movement (coefficient [B]: -117, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -227 to -8) and with pain catastrophizing (B: -44, 95%CI: -86 to -1). The association with self-efficacy was similar (B:117, 95%CI: -12 to 246). However, the direction of the association with depressive symptoms was less clear (B: -59, 95%CI: -138 to 19).
Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that the relationship was such that lower fear of movement and lower pain catastrophizing may be associated with more steps per day. It may be hypothesized that fear of moving and pain catastrophizing lead to activity avoidance and that strategies to improve these disease-related psychological aspects may be useful in enhancing physical activity participation, although this hypothesis is highly speculative and needs further testing given the cross-sectional design of this study.
... increasing urban population has intensified demands for open public spaces (Lai et al., 2020). Studies have demonstrated that lack of exercise or sedentary behavior increases physical and physiological disease risk, ranging from depression to cancer (Parkin, 2011;Rebar et al., 2014;Zhai et al., 2015;Hallgren et al., 2017;Friedenreich et al., 2019;Hallgren et al., 2020). Compared with indoor activities, outdoor activities are more conducive to relieve stress and improve positive emotions that promote personal health (Bowler et al., 2010;Pasanen et al., 2014;Markevych et al., 2017;Byrka and Ryczko, 2018;Bélanger et al., 2019;Mears et al., 2019). ...
We identified physiological and thermal responses to different activity levels on a campus during summertime in Xi'an, a humid subtropical city in China. Physiological responses and thermal comfort of 54 healthy college students while undertaking different physical activities (light, moderate and vigorous intensities) in six campus open spaces were investigated using meteorological measures, longitudinal questionnaire surveys and physiological parameters. Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) were chosen as the thermal indices, while blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and skin temperature (ST) were selected as physiological evaluation measures. Results demonstrated that: 1) Types and proportions of thermal symptoms were positively related to outdoor spatial characteristics and physical activity levels. The proportion of thermal discomfort increased 33, 50 and 83% as activity intensities increased from light through moderate to vigorous. 2) BP and HR reflected human activity levels. HR clearly represented metabolic trends. 3) ST accurately represented physiological responses among spaces across activity levels. However, mean skin temperature (MST) was poorly related to thermal sensation vote (TSV). 4) As activity intensity ranged from light through moderate to vigorous, neutral UTCI declined by 27.6 °C, 25.6 °C, 22.0 °C, and neutral PET declined by 26.1 °C, 22.1 °C, 11.9 °C. 5) Outdoor spaces shaded by trees or pavilions were more comfortable for outdoor activities than these with low or middle SVF during summer.
... Previous studies also revealed the association between certain psychosocial problems and suicidal ideation. Additionally, studies have con rmed that low self-esteem and depression are the principal factors behind suicidal ideation [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] , and more-current articles have reported that loneliness, unsatis ed interpersonal needs, entrapment, defeat, and poor social support are also strong predictors 18,20,[25][26][27] . One study in China reported poor social support as the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation, depression and low self-esteem were also strong predictors 25 . ...
Background We sought to verify whether psychosocial health problems among patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were associated with these patients’ suicidal ideation, and to examine the magnifying effect of a syndemic of multiple psychosocial conditions on suicidal ideation. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 519 STI patients at the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, and suicidal ideation information on the participants was collected. Logistic regressions were performed to detect the association between sociodemographic variables and suicidal ideation, as well as each individual psychosocial variable and suicidal ideation, and to verify the syndemic effect of psychosocial factors. Results Of the participants, 25.0% reported having suicidal thoughts. In univariate analysis, low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, entrapment, defeat, and unsatisfied interpersonal needs were associated with suicidal ideation. Multivariable analysis found depression (risk ratio [RR] 2.614; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.603–4.262) and entrapment (RR: 4.457; 95%CI: 2.649–7.496) remained significant. STI patients who experienced two or more psychosocial health problems had approximately five times the odds of suicide ideation (adjusted risk ratio [ARR]: 4.643; 95%CI: 2.882–7.481) compared with those in the non-syndemic group, especially in the high-level (five or more psychosocial problems) group (ARR: 6.072; 95%CI: 3.307–11.152). Conclusions The study confirmed that STI patients have a high rate of suicidal ideation and suffer from severe psychosocial problems. The results confirm a syndemic effect of psychosocial problems on increasing the odds of suicidal ideation. This suggests greater attention should be paid to STI patients’ psychosocial wellbeing in both nursing and interventions. Efforts to prevent suicidal ideation among STI patients are therefore urgently needed to ameliorate the social and health conditions of this population.
... Previous studies also revealed the association between certain psychosocial problems and suicidal ideation. Additionally, studies have confirmed that low self-esteem and depression are the principal factors behind suicidal ideation [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] , and more-current articles have reported that loneliness, unsatisfied interpersonal needs, entrapment, defeat, and poor social support are also strong predictors 13,15,[20][21][22] . One study in China reported poor social support as the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation, depression and low self-esteem were also strong predictors 20 . ...
Background: We sought to verify whether psychosocial health problems among patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were associated with these patients’ suicidal ideation and to examine the syndemic effect of multiple psychosocial problems on suicidal ideation. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 519 STI patients at the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. Demographic, psychosocial, and suicidal ideation information about the participants was collected by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were performed to detect the association between demographic variables and suicidal ideation, as well as each individual psychosocial variable and suicidal ideation, and to verify the syndemic effect of psychosocial factors. Results: Of the participants, 25.0% (130/519) reported having suicidal ideation. In univariable analysis, low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, entrapment, defeat, and unsatisfied interpersonal needs were associated with suicidal ideation. Multivariable analysis found depression (odds ratio [OR]: 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3–7.2) and entrapment (OR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.1–4.1) each had a more significant relation with suicidal ideation than the other psychosocial problems examined. STI patients who experienced two or more psychosocial health problems had approximately fourfold odds of suicide ideation (adjusted OR [AOR]: 4.2; 95%CI: 2.6–6.8) compared with those in the non-syndemic group, especially in the high-level (five or more psychosocial problems) group (AOR: 7.0; 95%CI: 3.9–12.5). Conclusions: The study found the participants had a high rate of suicidal ideation and suffered from severe psychosocial problems. These results show a syndemic effect of psychosocial problems on increasing the odds of suicidal ideation. Our findings suggest an urgent need for efforts to prevent suicidal ideation among STI patients toward improving the social and health conditions of this population.
... There is some conflict in the literature about the association between depressive symptoms and 9 physical activity in the general population [43][44][45] and in people with knee OA [12,13]. This may relate to differences in cohort characteristics and in study methodology including the measurement of depressive symptoms and defining and assessing physical activity. ...
Background
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological characteristics and physical activity levels, measured as the average number of steps per day, in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA).
Methods
This study analysed baseline data from a randomized controlled trial. A total of 167 adults aged over 50 years, with knee pain rated as four or more on an 11-point numeric rating scale, and knee OA diagnosed using American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria, were recruited from the community (62 men and 105 women; mean age, 62.2 ± 7.5 years). The average number of steps per day over seven consecutive days was measured using an accelerometer-based device. Psychological characteristics evaluated were: depressive symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), self-efficacy (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale for pain and other symptoms), fear of movement (Brief Fear of Movement Scale for Osteoarthritis), and pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale). Pain catastrophizing was only collected from 130 people. The association between the average number of steps per day and psychological characteristics was analyzed using a linear regression model, with the average number of steps per day as the dependent variable, adjusting for each psychological characteristic separately, and age, sex, body mass index, and pain entered as covariates.
Results
There was evidence that the amount of physical activity was associated with fear of movement (coefficient [B]: -133, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -257 to -8) and with pain catastrophizing (B: -44, 95%CI: -86 to -1). The association with self-efficacy was similar (B:153, 95%CI: -2 to 308). However, the direction of the association with depressive symptoms was less clear (B:75, 95%CI: -165 to 14).
Conclusions
The results of this study revealed that the relationship was such that lower fear of movement and lower pain catastrophizing may be associated with more steps per day. It may be hypothesized that fear of moving and pain catastrophizing lead to activity avoidance and that strategies to improve these disease-related psychological aspects may be useful in enhancing physical activity participation, although this hypothesis is highly speculative and needs further testing given the cross-sectional design of this study.
... Previous studies also revealed the association between certain psychosocial problems and suicidal ideation. Additionally, studies have con rmed that low self-esteem and depression are the principal factors behind suicidal ideation [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] , and more-current articles have reported that loneliness, unsatis ed interpersonal needs, entrapment, defeat, and poor social support are also strong predictors 18,20,[25][26][27] . One study in China reported poor social support as the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation, depression and low self-esteem were also strong predictors 25 . ...
Background We sought to verify whether psychosocial health problems among patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were associated with these patients’ suicidal ideation, and to examine the magnifying effect of a syndemic of multiple psychosocial conditions on suicidal ideation. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 519 STI patients at the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, and suicidal ideation information on the participants was collected. Logistic regressions were performed to detect the association between sociodemographic variables and suicidal ideation, as well as each individual psychosocial variable and suicidal ideation, and to verify the syndemic effect of psychosocial factors. Results Of the participants, 25.0% reported having suicidal thoughts. In univariate analysis, low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, entrapment, defeat, and unsatisfied interpersonal needs were associated with suicidal ideation. Multivariable analysis found depression (risk ratio [RR] 2.614; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.603–4.262) and entrapment (RR: 4.457; 95%CI: 2.649–7.496) remained significant. STI patients who experienced two or more psychosocial health problems had approximately five times the odds of suicide ideation (adjusted risk ratio [ARR]: 4.643; 95%CI: 2.882–7.481) compared with those in the non-syndemic group, especially in the high-level (five or more psychosocial problems) group (ARR: 6.072; 95%CI: 3.307–11.152). Conclusions The study confirmed that STI patients have a high rate of suicidal ideation and suffer from severe psychosocial problems. The results confirm a syndemic effect of psychosocial problems on increasing the odds of suicidal ideation. This suggests greater attention should be paid to STI patients’ psychosocial wellbeing in both nursing and interventions. Efforts to prevent suicidal ideation among STI patients are therefore urgently needed to ameliorate the social and health conditions of this population.
... There is some conflict in the literature about the association between depressive symptoms and physical activity in the general population [43][44][45] and in people with knee OA [12,13]. This may relate to differences in cohort characteristics and in study methodology including the measurement of depressive symptoms and defining and assessing physical activity. ...
Background The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological characteristics and physical activity levels, measured as the average number of steps per day, in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA).
Methods This study analysed baseline data from a randomized controlled trial (Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry reference: ACTRN12612000308897). A total of 167 adults aged over 50 years, with knee pain rated as four or more on an 11-point numeric rating scale, and knee OA diagnosed using American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria, were recruited from the community (62 men and 105 women; mean age, 62.2 ± 7.5 years). The average number of steps per day over seven consecutive days was measured using an accelerometer-based device. Psychological characteristics evaluated were: depressive symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale), self-efficacy (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale for pain and other symptoms), fear of movement (Brief Fear of Movement Scale for Osteoarthritis), and pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale). The association between the average number of steps per day and psychological characteristics was analyzed using a multiple linear regression analysis, with the average number of steps per day as the dependent variable, adjusting for each psychological characteristic separately, and age, sex, body mass index, and pain entered as covariates.
Results There was evidence that the amount of physical activity was associated with fear of movement (coefficient [B]: -133, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -257 to -8) and with pain catastrophizing (B: -44, 95%CI: -86 to -1). The association with self-efficacy was similar (B:153, 95%CI: -2 to 308). However, the direction of the association with depressive symptoms was less clear (B:75, 95%CI: -165 to 14).
Conclusions The results of this study revealed that the relationship was such that lower fear of movement and lower pain catastrophizing may be associated with more steps per day. It may be hypothesized that fear of moving and pain catastrophizing lead to activity avoidance and that strategies to improve these disease-related psychological aspects may be useful in enhancing physical activity participation, although this hypothesis is highly speculative and needs further testing given the cross-sectional design of this study.
... Previous studies revealed the association between certain psychosocial conditions and suicidal ideation. Studies have confirmed that low self-esteem and depression are the principal factors behind suicidal ideation [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , and morecurrent articles have reported that loneliness, unsatisfied interpersonal needs, entrapment, defeat, and poor social support are also strong predictors of suicidal ideation 12,14,[19][20][21] . One study conducted in China reported that poor social support was the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation, in addition to depression and low self-esteem 19 . ...
Background: We sought to verify whether psychosocial health problems among patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were associated with these patients’ suicidal ideation, and to examine the syndemic effect of multiple psychosocial problems on suicidal ideation.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 519 STI patients at the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. Demographic, psychosocial, and suicidal ideation information of the participants was collected by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were performed to detect the association between demographic variables and suicidal ideation, as well as each individual psychosocial variable and suicidal ideation, and to verify the syndemic effect of psychosocial factors.
Results: Of the participants, 25.0% (130/519) reported having suicidal ideation. In univriable analysis, low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, entrapment, defeat, and unsatisfied interpersonal needs were associated with suicidal ideation. Multivariable analysis found depression (odds ratio [OR] 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3–7.2) and entrapment (OR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.1–4.1) each had a more significant relation with suicidal ideation than the other psychosocial problems examined. STI patients who experienced two or more psychosocial health problems had approximately fourfold odds of suicide ideation (adjusted OR [AOR]: 4.2; 95%CI: 2.6–6.8) compared with those in the non-syndemic group, especially in the high-level (five or more psychosocial problems) group (AOR: 7.0; 95%CI: 3.9–12.5).
Conclusions: The study found the participants had a high rate of suicidal ideation and suffered from severe psychosocial problems. These results show a syndemic effect of psychosocial problems on increasing the odds of suicidal ideation. This suggests an urgent need for efforts to prevent suicidal ideation among STI patients to improve the social and health conditions of this population.
... As many as 12 sedentary behavior contexts have been identified previously (29); these are often grouped into three broad categories of occupation, leisure, and transport, referring to where these behaviors usually occur. With few exceptions (22,30), studies linking context-specific sedentary behaviors with depression have been absent from the literature, yet could inform prevention initiatives with greater precision. Until recently, all sedentary behaviors have been treated as largely equivalentthat is, with an assumed detrimental relationship to depression, regardless of the type of behavior measured. ...
Detrimental associations of sedentary behaviors with depression have been identified, but findings are inconsistent. We propose a novel approach to the classification and analysis of sedentary behaviors, which differentiates between those that are passive (e.g., TV viewing) and mentally active (e.g., reading). Available evidence is summarized, and research questions relating to measurement, causal relationships and mechanisms are considered.
Background
University teachers are consistently exposed to various risk factors for stress and hypertension. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and determine the factors associated with stress and hypertension among university teachers.
Methodology
A cross-sectional survey of 234 university teachers was conducted. A cluster sampling approach was employed to select samples from two universities. Teachers Stress Inventory (TSI) was used to assess the occupational stress among teachers. The blood pressure of the participants was measured and participants were considered hypertensive when SBP was ≥140 mm Hg and DBP was ≥90 mm Hg. Descriptive statistics were employed to estimate the prevalence measures and logistic regression models were developed to determine the factors associated with stress and hypertension.
Findings
Close to 84% of university teachers experience moderate to high levels of stress. About 21.4% of university teachers were hypertensive and only 12% of them had control of their blood pressure levels. Stress levels were found to have an association with younger age of up to 45 years (AOR = 14.48; 95% CI = 2.48–84.49) and inadequate physical activity (AOR = 3.64, 95% CI = 1.02–12.90). Furthermore, hypertension status showed an association with older age of 46 years and above (AOR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.33–6.78), a student ratio of ≥41 per class (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.37–5.65), and a moderate level of stress (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.01–7.66).
Conclusion
Long-term occupational stressors coupled with age may expose university teachers to a significant risk of hypertension. Workplace health strategies and stress management interventions are needed to facilitate the prevention of stress and hypertension in this occupational group.
There is an interest in monitoring increases in sedentary time globally, although recent European data does not show such a trend. New norms due to the COVID-19 pandemic may influence both total sitting time and domain-specific sitting time. Also, recent evidence on the interplay between sedentary behaviour and physical activity has identified the joint association of ‘high sitting-low active’ as a risk indicator and not just high sitting time. This chapter summarises recent evidence on the prevalence of sedentary behaviour among different age groups, comprising 50 large and population-representative studies for adults, 7 studies for older adults and 26 studies for children and adolescents, published between 2012 and 2021. Furthermore, this chapter describes the correlates of sedentary behaviour for adults, older adults and children and adolescents derived from large population-based cross-sectional studies. Among adults the median total sitting time was 6.4 h/day. Self-reported sedentary time was 5.6 h/day which was more than 2½ h/day less than that observed from device-based measured sitting time (median 8.3 h/day). Reported television (TV) watching time showed a median of 2.2 h/day. The median prevalence of sedentary behaviours among older adults (6.7 h/day) was higher than among adults (6.4 h/day), especially measured TV time (3.2 h/day vs. 2.3 h/day). For children and adolescents, the total median sedentary time was 7.5 h/day and increased from early childhood through adolescence. The median screen time was 2.9 h/day. Overall, no differences in the prevalence estimates were observed in studies from 2016 and onwards compared to previous studies.
Objective
To explore the potential of a sitting reduction workplace intervention for improving stress and work-performance.
Methods
A cluster randomised controlled trial evaluated an intervention to reduce and break up occupational sitting in 12 clusters (n = 89 office workers) over eight weeks. Outcomes were physiological stress (cortisol concentrations), perceived stress and work-performance.
Results
Linear mixed model group x time interaction effects were non-significant. Exploratory analyses showed a trend, with a large effect, for lower cortisol concentrations over the day in the intervention group relative to controls at 8 weeks (-0.85; 95% CI -1.70, 0.03 nmol.L ⁻¹ ; p = 0.06; d = 0.79). The intervention group had higher vigour and cognitive liveliness at eight weeks relative to controls (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions
This exploratory study suggests there could be meaningful changes in physiological stress and work-related outcomes that should be investigated in future studies.
As screens have become ubiquitous in modern-day society, investigating the effects of high screen time on mental health is highly warranted. In the past decade, many studies have determined that higher levels of screen time engagement are associated with adverse mental health outcomes like anxiety and depression. However, the nature of the relationship between screen time and mental health requires further investigation to gain a better understanding of its mechanisms and properties. The purpose of this study is to utilize a nationally representative data set to (1) examine how factors like sex, age, and socioeconomic status moderate the relationship between screen time and mental health in Canadian youth and (2) determine whether this relationship supports the Goldilocks hypothesis or an exposure-response curve. It was hypothesized that (1) young, female, lower socioeconomic status individuals will be more strongly associated with poor mental health, and that (2) mental health will peak at low screen time usage, therefore, supporting an exposure-response curve. A series of moderation analyses concluded that young, male, lower socioeconomic status individuals strongly moderated the relationship between screen time and poor mental health compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, three out of the four mental health (presence of mood disorder, presence of anxiety disorder, and depression severity) measures peaked at an average of 12 hours and 19 minutes of screen time per week, hence, supporting the exposure-response curve.
Abnormal sitting postures usually cause adolescents’ myopia, scoliosis, and degenerative diseases. Therefore, research on intelligent monitoring technology that can quickly and accurately identify irregular sitting postures is of profound significance to the healthy development of adolescents. Existing methods mostly use computer vision to recognize sitting posture, but the model is not only complicated but also easily interfered with by problems such as occlusion and light. This paper proposes a method based on the analysis of the pressure on the hip interface to identify the sitting postures. An array pressure sensor placed on the cushion collects the tester's hip pressure and obtains a pressure heat map. This paper uses traditional feature extraction and shallow classifier methods and popular end-to-end deep convolutional neural network (CNN) methods to identify different types of sitting postures. The method in this paper is verified on the data of multiple testers of different body types. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy based on CNN reaches 99.82%, which proves the effectiveness of the method in sitting posture recognition. The study indicated hip pressure distribution is closely related to the sitting posture, and compared with computer vision, it is less disturbed and easier to recognize. The time efficiency of feature extraction using CNN is nearly 30% higher than traditional methods. Therefore, in the practical application of real scenes, with the increase of data volume, the time benefit brought by CNN can be more considerable and our system can be embedded in the cushion and do real-time detection.
Background
Standing desks have been brought into the education environment to reduce sedentary behavior among students. The current study explored the effects of standing in tutorial group meetings on learning among undergraduate students.
Methods
Ninety-six participants were randomly allocated to a Sit or Stand group, with 2-hour tutorial group meetings scheduled, once or twice per week, for nine weeks. Learning was analyzed using exam grades, concept maps, and tutorial interactions.
Results
Overall, the Sit and Stand groups did not differ from each other in terms of learning, measured through their exam, concept map, and the use of learning-oriented interactions.
Conclusion
Standing in tutorial group meetings neither enhanced nor compromised learning. Considering the health risks associated with prolonged sedentary behavior, offering standing tutorial group meetings to undergraduate students is a recommended solution to break up prolonged sedentary behavior and encourage more physical activity, while maintaining the learning performance of students.
Employments of Human Activity Recognition (HAR) have been introduced in contemplation of finding solutions to a handful of hazards associated with human health. Depression which can be introduced as one of the most mainstream mental disorder, has been found to have strong associations with human activity. Hence, HAR can be utilized to work out contemporary enactments so as to diminish the likelihood of suffering from depression with companion of appropriate measures. Our entire working arrangement is disposed into two segments. First segment encompasses the process of HAR exerting the sensors data from smartphones. Data from Accelerometer and Gyroscope sensor were put into service for conducting recognition of 13 human activities namely walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, sitting, standing, lying, jogging, cycling, sitting in toilet, fallen down, eating, drinking and irrelevant activities. The subsequent phase comprises computation of risk factor of suffering from depression by considering a person’s duration of conducting activities associated with depression. Employing a well-liked deep neural network namely Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) on sensor data amassed from 10 subjects, we attained an accuracy about 95.85% on test data in accomplishment of HAR. In terms of computation of risk factor regarding depression, we elected 2 depressed subjects and 3 hearty subjects so as to evaluate our method’s performance. With employment of our method, we computed exorbitant risk factor of 67.44% and 74.92% from daily activities of those 2 depressed subjects and low risk factor of 29.86%, 27.91% and 29.87% in terms of mentioned normal subjects. Our method may come in handy to assist to control depression by accomplishment of the diminishment of rick factor of suffering from depression. Associations found between depression and human activities have obliged us to accomplish our method. In future, we are expecting a handful of advancement may be introduced in our method so as to bring our system in regular practice in our daily life.
Employments of Human Activity Recognition (HAR) have been introduced in contemplation of finding solutions to a handful of hazards associated with human health. Depression which can be introduced as one of the most mainstream mental disorder, has been found to have strong associations with human activity. Hence, HAR can be utilized to work out contemporary enactments so as to diminish the likelihood of suffering from depression with companion of appropriate measures. Our entire working arrangement is disposed into two segments. First segment encompasses the process of HAR exerting the sensors data from smartphones. Data from Accelerometer and Gyroscope sensor were put into service for conducting recognition of 13 human activities namely walking, walking upstairs, walking downstairs, sitting, standing, lying, jogging, cycling, sitting in toilet, fallen down, eating, drinking and irrelevant activities. The subsequent phase comprises computation of risk factor of suffering from depression by considering a person’s duration of conducting activities associated with depression. Employing a well-liked deep neural network namely Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) on sensor data amassed from 10 subjects, we attained an accuracy about 95.85% on test data in accomplishment of HAR. In terms of computation of risk factor regarding depression, we elected 2 depressed subjects and 3 hearty subjects so as to evaluate our method’s performance. With employment of our method, we computed exorbitant risk factor of 67.44% and 74.92% from daily activities of those 2 depressed subjects and low risk factor of 29.86%, 27.91% and 29.87% in terms of mentioned normal subjects. Our method may come in handy to assist to control depression by accomplishment of the diminishment of rick factor of suffering from depression. Associations found between depression and human activities have obliged us to accomplish our method. In future, we are expecting a handful of advancement may be introduced in our method so as to bring our system in regular practice in our daily life.
Background:
As distinct from mentally-active sedentary behaviors (e.g. reading), passive sedentary behaviors (e.g. TV-viewing) have been linked to a higher risk of depression, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We examined the potential mediating role of sleep problems in prospective relationships of passive sedentary behaviors with major depressive disorder (MDD).
Method:
In 1997, 43 863 adults were surveyed and responses linked to clinician diagnoses of MDD until 2010. The questionnaire included items on sedentary behavior and sleep problems (Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire). Cox proportional hazard models and the 'counterfactual approach' were used to identify potential mediating effects of sleep problems in the association of passive sedentary behavior and MDD.
Results:
Of the total sample, 3,065 (7.6%) were excluded for having indications of depression at baseline. Of 33,116 participants with complete data (mean age = 51.3 years, SD = 15.7, 64% female); 472 (1.4%) incident cases of MDD were identified during the 13-year follow-up. In Cox regression analyses, higher durations of passive sedentary behavior (≥3 h/day versus <3 h/day) were associated with greater hazards of developing MDD (HR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.58). This relationship remained after adjusting for confounders (HR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.63). Adding sleep problems into the analysis significantly attenuated these relationships (HR = 1.25; 95% CI = 0.99, 1.57). The excess MDD relative risk of passive sedentary behaviors due to sleep problems was statistically significant.
Limitations:
Measures of sedentary behavior, physical activity and sleep were self-reported.
Conclusion:
Sleep problems appear to mediate detrimental associations of passive sedentary behavior with depression. Findings require further confirmation using objective measures.
Multiple linear regression (MLR) remains a mainstay analysis in organizational research, yet intercorrelations between predictors (multicollinearity) undermine the interpretation of MLR weights in terms of predictor contributions to the criterion. Alternative indices include validity coefficients, structure coefficients, product measures, relative weights, all-possible-subsets regression, dominance weights, and commonality coefficients. This article reviews these indices, and uniquely, it offers freely available software that (a) computes and compares all of these indices with one another, (b) computes associated bootstrapped confidence intervals, and (c) does so for any number of predictors so long as the correlation matrix is positive definite. Other available software is limited in all of these respects. We invite researchers to use this software to increase their insights when applying MLR to a data set. Avenues for future research and application are discussed.
Associations of sitting-time and physical activity with depression are unclear.
To examine concurrent and prospective associations between both sitting-time and physical activity with prevalent depressive symptoms in mid-aged Australian women.
Data were from 8950 women, aged 50-55 years in 2001, who completed mail surveys in 2001, 2004, 2007, and 2010. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression questionnaire. Associations between sitting-time (≤4 hours/day, >4-7 hours/day, >7 hours/day) and physical activity (none, some, meeting guidelines) with depressive symptoms (symptoms/no symptoms) were examined in 2011 in concurrent and lagged mixed-effect logistic modeling. Both main effects and interaction models were developed.
In main effects modeling, women who sat >7 hours/day (OR=1.47, 95% CI=1.29, 1.67) and women who did no physical activity (OR=1.99, 95% CI=1.75, 2.27) were more likely to have depressive symptoms than women who sat ≤4 hours/day and who met physical activity guidelines, respectively. In interaction modeling, the likelihood of depressive symptoms in women who sat >7 hours/day and did no physical activity was triple that of women who sat ≤4 hours/day and met physical activity guidelines (OR 2.96, 95% CI=2.37, 3.69). In prospective main effects and interaction modeling, sitting-time was not associated with depressive symptoms, but women who did no physical activity were more likely than those who met physical activity guidelines to have future depressive symptoms (OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.08, 1.47).
Increasing physical activity to a level commensurate with guidelines can alleviate current depression symptoms and prevent future symptoms in mid-aged women. Reducing sitting-time may ameliorate current symptoms.
For a copy of the accepted publication, go to Dr Heesch's list of publications with linked access to the text of the articles: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/view/person/Heesch,_Kristiann.html
Response representativeness is more important than response rate in survey research. However, response rate is important if it bears on representativeness. The present meta-analysis explores factors associated with higher response rates in electronic surveys reported in both published and unpublished research. The number of contacts, personalized contacts, and precontacts are the factors most associated with higher response rates in the Web studies that are analyzed.
The importance of interpreting structure coefficients throughout the General Linear Model (GLM) is widely accepted. However, regression researchers too infrequently consult regression structure coefficients to augment their interpretations. The authors reviewed articles published in the Journal of Applied Psychology to determine how interpretations might have differed if standardized regression coefficients and structure coefficients (or else bivariate rs of predictors with the criterion) had been interpreted. Some dramatic misinterpretations or incomplete interpretations are summarized. It is suggested that beta weights and structure coefficients (or else bivariate rs of predictors with the criterion) ought to be interpreted when noteworthy regression results have been isolated.
The purpose of the study was to gather descriptive
information about college students’ Internet use
and to explore the relationship between types of
Internet use and well-being. The sample consisted
of 312 college students (67% female; age range
18-49 years; M = 21.34 years, SD = 5.05).
Self-report questionnaires were administered in
a large undergraduate psychology course. Exploratory
factor analyses suggested 5 specific types
of use: Meeting People, Information Seeking,
Distraction, Coping, and E-mail. Confirmatory
factor analyses on a new sample from the same
university (N = 169) verified the 5-factor
structure. Using the Internet for coping purposes
related to depression, social anxiety, and family
cohesion more so than frequency of use. This study
highlights the importance of examining types of
Internet use in relation to well-being.
The factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; S. H. Lovibond & P. F. Lovibond, 1995) and the 21-item short form of these measures (DASS–21 ) were examined in nonclinical volunteers (
n = 49) and patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnoses of panic disorder (
n = 67), obsessive-compulsive disorder (
n = 54), social phobia (
n = 74), specific phobia (
n = 17), and major depressive disorder (
n = 46). This study replicates previous findings indicating that the DASS distinguishes well between features of depression, physical arousal, and psychological tension and agitation and extends these observations to the DASS–21. In addition, the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the DASS and DASS–21 were in the acceptable to excellent ranges. Mean scores for the various groups were similar to those in previous research, and in the expected direction. The implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Prolonged sitting time is a health risk. We describe a practice-based study designed to reduce prolonged sitting time and improve selected health factors among workers with sedentary jobs.
We conducted our study during March?"May 2011 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, among employees with sedentary jobs.
Project implementation occurred over 7 weeks with a baseline period of 1 week (period 1), an intervention period of 4 weeks (period 2), and a postintervention period of 2 weeks (period 3). The intervention group (n = 24) received a sit-stand device during period 2 designed to fit their workstation, and the comparison group (n = 10) did not. We used experience-sampling methods to monitor sitting behavior at work during the 7 weeks of the project. We estimated change scores in sitting time, health risk factors, mood states, and several office behaviors on the basis of survey responses.
The Take-a-Stand Project reduced time spent sitting by 224% (66 minutes per day), reduced upper back and neck pain by 54%, and improved mood states. Furthermore, the removal of the device largely negated all observed improvements within 2 weeks.
Our findings suggest that using a sit-stand device at work can reduce sitting time and generate other health benefits for workers.
Evidence on the relation between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in older adults is based primarily on clinical trials of physical exercise programs in institutionalized persons and on cross-sectional studies of community-dwelling persons. Moreover, there is no evidence on whether leisure-time sedentary behavior (LTSB) is associated with HRQoL independently of LTPA. This study examined the longitudinal association between LTPA, LTSB, and HRQoL in older community-dwelling adults in Spain.
Prospective cohort study of 1,097 persons aged 62 and over. In 2003 LTPA in MET-hr/week was measured with a validated questionnaire, and LTSB was estimated by the number of sitting hours per week. In 2009 HRQoL was measured with the SF-36 questionnaire. Analyses were done with linear regression and adjusted for the main confounders.
Compared with those who did no LTPA, subjects in the upper quartile of LTPA had better scores on the SF-36 scales of physical functioning (β 5.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-9.98; p linear trend < 0.001), physical role (β 7.38; 95% CI 0.16-14.93; p linear trend < 0.001), bodily pain (β 6.92; 95% CI 1.86-11.98; p linear trend < 0.01), vitality (β 5.09; 95% CI 0.76-9.41; p linear trend < 0.004) social functioning (β 7.83; 95% CI 2.89-12.75; p linear trend < 0.001), emotional role (β 8.59; 95% CI 1.97-15.21; p linear trend < 0.02) and mental health (β 4.20; 95% CI 0.26-8.13; p linear trend < 0.06). As suggested by previous work in this field, these associations were clinically relevant because the β regression coefficients were higher than 3 points. Finally, the number of sitting hours showed a gradual and inverse relation with the scores on most of the SF-36 scales, which was also clinically relevant.
Greater LTPA and less LTSB were independently associated with better long-term HRQoL in older adults.
Common mental disorders are known to cause long-term disability, although not much is known about long-term consequences of milder forms of psychological distress.
To investigate the association between increasing levels of psychological distress and 5-year risk of long-term disability pensions awarded for somatic or psychiatric conditions.
In this longitudinal population-based study, a cohort of 17,205 individuals, aged 18-64 years, recruited in 2002 in Stockholm County was prospectively followed up for new disability pension awards. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to measure baseline psychological distress, and participants were categorised as having no, mild, moderate or severe psychological distress (GHQ-12 scores of 0; 1-2; 3-7 and 8-12, respectively). Details of new disability pension awards were obtained through record linkage with the Swedish National Insurance register. Comprehensive information on a range of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health characteristics was available.
Increasing levels of psychological distress at baseline were associated with an increased likelihood of obtaining a disability pension later in life. Even mild psychological distress was independently associated with the award of a disability pension for both somatic (HR=1.7; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.2) and psychiatric diagnoses (2.2; 1.4 to 3.6). Over a quarter of disability pensions awarded for a somatic diagnosis, and almost two-thirds awarded for a psychiatric diagnosis, could be attributed to psychological distress.
Mild psychological distress may be associated with more long-term disability than previously acknowledged and its public health importance may be underestimated.
OWEN, N., G.N. HEALY, C.E. MATTHEWS, and D.W. DUNSTAN. Too much sitting: the population health science sedentary behavior. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 105-113, 2010. Even when adults meet physical activity guidelines, sitting for prolonged periods can compromise metabolic health. Television (TV) time and objective measurement studies show associations, and breaking up sedentary time is beneficial. Sitting time, TV time, and time sitting in automobiles increase premature mortality risk. Further evidence from prospective studies, intervention trials, and population-based behavioral studies is required.
This study investigated associations between components of physical activity (PA; e.g. domain and social context) and sedentary behaviors (SBs) and risk of depression in women from disadvantaged neighborhoods. A total of 3645 women, aged 18-45 years, from disadvantaged neighborhoods, self-reported their PA, SB and depressive symptoms. Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each component of PA, SB and risk of depression using logistic regression analyses, adjusting for clustering by women's neighborhood of residence. Being in a higher tertile of leisure-time PA and transport-related PA was associated with lower risk of depression. No associations were apparent for domestic or work-related PA. Women who undertook a small proportion of their leisure-time PA with someone were less likely to be at risk of depression than those who undertook all leisure-time PA on their own. Women reporting greater time sitting at the computer, screen time and overall sitting time had higher odds of risk of depression compared with those reporting low levels. The domain and social context of PA may be important components in reducing the risk of depression. Reducing time spent in SB may be a key strategy in the promotion of better mental health in women from disadvantaged neighborhoods.
To assess the test-retest reliability and validity of a modified self-administered version of the Active Australia physical activity survey.
One hundred and fifty-nine mid-age women (54-59 years) completed a mailed physical activity questionnaire before recording daily pedometer step counts for seven consecutive days. A random subsample (n=44) also wore an accelerometer during this period. Participants then completed the physical activity questionnaire again. Spearman's rho and per cent agreement were used to assess test-retest reliability. Self-reported physical activity data (time 2) were compared with pedometer and accelerometer data using box plots and Spearman's correlations to assess validity.
Median time between surveys was 13 days. Median frequency and duration of moderate and vigorous physical activity were the same at both surveys, but median walking frequency was slightly higher at time 2 than time 1. Reliability coefficients for frequency/time in each domain of physical activity ranged from 0.56-0.64 and per cent agreement scores ranged from 40% to 65% for the physical activity categories; agreement was 76% for 'meeting guidelines'. Correlations (p) between self-reported physical activity and 1) weekly pedometer steps and 2) accelerometer data for duration of at least moderate intensity physical activity were 0.43 and 0.52 respectively.
The measurement properties of this modified self-administered physical activity survey are similar to those reported for the original computer assisted telephone interview survey.
This modified version of the Active Australia survey is suitable for use in self-administered format.
A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the effects of exercise on anxiety. Because previous meta-analyses in the area included studies of varying quality, only randomized, controlled trials were included in the present analysis. Results from 49 studies show an overall effect size of -0.48, indicating larger reductions in anxiety among exercise groups than no-treatment control groups. Exercise groups also showed greater reductions in anxiety compared with groups that received other forms of anxiety-reducing treatment (effect size = -0.19). Because only randomized, controlled trials were examined, these results provide Level 1, Grade A evidence for using exercise in the treatment of anxiety. In addition, exercise dose data were calculated to examine the relationship between dose of exercise and the corresponding magnitude of effect size.
We review psychometric and other evidence relevant to mixed anxiety-depression. Properties of anxiety and depression measures, including the convergent and discriminant validity of self- and clinical ratings, and interrater reliability, are examined in patient and normal samples. Results suggest that anxiety and depression can be reliably and validly assessed; moreover, although these disorders share a substantial component of general affective distress, they can be differentiated on the basis of factors specific to each syndrome. We also review evidence for these specific factors, examining the influence of context and scale content on ratings, factor analytic studies, and the role of low positive affect in depression. With these data, we argue for a tripartite structure consisting of general distress, physiological hyperarousal (specific anxiety), and anhedonia (specific depression), and we propose a diagnosis of mixed anxiety-depression.
In 1984, Jacobson, Follette, and Revenstorf defined clinically significant change as the extent to which therapy moves someone outside the range of the dysfunctional population or within the range of the functional population. In the present article, ways of operationalizing this definition are described, and examples are used to show how clients can be categorized on the basis of this definition. A reliable change index (RC) is also proposed to determine whether the magnitude of change for a given client is statistically reliable. The inclusion of the RC leads to a twofold criterion for clinically significant change.
This article reviews research on the role of stress in infectious disease as measured either by illness behaviors (symptoms and use of health services) or by verified pathology. Substantial evidence was found for an association between stress and increased illness behavior, and less convincing but provocative evidence was found for a similar association between stress and infectious pathology. Introverts, isolates, and persons lacking social skills may also be at increased risk for both illness behaviors and pathology. Psychobiological models of how stress could influence the onset and progression of infectious disease and a psychological model of how stress could influence illness behaviors are proposed.
We provide an updated version of the Compendium of Physical Activities, a coding scheme that classifies specific physical activity (PA) by rate of energy expenditure. It was developed to enhance the comparability of results across studies using self-reports of PA. The Compendium coding scheme links a five-digit code that describes physical activities by major headings (e.g., occupation, transportation, etc.) and specific activities within each major heading with its intensity, defined as the ratio of work metabolic rate to a standard resting metabolic rate (MET). Energy expenditure in MET-minutes, MET-hours, kcal, or kcal per kilogram body weight can be estimated for specific activities by type or MET intensity. Additions to the Compendium were obtained from studies describing daily PA patterns of adults and studies measuring the energy cost of specific physical activities in field settings. The updated version includes two new major headings of volunteer and religious activities, extends the number of specific activities from 477 to 605, and provides updated MET intensity levels for selected activities.
As the importance of physical activity is recognised in health promotion, the task of measuring it becomes a central research and practice challenge. Measurement of physical activity is important to policy makers interested in population surveillance, as well as to practitioners interested in programme evaluation and research. This review outlines 'best practice' in physical activity measurement, and provides an inventory of established physical activity and related measures for use in health promotion programme evaluation, research and surveillance at the national and local level.
We examined the associations of objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity with continuous indexes of metabolic risk in Australian adults without known diabetes.
An accelerometer was used to derive the percentage of monitoring time spent sedentary and in light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activity, as well as mean activity intensity, in 169 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) participants (mean age 53.4 years). Associations with waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, resting blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and a clustered metabolic risk score were examined.
Independent of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activity, there were significant associations of sedentary time, light-intensity time, and mean activity intensity with waist circumference and clustered metabolic risk. Independent of waist circumference, moderate-to-vigorous-intensity activity time was significantly beneficially associated with triglycerides.
These findings highlight the importance of decreasing sedentary time, as well as increasing time spent in physical activity, for metabolic health.
Sedentary behaviors are linked to adverse health outcomes, but the total amount of time spent in these behaviors in the United
States has not been objectively quantified. The authors evaluated participants from the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey aged ≥6 years who wore an activity monitor for up to 7 days. Among 6,329 participants with at least one
10-hour day of monitor wear, the average monitor-wearing time was 13.9 hours/day (standard deviation, 1.9). Overall, participants
spent 54.9% of their monitored time, or 7.7 hours/day, in sedentary behaviors. The most sedentary groups in the United States
were older adolescents and adults aged ≥60 years, and they spent about 60% of their waking time in sedentary pursuits. Females
were more sedentary than males before age 30 years, but this pattern was reversed after age 60 years. Mexican-American adults
were significantly less sedentary than other US adults, and White and Black females were similarly sedentary after age 12
years. These data provide the first objective measure of the amount of time spent in sedentary behavior in the US population
and indicate that Americans spend the majority of their time in behaviors that expend very little energy.
Several meta-analyses examining the effects of exercise on depression have been criticized for including studies of poor methodological integrity. More recent meta-analyses addressed the most common criticism by including only randomized control trials; however, these analyses suffer from incomplete literature searches and lack of moderating variable analyses. Using a more extensive search procedure, the current meta-analysis examines the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in 58 randomized trials (n = 2982). An overall effect size of −0.80 indicates participants in the exercise treatment had significantly lower depression scores than those receiving the control treatment. This 3/4 SD advantage represents level 1, Grade A evidence for the effects of exercise upon depression. Analysis of moderating variables examined the influence of population characteristics, exercise characteristics and methodological characteristics. Examination of clinical significance in 16 trials with clinically depressed patients found 9 of 16 exercise treatment groups were classified as ‘recovered’ at post-treatment, with another three groups classified as ‘improved’. Analysis showed dropout rates for the exercise treatment were similar to those found in psychotherapeutic and drug interventions.
IntroductionSedentary behavior is a risk factor for depression, yet there is little known about the factors that moderate this relationship. The primary goals of the study were to examine: 1) the association between depression severity and sedentary behavior, weight status, and social integration, and 2) the moderating role of socio-demographic characteristics, and social integration, and perceived social mobility on the association between depression and sedentary behaviors.Methods
Three hundred and ninety-seven adults were recruited using multistage sampling methods and consented to complete a one-time interview and measurement of height and weight. The mean age was 43.4 ± 16.9, and 47% were obese.ResultsFindings suggest that depression was positively associated with sedentary behaviors. Moreover, age and perceived social mobility moderated the relationship between depression and sedentary behavior.Conclusions
Our findings suggest that there are sedentary individuals at highest risk for developing depression. Sedentary individuals who were older or reported a lower social status were at highest risk for depression. Identifying these individuals in intervention programs that aim to reduce sedentary behavior and depression may enhance the effectiveness of these programs.
Past research found a negative impact of Internet use on psychological well-being of young adults. This finding conflicted with the emerging literature on Internet use among older adults, which usually suggested positive effects. The goals of the current research were a) to examine age differences in psychological well-being, b) to study the impact of Internet use on psychological well-being of young and older adults, and c) to explore group differences between older Internet users and nonusers of psychological well-being and personal characteristics. Three hundred and ninety-six young and older adults completed a survey on internet use and psychological well-being. Young and older adults were found to differ on dimensions of psychological well-being. In addition, older Internet users were more positive than non-users concerning psychological well-being and personal characteristics.
The Internet offers new opportunities for communication that can help older adults avoid social isolation. Although elders may need more time and assistance in learning computer systems, many are embracing this new technology. There is growing potential not only for recreation and communication through the Internet but also the delivery of services. This study examines the feasibility of providing Internet and electronic mail access to older adults in a retirement community and the extent to which this improves psychosocial well-being. In contrast to members of a comparison group, a trend toward decreased loneliness was observed among participants. In addition, the number of computer-related problems decreased and use of the applications increased throughout the study. These preliminary results support the feasibility of implementing computer-based interventions with the potential of improving psychosocial well-being among older adults.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to explore longitudinal associations between sitting and physical and psychological symptoms in mid-age women.
Method:
Mid-age (53-58 years) participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health completed mail surveys in 2004 (n=10,286), 2007 (n=10,128) and 2010 (n=9452) with questions about sitting time (<6, 6-9, and ≥ 9 h/day) and frequency of 19 symptoms in the preceding 12 months (often vs. never/rarely/sometimes). Associations between sitting and symptoms were examined using two logistic generalized estimating equations models: (a) sequential cross-sectional data from 3 surveys, and (b) prospective model with a 3-year time lag (significance level=0.01).
Results:
Approximately 53%, 30% and 17% of the women were classified as sitting <6, 6-9 and ≥ 9 h/day in 2004. In adjusted cross-sectional models, women sitting ≥ 9 h/day had significantly higher odds of breathing difficulties (OR=1.52, 99% CI=1.17-2.00), tiredness (OR=1.21, CI=1.05-1.40), bowel problems (OR=1.26, CI=1.02-1.56), eyesight problems (OR=1.16, CI=1.01-1.34), and depression (OR=1.39, CI=1.15-1.68) than women sitting <6h/day. Adjusted prospective models showed higher odds of breathing difficulties (OR=1.94, CI=1.40-2.69), chest pain (OR=2.04, CI=1.14-3.70), and tiredness (OR=1.24, CI=1.04-1.48). Associations with breathing difficulties and chest pain remained significant after excluding participants with chronic conditions in 2004.
Conclusion:
Prolonged sitting may a determinant of breathing difficulties and chest pain three years later in mid-age women.
Technology is frequently presented as a panacea for the support needs of the ageing population, based in part upon the commonly cited assertion that computer and internet use has an empirically verified positive effect on the well-being of older people. In this paper we review the studies that this assertion is based on and conclude that they do not support it. While the original studies rarely make unsupportable claims, the secondary literature which cites them is frequently very misleading; limitations include, failure to distinguish between the effects of training/support and computer use; misattributing causality; inappropriately generalising results from a different population.
: Theoretical models of cognitive aging are increasingly recognizing the importance of anxiety and depressive symptoms in predicting age-related cognitive changes and early dementia. This study examined the association between mild worry and depressive symptoms, and cognitive function in healthy, community-dwelling older adults.
: A total of 263 healthy older adults participated in an observational prospective cohort study that assessed worry and depression symptoms, and a broad range of cognitive functions over a 2-year period.
: Older adults with mildly elevated worry symptoms at baseline performed worse than older adults with minimal worry symptoms on measures of visual and paired associate learning. They were also more likely to show clinically significant (> 1.5 standard deviation) decline in visual learning and memory at a 2-year follow-up assessment (9.4% versus 2.5%; odds ratio = 3.8).
: Assessment of worry symptoms, even mild levels, may have utility in predicting early cognitive decline in healthy, community-dwelling older adults.
Emerging evidence suggests that sedentary behaviour may be adversely associated with physical health, but few studies have examined the association with mental well-being.
This study examined the association of four non-occupational sedentary behaviours, individually and in total, with mental well-being in employed adults.
Baseline data from the evaluation of Well@Work, a national workplace health promotion project conducted in the UK, were used. Participants self-reported sitting time whilst watching television, using a computer, socialising and travelling by motorised transport. Mental well-being was assessed by the 12-item version of the general health questionnaire. Analyses were conducted using multiple linear regression.
In models adjusted for multiple confounders, TV viewing, computer use and total non-occupational sitting time were adversely associated with general health questionnaire-12 assessed mental well-being in women. Computer use only was found to be adversely associated with mental well-being in men.
Sedentary behaviour may be adversely associated with mental well-being in employed adults. The association may be moderated by gender.
Sitting time is an emerging health risk, and many working adults spend large amounts of time sitting each day. It is important to have reliable and accurate measurement tools to assess sitting time in different contexts.
To validate the Workforce Sitting Questionnaire (WSQ), an adapted measure of total and domain-specific sitting time based on work and non-workdays for use in working adults.
A convenience sample (N=95, 63.2% women) was recruited from two workplaces and by word-of-mouth in Sydney, Australia. Participants completed the WSQ, which asked about sitting time (1) while travelling to and from places; (2) while at work; (3) while watching TV; (4) while using a computer at home; and (5) while doing other leisure activities on work and non-workdays on two occasions, 7 days apart. Participants also wore an accelerometer for the 7 days between test and retest. They recorded the times they wore the accelerometer, the days they worked and their work times in a logbook. Analyses determined test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and assessed criterion validity against accelerometers using Spearman's r and Bland-Altman plots.
Measuring total sitting time based on a workday, non-workday and on average had fair to excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.46-0.90) and had sufficient criterion validity against accelerometry in women (r=0.22-0.46) and men (r=0.18-0.29). Measuring domain-specific sitting at work on a workday was also reliable (ICC=0.63) and valid (r=0.45).
The WSQ has acceptable measurement properties for measuring sitting time at work on a workday and for assessing total sitting time based on work and non-workdays. This questionnaire would be suitable for use in research investigating the relationships between sitting time and health in working populations.
Sedentary behaviors may be more common among persons with mental disorders and thereby result in poorer health outcomes. This study examined whether independently of general physical activity level, mental disorders are linked to two important examples of sedentary behavior: computer use and watching television. We used cross-sectional data from The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Our study sample consisted of 2353 participants (age 18-65) of whom 1701 had a current anxiety and/or depressive diagnosis and 652 were healthy controls. Anxiety and depression diagnoses were conducted using the DSM-IV based Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Controlling for sociodemographics and physical activity level we found that persons with a major depressive disorder (MDD) spend significantly more leisure time using the computer. We found that persons with dysthymia, panic disorder and agoraphobia spend significantly more daily hours watching television compared to controls. This study illustrates that sedentary behaviors occur more frequently among persons with a mental disorder, independent of general physical activity level.
This meta-analysis examines the relationship between various Internet uses and measures of psychological well-being, including depression, loneliness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Forty studies represent a total sample of 21,258 participants and yield a data of 43 independent correlations. The mean correlation was -0.0504 for the fixed-effects model and r = -0.0385 for the random-effects model, indicating a small detrimental effect of Internet use on psychological well-being. According to the random-effects model, the effect of all moderators, including type of Internet use, indicator of well-being, quality of Internet use measure, and participant age and gender were insignificant. Since these moderators failed to explain the variation in the relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being, future investigations should consider the possible sources of these differences.
Sedentary behavior is emerging as an independent risk factor for physical health, although there is no existing evidence regarding mental well-being.
This study aimed to examine the association between recreational sedentary behavior (based on TV- and screen-based entertainment [TVSE] time) and mental health in a representative sample of adults.
Participants were 3920 men and women (mean age 51.0+/-15.8 years) from the 2003 Scottish Health Survey. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the mental health component of the 12-Item Short-Form Survey Instrument (MCS-12) were administered to obtain information on current mental health. Self-reported TVSE time, physical activity, and physical function was also measured. Analyses were conducted in 2009.
Approximately 25% of participants engaged in at least 4 hours/day of TVSE. In general linear models, TVSE time per week was independently associated with GHQ-12 score (higher scores represent worse mental health status) after adjustment for age, gender, physical activity, physical function, area deprivation level, smoking, alcohol, fruit and vegetable intake, and BMI. After full adjustment, participants in the group with the highest TVSE level (>4 hours/day) had an increase in GHQ-12 score of 0.28 (95% CI=0.05, 0.51) compared with participants in the group with the lowest TVSE level (< or =2 hours/day). In stratified analyses, the association between TVSE time and GHQ-12 score persisted across all physical activity levels. Similar associations were observed using the MCS-12.
Sedentary behavior in leisure time is independently associated with poorer mental health scores in a representative population sample.
Physically inactive lifestyles and sedentary behaviors (SB) are key contributors to ill health. Although the association between SB (e.g., watching TV/using the computer) and physical health has been well documented, increasing research has focused on the possible link between SB and mental health (e.g., depression).
This review aims to investigate the effect of SB on the risk of depression in adults.
A systematic search for original research articles investigating associations between SB and depression in adults was performed using the several electronic data bases.
A total of seven observational and four intervention studies were included in this review. All observational studies found positive associations between SB and risk of depression, while intervention studies showed contradictory results.
Evidence for the relationship between SB and risk of depression in adults is limited by methodological weaknesses. However, on balance, this review suggests that SB is associated with an increased risk of depression. Further studies are needed assessing different types of SB and depression; the interrelationship between physical activity, SB, and depression; causal links between SB and depression; and intervention strategies aimed at reducing SB and their effects on risk of depression.
The canonical parameterization of the negative binomial derives directly from the exponential form of the negative binomial probability distribution function. Unlike the NB-2 and NB-1 parameterizations, it is not derived as a Poisson-gamma mixture model, and has the heterogeneity or ancillary parameter as a term in the mean and variance functions. However, the canonical negative binomial can be used effectively to model count response data. The Heterogeneous Canonical Negative Binomial command is similar to Stata's gnbreg command, allowing the ancillary parameter to itself be parameterized. The value of this option is that one may better understand which predictors influence model heterogeneity. That is, it assists in identifying the source of correlation in the data. The command also displays both the AIC and Deviance statistics to aid in model comparison and provides use of Stata's maximum likelihood and survey options.
Mental disorders are of major public health significance. It has been claimed that vigorous physical activity has positive effects on mental health in both clinical and nonclinical populations. This paper reviews the evidence for this claim and provides recommendations for future studies. The strongest evidence suggests that physical activity and exercise probably alleviate some symptoms associated with mild to moderate depression. The evidence also suggests that physical activity and exercise might provide a beneficial adjunct for alcoholism and substance abuse programs; improve self-image, social skills, and cognitive functioning; reduce the symptoms of anxiety; and alter aspects of coronary-prone (Type A) behavior and physiological response to stressors. The effects of physical activity and exercise on mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, and other aspects of mental health are not known. Negative psychological effects from exercise have also been reported. Recommendations for further research on the effects of physical activity and exercise on mental health are made.
The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were evaluated in a normal sample of N = 717 who were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The DASS was shown to possess satisfactory psychometric properties, and the factor structure was substantiated both by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In comparison to the BDI and BAI, the DASS scales showed greater separation in factor loadings. The DASS Anxiety scale correlated 0.81 with the BAI, and the DASS Depression scale correlated 0.74 with the BDI. Factor analyses suggested that the BDI differs from the DASS Depression scale primarily in that the BDI includes items such as weight loss, insomnia, somatic preoccupation and irritability, which fail to discriminate between depression and other affective states. The factor structure of the combined BDI and BAI items was virtually identical to that reported by Beck for a sample of diagnosed depressed and anxious patients, supporting the view that these clinical states are more severe expressions of the same states that may be discerned in normals. Implications of the results for the conceptualisation of depression, anxiety and tension/stress are considered, and the utility of the DASS scales in discriminating between these constructs is discussed.
Negative emotions can intensify a variety of health threats. We provide a broad framework relating negative emotions to a range of diseases whose onset and course may be influenced by the immune system; inflammation has been linked to a spectrum of conditions associated with aging, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, Alzheimer's disease, frailty and functional decline, and periodontal disease. Production of proinflammatory cytokines that influence these and other conditions can be directly stimulated by negative emotions and stressful experiences. Additionally, negative emotions also contribute to prolonged infection and delayed wound healing, processes that fuel sustained proinflammatory cytokine production. Accordingly, we argue that distress-related immune dysregulation may be one core mechanism behind a large and diverse set of health risks associated with negative emotions. Resources such as close personal relationships that diminish negative emotions enhance health in part through their positive impact on immune and endocrine regulation.
This article examines the economic effects of all forms of stress-work-related stress, home stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-as health hazards. Such an approach inherently broadens the analysis from a few well-defined, quantitative variables, such as those most commonly studied by economists who traditionally examine job stress alone. It also enables us to draw conclusions regarding the socioeconomic factors and the psychology of stress and helps in understanding the larger question of the economic cost of stress in today's global environment. Stress and its related comorbid diseases are responsible for a large proportion of disability worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease Survey estimates that mental disease, including stress-related disorders, will be the second leading cause of disabilities by the year 2020. Although the term "stress" is used in a wide variety of contexts, it has consistently been demonstrated that individuals with stress and related disorders experience impaired physical and mental functioning, more work days lost, increased impairment at work, and a high use of health care services. The disability caused by stress is just as great as the disability caused by workplace accidents or other common medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. We present evidence that calls for early recognition of workplace stress and for businesses to allocate more resources to stress management in the workplace.
To provide UK normative data for the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) and test its convergent, discriminant and construct validity.
Cross-sectional, correlational and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
The DASS was administered to a non-clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1,771) in terms of demographic variables. Competing models of the latent structure of the DASS were derived from theoretical and empirical sources and evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Correlational analysis was used to determine the influence of demographic variables on DASS scores. The convergent and discriminant validity of the measure was examined through correlating the measure with two other measures of depression and anxiety (the HADS and the sAD), and a measure of positive and negative affectivity (the PANAS).
The best fitting model (CFI =.93) of the latent structure of the DASS consisted of three correlated factors corresponding to the depression, anxiety and stress scales with correlated error permitted between items comprising the DASS subscales. Demographic variables had only very modest influences on DASS scores. The reliability of the DASS was excellent, and the measure possessed adequate convergent and discriminant validity Conclusions: The DASS is a reliable and valid measure of the constructs it was intended to assess. The utility of this measure for UK clinicians is enhanced by the provision of large sample normative data.
To test the construct validity of the short-form version of the Depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21), and in particular, to assess whether stress as indexed by this measure is synonymous with negative affectivity (NA) or whether it represents a related, but distinct, construct. To provide normative data for the general adult population.
Cross-sectional, correlational and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
The DASS-21 was administered to a non-clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1,794). Competing models of the latent structure of the DASS-21 were evaluated using CFA.
The model with optimal fit (RCFI = 0.94) had a quadripartite structure, and consisted of a general factor of psychological distress plus orthogonal specific factors of depression, anxiety, and stress. This model was a significantly better fit than a competing model that tested the possibility that the Stress scale simply measures NA.
The DASS-21 subscales can validly be used to measure the dimensions of depression, anxiety, and stress. However, each of these subscales also taps a more general dimension of psychological distress or NA. The utility of the measure is enhanced by the provision of normative data based on a large sample.
Although depression has clearly been shown to be associated with physical disorders, few studies have examined whether anxiety disorders are independently associated with medical conditions after adjusting for comorbid mental disorders. We examined the relationship between anxiety disorders and a wide range of physical disorders in a nationally representative sample. Data came from the National Comorbidity Survey (N=5,877, range=age 15-54 years, response rate=82.4%). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview [Kessler et al., 1998] was used to make DSM-III-R [American Psychiatric Association, 1987] mental disorder diagnoses. Physical disorders were assessed based on a list of several conditions shown to respondents. All analyses utilized multiple logistic regression to examine the relationship between past-year anxiety disorder diagnosis and past-year chronic physical disorder. Anxiety disorders were positively associated with physical disorders even after adjusting for mood disorders, substance-use disorders, and sociodemographics. Among respondents with one or more physical disorders, a comorbid anxiety disorder diagnosis was associated with an increased likelihood of disability even after adjusting for severity of pain, comorbid mood, and substance use disorders. Among specific anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, and agoraphobia were more likely to be associated with specific physical disorders than generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, or simple phobia. There is a strong and unique association between anxiety disorders and physical disorders. Clinically, the presence of an anxiety disorder among patients with physical disorders may confer a greater level of disability.
An Internet survey of college freshmen at a mid-Atlantic mid-sized university was conducted during the spring of 2002 to determine the impact of Internet activities on social support and well-being. Results obtained from the survey allow examination of the impact of amount of time performing different types of Internet activities on depressive symptoms, as measured by the Iowa version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) via a semi-elasticity ordinary least squares regression model. Results indicate that increased e-mail and chat room/instant messaging (IM) hours are associated with decreased depressive symptoms, while increased Internet hours for shopping, playing games, or research is associated with increased depressive symptoms. The implications of these results for institutions of higher education, and Internet and health researchers are discussed.
Depression is an important public-health problem, and one of the leading causes of disease burden worldwide. Depression is often comorbid with other chronic diseases and can worsen their associated health outcomes. Few studies have explored the effect of depression, alone or as a comorbidity, on overall health status.
The WHO World Health Survey (WHS) studied adults aged 18 years and older to obtain data for health, health-related outcomes, and their determinants. Prevalence of depression in respondents based on ICD-10 criteria was estimated. Prevalence values for four chronic physical diseases--angina, arthritis, asthma, and diabetes--were also estimated using algorithms derived via a Diagnostic Item Probability Study. Mean health scores were constructed using factor analysis and compared across different disease states and demographic variables. The relation of these disease states to mean health scores was determined through regression modelling.
Observations were available for 245 404 participants from 60 countries in all regions of the world. Overall, 1-year prevalence for ICD-10 depressive episode alone was 3.2% (95% CI 3.0-3.5); for angina 4.5% (4.3-4.8); for arthritis 4.1% (3.8-4.3); for asthma 3.3% (2.9-3.6); and for diabetes 2.0% (1.8-2.2). An average of between 9.3% and 23.0% of participants with one or more chronic physical disease had comorbid depression. This result was significantly higher than the likelihood of having depression in the absence of a chronic physical disease (p<0.0001). After adjustment for socioeconomic factors and health conditions, depression had the largest effect on worsening mean health scores compared with the other chronic conditions. Consistently across countries and different demographic characteristics, respondents with depression comorbid with one or more chronic diseases had the worst health scores of all the disease states.
Depression produces the greatest decrement in health compared with the chronic diseases angina, arthritis, asthma, and diabetes. The comorbid state of depression incrementally worsens health compared with depression alone, with any of the chronic diseases alone, and with any combination of chronic diseases without depression. These results indicate the urgency of addressing depression as a public-health priority to reduce disease burden and disability, and to improve the overall health of populations.
The mental health of university students is an area of increasing concern worldwide. The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of Turkish university students.
Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) completed anonymously in the students' respective classrooms by 1,617 students.
Depression, anxiety and stress levels of moderate severity or above were found in 27.1, 47.1 and 27% of our respondents, respectively. Anxiety and stress scores were higher among female students. First- and second-year students had higher depression, anxiety and stress scores than the others. Students who were satisfied with their education had lower depression, anxiety and stress scores than those who were not satisfied.
The high prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among university students is alarming. This shows the need for primary and secondary prevention measures, with the development of adequate and appropriate support services for this group.
There is evidence to suggest a beneficial effect of physical activity on several mental disorders.
The study aim was to assess the association between low physical activity during leisure time (or sedentary lifestyles) and the incidence of mental disorders in 10,381 participants, from a Spanish dynamic prospective cohort of university graduates followed up for 6 yr (the SUN study). The baseline assessment included a validated questionnaire on physical activity during leisure-time and sedentary activities. A subject was classified as an incident case of mental disorder if he or she reported a physician diagnosis of depression, anxiety or stress, and/or the use of antidepressant medication or tranquilizers in at least one of the follow-up questionnaires.
The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of a mental disorder for successive levels of leisure-time physical activity were 1 (reference), 1.00 (0.81, 1.23), 0.99 (0.81, 1.21), 0.72 (0.58, 0.89), and 0.81 (0.65, 1.00) (P for trend: < 0.01). The OR for subjects who spent more than 42 h.wk(-1) watching television and/or using the computer was 1.31 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.68) as compared with those spending less than 10.5 h.wk(-1).
Our findings suggest a joint association of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior on the incidence of mental disorders.