The Distribution of Ceratophyllum demersum L. in Relation to nvironmental Factors in Restored Al-Mashb marsh, Hor Al-Hammar, Southern Iraq.

Abstract

After extensively drained of Mesopotamian wetlands, southern Iraq in 1990s Ceratophyllum
demersum L. reappeared as response to re-flooding. This investigation was conducted to study
distribution of Ceratophyllum demersum in Al-Mashb marsh, Hor Al-Hammar, and the
physical-chemical properties of its habitat, Water depth (WD), light penetration (LP), water
temperature (WT), water salinity (Sal.), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), calcium (Ca+2),
magnesium (Mg+2), nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were seasonally determined during 2008.
Its vegetation cover percentage was 85 % with its peak in summer, while the lowest value was
35 % in winter. CANOCO ordination program (CCA) was used to analyze the data.
Statistically, Positive relationships for WT, pH, Ca+2, Mg+2, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate
with the vegetation cover percentage were observed. However, negative relationships for Sal,
WD, LP, and DO with the vegetation cover percentage were observed. Myriophyllum
spicatum L. and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle were recorded as associated species with C.
demersum community in this study.

Full text

MARSH
Marsh Bulletin 7(2)(2012)137-149 BULLETIN
Amaricf_Basra office@yahoo.com
abdulalwan@yahoo.com
.marshbulletin@yahoo.com
The Distribution of Ceratophyllum demersum L. in Relation to nvironmental
Factors in Restored Al-Mashb marsh, Hor Al-Hammar, Southern Iraq.
M. A. H. Al-Kenzawi* , F. M. Hassan* and A.A.A. Al-Mayah**
*Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. Iraq
** Department of Ecology, College of Science, University of Basrah
e-mail: fikrat@csw.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Abstract
After extensively drained of Mesopotamian wetlands, southern Iraq in 1990s Ceratophyllum
demersum L. reappeared as response to re-flooding. This investigation was conducted to study
distribution of Ceratophyllum demersum in Al-Mashb marsh, Hor Al-Hammar, and the
physical-chemical properties of its habitat, Water depth (WD), light penetration (LP), water
temperature (WT), water salinity (Sal.), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), calcium (Ca+2),
magnesium (Mg+2), nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate were seasonally determined during 2008.
Its vegetation cover percentage was 85 % with its peak in summer, while the lowest value was
35 % in winter. CANOCO ordination program (CCA) was used to analyze the data.
Statistically, Positive relationships for WT, pH, Ca+2, Mg+2, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate
with the vegetation cover percentage were observed. However, negative relationships for Sal,
WD, LP, and DO with the vegetation cover percentage were observed. Myriophyllum
spicatum L. and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle were recorded as associated species with C.
demersum community in this study.
Keywords: Restoration. Ceratophyllum demersum . Mesopotamian. Marshes. Iraq

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1- Introduction
An environmental disaster had been
happened after the destroying of
Mesopotamian marshes in southern Iraq,
many of aquatic macrophyte species and
communities were changed to xerophyte
communities. Re-flooding to Mesopotamian
plain were done after the fall of the Iraqi
government in 2003(Richardson et al. 2005;
Hamdan et al. 2010; Hassan et al. 2011) and
many aquatic macrophytes reappeared in
Mesopotamian plain in southern Iraq.
C. demersum which locally called
shinblan نﻼﺒﻨﺳ distributed in large areas of
the world in Europe, Asia, and Northern
Africa (Cronk and Fennessy, 2001). Concern
over the invasion of non-indigenous plants
into natural areas is rapidly increasing, as the
number of studies showing the prevalence
and effects of such invasions rises
(Thompson, 1991). Larson et al. (2001)
showed that the ability of alien plant species
to invade a region depends not only on the
attributes of the plants, but also on the
characteristics of the invaded habitat.
Aquatic plant habitat is threatened by
changes in wetland hydrology,
eutrophication, the invasion of exotic plants,
and other human-induced disturbances such
as agriculture and development (Wisheu and
Keddy, 1994).
Within the last few years, major
hydrological engineering activities in and
around the area of Lower Mesopotamia have
resulted in the drying out of vast areas of
wetlands in the Central Marches and Al-
Hammar, and could eventually lead to the
disappearance of these systems (Richardson
et al., 2005). Currently, less than 10% of the
marshlands in Iraq remain as fully
functioning wetlands because of the
extensive drainage and upstream agricultural
irrigation programs on the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers (Partow, 2001). Now,
restoration by re-flooding of drained
marshes is proceeding in the Central and Al-
Hammar marshlands (Lawler, 2005;
Hamdan et al. 2010; Hassan et al.,2011).
One of these Iraqi marshes is Al-Mashb
marsh, southern Iraq, which is the largest
part of Al-Hammar marsh (figure 1), large
part of it have been lost mainly as a results
of drainage and damming in 1990s. In 2003,
the restoration process of Iraqi marshes was
started by removing the dams, which were
established on the Tigers and Euphrates
Rivers. So after reflooding these marshes
many plant species disappeared, while in
contrast another exotic species appeared and
spread out such as H. verticillata.
The current study was conducted to identify
the prevailing macrophyte communities in
Al-Masheb marsh after reflooding, with
some of general features of its habitat and
discussed the environmental variables that
led to its growth and distribution in the study
marsh.

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2- Materials and Methods
Floristic Study
The studied macrophytes were identified
in the Herbarium of College of Science in
the University of Basrah Townsend and
Quest (1980). Vegetation Cover percentage
is defined as the area of ground within the
quadrate (1m2), which is occupied
aboveground parts of each species when
viewed from above (Kent and Coker, 1992).
However, stratification or multiple layering
of vegetation will often result in total cover
values of well over 100 percent.
Environmental variables
The water environmental variables were
measured according to APHA (2003). Five
water samples were taken at each season.
The water temperature, water salinity, and
water pH were measured directly in the field
by digital portable multi meter (model
340i/SET, Germany). The water depth was
calculated by using ironic ruler (its scale
from 0-400 cm.), and Secchi disk (with a
diameter 30 cm) was used for light
penetration measurement. Dissolved oxygen
was measured by Azide-modification of
Winkler method. Calcium and magnesium
ions concentration were calculated by
titration against standard EDTA (0.01 M).
While, the nutrients (NO2-1, NO3-1, and PO4-
3) were measured by colorimetric methods.
Data analysis
Mean and standard error for water
environmental variables were used. The
CANOCO 4.5 was used to analyze the data
(Ter Braak, 1986) as well as Canonical
Correspondence Analysis (CCA) method.
3-Results
Floristic results
The identified plant in this study is
C.demersum. Its vegetation cover percentage
was measured, seasonally. The lowest
percentage (35%) was in winter. While, its
growth reaches to the peak (85%) in summer
(figure 2). Myriophyllum spicatum and
Hydrilla verticillata appeared as associated
species with C. demersum community.
Environmental variables results
The seasonal fluctuation of environm-
ental variables was showed in the figure 3.
The seasonal variation in the water depth
value was clear, the lowest level (57 cm)
was recorded in summer season, while the
highest level (105 cm) was in spring season.
The light penetration reached to the bottom
during all the study period, it followed water
depth, usually. The seasonal water
temperature variations was clear, when the
lowest value (9.75°C) was in winter, while
the highest value (26.65 °C) was in summer.
The lowest salinity value (2.7 ppt.) was
recorded in spring, while the highest value
(5.1 ppt.) in summer season. The seasonal
pH and dissolved oxygen were calculated,

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their lowest values were 7.15 and 2.2 mg/l
in summer season respectively. Their higher
values were 8.82 and 9.3 mg/l in winter
respectively. The calcium and magnesium
concentrations were ranged from 105.9 to
265.7 mg/l and from 63.5 to 92.7 mg/l in
spring and autumn. The seasonal variations
in nutrients concentrations (NO2-1, NO3-1,
and PO4-3) were clear during the study
period, the low values (0.51 µg/l), (1.02
µg/l), and (0.93 µg/l) recorded in summer
respectively, while their high values (1.66
µg/l), (3.39 µg/l), and (2.09 µg/l) were in
winter, respectively (figure 3). These
environmental variables were analyzed to
know their means and standard errors (table
1). As well as, the correlation (r) between
environmental variables to each other was
done (table 2).
Also, the relationships between
environmental variables and species were
concluded, statistically by CCA method,
whereas positive relationships were observed
between vegetation cover percentage for C.
demersum and the values of water
temperature, pH, calcium ion, magnesium
ion, reactive nitrate, reactive nitrite, and
reactive phosphate, their correlation (r)
values were 0.853, 0.557, 0.939, 0.919,
0.746, 0.702, and 0.663, respectively. While,
negative relationships were observed
between vegetation cover percentage for C.
demersum and the values of the other
environmental variables, which are salinity,
dissolved oxygen, and water depth. Their
correlation (r) valves were -0.980, -0.624,
and -0.575, respectively. On the other hand,
light penetration reached to the bottom
during the study period, totally. So that its
correlation (r) value with vegetation cover
percentage for C. demersum followed water
depth, it is -0.575 (figure 4 and table 2).
During the current investigation, we noticed
two associated species with C. demersum
community; these species are Myriophyllum
spicatum and Hydrilla verticillata.

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Table -1- Mean and Standard Error for Water Environmental Variables
Table.2. The correlation (r) between environmental variables and vegetation cover
(percentage) for Ceratophyllum demersum. Also, between environmental variables to each
other.

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Fig.1. Map of the studied location.
Fig.1. Map of the studied location.
Fig.2. Seasonal vegetation cover percentage for Ceratophyllum demersum.

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Fig.3. Seasonal variations with standard error for some environmental variables.
W ater De pth and Lig ht P en tera tion (cm )
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
WD
LP
Water Temperature (Co) and Salinity (ppt.)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30 WT
Sal.
pH
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9.0
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Season
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Calcium and Magnesium (mg/l)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300 Ca+2
Mg+2
Season
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Nutrients (g/l)
-1
0
1
2
3
4
NO3
NO2
PO4

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Fig.4. The relationships between environmental variables and species by CCA method.
Note: Cer dem= Ceratophyllum dimerisum, Myr spi= Myriophyllum spicatum, Hye ver=
Hydrilla verticellata
-1.0 1.5
-0.6 0.4
Myr spi
Hyd ver
Cer dem
WD
LP
WT
Sal.
pH
DO
Ca
Mg
NO3 NO2
PO4
SPECIES
ENV. VARIABLES

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4- Discussion
The fluctuation in the growth of C.
demersum in the present study may be due to
the physical and chemical conditions for its
habitat (Menzie, 1979). Its large distribution
may be due to the environmental changing in
the marsh after restoration that leads to
become appropriate habitat (Williamson,
1999).
C. demersum growth with its peak at
summer may be attributed to the
environmental conditions that should be
changed to be more appropriate, while the
environmental conditions are not suitable to
growth of macrophytes at winter
(Williamson, 1999).
Water depth is one of the important
ecological factors in wetlands. In this study,
the negative correlation between vegetation
cover percentage for C. demersum and water
depth may be because that increasing of
water depth leads to decreasing of light
penetration to submerged aquatic plants,
which affects the photosynthesis (Terrados et
al., 2006). On the other hand the increasing
of water level leads to dilute the nutrients
which are required to growth of plants which
agrees with (Herb and Stefan, 2006; Al-
Kenzawi, 2007, 2009). Light penetration is
very important factor for growth and
distribution of the aquatic macrophyte, but
this study showed there was negative
correlation between light penetration and the
growth that was attributed to the water in the
studied site which was shallow so that light
penetration followed water depth value and
reached to the bottom during all the study
period (Al-Kenzawi, 2007).
The positive relationship, which was
observed between water temperature and
vegetation cover percentage for C.
demersum may be because the increasing of
water temperature enhance evapo-
transpiration, photosynthesis and microbial
activity. The microbial organisms perform
the degradation to dead bodies at warm
season, so that the nutrients that are required
by plants would be added to the ecosystem,
so that temperature has positive effect on
nutrients (Al-Kenzawi, 2009). Chlorophyll
leaf concentration has positive correlation
with temperature (Spencer and Ksander,
1990). Also, the peak of vegetation cover
percentage for this species was at summer
season, when the day lengths are more than
others seasons, whereas increasing day
length at summer season should result in
increasing photosynthesis that should lead to
more growth this agrees with other studies
(Herb and Stefan, 2006; Al-Kenzawi, 2007).
Calcium and Magnesium ions are
essential nutrient for plants, whereas they
share in structure of the cell wall and
chlorophyll. The positive relationships

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between vegetation cover percentage for C.
demersum and these ions may be because
these ions have effects on the microbial
organisms, which perform the degradation
for dead materials, that causes availability of
nutrients which are required by aquatic
plants, so that the growth of this species
should be with the peak at the warm season
(the growth season). These results agree with
other studies (Serag and Khedr, 2001; Al-
Kenzawi, 2007).
The positive relationships between
vegetation cover percentage for C.
demersum and nutrients (NO2-1, NO3-2, and
PO4-3) may be because the high growth
requires large amounts from nitrogen and
phosphorous compounds to metabolic
processes (Khedr and El-Demerdash, 1997).
On the other hand, at winter and autumn,
when there was no growth, there was no
taking up for nitrogen compounds by plants,
in addition, the concentrations that are added
by the rain and the degradation process for
the dead materials, so that their
concentrations should be increased at these
seasons (Al-Kenzawi, 2007, 2009). The
same case for phosphate concentration.
The negative correlation between pH
value and vegetation cover percentage for C.
demersum may be because that pH is
affected by dissolved inorganic carbon,
which is important for photosynthesis
(Heegaard et al., 2001). As well as, the
variations in dissolved inorganic carbon
availability may account for differences in
the growth and distribution of C. demersum
among low and high dissolved inorganic
carbon locations.
The negative correlation between
dissolved oxygen concentration and
vegetation cover percentage for C.
demersum may be due to gas exchange
between the atmosphere and surface water
during the growth season (summer) is
controlled primarily by the gas concentration
gradient and the boundary layer thickness
(Serag and Khedr, 2001). As well as, aquatic
macrophytes produce structural material
(lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses), and
this material decomposes relatively slowly,
and at that time the microbial organisms
consume more dissolved oxygen during the
degradation process for these materials
during the growth season, so that the
dissolved oxygen will be decreased, and
inverse this case at the winter season, this
agrees with many studies (Khedr and El-
Demerdash, 1997; Al-Kenzawi, 2007).
The present study noticed a considerable
existence of Hydrilla verticillata in the
studied marshes, there are no previous data
recorded for this aquatic macrophyte in this
marsh before desiccation of Mesopotamian
wetlands. This invasive plant spreads in
other Iraqi marshes after reflooding which
may affect the appearance of the native
macrophytes species in Mesopotamian
marshes. Alwan (2006) recorded Hydrilla

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verticillata for the first time in Abu-Zirig
marsh, southern Iraq in 2004. Hydrilla
invaded many restored marshes in southern
Iraq (Al-Abbawy and Al-Mayah, 2010) and
other aquatic systems worldwide (Sousa,
2011), for this reason should the Iraqi
government seeks to control this exotic
species before this problem is aggravated.
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to the Marine
Science Center - Basrah University and
Maysan Technical Institute for allowing to
use their labs.
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ﺔﺻﻼﺨﻟا
ﺘﺳا نﻼﺒﻤﺸﻟا تﺎﺒﻧ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗو رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﺪﯾﺪﺤﺗ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا فﺪﮭCeratophyllum demersum ﺐﺤﺴﻤﻟا رﻮھ ﻲﻓ
-
رﺎﻤﺤﻟا ,
ﻖﺑﺎﺴﻟا مﺎﻈﻨﻟا طﻮﻘﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎھرﺎﻤﻏا ةدﺎﻋا ﺪﻌﺑ هرﻮﮭظ دﺎﻌﺘﺳاو تﺎﻨﯿﻌﺴﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ راﻮھﻻا ﻒﯿﻔﺠﺗ ﺔﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻌﺑ هرﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﺮﺛﺎﺗ يﺬﻟاو
ةراﺮﺣ ﺔﺟردو ءﻮﻀﻟا ﺔﯾذﺎﻔﻧو ءﺎﻤﻟا ﻖﻤﻋ ﺮﯿﯾﺎﻌﻤﻟ ﺔﯿﺋﺎﯿﻤﯿﻜﻟاو ﺔﯿﺋﺎﯾﺰﯿﻔﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟاو ﻲﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟا ءﺎﻄﻐﻟا ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﺔﺳارد ﻰﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻻﺎﺑ
ءﺎﻤﻟا لﻼﺧ تﺎﻔﺳﻮﻔﻟاو تاﺮﺘﻨﻟاو ﺖﯾﺮﺘﻨﻟاو مﻮﯿﺴﻨﻐﻤﻟاو مﻮﯿﺴﻟﺎﻜﻟاو باﺬﻤﻟا ﻦﯿﺠﺴﻛوﻻاو ﻲﻨﯿﺟورﺪﯿﮭﻟا سﻻاو ءﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﺣﻮﻠﻣو
مﺎﻋ2008 ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟا ءﺎﻄﻐﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻰﻠﻋا نا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا تﺮﮭظاو85 % ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻞﻗاو ﻒﯿﺼﻟا ﻲﻓ35 % ءﺎﺘﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ . ﻦﻣ ﻦﯿﺒﺗو
تﻼﯿﻠﺤﺗCCA Coneco Ordination Programﻼﻋ دﻮﺟو ﺔﺿﻮﻤﺤﻟاو ةراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟردو ﻲﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟا ءﺎﻄﻐﻟا ﻦﯿﺑ ﺔﺒﺟﻮﻣ ﺔﻗ
ﻦﯿﺠﺴﻛوﻻاو ﺔﯾذﺎﻔﻨﻟاو ءﺎﻤﻟا ﻖﻤﻋو ﺔﺣﻮﻠﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﺳ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ دﻮﺟوو تﺎﻔﺳﻮﻔﻟاو ﺖﯾﺮﺘﻨﻟاو تاﺮﺘﻨﻟاو مﻮﯿﺴﻨﻐﻤﻟاو مﻮﯿﺴﻟﺎﻜﻟاو
يﻮﺘﻌﻟا ﻞﯾذ تﺎﺒﻧ دﻮﺟو ﺪھﻮﺷ ﺎﻤﻛ باﺬﻤﻟاMyriophyllum spicatum ﻻرﺪﯿﮭﻟاوHydrilla verticillataﻧﺎﻛ عاﻮ
نﻼﺒﻤﺸﻟا ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟ ﺔﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ.