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Effect of taurine and potential interactions with caffeine on cardiovascular function
Abstract
The major impetus behind the rise in energy drink popularity among adults is their ability to heighten mental alertness, improve physical performance and supply energy. However, accompanying the exponential growth in energy drink usage have been recent case reports and analyses from the National Poison Data System, raising questions regarding the safety of energy drinks. Most of the safety concerns have centered on the effect of energy drinks on cardiovascular and central nervous system function. Although the effects of caffeine excess have been widely studied, little information is available on potential interactions between the other active ingredients of energy drinks and caffeine. One of the active ingredients often mentioned as a candidate for interactions with caffeine is the beta-amino acid, taurine. Although taurine is considered a conditionally essential nutrient for humans and is thought to play a key role in several human diseases, clinical studies evaluating the effects of taurine are limited. However, based on this review regarding possible interactions between caffeine and taurine, we conclude that taurine should neutralize several untoward effects of caffeine excess. In agreement with this conclusion, the European Union's Scientific Committee on Food published a report in March 2003 summarizing its investigation into potential interactions of the ingredients in energy drinks. At the cardiovascular level, they concluded that "if there are any interactions between caffeine and taurine, taurine might reduce the cardiovascular effects of caffeine." Although these interactions remain to be further examined in humans, the physiological functions of taurine appear to be inconsistent with the adverse cardiovascular symptoms associated with excessive consumption of caffeine-taurine containing beverages.
... It is also known that taurine has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system [6]. Although taurine administration has been shown to reduce blood pressure and has antiarrhythmic properties [7], it has been reported that higher doses of taurine reverse these benefits [8]. ...
... Caffeine and taurine are accepted as the major ingredients of energy drinks that cause improvements in neurocognitive performance and positive ergogenic effects [10]. It was reported that high doses of caffeine are characterized by multiple cardiac comorbidities, including atrial fibrillation, palpitations, and tremors [7]. In addition, a transient increase in blood pressure and heart rate occurs due to the release of adrenaline after the consumption of caffeine [33]. ...
... In addition, a transient increase in blood pressure and heart rate occurs due to the release of adrenaline after the consumption of caffeine [33]. Furthermore, low doses of taurine demonstrated cardioprotective actions such as decreasing platelet aggregation, reducing blood pressure, and having antiarrhythmic properties [7]. However, it was suggested that for higher doses of taurine, these beneficial effects were overridden [8]. ...
The use of beverages containing caffeine has increased significantly in recent years due to their stimulant effects. The aim of this study was to determine the possible adverse effects of caffeine and taurine on young adults’ cardiovascular systems using linear and nonlinear parameters for this analysis. This study was carried out with 56 students from Aydın Adnan Menderes University. The participants were divided into four main groups: caffeine, taurine, caffeine + taurine, and a control. Blood pressure and electrocardiogram measurements were performed before the ingredients were consumed. After 30 and 60 min, the measurements were repeated. Linear and nonlinear analyses were performed on the heart rate variability data 60 min after consumption. Compared with taurine and the combination of caffeine + taurine, caffeine was found to have the most adverse effects on the hemodynamic parameters and the linear and nonlinear parameters of heart rate variability in the young adult participants. It was also found that the presence of taurine may have repressed the adverse effects of caffeine.
... Despite these health bene ts, tea contains caffeine, a key quality determinant but with potential adverse effects on cardiovascular health, palpitations, and insomnia (Schaffer et al. 2014). In pregnant women, caffeine tends to linger longer in the body due to slower metabolization, which potentially lead to issues such as infertility and birth defects (Miyagishima et al. 2011). ...
... Consuming eminent amounts of caffeine, especially beyond 200 mg, can result in negative effects such as nervousness and anxiety, particularly in non-regular caffeine consumers. Excessive caffeine intake is also known to potentially elevate blood pressure, cause irregular heart rhythms, posing risks for those with pre-existing heart conditions (Schaffer et al. 2014). Those experiencing adverse reactions to caffeine are generally advised to discontinue caffeinated beverage consumption. ...
In this study, UPASI 9, a Nilgiris tea clone ( Camellia sinensis ), commonly cultivated using environmentally harmful and economically impractical cutting methods, has been reconsidered for propagation through a more sustainable approach using tissue culture. It was begun by establishing an in vitro culture and optimizing various factors such as explant source materials, disinfection procedures, and the composition of the culture medium. Anatomical studies demonstrated that the use of lower carbendazim concentration for sterilization (0.2%) produced viable and healthy explants for callus initiation, which is a key limiting factor in the success of tea tissue culture. To confirm the genetic consistency of the regenerated plants, gene-specific SSR markers were developed and utilized to ensure that the proliferated callus preserved the same genetic characteristics as that of the mother plants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to analyze volatile metabolites extracted from callus, stem, micro shoots, and leaves of the UPASI 9 tea genotype. The results revealed distinct compositions of metabolites in each sample: callus showed unique metabolites like keto acids and derivatives, organic sulfonic acids, and their derivatives, and oxanes. Leaves stood out with imidazopyrimidines and prenol lipids, micro shoots with purine nucleotides and sulfinic acids, and stems with indoles and derivatives, pyrans, and tetrazines. However, eight classes of metabolites were consistently present in all four UPASI 9 samples. More interestingly, caffeine was exclusively detected in leaf samples but absent in all other investigated tissues, despite the presence of Tea Caffeine Synthase ( TCS ) gene-specific SSRs. Thus, this study provided unique information on the absence of caffeine in the in vitro grown Nilgiris tea clone, UPASI 9, which can be utilized further to create a decaffeinated tea product with minimal cost that has a unique demand in the global market.
... There are only a few case reports supporting beneficial effects in humans. 12 The intake of taurine by energy drinks (1 L energy drink contains on average 3180 mg/L) exceeds by far the mean daily intake from omnivore diets (58 mg). 2 Consequently, there is growing concern about possible adverse effects mediated by taurine due to excessive energy drink consumption. 2 Though, the exact pathomechanism by which energy drinks lead to ventricular tachyarrhythmias is not well understood. 2 Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the impact of caffeine and taurine on arrhythmogenesis in a sensitive whole-heart model. ...
... This is in line with previous case reports, which describe antiarrhythmic properties of taurine. 12 However, this beneficial effect seems to be overridden at higher concentrations by distinct hazardous electrophysiologic effects. To be more precise, we observed an abbreviation of cardiac repolarization and effective refractory periods which may increase ventricular vulnerability by facilitating re-entry. ...
Background:
Several case reports have suggested an increased risk of sudden cardiac death due to energy drinks. Therefore, purpose of this study was to assess acute electrophysiologic effects of caffeine and taurine, two of the main ingredients of energy drinks, in an experimental whole-heart model.
Methods and results:
25 rabbit hearts were excised, retrogradely perfused and assigned to two groups. Hearts were perfused with caffeine (2, 10, 50 µM) or taurine (2, 10, 50 µM) after generating baseline data. Eight monophasic action potentials and ECG recordings showed a significant abbreviation of action potential duration (APD90 ), QT interval and effective refractory periods (ERP) after caffeine treatment. With taurine, cardiac repolarization duration and ERP were significantly shortened. Ventricular vulnerability was assessed by a predefined pacing protocol. With caffeine, we observed a trend towards more ventricular arrhythmias in a dose-dependent manner. After treatment with taurine, significantly more episodes of ventricular arrhythmias occurred.
Conclusion:
In this experimental whole-heart study, treatment with caffeine and taurine provoked ventricular arrhythmias. Underlying mechanism was an abbreviation of cardiac repolarizations and effective refractory periods that may facilitate re-entry and thereby provokes arrhythmias. These findings help to understand the potentially hazardous and fatal outcomes after intoxication with energy drinks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... According to recent data which evaluated caffeinated beverage consumption through volume sales in countries around the world, it was found that the United States consumed the most EDs, sports drinks, and carbonated soda per capita than in any other country [2]. The consumption of these beverages in the United States is most prevalent in men, especially between the ages of [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Additionally, about one-third of teens from the ages of 12-17 also consume these beverages regularly [3]. ...
... Hence, it improves the lipid profile [10]. It also increases vascular relaxation, although the exact mechanism is unclear, it could be due to its ability to decrease angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction, opening of potassium channels, reducing calcium mobilization, or increasing nitric oxide levels as an antioxidant [22]. ...
Energy drink (ED) consumption has become a growing public health issue over the past few decades. Despite claims of being safe and beneficial, EDs have been linked to particularly fatal outcomes associated with the cardiovascular system which include atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, myocardial infarctions, cardiomyopathies, and sudden cardiac death. Large quantities of caffeine, taurine, sugars, and B-vitamins may be contributing to these outcomes by increasing the heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and contractility of the heart in addition to prolonging the QTc. There is still a substantial amount of unknown information on EDs that warrants more research and a dire need for age regulations, transparency of ingredients, clear labeling of adverse effects, and most importantly, education of consumers.
... While there are some studies which evaluate energy-boosting dietary supplements' consumption in other countries, little is known about their current use among students. Despite the fact that caffeine is an addictive substance and potentially fatal in higher doses, there has been no study conducted in Poland about the prevalence of consumption of the substances with its high concentration among university students [22]. ...
... In March 2003, the European Union's Scientific Committee on Food published a report summarizing its investigation into potential interactions of the ingredients in energy drinks. At the cardiovascular level, they concluded that: 'If there are any interactions between caffeine and taurine, taurine might reduce the cardiovascular effects of caffeine' [22]. One can expect that because of the lack of taurine in some energy boosting dietary supplements, they may potentially be more harmful than energy drinks. ...
Introduction
Recent studies have revealed an increase in the consumption of dietary supplements including frequency
of use of caffeine, which is addictive and potentially harmful in higher doses. Energy drinks include high doses of caffeine
and are particularly targeted at young people.
Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of use of caffeine-containing energy products, associated factors and understanding the associated side- effects in university students.
Material and methods
A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among students of the 5 largest
Universities in Krakow. Statistical significance was set at the 0.05 level.
Results
Around 35% of respondents reported the use of different supplements including high doses of caffeine. Frequency
of caffeine-containing products consumption was significantly higher in female students compering to males. Also, those respondents who originated from big cities were more likely to use caffeine-containing products. The study revealed that these substances were also more popular among those participants who study economics. Most students use these substances in order to reduce feeling tired and the duration of sleep, others mainly to increase concentration prior to examinations. Almost one fourth of the group who used these substances admitted to having experienced some sideeffects in the past. They suffered mainly from insomnia, but also from excessive stimulation and muscle trembling. Almost half of the substances users did not know of any potential side-effects.
Conclusions
Attempts should be made to increase public awareness of the side-effects of these substances, particularly
among the student population. These campaigns should be targeted especially at female students who come from bigger
cities. This study is a step towards drawing attention to this issue.
... Platelets function is also regulated by taurine, their talent to undergo aggregation is significantly elevated due to deficiency of taurine [57], these results or finding supports the beneficial role of taurine in reducing risk of stroke and myocardial infarction, an idea that needs further study. Peculiar characteristic of Huntington's disease is occurrence of mutation in huntingtin gene, that cause the formation of polyglutamine repeats that prevent the degradation of huntingtin protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. ...
Taurine (Tau), a sulphur containing amino acid, chemically known as 2 aminoethane sulphonic acid, it's a non-proteinogenic β-amino acid, often referred to as semi essential amino acid as new born mammals have very limited ability to synthesize taurine and they have to depend on dietary sources, it is not incorporated into proteins as no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has yet been identified and is not oxidized in mammalian cells, it attains an important place because of the antioxidant defence network. It has multiple function in the CNS, it serves as an osmoregulator, antioxidant, inhibitory neuromodulator, and regulator of intracellular Ca2flux.First time when it was discovered from ox bile by the German professors Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin they named it GallenAsparagin, later it was known as taurus, in latin Bos taurus means Ox, but it attains its current name (Taurine) in 1838 by von H. Demarcay. Because of presence of sulphonic acid instead of carboxylic acid it is not metabolized and not involved in gluconeogenesis and thus not envolve in direct energy sources. Taurine is produced by liver and kidney including retina, brain, heart and placenta. Taurine plays extensive role against different disorders of the body and in deadly diseases like cancer, liver cirrhosis etc. Human body contains about 0.1% of body weight as taurine. It has a number of physiological and pharmacological actions. In case of spinal cord injury elevated level of taurine has been seen, In methyl prednisolone (MP), treatment in case of SCI, elevation in level of taurine is observed, this elevated level seems to be involved in protection and regeneration of tissues following injury. In this review we try to cover every possible role of taurine which may provide enough information for future research.
... Taurin kalsiyum salınımını modüle edebilir, dolayısıyla beyin, kalp ve iskelet kası üzerinde potansiyel etkileri bulunmaktadır (9,15). Taurinin nörodejeneratif bozukluklarda, antiaritmik ve hipotansif aktivitede anti-enflamatuar, antioksidan ve nöroprotektif olarak farklı çalışmalarda çeşitli yararlı etkileri çalışılmış olsa da (16,17), kafeinle birlikte alındığında kan basıncında artışa neden olmuştur (18). Taurinin kafeinle tüketimini inceleyen başka bir çalışmada yazarlar, düşük doz taurinin ventriküler aritmi sayısını azalttığını, yüksek konsantrasyonların doza bağlı bir şekilde daha fazla aritmiye neden olduğunu bulmuşlardır (19). ...
... When TAU is overconsumed, side effects may arise as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, tremors, and headache [24]. Furthermore, caution must be exercised due to the potential interactions between TAU and cardiovascular and nervous system drugs, which may exacerbate the effects of such treatments and increase the risk of hypotension [25], altered heart rhythms, or neurological concerns [26]. ...
BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Current treatment options like metformin (MET) effectively counteract hyperglycemia but fail to alleviate diabetes-associated complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, hepatopathy, and cardiovascular diseases.
AIM
To propose the supplementation of cholecalciferol (CHO) and taurine (TAU) to enhance MET efficacy in controlling diabetes while minimizing the risk of associated complications.
METHODS
The study involved sixty rats, including ten non-diabetic control rats and fifty experimental rats with type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin. The experimental rats were further subdivided into positive control and treatment subgroups. The four treatment groups were randomly allocated to a single MET treatment or MET combined with supplements either CHO, TAU, or both.
RESULTS
Diabetic rats exhibited elevated levels of glucose, insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin%, lipid markers, aspartate aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde, along with reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase). The administration of CHO and TAU supplements alongside MET in diabetic rats led to a noticeable recovery of islet mass. The antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of the proposed combination therapy significantly ameliorated the aforementioned abnormalities.
CONCLUSION
The supplementation of CHO and TAU with MET showed the potential to significantly improve metabolic parameters and protect against diabetic complications through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.
... The main component of guarana is caffeine, enhancing the effects mentioned above [45]. The exact impacts of taurine on cardiovascular health is not yet fully understood and reliable data is lacking [37,46,47]. The long-term consequences have also not been sufficiently investigated yet [39]. ...
Abstract: (1) Background: The aim of this review was to identify and summarize adverse cardiovas-cular health events associated with the simultaneous consumption of energy drinks (ED) and alcohol. Potential prevention strategies and the implementation of research toward the underlying mechanisms for these pathologies were highlighted to emphasize the need for further investigation and to encourage more attention to this field. (2) Methods: The PubMed database was searched for case reports linked with adverse cardiovascular events after simultaneous ED and alcohol consumption. Inclusion criteria were: the reported age of the patient is between 16 and 35 years and confirmed co-consumption of EDs and alcohol. All relevant articles that met the inclusion criteria were fully read and all relevant data was extracted. The extracted data was summarized and presented in this review of cases. (3) Results: In total, 10 cases were identified. The analysis showed that mainly young adults (median age = 24.5 years), in particular men (80%) were affected. The three parts of the cardiovascular system affected were heart rhythm (42%), myocardial function (33%), and coronary arteries (25%). In 3 cases the outcome was fatal. Moreover, preexisting health conditions and/or potential trigger factors were present in 60% of selected cases. (4) Conclusions: This review of case reports suggests that the simultaneous consumption of EDs and alcohol can lead to adverse cardio-vascular health events and even incidents with fatal outcomes were reported. Potential trigger factors and preexisting health conditions seem to increase the probability of adverse cardiovascular health events. Consumers should be informed about the potential risks and follow responsible consumption behavior to prevent future health events. More systematic studies are needed to determine the acute effects on the cardiovascular system in young adults.
... 20 Excessive caffeine consumption has been found to have injurious health consequences. A pilot study 21 conducted on 18-45 years old healthy, normotensive, non-smoking subjects found that single-day energy drink supplementation 63 increased mean 24-hour and daytime blood pressure compared to caffeinated beverages like coffee alone that does not cause a rise in blood pressure if used in a moderate quantity of 2 cups a day. In India, numerous children and adolescent athletes consume energy drinks before and after sports activities to boost their energy. ...
... Likewise, its deficiency leads to increased blood pressure [21,22]. While caffeine elevates blood pressure, both animal and clinical studies suggested that blood pressure is decreased after taurine treatment [23]. In another study, increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system due to elevated plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels following ED consumption was primarily attributed to the caffeine content of ED [24]. ...
Purpose: We aim to compare the short-term effects of energy drink (ED), coffee, and water on the eyes of young healthy male subjects.
Materials and methods: The right eyes of 30 healthy male subjects were included in this study. We measured the intraocular pressure (IOP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), retinal thickness (RT), choroidal thickness (CT), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). The measurements for RT and CT were taken at the fovea as well as 1,500 µm nasal and temporal to the fovea. The measurements of the subjects were performed on the first day before water consumption and at 30 minutes and 60 minutes following intake of 250 mL of water. Measurements were repeated at the same regime on the second day after drinking 250 mL of coffee containing an equal concentration of caffeine in ED (37.5 mg) and on the third day after drinking 250 mL of ED. Repeated measures one-way analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: No significant difference was found for ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), MAP, RT, and IOP between the measurements taken on three consecutive days (p>0.05 for all). The CT values for the central, nasal, and temporal segments were significantly reduced in 0-30 and 0-60 minutes following coffee and ED intake (the range of p-value was <0.001-0.027).
Conclusions: Both coffee and ED intake caused acute and significant decreases in CT that persisted for one hour in young healthy male subjects. The impact of ED intake on CT was attributed mainly to its caffeine content.
... Its engagement covers various physiological functions encompassing neuromodulation, cell membrane stabilisation, and the regulation of intracellular calcium levels [9]. Acknowledged for its anti-arrhythmic attributes, taurine's capacity for cation transport regulation contributes to its effect [10]. It is instrumental in modulating the inwardly rectifying K+ current and action potential duration in cardiac muscles [11], along with inhibiting the fast Na+ current, thereby evoking class I antiarrhythmic activity [12]. ...
In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks by young adults and athletes has risen significantly, but concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive consumption. These concerns include cardiovascular problems, nervous system disorders, and the potential for addiction. This review aims to examine the reported effects of acute or chronic abuse of energy drinks on human health. The analysis shows a significant prevalence of adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neurovegetative systems. In particular, the analysis identified nine cases of cardiac arrest, three of which were fatal. The aetiology of these adverse effects is attributed to the inherent neurostimulant properties of these beverages, of which caffeine is the predominant component. A comparison of documented effects in humans with experimental studies in animal models showed an overlap in results. This review highlights the need for greater rigour in the assessment of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young people, as legal substances such as energy drinks may be involved. We propose stricter limits on the consumption of these beverages than for caffeine, based on the evidence found and the data in the literature. This review also calls for the establishment of regulations governing the consumption of these products in view of their potential impact on human health.
... 20 Excessive caffeine consumption has been found to have injurious health consequences. A pilot study 21 conducted on 18-45 years old healthy, normotensive, non-smoking subjects found that single-day energy drink supplementation 63 increased mean 24-hour and daytime blood pressure compared to caffeinated beverages like coffee alone that does not cause a rise in blood pressure if used in a moderate quantity of 2 cups a day. In India, numerous children and adolescent athletes consume energy drinks before and after sports activities to boost their energy. ...
Energy is a fundamental aspect of human health and well-being, significantly influencing cognitive, physical, and emotional functioning. In recent times, there has been an increasing focus on enhancing energy levels to optimize daily performance and improve overall quality of life. This case report explores the significance of boosting energy in the context of its impact on psychosis and hypertension.In conclusion, caffeine-related psychosis in adolescents deserves attention as an emerging public health concern. A comprehensive understanding of the risk factors and implications of excessive caffeine consumption in this vulnerable population is essential to promote healthier habits and protect adolescent mental health.
... At the cardiovascular level, they concluded that "if there are any interactions between caffeine and taurine, taurine could reduce the cardiovascular effects of caffeine." Although these interactions have yet to be further investigated in humans, the physiological functions of taurine appear to be inconsistent with adverse cardiovascular symptoms associated with excessive consumption of caffeine-taurine-containing beverages (Schaffer et al., 2014). Effect of Caffeine on Sports Performance Table 2 shows six studies. ...
Caffeine is a compound found in the leaves, seeds and fruits of plants such as coffee and guarana. The aim of the systematic review was to determine the influence of caffeine on cardiorespiratory functions and physical performance. The method was the collection of relevant literature in the period from 2011-2022, and their analysis. The results clearly show the benefit and positive influence of caffeine on both investigated areas. The recommended consumption of caffeine should be higher than 75mg in order to expect positive changes and effects. Also, doses above 600mg should not be exceeded due to side effects, especially on the heart. It is necessary to consume caffeine for at least 45 minutes before the planned activity to ensure complete absorption. Caffeine is a very powerful supplement, it is only necessary to take care of the method and amount of dosage.
... But in recent years, its «renaissance» has occurred again. [1] This substance is involved in a number of physiological processes and has a beneficial effect on the muscles, eyes, nervous system and other organs and systems. ...
The measurement of heart rate variability is the only accurate method for quantifying the function of the autonomic nervous system and its response to stress.
Taurine is an amino acid that had been forgotten. But in recent years, its "renaissance" has occurred again.
This substance is involved in a number of physiological processes and has a beneficial effect on the muscles, eyes, nervous system and other organs and systems.
Taurine is included in the composition of various energy drinks. It is also used in bodybuilding.
Caffeine is one of the most well-known psychostimulants. Coffee is the most commonly used invigorating drink in the world. There are numerous scientific studies on the physiological effects of caffeine. It is also present in a number of energy drinks and is used in sports and fitness.
The combination of taurine with caffeine is very often used to energize the human body.
In this line of thought, the study of the effect of the combination "Taurine + Caffeine" on heart rate variability is relevant. Moreover, the combination of these two substances and its effect on the autonomic nervous system in elderly people over 60 have been insufficiently studied.
We investigated a 61-year-old man in this study. He is 178 cm tall, weighs 75 kg and has a BMI of 24.
We used a chest belt "Polar H10" (with BLE Bluetooth transmission of heart signals) to record heart activity. We made a short term measurement (3 min.) of HRV parameters. The obtained data were analyzed with "Kubios HRV" software.
The design of this study:
First, we measured HRV-parameters in the morning at 8 o'clock immediately after waking up from sleep under basal conditions (at complete rest, in a supine position, at optimal room temperature and complete silence).
We carried out the second measurement of the same parameters for 1 hour. 30 min after intake of 1 capsule (500 mg) Taurine (when it is the peak of the effect of taurine in the body), combined with the consumption of 1 cup of instant coffee.
In this way, we can compare the data from the two measurements of HRV-parameters and see what is the effect of this combination on the autonomic nervous system, its sympatho-vagal balance and the stress index.
Discussion:
From the available results it is clear that after intake of taurine + caffeine combination the readiness index slightly decreased from 71% to 65%, the stress index slightly increased from 17.34 to 19.83, and the LF/HF ratio increased (for account of increased sympathetic tone) from 1.01 to 2.16. SDNN slightly decreased, and Poincaré SD1 also decreased, due to an increase of the sympathetic tone.
Conclusion:
The intake of the combination "Taurine + Caffeine" leads to a slight decrease (deterioration) of HRV- parameters in a 61-year-old man.
... Platelets function is also regulated by taurine, their talent to undergo aggregation is significantly elevated due to deficiency of taurine [57], these results or finding supports the beneficial role of taurine in reducing risk of stroke and myocardial infarction, an idea that needs further study. Peculiar characteristic of Huntington's disease is occurrence of mutation in huntingtin gene, that cause the formation of polyglutamine repeats that prevent the degradation of huntingtin protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. ...
Taurine (Tau), a sulphur containing amino acid, chemically known as 2 aminoethane sulphonic acid, it's a non-proteinogenic β-amino acid, often referred to as semi essential amino acid as new born mammals have very limited ability to synthesize taurine and they have to depend on dietary sources, it is not incorporated into proteins as no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has yet been identified and is not oxidized in mammalian cells, it attains an important place because of the antioxidant defence network. It has multiple function in the CNS, it serves as an osmoregulator, antioxidant, inhibitory neuromodulator, and regulator of intracellular Ca2flux.First time when it was discovered from ox bile by the German professors Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin they named it GallenAsparagin, later it was known as taurus, in latin Bos taurus means Ox, but it attains its current name (Taurine) in 1838 by von H. Demarcay. Because of presence of sulphonic acid instead of carboxylic acid it is not metabolized and not involved in gluconeogenesis and thus not envolve in direct energy sources. Taurine is produced by liver and kidney including retina, brain, heart and placenta. Taurine plays extensive role against different disorders of the body and in deadly diseases like cancer, liver cirrhosis etc. Human body contains about 0.1% of body weight as taurine. It has a number of physiological and pharmacological actions. In case of spinal cord injury elevated level of taurine has been seen, In methyl prednisolone (MP), treatment in case of SCI, elevation in level of taurine is observed, this elevated level seems to be involved in protection and regeneration of tissues following injury. In this review we try to cover every possible role of taurine which may provide enough information for future research.
... this effect is the extrusion of taurine and sodium (Na + ) from the cell via taurine/Na + symport, which limits Ca 2+ overload through Na + /Ca 2+ exchange in ischemia-reperfusion injuries [24]. This effect suggests the therapeutic use of taurine in surgery for cardiac damage, heart transplantation, and myocardial infarction [25]. ...
Taurine, a cysteine-derived zwitterionic sulfonic acid, is a common ingredient in energy drinks and is naturally found in fish and other seafood. In humans, taurine is produced mainly in the liver, and it can also be obtained from food. In target tissues, such as the retina, heart, and skeletal muscle, it functions as an essential antioxidant, osmolyte, and antiapoptotic agent. Taurine is also involved in energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Taurine plays a considerable role in bone growth and development, and high-profile reports have demonstrated the importance of its metabolism for bone health. However, these reports have not been collated for more than 10 years. Therefore, this review focuses on taurine-bone interactions and covers recently discovered aspects of taurine's effects on osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, bone structure, and bone pathologies (e.g., osteoporosis and fracture healing), with due attention to the taurine-cartilage relationship.
... Por otra parte, por el contenido elevado de azúcar que muchas bebidas energizantes contienen, es indispensable alertar a las personas sobre su consumo. Es pertinente diseñar e implementar proyectos en salud pública, enfocados a la promoción de la salud y la prevención de la enfermedad, en especial de tipo cardiovascular y metabólica (como la diabetes), en los entornos laborales militares, privilegiando la información y la educación a las comunidades trabajadoras, sobre los verdaderos efectos e impacto negativo sobre la salud, relacionados con el consumo de bebidas energizantes y azucaradas.Así mismo, es necesario abordar el tema en especial cuando se trata de poblaciones de trabajadores jóvenes, quienes consumen de manera frecuente energizantes, se ponen en contacto con publicidad que promueve la compra y el consumo de estas bebidas, pero donde la minoría ha recibido mensajes educativos que informen sobre los efectos negativos de tales sustancias en la salud(30).Adicionalmente es importante, en lo que compete a la población abordada en estos estudios, que, en cada base e institución militar, no solo se evalúe de forma aislada el rendimiento en las actividades diarias del personal, sino que se reconozcan y se observen, las particularidades de las medidas que se están implementando para lograr tales objetivos, identificar qué utiliza y que consume el personal para mantener el rendimiento laboral óptimo. También se deben evaluar las condiciones de salud, los hábitos, modos y estilos de vida de los trabajadores en estos ambientes laborales, pues de acuerdo a la literatura revisada, existe escasa información al respecto. ...
Bebidas energizantes en el personal militar
... We must consider the possibility of negative interactions between caffeine and one of these ingredients. Taurine is one of the most popular additives to caffeinated energy drinks, and their interactions were already investigated [79]. Although authors of this study suggested the possibility of taurine reducing caffeine's effects on the cardiovascular system, such interactions were not confirmed by exercise trials. ...
The problem addressed in this study is the appropriateness of using different pre-training supplementation strategies and their ability to improve training performance and psychological measures. The aim of the study is the evaluation of the effectiveness of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) containing beta-alanine, L-citrulline malate, arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, L-taurine, L-tyrosine and caffeine compared to an exact dosage of anhydrous caffeine in bench press strength endurance, feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FAS) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). A group of fifteen resistance-trained males, weighing 83.92 ± 8.95 kg and having an average of 5.6 ± 3.38 years of training experience, tested their bench press 10 repetition maximum (79.01 ± 12.13). In a cross-over manner, they participated in two sessions where they were blinded to the order of supplementation they were given: either a MIPS including caffeine or caffeine alone. They completed the bench press strength endurance test with pre- and post-training psychological assessments containing FS, FAS and sRPE. Bench press repetition volume was greater after anhydrous caffeine than MIPS supplementation with no difference in psychological measures. These results indicate that MIPS supplementation is less ergogenic and cost effective than caffeine alone.
... Taurine is purported to have an inotropic effect (Huxtable and Bressler, 1974), and the combination of caffeine and taurine may further increase cardiac contractility (Baum and Weiss, 2001). However, another study suggested that the presence of taurine is more likely to reduce the cardiovascular effects of caffeine (Schaffer et al., 2014). Little is known about potential cardiovascular effects of other ingredients, and the composition of these beverages remains largely undetermined, which presents a challenge to identifying the potential cardiovascular effects of the ingredients. ...
Consumption of energy drinks has been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects;
however, little is known about the ingredients that may contribute to these effects. We therefore characterized the chemical profiles and in vitro effects of energy drinks and their ingredients on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, and identified the putative active ingredients using a multivariate prediction model. Energy drinks from 17 widely-available over-the-counter brands were evaluated in this study. The concentrations of six common molecular ingredients (caffeine, taurine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, adenine, and L-methionine) were quantified by coupling liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the acquisition of LC-MS/MS spectra. In addition, untargeted analyses for each beverage were performed with a platform combining LC, ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry (LCIMS-MS) measurements. Approximately 300 features were observed per sample in the untargeted studies, and of these ~100 were identified. In vitro effects of energy drinks and some of their molecular ingredients were then tested in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Data on the beat rate (positive and negative chronotropy), ion channel function (QT prolongation), and cytotoxicity were collected in a dilution series. We found that some of the energy drinks elicited adverse effects on the cardiomyocytes with the most common being an increase in the beat rate, while QT prolongation was also observed at the lowest concentrations. Finally, concentration addition modeling using quantitative data from the 6 common ingredients and multivariate prediction modeling was used to determine potential molecular ingredients responsible for the adverse effects on the cardiomyocytes. These analyses suggested theophylline, adenine, and azelate as possibly contributing to the in vitro effects of energy drinks on QT prolongation in cardiomyocytes.
... Por último, algunos estudios han objetivado un incremento en la contractilidad cardíaca (ino tropismo positivo) que no está claro si se relaciona con la cafeína o la taurina. Algún artículo [22] plan tea la posibilidad de que la combinación de cafeína con taurina reduce los problemas cardiovasculares de la primera. ...
... Por último, algunos estudios han objetivado un incremento en la contractilidad cardíaca (ino tropismo positivo) que no está claro si se relaciona con la cafeína o la taurina. Algún artículo [22] plan tea la posibilidad de que la combinación de cafeína con taurina reduce los problemas cardiovasculares de la primera. ...
Introducción:
En los últimos 20 años se ha producido un incremento del consumo de bebidas energéticas, con un alto contenido de cafeína, en especial en la población de adolescentes. Pocos estudios han investigado qué saben los estudiantes de medicina sobre este producto y sus posibles efectos secundarios.
Sujetos y métodos:
Estudio observacional y transversal. Se incluyeron todos los alumnos de primer y segundo curso de medicina en la Universidad Europea de Madrid en los cursos 2017-2018 y 2018-2019. Se elaboró una encuesta con 20 ítems: 7 preguntas sobre datos sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida y 13 sobre conocimiento y hábitos de consumo de bebidas energéticas. Los alumnos cumplimentaron la encuesta de forma voluntaria, anónima y autoadministrada Se realizó una estadística descriptiva y para la comparación de variables cualitativas se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado o el test exacto de Fisher.
Resultados:
Respondieron a la encuesta 353 alumnos (80% de la muestra). De ellos, 115 (32,6%) señalaron que consumían al menos una lata al mes (consumidores). El 79% conocían algún componente: el 67,1%, que contenían taurina; el 51,9%, cafeína, y el 31,2%, azúcares. En cuanto a los efectos secundarios derivados del consumo, los más conocidos eran taquicardia/palpitaciones, insomnio, nerviosismo e irritabilidad e incremento de la diuresis.
Conclusiones:
Los alumnos de primer y segundo de medicina conocen mayoritariamente que las bebidas energéticas contienen taurina, pero solo la mitad, que contienen cafeína. Los efectos secundarios más conocidos son la sensación de palpitaciones/taquicardia y la dificultad para dormir.
... La fonction endothéliale est un baromètre de la santé vasculaire, et une fonction endothéliale anormale appelée généralement « dysfonction endothéliale » est associée à un environnement vasculaire pro-vasoconstriction et pro-thrombotique, à l'inflammation, et à la promotion de la croissance cellulaire 52 Le second ingrédient le plus commun des BÉ est la taurine. La prépondérance des preuves suggère que la taurine serait davantage un antiarythmique qu'un proarythmique 58 . Du côté de la pression artérielle, la taurine est considérée comme ayant un effet hypotenseur à doses plus élevées, mais certains ont suggéré que l'augmentation de la tension artérielle qu'ils ont observée pourrait être stimulée par la présence d'inositol ou de taurine 59 . ...
Les boissons énergisantes et le sport 2 Recommandations de l'AQMSE 1. L'AQMSE ne recommande pas la prise de boisson énergisante avant, pendant ou immédiatement après la pratique d'activités sportives. 2. L'AQMSE recommande une mention sur les contenants de boissons énergisantes qui s'apparenterait à la mise en garde concernant l'alcool, tel que « Ne pas consommer lors de l'activité physique ». 3. L'AQMSE recommande fortement aux jeunes ayant un problème cardiaque connu ou ayant une histoire familiale de mort subite de ne pas consommer de boisson énergisante. 4. L'AQMSE recommande de diminuer à 80 mg la quantité de caféine totale maximale permise dans un contenant donné. 5. L'AQMSE recommande l'inscription de la quantité totale de caféine sur chaque contenant de produits énergisants identifiés comme produit de santé naturel (par exemple, sur les concentrés énergisants dits « energy shot »). 6. L'AQMSE recommande que les boissons énergisantes soient formellement identifiées et soient vendues séparément des boissons de réhydratation pour sportifs et des boissons gazeuses. 7. L'AQMSE recommande d'augmenter l'éducation et la sensibilisation auprès des jeunes et de leurs entourages (parents, enseignants, entraineurs, fédérations sportives) sur les boissons énergisantes et leurs risques potentiels, particulièrement dans le cadre de la pratique d'une activité physique. 8. L'AQMSE recommande d'interdire la vente de boisson énergisante chez les 16 ans et moins. 9. L'AQMSE dénonce l'utilisation des boissons énergisantes jumelées à l'alcool donnant une fausse sensation de sécurité, entre autres, pour la conduite automobile. 10. L'AQMSE recommande aux médecins et aux consommateurs de rapporter au Centre antipoison et à Santé Canada les cas d'effets secondaires pouvant être reliés aux boissons énergisantes. 11. L'AQMSE recommande à Santé Canada de rendre disponible un formulaire de déclaration dédié à ces boissons, facile d'accès, pour récolter directement les informations auprès des consommateurs et ainsi en faire une surveillance spécifique. Les boissons énergisantes et le sport 3 Quiconque désirant porter plainte ou poser une question au sujet des boissons énergisantes : Inspectorat de la Direction générale des produits de santé et des aliments https://www.canada.ca/fr/sante-canada/organisation/contactez-nous/inspectorat-sante-canada.html Pour les professionnels de la santé qui veulent rapporter des effets secondaires néfastes des produits de santé naturels : Déclarer un effet indésirable ou un incident lié à un instrument médical https://www.canada.ca/fr/sante-canada/services/medicaments-produits-sante/medeffetcanada/declaration-ef-fets-indesirables.html Pour rapporter un effet secondaire suite à la consommation des boissons énergisantes :-Site web de la compagnie de la boisson consommée-Agence canadienne d'inspection des aliments
... Taurine is a free intracellular nitrogenous compound derived from methionine and cysteine, mainly found in abundance in seafood [6]. In addition, taurine is present in almost all mammalian tissues [7,8], and is used as a nutritional supplement due to its antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions [9][10][11] and ability to improve muscle contraction [10]. Finally, taurine can increase the expression of genes related to energy metabolism regulation, specifically, the utilization of lipid substrates, stimulating the lipolysis process [12,13]. ...
Based on the fact that taurine can increase lipid metabolism, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of acute taurine supplementation on lipid oxidation levels in healthy young men after a single bout of fasting aerobic exercise. A double-blind, acute, and crossover study design was conducted. Seventeen men (age 24.8 ± 4.07y; BMI: 23.9 ± 2.57 kg/m²) participated in the present study. Different doses of taurine (TAU) (3 g or 6 g) or placebo were supplemented 90 minutes before a single bout of fasting aerobic exercise (on a treadmill at 60% of VO2 max). The subjects performed three trials, and each one was separated by seven days. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after the exercise protocol of each test to analyze plasma levels of glycerol and taurine. Lipid and carbohydrate oxidation were determined immediately after exercise for 15 minutes by indirect calorimetry. We observed that TAU supplementation (6 g) increased lipid oxidation (38%) and reduced the respiratory coefficient (4%) when compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). However, no differences in lipid oxidation were observed between the different doses of taurine (3 g and 6 g). For glycerol concentrations, there were no differences between trials. Six grams of TAU supplementation 90 minutes before a single bout of aerobic exercise in a fasted state was sufficient to increase the lipid oxidation post-exercise in healthy young men.
... It is a crucial component of tea quality and is significantly related to the bitterness of tea. Nevertheless, excessive intake of caffeine has been reported to have some side effects for human health, such as increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, palpitations, and insomnia 100,101 . The documentation of the genes controlling caffeine biosynthesis is therefore essential for the future of breeding new varieties with a low caffeine content. ...
Tea is among the world’s most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages and possesses enormous economic, health, and cultural values. It is produced from the cured leaves of tea plants, which are important evergreen crops globally cultivated in over 50 countries. Along with recent innovations and advances in biotechnologies, great progress in tea plant genomics and genetics has been achieved, which has facilitated our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tea quality and the evolution of the tea plant genome. In this review, we briefly summarize the achievements of the past two decades, which primarily include diverse genome and transcriptome sequencing projects, gene discovery and regulation studies, investigation of the epigenetics and noncoding RNAs, origin and domestication, phylogenetics and germplasm utilization of tea plant as well as newly developed tools/platforms. We also present perspectives and possible challenges for future functional genomic studies that will contribute to the acceleration of breeding programs in tea plants.
... Administration of caffeine and taurine in combination altered measures of cardiovascular function (Bichler, Swenson & Harris, 2006) and elevated mental performance and mood (Seidl et al., 2000) over placebo in human participants. When these two components were studied alone and in combination, taurine counteracted the effects of caffeine on cardiovascular function (Schaffer et al., 2014), mitigated some of the effects of caffeine on cognitive measures (Giles et al., 2012), reduced caffeine-induced physiological alterations associated with cycling performance (Warnock et al., 2017), and attenuated the effects of caffeine on specific parameters of reaction time (Peacock, Martin & Carr, 2013) in human subjects. However, in vitro, taurine did not alter caffeine-induced effects in human cardiac muscle tissue (Chaban et al., 2017) or mouse skeletal muscle tissue (Tallis et al., 2014). ...
The current study investigated the independent and combined effects of caffeine and taurine on anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine responses in adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione), the world’s most commonly used psychoactive drug, acts as an adenosine receptor blocker and a mild central nervous system stimulant. However, excessive use of caffeine is associated with heightened anxiety levels. Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a semi-essential amino acid synthesized within the human brain, has been hypothesized to play a role in regulating anxiolytic behavior. Caffeine and taurine are two common additives in energy drinks and are often found in high concentrations in these beverages. However, few studies have investigated the interaction of these two chemicals with regards to anxiety measures. A suitable vertebrate to examine anxiety-like behavior and physiological stress responses is the zebrafish, which has shown promise due to substantial physiological and genetic homology with humans. Anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish can be determined by analyzing habituation to novelty when fish are placed into a novel tank and scototaxis (light avoidance) behavior in the light-dark test. Stress-related neuroendocrine responses can be measured in zebrafish by analyzing whole-body cortisol levels. The goal of this study was to determine if exposure to caffeine, taurine, or a combination of the two compounds altered anxiety-like behavior and whole-body cortisol levels in zebrafish relative to control. Zebrafish were individually exposed to either caffeine (100 mg/L), taurine (400 mg/L), or both for 15 min. Zebrafish in the control group were handled in the same manner but were only exposed to system tank water. After treatment, fish were transferred to the novel tank test or the light-dark test. Behavior was tracked for the first 6 min in the novel tank and 15 min in the light-tark test. Fifteen min after introduction to the behavioral task, fish were euthanized for the analysis of whole-body cortisol levels. The results demonstrate that caffeine treatment decreased the amount of exploration in the top of the novel tank and increased scototaxis behavior in the light-dark test, which supports the established anxiogenic effect of acute exposure to caffeine. Taurine alone did not alter basal levels of anxiety-like behavioral responses nor ameliorated the anxiogenic effects of caffeine on behavior when the two compounds were administered concurrently. None of the drug treatments altered basal levels of whole-body cortisol. The current results of this study suggest that, at least at this dose and time of exposure, taurine does not mitigate the anxiety-producing effects of caffeine when administered in combination, such as with energy drink consumption.
... It is reported that Red Bull ® energy drink (0.4 % of taurine) caused increased diastolic blood pressure, aerobic endurance and anaerobic performance (Oja and Saransaari 2007). Taurine should neutralize several untoward effects of caffeine in the drinks, e.g. while caffeine is capable of elevating blood pressure, taurine reduces blood pressure (Schaffer et al. 2014). ...
Taurine, a sulphur - containing amino acid, has been termed a functional nutrient. Its synthetic form is a common ingredient in supplements and energy drinks. There is no information concerning taurine impact on bone microstructure after prolonged supplemental use. Also, differences in bone parameters of mice following taurine exposure are unknown. In this study, a detailed microstructure of compact and trabecular bone tissues of mice subchronically exposed to taurine was determined. Animals (n=12) were segregated into three groups: E1 group – mice received 20 mg/kg b.w. of taurine per day during 8 weeks; E2 group – mice were fed by taurine at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. for 8 weeks and a control (C) group. Decreased density of secondary osteons, increased sizes of primary osteon's vascular canals (P<0.05) were observed in taurine – treated animals. Cortical bone thickness, trabecular thickness were decreased (P<0.05) in E1 group, and relative volume of trabecular bone was lower (P<0.05) in E2 group as compared to C group. According to our results, prolonged taurine exposure at the doses used in this study can negatively affect both compact and trabecular bone tissues microstructure.
... 33 Taurine is an endogenous molecule and supplementation is believed to be antiarrhythmic rather than pro-arrhythmic. 34,35 In animal models evaluating short QT syndrome, a taurine-magnesium coordination compound has been shown to prolong the QT interval in a dose-dependent manner. 36 Data on glucuronolactone and B-vitamins are limited but they are typically regarded as safe. ...
Background
Energy drinks have been linked to an increase in emergency room visits and deaths. We aim to determine the impact of energy drinks on electrocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters in young healthy volunteers.
Methods and Results
A randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, crossover study was conducted in healthy volunteers. Participants consumed 32 oz of either energy drink A, energy drink B, or placebo within 60 minutes on 3 study days with a 6‐day washout period in between. The primary end point of QT c interval and secondary end points of QT interval, PR interval, QRS duration, heart rate, and brachial and central blood pressures were measured at baseline, and every 30 minutes for 240 minutes. A repeated‐measures 2‐way analysis of variance was performed with the main effects of intervention, time, and an interaction of intervention and time. Thirty‐four participants were included (age 22.1±3.0 years). The interaction term of intervention and time was statistically significant for Bazett's corrected QT interval, Fridericia's corrected QT interval, QT , PR , QRS duration, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, central systolic blood pressure, and central diastolic blood pressure (all P <0.001). The maximum change from baseline in Bazett's corrected QT interval for drinks A, B, and placebo were +17.9±13.9, +19.6±15.8, and +11.9±11.1 ms, respectively ( P =0.005 for ANOVA ) ( P =0.04 and <0.01, respectively compared with placebo). Peripheral and central systolic and diastolic blood pressure were statistically significantly different compared with placebo (all P <0.001).
Conclusion
Energy drinks significantly prolong the QT c interval and raise blood pressure.
Clinical Trial Registration
URL : http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT 03196908.
... EDs are consumed for the purpose of providing additional energy, increasing cognitive and physical performance, prolonging alertness and improving mood 8 . Due to the positive inotropic effect, they should induce some benefit to the exercising individuals by improving skeletal muscle oxygenation and increasing aerobic metabolism and muscular performance 9 . Thus, EDs are widely used by athletes as ergogenic agents 10 . ...
Background/Aim. Energy drinks (EDs) are widely used by athletes as ergogenic agents and Red Bull? is one of the most consumed EDs among them. The aim of this study was to determine the acute and chronic effects of Red Bull? on cardiodynamics and parameters of oxidative stress in physically trained rats. Methods. Rats were subjected to a swimming practice (1h a day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks). They were divided into 4 groups: rats that did not consume ED either before swimming or prior to sacrificing; rats that did not consume ED before swimming but did consume ED 30 min prior to sacrificing; rats that consumed ED 30 min before every swimming training but did not consume ED prior to sacrificing; rats that consumed ED 30 min before every swimming training and 30 min before sacrificing. After sacrificing, the hearts of the rats were isolated and perfused according to the Langendorff technique. The parameters of cardiac function were recorded, and also the levels of prooxidants were measured in the coronary effluent during coronary autoregulation. Results. Acute administration of the ED had a positive inotropic effect (manifested as a significantly higher level of the maximum and minimum rate of pressure development in the left ventricle), while chronic administration affected the isolated increase in systolic left ventricular pressure. The prooxidative effect of the ED was observed, which was more pronounced in chronic consumption. Conclusion. The main conclusion of our study is that chronic consumption of ED changes the cardiovascular response and redox status in acute consumption ED.
... As shown by previous studies, taurine acts condescendingly on the myocardium, mainly protecting against apoptosis [23][24][25]. Schaffer et al. indicate that taurine can reduce the impact of caffeine on the cardiovascular system [26]. The combination of these two substances, however, increase the strength of myocardial contractility after Ed ingestion [27]. ...
Energy drinks (ED) are beverages containing caffeine, taurine, vitamins, herbal extracts, and sugar or sweeteners. They are marketed as capable of improving stamina, athletic performance and concentration, moreover, as serving as a source of energy. Still, there are very few papers describing the impact of ED on cell biology – including cell apoptosis within tissues. Therefore, in our study, we assessed the symptoms of rat cardiomyocytes apoptosis after 8 weeks consumption of ED.
For the research, we used male Wistar rats divided into 2 groups (experimental and control). The experimental animals received ED at a dose average of 0.190 ml per g of body weight per day for a period of 8 weeks. The animals of the control group received just water and food without limitation. After 8 weeks, the rats were decapitated; hearts and other organs were collected. After embedding in paraffin blocks, 5μm thick tissue slides were prepared and stained according to standard hematoxylin and eosine (H&E) staining protocol. Additional slides were stained by immunohistochemistry with antibodies directed against either caspaze-3 or p53 protein.
Our results showed that the expression of caspase 3 and p53 protein varied depending on the group of rats. The expression of caspase 3 observed in cardiomyocytes was much more intense in the experimental group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitation of p53 protein was observed more frequently in the cardiomyocytes nuclei of the experimental group than in the control group.
Obtained results suggest that chronic use of ED induces intracellular disorders and apoptosis in consumer cardiomyocytes.
This study was begun by establishing an in vitro culture in UPASI 9, a Nilgiris tea clone (Camellia sinensis) by optimising various factors. Anatomical studies demonstrated that use of lower carbendazim concentration for sterilisation (0.2%) produced viable and healthy explants for callus initiation. To confirm the genetic consistency of the regenerated plants, gene-specific SSR markers were developed and utilised. GC-MS was employed to analyse volatile metabolites extracted from callus, stem, micro shoots, and leaves of the UPASI 9 tea genotype. The results revealed distinct compositions of metabolites in each sample. More interestingly, caffeine was exclusively detected in leaf samples but absent in all other investigated tissues, despite the presence of Tea Caffeine Synthase (TCS) gene-specific SSRs. Thus, this study provided unique information on the absence of caffeine in in vitro grown Nilgiris tea clone, UPASI 9, as decaffeinated tea has a unique niche in the global market.
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on acute exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition, along with synergistic exercise-related performance outcomes and training adaptations. The following 13 points constitute the consensus of the Society and have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: Energy drinks (ED) commonly contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12), vitamin C, vitamin A (beta carotene), vitamin D, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), sugars (nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners), tyrosine, and L-theanine, with prevalence for each ingredient ranging from 1.3 to 100%. Energy drinks can enhance acute aerobic exercise performance, largely influenced by the amount of caffeine (> 200 mg or >3 mg∙kg bodyweight [BW⁻¹]) in the beverage. Although ED and ES contain several nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES based on scientific evidence appear to be caffeine and/or the carbohydrate provision. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established, but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. Consuming ED and ES 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance with doses >3 mg∙kg BW⁻¹. Consuming ED and ES containing at least 3 mg∙kg BW⁻¹ caffeine is most likely to benefit maximal lower-body power production. Consuming ED and ES can improve endurance, repeat sprint performance, and sport-specific tasks in the context of team sports. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients that either have not been studied or evaluated in combination with other nutrients contained in the ED or ES. For this reason, these products need to be studied to demonstrate efficacy of single- and multi-nutrient formulations for physical and cognitive performance as well as for safety. Limited evidence is available to suggest that consumption of low-calorie ED and ES during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote additional weight control, potentially through enhanced training capacity. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. Individuals should consider the impact of regular coingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrates from ED and ES on metabolic health, blood glucose, and insulin levels. Adolescents (aged 12 through 18) should exercise caution and seek parental guidance when considering the consumption of ED and ES, particularly in excessive amounts (e.g. > 400 mg), as limited evidence is available regarding the safety of these products among this population. Additionally, ED and ES are not recommended for children (aged 2-12), those who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding and those who are sensitive to caffeine. Diabetics and individuals with preexisting cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and/or neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should exercise caution and consult with their physician prior to consuming ED. The decision to consume ED or ES should be based upon the beverage’s content of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. Indiscriminate use of ED or ES, especially if multiple servings per day are consumed or when consumed with other caffeinated beverages and/or foods, may lead to adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the position stand of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) integrating current literature on ED and ES in exercise, sport, and medicine. The effects of consuming these beverages on acute exercise performance, metabolism, markers of clinical health, and cognition are addressed, as well as more chronic effects when evaluating ED/ES use with exercise-related training adaptions.
Energy drinks (EDs) are beverages similar to soft drinks, characterized by high caffeine concentrations with additional ingredients like taurine and vitamins, marketed for boosting energy, reducing tiredness, increasing concentration, and for their ergogenic effect. The majority of consumers are children, adolescents, and young athletes. Although EDs companies claim about the ergogenic and remineralizing properties of their products, there is a serious lack of evidence at preclinical as well as clinical level to validate their benefits. The regular intake and long-term consequences of these caffeinated drinks are not well documented, especially the possible negative effects in adolescents whose brain is still developing. EDs combined with alcohol are also gaining popularity among adolescents and different publications indicate that this combined consumption might increase the risk to develop an alcohol use disorder, as well as produce serious adverse cardiovascular effects. There is an increasing need to disseminate knowledge on EDs damage on health, so that adolescents can be aware about the potential harmful outcomes of consuming these drinks.
Purpose
Taurine (2-aminoethane sulfonic acid; C2H7NO3S) is a nonprotein sulfur-containing β-amino acid present in nearly all mammalian tissues and the most ubiquitous free endogenous biomolecule in human cells. Taurine is commonly known as a conditionally essential amino acid because taurine is one of the few amino acids that are not incorporated in protein synthesis. The purpose of this study is to review the existing articles related to taurine and to give an account how useful is taurine to the different body systems. In this thorough overview, taurine is covered in terms of its essentiality, sources, advantages for neonates and the elderly, the effects of taurine deficiency, and the safety and toxicity of taurine supplements.
Design/methodology/approach
This is a narrative review into the subject matter. Published articles were searched on different portals like PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubChem etc. The authors also evaluated the availability of taurine in commercially available energy drinks.
Findings
This comprehensive review, presents the potential clinical benefits and functional properties of taurine as a conditionally essential amino acid. Energy drinks containing taurine (and their concentration) are also reported in this review.
Originality/value
This is the first data that the authors are aware of that shows taurine content in a variety of energy drinks on the market.
This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of taurine in attenuating muscle atrophy. C26 carcinoma cells were cultured and injected into the scapulae of Balb/c mice with 1 × 106 cells. Taurine (200 μl suspension) was orally administered at the concentration of 200 mg/kg of body weight for 2 weeks. Femur muscle tissue, spleen, and gonadal fat tissue were collected and weighed. Muscle tissue was stained by H&E for histopathological analysis. The transcriptional expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 gene was checked by real-time PCR. C26 cells, which induced tumor growth, caused a loss in muscle mass and gonadal fat tissue mass. Simultaneously, there was an increase in spleen and tumor tissue mass. In contrast, taurine supplementation showed a downregulatory effect on the transcriptional expression profile of muscle degradative factors atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. Our findings suggest that taurine has the potential to inhibit muscle atrophy and can be developed as a safe treatment option against muscle loss in sarcopenia patients.
Guan-Xin-Shu-Tong capsule is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, little knowledge about the metabolic profiling in vivo after treating with Guan-Xin-Shu-Tong capsule was reported. To acquire the changed metabolism pathways and search for the potential biomarkers, a metabonomics approach of Guan-Xin-Shu-Tong capsule against hyperlipidemia was developed based on UPLC-MS/MS. A Shimpack XR-ODS C18 column (75 × 3.0 mm, 2.2 μm) was applied for separation at the flow rate of 0.4 mL min⁻¹. Multivariate statistical analysis (OPLS and OPLS-DA) revealed obvious differentiation between the natural group, hyperlipidemia group, positive group and Guan-Xin-Shu-Tong capsule treated group in both positive and negative ion modes. A total of 19 metabolites from urine samples and 16 metabolites from plasma samples were identified as potential biomarkers. Our results showed that such a metabonomics approach could not only provide a systematic view of hyperlipidemia-related metebolism, but also reveal the mechanism of therapeutic effect of Guan-Xin-Shu-Tong capsule in treating hyperlipidemia.
Taurine is a semi-essential, the most abundant free amino acid in the human body, with a six times higher concentration in platelets than any other amino acid. It is highly beneficial for the organism, has many therapeutic actions, and is currently approved for heart failure treatment in Japan. Taurine has been repeatedly reported to elicit an inhibitory action on platelet activation and aggregation, sustained by in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro animal and human studies. Taurine showed effectiveness in several pathologies involving thrombotic diathesis, such as diabetes, traumatic brain injury, acute ischemic stroke, and others. As human prospective studies on thrombosis outcome are very difficult to carry out, there is an obvious need to validate existing findings, and bring new compelling data about the mechanisms underlying taurine and derivatives antiplatelet action and their antithrombotic potential. Chloramine derivatives of taurine proved a higher stability and pronounced selectivity for platelet receptors, raising the assumption that they could represent future potential antithrombotic agents. Considering that taurine and its analogues display permissible side effects, along with the need of finding new, alternative antithrombotic drugs with minimal side effects and long-term action, the potential clinical relevance of this fascinating nutrient and its derivatives requires further consideration.
Consumption of pre-workout supplements (PWS) has increased substantially in recent years. However, dosages of ingredients vary between manufacturers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze ingredients from various products and to survey past and present (4 weeks) consumption behavior. Analysis of ingredients was performed in 30 products according to manufacturer's specifications. Subsequently, online questionnaire was used to assess reasons for taking, timing and dosing of PWS in 39 recreational athletes (4 females; 35 males; 25.15 ± 3.67 years). Most prevalent ingredients in PWS were caffeine, beta-alanine, L-citrulline, L-arginine, L-tyrosine, taurine and creatine. Average dosing per serving were 254mg caffeine (125-410 mg), 2513 mg beta-alanine (500-4000 mg), L-citrulline 3506 mg (500-8000 mg), L-arginine 2726 mg (500-8000 mg), L-tyrosine 1227 mg (150-3000 mg), taurine 1211 mg (90-2500 mg) and creatine 3031 mg (1000-5000 mg). Average values were in (63%) or below (36%) the recommended ergogenic dosage. Major motives for PWS use were improved concentration, increased blood flow and delayed onset of fatigue. Most subjects consumed PWS 1-3 times per month. In most cases consumption took place 15-30 min before training. Manufacturers' recommendations for consumption were generally followed. A large number of subjects (82%) reported minor side effects from PWS consumption (e. g. paresthesia, insomnia, headache). Based on current research only caffeine, L-citrulline, L-arginine and taurine show relevant direct performance-enhancing effects, while the benefit of beta-alanine, L-tyrosine and creatine in PWS seems highly questionable. Dosages of ingredients were safe, but often too low to increase performance.
Lipid metabolism disorders such as hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis that are grave public health issues. Taurine, a sulfur-containing non-essential amino acid exerts a wide range of physiological effects that regulate lipid metabolic disorders. Although the effects of taurine on lipid-lowering have been reported in animals and humans, mechanisms elucidating the lipid-lowering action of taurine remain unclear. A series of molecular regulators associated with lipid metabolism have been identified in the past few decades. These include nuclear receptors, transcription factors, and enzymes that undergo important changes during taurine treatment. In this review, we focus on the role of taurine in lipid metabolism and discuss taurine-related interventions in combating lipid disorders.
Introdução: Os estudantes fazem uso excessivo de bebidas energéticas com o propósito de diminuir a fadiga durante suas atividades, principalmente as acadêmicas, podendo gerar consequências indesejadas à saúde, como diabetes e hipertensão. Objetivo: Analisar os malefícios do uso excessivo de bebidas energéticas entre estudantes. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura. Foram incluídos artigos selecionados das bases de dados Pubmed, Google Acadêmico e Scielo, no período de março de 1997 a fevereiro de 2021. Para a pesquisa, foram utilizados os termos: “Energy drink”, “Students”, “Time”, de acordo com os descritores padronizados pelos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) combinados entre si por operadores booleanos. Após os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 23 artigos para revisão. Resultados e Discussão: Dos 23 artigos utilizados no estudo, 2 evidenciaram que a comercialização de bebidas energéticas carece de informações sobre a composição dos energéticos, suas concentrações e efeitos adversos; 9 mostraram que o principal expoente maléfico é a alta concentração de cafeína, que pode ocasionar episódios de taquicardia, hipertensão, sudorese, ansiedade, vômitos, dependência, convulsões e morte súbita; 3 relacionaram os grandes níveis de açúcar na bebida com problemas de saúde, especialmente quando se leva em conta a frequência de ingestão, podendo contribuir para agravar os índices das epidemias já instaladas, como diabetes e obesidade. Conclusão: O uso excessivo de bebidas energéticas pode gerar diversos malefícios na saúde dos estudantes, a longo e curto prazo, mostrando uma necessidade de informar a população quanto aos riscos do consumo desenfreado dessas bebidas.
Background
Aluminum phosphide (AlP) causes severe cardiotoxicity. Taurine has been chosen for the present study because of its positive known effects on cardiac injuries.
Method
To evaluate AlP-induced cardiotoxicity, the animals were divided into seven groups, including the control group, the taurine group (500 mg/kg), AlP with LD50 dose, AlP + taurine 20, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg group. To assess cardiac hemodynamic parameters, Wistar rats received taurine intraperitoneally 60 min after AlP gavage. Cardiac hemodynamic parameters were evaluated for 180 min. To study biochemical parameters, 24 h after AlP treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and heart tissues were collected.
Result
ECG, BP, and HR abnormalities of AlP poisoning were improved by taurine treatment. AlP induced biochemical alterations including complexes I and IV activities, the ADP/ATP ratio, mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome C release, and oxidative stress biomarkers ameliorated by taurine. Moreover, taurine improved apoptosis, as well as lessened CK-MB and troponin I levels. Also, there were no significant changes between taurine 500 mg/kg and the control group in tests.
Conclusion
The present findings showed that taurine could be a possible candidate for AlP cardiotoxicity treatment via the effect on mitochondrial electron transfer chain and maintaining intracellular ATP balance.
Liver fibrosis is a significant health problem that can cause serious illness and death. Unfortunately, a standard treatment for liver fibrosis has not been approved yet due to its complicated pathogenesis. The current study aimed at assessing the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine against thioacetamide induced liver fibrosis in rats through the modulation of toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Both concomitant and late taurine treatment (100 mg/kg, IP, daily) significantly reduced the rise in serum ALT and AST activities and significantly reversed the decrease in serum albumin and total protein. These results were confirmed by histopathological examinations and immunehistochemical inspection of α-SMA, caspase-3 and NF-κB. The antioxidant potential of taurine was verified by a marked increase of GSH content and a reduction of MDA level in liver tissue. The anti-fibrotic effects of taurine were evaluated by investigating the expression of TLR4, NF-κB. The protein levels of IL-6, LPS, MyD88, MD2, CD14, TGF-β1 and TNF-α were determined. Docking studies were carried out to understand how taurine interacts inside TLR4-MD2 complex and it showed good binding with the hydrophobic binding site of MD2. We concluded that the anti-fibrotic effect of taurine was attributable to the modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling.
Exercise-induced oxidative stress is linked with the expression level of endogenous antioxidants, but these antioxidants cannot overcome all oxidative stress-related damages in the cells, particularly when cells are under physiological stress. Sometimes, compounds are needed for cellular function, which are produced/activated within the cells, and these compounds can be synthesized by performing exercise, especially high-performance exercise. Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid used for various physiological functions. However, its synthesis and accumulation under the oxidative environment may be compromised. Recently, we have shown that taurine level is increased during exercise performance with a decrease in oxidative damage in overused muscles. Other studies have also shown that short-term supplementation with taurine increased physiological performance during severe work intensities, suggesting the role of taurine in improving muscle performance during exercise. However, its precursor cysteine is used in the synthesis of other compounds like GSH and Coenzyme A, which are important for regulating the redox system and energy homeostasis. It is, therefore, important to understand whether taurine synthesis within the cells can blunt the activity of other compounds that are beneficial in preventing oxidative damage during intense exercise. Furthermore, it is important to understand whether taurine supplementation can prevent the conditions observed in the physiological stress of muscles. This review discusses how taurine synthesis could alter exercise-induced ROS generation and the relationship between the physiological stress of muscle and subsequent improvements in exercise performance.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Ilicis Rotundae Cortex (IRC), a Chinese crude drug, has been widely utilized in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces of China to treat or prevent cardiovascular diseases.
Aim of study
This investigation aims to study the lipid-lowering effect of IRC, as well as the regulating effect on the endogenous metabolites in hyperlipidemia rats.
Materials and methods
High-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia rats were administrated with different doses of IRC extract (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Simvastatin was used as the positive control. Body weight, serum lipid levels and histopathology of liver were evaluated. The metabolic profiles of plasma, urine and cecum content were analyzed using UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data analysis.
Results
The levels of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, AST and ALT were significantly decreased and HDL-C level was increased in IRC treatment groups. The hepatic histomorphology was partially restored. 23, 26 and 15 metabolites in plasma, urine and cecum content were determined as the biological biomarkers, respectively. IRC extract could partially recover the disturbed metabolic pathways of linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, sphingolipid metabolism and riboflavin metabolism.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that IRC could effectively improve the serum lipids and partially restore the hepatic histomorphology. The underlying metabolic mechanism mainly included improving the metabolism of glycerophospholipid, sphingolipid, fatty acid, bile acids and amino acid. This is the first study on the lipid-lowering effect of IRC from the perspective of metabolomics.
This book focuses on how to induce clinical arrhythmias in the electrophysiology (EP) laboratory, a procedure that is indispensable for analyzing the underlying mechanisms, and identifying the most effective treatment of the arrhythmia. In the main part of the book, the authors share their own experiences with 13 different medications that can be injected or infused for arrhythmia induction – ranging from isoprenaline and atropine to ephedrine – all of which can be easily found in any cardiology department.
Each chapter begins with a description of the drug’s chemical structure and mechanism of actions, then illustrates the infusion preparation, dosage and side effects and lastly analyzes its electrophysiological properties and highlights the most important clinical studies on it. For each drug the authors list – in dedicated tables – administration protocols from their own hospital.
This book is of interest to postgraduate students, cardiology residents, cardiologists and pediatric cardiologists with special interest in arrhythmias, as well as to trainees, technicians and nurses involved in the EP lab.
Energy drinks have become a widely popular choice among consumers and are marketed as caffeinated beverages that enhance attention, athletic performance, and short-term cognition. These drinks, with their high-sugar mixtures and additives promising performance-enhancing capabilities packaged in a palatable formula, have seen tremendous growth in the dietary supplement industry, particularly aimed at the young adult population. A recent comprehensive assessment on the impact and growth of the energy drink industry in the United States since 2002 has demonstrated a 500% growth rate over 5 years with such beverages accounting for over half of the functional beverage market in America. However, shortly after their introduction into the market, reports of highly deleterious effects of these beverages on the cardiovascular system including sudden cardiac death swept the media in several high-profile cases, allegedly in connection with consumption of large amounts of energy drinks. This chapter intends to analyze the scientific basis of such claims, to analyze the various components of energy drinks and to determine the preponderance of evidence demonstrating the arrhythmogenic effects of energy drinks.
Taurine is a semiessential amino acid that is not incorporated into proteins. In mammalian tissues, taurine is ubiquitous and is the most abundant free amino acid in the heart, retina, skeletal muscle, and leukocytes. Taurine reaches up to 50 mM concentration in leukocytes. Taurine has been shown to be tissue‐protective in many models of oxidant‐induced injury. One possibility is that taurine reacts with HOCl, produced by the myeloperoxidase (MPO) pathway, to produce the more stable but less toxic taurine chloramine (Tau‐Cl). However, data from several laboratories demonstrate that Tau‐Cl is a powerful regulator of the immune system. Specifically, Tau‐Cl has been shown to downregulate the production of proinflammatory mediators in both rodent and human leukocytes. Recent molecular studies on the function of taurine provide evidence that taurine is a constituent of biological macromolecules. Specifically, two novel taurine‐containing modified uridines have been found in both human and bovine mitrochondria. In studies on mechanism of action, Tau‐Cl inhibits the activation of NFB, a potent signal transducer for inflammatory cytokines, by oxidation of IBα at methionine45. Taurine transporter knockout mice show reduced taurine, reduced fertility, and loss of vision resulting from severe retinal degeneration, which was found to be due to apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by amino chloramines is a current and important finding because oxidants derived from leukocytes play a key role in killing pathogens. The fundamental importance of taurine in adaptive and acquired immunity will be revealed using genetic manipulation.
Caffeine is one of the most researched food components, with the vast majority of dietary contributions coming from beverage consumption; however, there is little population-level data on caffeine intakes in the U.S. This study estimated the caffeine intakes of the U.S. population using a comprehensive beverage survey, the Kantar Worldpanel Beverage Consumption Panel. A nationally representative sample of 37,602 consumers (aged ⩾2 years) of caffeinated beverages completed 7-day diaries which facilitated the development of a detailed database of caffeine values to assess intakes. Results showed that 85% of the U.S. population consumes at least one caffeinated beverage per day. The mean (±SE) daily caffeine intake from all beverages was 165±1 mg for all ages combined. Caffeine intake was highest in consumers aged 50-64 years (226±2 mg/day). The 90th percentile intake was 380 mg/day for all ages combined. Coffee was the primary contributor to caffeine intakes in all age groups. Carbonated soft drinks and tea provided a greater percentage of caffeine in the younger (<18 years) age groups. The percentage of energy drink consumers across all age groups was low (⩽10%). These data provide a current perspective on caffeinated beverage consumption patterns and caffeine intakes in the U.S. population.
Aging of the brain is characterized by several neurochemical modifications involving structural proteins, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and related receptors. Alterations of neurochemical indices of synaptic function are indicators of age-related impairment of central functions, such as locomotion, memory and sensory performances. Several studies demonstrate that ionotropic GABA receptors, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and somatostatinergic subpopulations of GABAergic neurons are markedly decreased in experimental animal brains during aging. Additionally, levels of several neuropeptides co-expressed with GAD decrease during aging. Thus, the age-related decline in cognitive functions could be attributable, at least in part, to decrements in GABA inhibitory neurotransmission. In this study, we showed that chronic supplementation of taurine to aged mice significantly ameliorated the age-dependent decline in spatial memory acquisition and retention. We also demonstrated that concomitant with the amelioration in cognitive function, taurine caused significant alterations in the GABAergic and somatostatinergic system. These changes included (1) increased levels of the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate, (2) increased expression of both isoforms of GAD (65 and 67) and the neuropeptide somatostatin, (3) decreased hippocampal expression of the β3 subunits of the GABAA receptor, (4) increased expression in the number of somatostatin-positive neurons, (5) increased amplitude and duration of population spikes recorded from CA1 in response to Schaefer collateral stimulation and (6) enhanced paired pulse facilitation in the hippocampus. These specific alterations of the inhibitory system caused by taurine treatment oppose those naturally occurring in the aging brain, suggesting a protective role of taurine in this process. An increased understanding of age-related neurochemical changes in the GABAergic system will be important in elucidating the underpinnings of the functional changes of aging. Taurine supplementation might help forestall the age-related decline in cognitive functions through interaction with the GABAergic system.
We previously reported that taurine chloramine (TauCl), a product of activated neutrophils, inhibits the generation of macrophage inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and PGE2. Taurine, the most abundant free amino acid in the cytosol of neutrophils, is chlorinated to form TauCl by the halide-dependent myeloperoxidase (MPO) system. Under physiological conditions, TauCl reduces HOCl toxicity. In this study, we investigated the influence of TauCl on generation of oxygen free radicals, cytokines and eicosanoids by activated murine peritoneal neutrophils. We found that TauCl, but not taurine alone, inhibited the production of NO, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the products of the respiratory burst, as measured by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LCL), were reduced by both taurine and TauCl. However, taurine affected LCL at higher concentrations and to a lesser extent than TauCl. The results of these studies suggest that TauCl decreases production of tissue-damaging inflammatory mediators and may regulate the balance between protective, microbicidal and toxic effect of neutrophils.
To describe the epidemiology and toxicity of caffeinated energy drink exposures in Australia.
Retrospective observational study analysing data from calls regarding energy drink exposures recorded in the database of an Australian poisons information centre over 7 years to 2010.
Type of exposure; co-ingestants; symptoms reported; and reported hospitalisations.
Callers reported 297 exposures to energy drinks, which showed an increasing annual trend from 12 in 2004 to 65 in 2010. Median age for the 217 subjects with recreational exposure was 17 years (interquartile ratio [IQR], 15-21; range, 11-60) and 57% were male. One hundred recreational users co-ingested other substances, predominantly alcohol (50) or other caffeinated products (44). The number of energy drinks consumed in one session varied greatly (median, 5 units; IQR, 3-8; range, 1-80). Most subjects who reported recreational use reported experiencing symptoms (87%). The most common symptoms were palpitations, agitation, tremor and gastrointestinal upset. Twenty-one subjects had signs of serious cardiac or neurological toxicity, including hallucinations, seizures, arrhythmias or cardiac ischaemia. At least 128 subjects (57 with no co-ingestants) required hospitalisation.
Reports of caffeine toxicity from energy drink consumption are increasing, particularly among adolescents, warranting review and regulation of the labelling and sale of these drinks. Educating adolescents and increasing the community's awareness of the hazards from energy drinks is of paramount importance.
The effect of coffee and caffeine on blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in hypertensive persons is uncertain.
The objective was to summarize the evidence on the acute and longer-term effects of caffeine and coffee intake on BP and on the association between habitual coffee consumption and risk of CVD in hypertensive individuals.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of publications identified in a PubMed and EMBASE search up to 30 April 2011 was undertaken. Data were extracted from controlled trials on the effect of caffeine or coffee intake on BP change and from cohort studies on the association between habitual coffee consumption and CVD.
In 5 trials, the administration of 200-300 mg caffeine produced a mean increase of 8.1 mm Hg (95% CI: 5.7, 10.6 mm Hg) in systolic BP and of 5.7 mm Hg (95% CI: 4.1, 7.4 mm Hg) in diastolic BP. The increase in BP was observed in the first hour after caffeine intake and lasted ≥3 h. In 3 studies of the longer-term effect (2 wk) of coffee, no increase in BP was observed after coffee was compared with a caffeine-free diet or was compared with decaffeinated coffee. Last, 7 cohort studies found no evidence of an association between habitual coffee consumption and a higher risk of CVD.
In hypertensive individuals, caffeine intake produces an acute increase in BP for ≥3 h. However, current evidence does not support an association between longer-term coffee consumption and increased BP or between habitual coffee consumption and an increased risk of CVD in hypertensive subjects.
Taurine (T) was first noted as beneficial for stroke and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) prevention in genetic rat models, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The preventive mechanisms of T were ascribed to sympathetic modulation for reducing blood pressure (BP) and anti-inflammatory action. Recent epidemiological surveys revealed the involvement of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of stroke and also atherosclerosis for which T was proven to be effective experimentally. Arterio-lipidosis prone rats, a substrain of SHRSP selectively bred for higher reactive hypercholesterolemia, quickly develop not only arterial fat deposition but also fatty liver which could be attenuated by dietary T supplementation. CARDIAC (CVD and Alimentary Comparison) Study was a WHO-coordinated multi-center epidemiological survey on diets and CVD risks and mortalities in 61 populations. Twenty-four-hour urinary (24U) T was inversely related significantly with coronary heart disease mortality. Higher 24U-T excreters had significantly lower body mass index, systolic and diastolic BP, total cholesterol (T-Cho), and atherogenic index (AI: T-Cho/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol) than lower T excreters. T effects on CVD risks were intensified in individuals whose 24U-T and -magnesium (M) excretions were higher. Furthermore, higher Na excreters with higher heart rate whose BP were significantly higher than those with lower heart rate were divided into two groups by the mean of 24U-T, high and low T excreters. Since the former showed significantly lower BP than the latter, T may beneficially affect salt-sensitive BP rise. Included among the typical 61 populations, were Guiyang, China or St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada where in which the means of both 24U-T and -M were high or low, respectively. The former and the latter had low and high CVD risks, respectively. Australian Aboriginals living at the coastal area in Victoria were supposed to eat T- and M-rich bush and sea foods and be free from CVD 200 years ago, but they presently have nearly the highest CVD risks indicating that T- and/or M-containing seafood, vegetables, fruits, nuts, milk, etc, similar to prehistoric hunters' and gatherers' food should be good for CVD prevention. The preventive effects of T, good for health and longevity, first noted experimentally, were also proven epidemiologically in humans.
An important function of the β-amino acid, taurine, is the regulation of oxidative stress. However, taurine is neither a classical scavenger nor a regulator of the antioxidative defenses, leaving uncertain the mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity of taurine. In the present study, the taurine antagonist and taurine transport inhibitor, β-alanine, was used to examine the mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity of taurine. Exposure of isolated cardiomyocytes to medium containing β-alanine for a period of 48 h led to a 45% decrease in taurine content and an increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress, as evidenced by enhanced superoxide generation, the inactivation of the oxidant sensitive enzyme, aconitase, and the oxidation of glutathione. Associated with the increase in oxidative stress was a decline in electron transport activity, with the activities of respiratory chain complexes I and III declining 50-65% and oxygen consumption falling 30%. A reduction in respiratory chain activity coupled with an increase in oxidative stress is commonly caused by the development of a bottleneck in electron transport that leads to the diversion of electrons from the respiratory chain to the acceptor oxygen forming in the process superoxide. Because β-alanine exposure significantly reduces the levels of respiratory chain complex subunits, ND5 and ND6, the bottleneck in electron transport appears to be caused by impaired synthesis of key subunits of the electron transport chain complexes. Co-administration of taurine with β-alanine largely prevents the mitochondrial effects of β-alanine, but treatment of the cells with 5 mM taurine in the absence of β-alanine has no effect on the mitochondria, likely because taurine treatment has little effect on cellular taurine levels. Thus, taurine serves as a regulator of mitochondrial protein synthesis, thereby enhancing electron transport chain activity and protecting the mitochondria against excessive superoxide generation.
To review the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults.
We searched PubMed and Google using "energy drink," "sports drink," "guarana," "caffeine," "taurine," "ADHD," "diabetes," "children," "adolescents," "insulin," "eating disorders," and "poison control center" to identify articles related to energy drinks. Manufacturer Web sites were reviewed for product information.
According to self-report surveys, energy drinks are consumed by 30% to 50% of adolescents and young adults. Frequently containing high and unregulated amounts of caffeine, these drinks have been reported in association with serious adverse effects, especially in children, adolescents, and young adults with seizures, diabetes, cardiac abnormalities, or mood and behavioral disorders or those who take certain medications. Of the 5448 US caffeine overdoses reported in 2007, 46% occurred in those younger than 19 years. Several countries and states have debated or restricted energy drink sales and advertising.
Energy drinks have no therapeutic benefit, and many ingredients are understudied and not regulated. The known and unknown pharmacology of agents included in such drinks, combined with reports of toxicity, raises concern for potentially serious adverse effects in association with energy drink use. In the short-term, pediatricians need to be aware of the possible effects of energy drinks in vulnerable populations and screen for consumption to educate families. Long-term research should aim to understand the effects in at-risk populations. Toxicity surveillance should be improved, and regulations of energy drink sales and consumption should be based on appropriate research.
Energy drinks and highly caffeinated drinks comprise some of the fastest growing products of the beverage industry, often targeting teenagers and young adults. Cardiac arrhythmias in children related to high caffeine consumption have not been well described in the literature. This case series describes the possible association between the consumption of highly caffeinated drinks and the subsequent development of atrial fibrillation in the adolescent population.
We report the cases of two Caucasian adolescent boys of 14 and 16 years of age at the time of presentation, each without a significant cardiac history, who presented with palpitations or vague chest discomfort or both after a recent history of excessive caffeine consumption. Both were found to have atrial fibrillation on electrocardiogram; one patient required digoxin to restore a normal sinus rhythm, and the other self-converted after intravenous fluid administration.
With the increasing popularity of energy drinks in the pediatric and adolescent population, physicians should be aware of the arrhythmogenic potential associated with highly caffeinated beverage consumption. It is important for pediatricians to understand the lack of regulation in the caffeine content and other ingredients of these high-energy beverages and their complications so that parents and children can be educated about the risk of cardiac arrhythmias with excessive energy drink consumption.
Islet transplantation provides a promising cure for Type 1 diabetes; however it is limited by a shortage of pancreas donors. Bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer renewable cells for generating insulin-producing cells (IPCs).
We used a four-stage differentiation protocol, containing neuronal differentiation and IPC-conversion stages, and combined with pellet suspension culture to induce IPC differentiation.
Here, we report adding extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) such as fibronectin (FN) or laminin (LAM) enhances pancreatic differentiation with increases in insulin and Glut2 gene expressions, proinsulin and insulin protein levels, and insulin release in response to elevated glucose concentration. Adding FN or LAM induced activation of Akt and ERK. Blocking Akt or ERK by adding LY294002 (PI3K specific inhibitor), PD98059 (MEK specific inhibitor) or knocking down Akt or ERK failed to abrogate FN or LAM-induced enhancement of IPC differentiation. Only blocking both of Akt and ERK or knocking down Akt and ERK inhibited the enhancement of IPC differentiation by adding ECM.
These data prove IPC differentiation by MSCs can be modulated by adding ECM, and these stimulatory effects were mediated through activation of Akt and ERK pathways.
The effects of taurine on plasma and liver cholesterol, erythrocyte ouabain sensitive Na efflux and platelet aggregation were examined in Sprague Dawley rats fed control or 0.5% cholesterol with 0.2% cholate diet. Plasma and liver levels of total cholesterol were increased significantly (p<0.05) in rats fed cholesterol diet compared to the control, and taurine significantly decreased the elevated plasma level of cholesterol in rats fed cholesterol diet (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol was decreased in groups fed the cholesterol diet regardless of taurine supplementation and the difference between groups with and without cholesterol was significant (p<0.01). Plasma triglyceride was decreased and liver triglyceride was increased both significantly (p<0.05) in rats fed cholesterol compared to the control. Plasma and liver triglyceride in rats fed taurine was decreased significantly compared to the control (p<0.05). Intracellular Na tended to be lower in rats fed cholesterol or taurine and higher in rats fed cholesterol plus taurine compared to the control. Na efflux through Na-K ATPase and the passive leak of Na was somewhat reduced in rats fed cholesterol or taurine and was augmented in rats fed cholesterol plus taurine compared to the control, which showed a similar trend to the intracellular Na. Taurine supplementation caused a suppression of Na efflux in groups fed control diet and restored the suppressed Na efflux in groups fed cholesterol. Platelet aggregation was significantly decreased in the group fed taurine compared to the control (p<0.05) and the group fed cholesterol plus taurine was also a little lower in aggregation than the group fed cholesterol. Microscopic examination showed that taurine prevented fatty liver in rats fed cholesterol diet. Taurine known for stimulating Na-K ATPase in some cell types rather decreased erythrocyte ouabain sensitive Na-K ATPase in the present study. Taurine had hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effects and inhibited platelet aggregation which may be favorable for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed pharmacologically active substances. Its acute effect on myocardial blood flow is widely unknown. Our aim was to assess the acute effect of caffeine in a dose corresponding to two cups of coffee on myocardial blood flow (MBF) in coronary artery disease (CAD).
MBF was measured with (15)O-labelled H2O and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) at rest and after supine bicycle exercise in controls (n = 15, mean age 58+/-13 years) and in CAD patients (n = 15, mean age 61+/-9 years). In the latter, regional MBF was assessed in segments subtended by stenotic and remote coronary arteries. All measurements were repeated fifty minutes after oral caffeine ingestion (200 mg). Myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) was calculated as ratio of MBF during bicycle stress divided by MBF at rest. Resting MBF was not affected by caffeine in both groups. Exercise-induced MBF response decreased significantly after caffeine in controls (2.26+/-0.56 vs. 2.02+/-0.56, P<0.005), remote (2.40+/-0.70 vs. 1.78+/-0.46, P<0.001) and in stenotic segments (1.90+/-0.41 vs. 1.38+/-0.30, P<0.001). Caffeine decreased MPR significantly by 14% in controls (P<0.05 vs. baseline). In CAD patients MPR decreased by 18% (P<0.05 vs. baseline) in remote and by 25% in stenotic segments (P<0.01 vs. baseline).
We conclude that caffeine impairs exercise-induced hyperaemic MBF response in patients with CAD to a greater degree than age-matched controls.
The longitudinal relationship between coffee use and hypertension is still controversial. Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is the main responsible enzyme for the metabolism of caffeine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of coffee intake on the risk of developing hypertension needing antihypertensive treatment in individuals stratified by CYP1A2 genotype.
We assessed prospectively 553 young White individuals screened for stage 1 hypertension. Coffee intake was ascertained from regularly administered questionnaires. Incident physician-diagnosed hypertension was the outcome measure. Genotyping of CYP1A2 SNP was performed by real time PCR.
During a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 323 individuals developed hypertension. For carriers of the slow *1F allele (59%), hazard ratios of hypertension from multivariable Cox analysis were 1.00 in abstainers (reference), 1.72 (95%CI, 1.21-2.44) in moderate coffee drinkers (P = 0.03), and 3.00 (1.53-5.90) in heavy drinkers (P = 0.001). In contrast, hazard ratios for coffee drinkers with the rapid *1A/*1A genotype were 0.80 (0.52-1.23, P = 0.29) for moderate drinkers and 0.36 (0.14-0.89, P = 0.026) for heavy drinkers. In a two-way ANCOVA, a gene x coffee interactive effect was found on follow-up changes in systolic (P = 0.000) and diastolic (P = 0.007) blood pressure. Urinary epinephrine was higher in coffee drinkers than abstainers but only among individuals with slow *1F allele (P = 0.001).
These data show that the risk of hypertension associated with coffee intake varies according to CYP1A2 genotype. Carriers of slow *1F allele are at increased risk and should thus abstain from coffee, whereas individuals with *1A/*1A genotype can safely drink coffee.
Introduction: “Energy drinks” are very popular and are used frequently, especially by young adults. Most marketed energy drinks contain high levels of caffeine and taurine. Both caffeine and taurine have been shown to have direct effects on cardiac function and hemodynamic status.
Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that a commonly used energy drink alters blood pressure, heart rate and EKG parameters in healthy volunteers.
Methods: Healthy volunteers (n = 15, 53% female, 25.9 ± 5.9 years, 69.8 ± 14.8 kg) abstained from caffeine for 48 hours prior to and throughout the study period. On study day 1 (D1), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and an EKG were measured at baseline. Participants then consumed 500 mL (2 cans) of an energy drink containing caffeine (80 mg) and taurine (1000 mg) and BP, HR and EKG measurements were repeated at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after consumption. Participants then consumed 2 cans of energy drink daily for the next 5 days (D2–D6). On day 7 (D7) the procedures followed on D1 were repeated. Average baseline measurements on days 1 and 7 were compared to maximum values during that observation period.
Results: On both D1 and D7, maximum mean systolic BP, HR and corrected QT-interval (QTc) occurred at 4 hours. Maximum diastolic BP occurred at 2 hours on D1 and D7. Baseline and maximum mean values are presented in Table 1 . Within 4 hours of energy drink consumption on D1 and D7 respectively, systolic BP increased by 7.9% (p = 0.006) and 9.6% (p < 0.001), HR increased by 7.8% (p = 0.009) and 11.0% (p < 0.001) and QTc increased by 4.5% (p = 0.368) and 5.5% (p = 0.052). Diastolic BP increased by 7.0% (p = 0.046) and 7.8% (p = 0.063) within 2 hours of energy drink consumption.
Conclusions: In conclusion, although no significant EKG changes were observed, subjects’ HR increased 5–7 bpm and systolic BP increased 10mmHg after consuming an “energy drink”. This level of change is likely clinically significant in patients with cardiac disease or those who consume such drinks regularly.
Table 1. Baseline and Maximum Values (mean ± SD)
Taurine (T) was first noted as beneficial for stroke and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) prevention in genetic rat models, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The preventive mechanisms of T were ascribed to sympathetic modulation for reducing blood pressure (BP) and anti-inflammatory action. Recent epidemiological surveys revealed the involvement of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of stroke end also atherosclerosis for which T was proven to be effective experimentally. Arterio-lipidosis prone rats, a sub-strain of SHRSP selectively bred for higher reactive hypercholesterolemia, quickly develop not only arterial fat deposition but also fatty liver which could be attenuated by dietary T supplementation. CARDIAC (CVD and Alimentary Comparison) Study was a WHO-coordinated multi-center epidemiological survey on diets and CVD risks and mortalities in 61 populations. Twenty-four-hour urinary (24U) T was inversely related significantly with coronary heart disease mortality. Higher 24U-T excreters had significantly lower body mass index, systolic and diastolic BP, total cholesterol (T-Cho), and atherogenic index (AI: T-Cho/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol) than lower T excreters. T effects on CVD risks were intensified in individuals whose 24U-T and -magnesium (M) excretions were higher. Furthermore, higher Na excreters with higher heart rate whose BP were significantly higher than those with lower heart rate were divided into two groups by the mean of 24U-T, high and low T excreters. Since the former showed significantly lower BP than the latter, T may beneficially affect salt-sensitive BP rise. Included among the typical 61 populations, were Guiyang, China or St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, in which the means of both 24U-T and -M were high or low, respectively. The former and the latter had low and high CVD risks, respectively. Australian Aboriginals living at the coastal area in Victoria were supposed to eat T- and M-rich bush and sea foods and be free from CVD 200 years ago, but they presently have nearly the highest CVD risks indicating that T- and/or M-containing seafood, vegetables, fruits, nuts, milk, etc, similar to prehistoric hunters' and gatherers' food should be good for CVD prevention. The preventive effects of T, good for health and longevity, first noted experimentally, were also proven epidemiologically in humans.
This Clinical Report was retired July 2021
Sports and energy drinks are being marketed to children and adolescents for a wide variety of inappropriate uses. Sports drinks and energy drinks are significantly different products, and the terms should not be used interchangeably. The primary objectives of this clinical report are to define the ingredients of sports and energy drinks, categorize the similarities and differences between the products, and discuss misuses and abuses. Secondary objectives are to encourage screening during annual physical examinations for sports and energy drink use, to understand the reasons why youth consumption is widespread, and to improve education aimed at decreasing or eliminating the inappropriate use of these beverages by children and adolescents. Rigorous review and analysis of the literature reveal that caffeine and other stimulant substances contained in energy drinks have no place in the diet of children and adolescents. Furthermore, frequent or excessive intake of caloric sports drinks can substantially increase the risk for overweight or obesity in children and adolescents. Discussion regarding the appropriate use of sports drinks in the youth athlete who participates regularly in endurance or high-intensity sports and vigorous physical activity is beyond the scope of this report.
Taurine mediates a plethora of membrane-linked effects in excitable tissues. To account for these multiple actions, four hypotheses have been proposed. One theory is based on the observation that taurine diminishes the inflammatory response of several cytotoxic oxidants. It is proposed that a reduction in the extent of membrane oxidative injury contributes to these cytoprotective actions. The second theory maintains that alterations in protein phosphorylation may underlie certain effects of taurine, particularly its effect on calcium transport. The third hypothesis assumes that the interaction of taurine with the neutral phospholipids leads to altered membrane calcium binding and function. The final theory ties the actions of taurine to inhibition of phospholipid N-methylation and the resulting changes in membrane composition and structure. While each of these hypotheses has merit, none of them can fully explain the membrane actions of taurine. Further studies are required to ascertain the importance of each theory.
To determine the effect of a taurine-enriched drink “Red Bull” on performance, 10 endurance-athletes performed three trials. After 60 min. cycling at approximately 70% VO2 max, the subjects pedalled to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. During each exercise, the subjects received 500 ml of a test-drink after 30 min. submaximal cycling: “Red Bull” without taurine, without glucuronolacton (U1), “Red Bull” without taurine, without glucuronolacton, without caffeine (U2) and “Red Bull” original drink containing taurine, glucuronolacton and caffeine (U3).
The heart rate level was significantly lower in U3 (p = 0,0031) 15 min. after application. The plasma catecholamines increased slightly from begin of exercise to 15 min. after application of the drinks in all trials but remained on a significantly lower level in U3 (epinephrine (p = 0,0011) and norepinephrine (p = 0,0003). Endurance time was significantly longer with “Red Bull” original in U3 (p = 0,015). The results of this study show a positive effect of a taurine-containing drink on hormonal responses which leads to a higher performance.
Adaptation of cells to hypertonicity often involves changes in gene expression. Since the concentration of salt in the interstitial fluid surrounding renal inner medullary cells varies with operation of the renal concentrating mechanism and generally is very high, the adaptive mechanisms of these cells are of special interest. Renal medullary cells compensate for hypertonicity by accumulating variable amounts of compatible organic osmolytes, including sorbitol, myo-inositol, glycine betaine, and taurine. In this review we consider how these solutes help relieve the stress of hypertonicity and the nature of transporters and enzymes responsible for their variable accumulation. We emphasize recent developments concerning the molecular basis for osmotic regulation of these genes, including identification and characterization of osmotic response elements. Although osmotic stresses are much smaller in other parts of the body than in the renal medulla, similar mechanisms operate throughout, yielding important physiological and pathophysiological consequences.
Background and purpose:
Few prospective studies have examined the impact of both green tea and coffee consumption on strokes. We investigated the association of the combination of those consumption with stroke incidence in a general population.
Methods:
We studied 82 369 Japanese (aged 45-74 years; without cardiovascular disease [CVD] or cancer in 1995 and 1998 for Cohort I and II, respectively) who received 13 years of mean follow-up through the end of 2007. Green tea and coffee consumption was assessed by self-administered food frequency questionnaire at baseline.
Results:
In the 1 066 718 person-years of follow-up, we documented the incidence of strokes (n=3425) and coronary heart disease (n=910). Compared with seldom drinking green tea, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of all strokes were 0.86 (0.78-0.95) and 0.80 (0.73-0.89) in green tea 2 to 3 and ≥ 4 cups/d, respectively. Higher green tea consumption was associated with inverse risks of CVD and strokes subtypes. Compared with seldom drinking coffee, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of all strokes were 0.89 (0.80-0.99), 0.80 (0.72-0.90), and 0.81 (0.72-0.91) for coffee 3 to 6 times/week and 1 and ≥ 2 times/day, respectively. Coffee consumption was associated with an inverse risk of CVD and cerebral infarction. Higher green tea or coffee consumption reduced the risks of CVD and stroke subtypes (especially in intracerebral hemorrhage, P for interaction between green tea and coffee=0.04). None of the significant association was observed in coronary heart disease.
Conclusions:
Higher green tea and coffee consumption were inversely associated with risk of CVD and stroke in general population.
Taurine is an abundant β-amino acid that concentrates in the mitochondria, where it participates in the conjugation of tRNAs for leucine, lysine, glutamate and glutamine. The formation of 5-taurinomethyluridine-tRNA strengthens the interaction of the anticodon with the codon, thereby promoting the decoding of several codons, including those for AAG, UUG, CAG and GAG. By preventing these series of events, taurine deficiency appears to diminish the formation of 5-taurinomethyluridine and causes inefficient decoding for the mitochondrial codons of leucine, lysine, glutamate and glutamine. The resulting reduction in the biosynthesis of mitochondria-encoded proteins deprives the respiratory chain of subunits required for the assembly of respiratory chain complexes. Hence, taurine deficiency is associated with a reduction in oxygen consumption, an elevation in glycolysis and lactate production and a decline in ATP production. A similar sequence of events takes place in mitochondrial diseases MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) and MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber syndrome). In both diseases, mutations in their respective tRNAs interfere with the formation of 5-taurinomethyluridine in the wobble position. Hence, the taurine-deficient phenotype resembles the phenotypes of MELAS and MERRF.
Background:
Caffeine is added to dietary supplements to increase energy and suppress appetite. Many people take dietary supplements for weight loss. Patients may be unaware that supplements can contain caffeine, even if caffeine is not listed as an ingredient. Commonly used herbal dietary supplement ingredients, such as guarana, are natural sources of caffeine.
Objective:
To describe a case of possible caffeine-induced seizure in a patient taking an over-the-counter weight loss supplement.
Case report:
A previously healthy 38-year-old female experienced blurring of vision and a new onset grand mal seizure. The patient had a two-month history of taking the dietary supplement, Zantrex - 3™. Zantrex - 3™ is advertised as a weight loss supplement which may provide rapid weight loss and extreme energy in one "power packed pill."
Conclusions/summary:
After discontinuation of Zantrex - 3™, the patient experienced no further seizure activity. Outpatient follow up at 2 and 6 weeks was noncontributory with follow up MRI and EEG both within normal limits.
Introduction:
Prevention of arterial thrombotic diseases has high priority in developed countries. Taurine (2-aminomethylsulfonic acid), which is rich in sea foods, showed antithrombotic effect in animal models of thrombosis. The present study aimed to investigate such effect in healthy human volunteers.
Methods and results:
In 101 healthy Japanese people the overall thrombotic status was accessed from non-anticoagulated blood sample by the Global Thrombosis Test (GTT). There was no significant correlation between taurine concentration in urine samples and GTT-Occlusion Times (OT; mainly reactivity of platelets). In contrast, a significant inverse correlation was demonstrated between urine taurine concentrations and GTT-Lysis Times (LT; showing spontaneous thrombolytic activity).
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that taurine enhances endogenous thrombolytic activity which could be a mechanism of the earlier observed cardioprotective and antithrombotic effect.
All cells including neurons and glial cells are able to keep their volume within a very limited range. The volume regulatory mechanism involves changes in the concentration of osmolytes of which taurine appears to be of particular importance in brain cells. Swelling in brain cells may occur as a result of depolarization or small fluctuations in osmolarity. In isolated brain cells these conditions will always lead to a release of taurine, the time course of which is superimposable on that of the volume regulatory decrease which follows the initial cell swelling. The mechanism responsible for taurine release associated with swelling has not been fully elucidated but a large body of evidence seems to exclude participation of the taurme high affinity carrier. Using a number of inhibitors of anion exchangers it has been demonstrated that both volume regulation and taurine release in brain cells are inhibited by these drugs, implicating an anion channel in the process. It has be controversial issue as to whether or not taurine release is Ca++ dependent. Recent evidence appears to suggest that the release process is not associated with Ca++ or Ca++ channels. It is, however, quite possible that the swelling process may involve the Ca++ calmodulin system or other second messengers. Taurine also contributes to volume regulation after shrinkage of brain cells, in this case by increasing its intracellular concentration. This change is accomplished byan upregulation of the Na+/taurine cotransporter, together with reduced passive fluxes and increased endogenous synthesis.
We investigated in conscious, freely moving rats whether the release of GABA, taurine and arginine in the hypothalamus is
influenced by impulses originating from peripheral baroreceptors. The posterior hypothalamic nucleus was superfused with artificial
cerebrospinal fluid through a push-push cannula and the release of amino acids was determined in the hypothalamic superfusate
of control rats, as well as of rats after bilateral aortic denervation (AD). AD led to hypertension and increased the lability
of arterial pressure. In sham-operated rats, intravenous infusion of phenylephrine increased blood pressure and the hypothalamic
release of GABA and taurine. AD almost abolished the phenylephrine-induced release of the inhibitory amino acids. Similarly,
the pressor response to hypervolaemia, elicited by blood injection, enhanced the release rates of GABA and taurine only in
sham-operated rats. Baroreceptor unloading evoked either by intravenous infusion of nitroprusside, or by haemorrhage, decreased
the release rates of GABA and taurine in sham-operated rats but not in AD rats. Electrical stimulation of the afferent aortic
depressor nerve enhanced extracellular GABA and taurine in the posterior hypothalamic nucleus. The release rate of arginine
was not influenced by alterations in baroreceptor activity either in sham-operated or in AD rats. The findings support the
idea that, in the hypothalamus,GABA and taurine are involved in central blood pressure regulation. The release of these two
amino acids seems to be driven tonically by baroreceptor impulses. Moreover, the findings indicate that the baroreceptors
of the aortic arch play a crucial role in the mediation of changes in hypothalamic GABA and taurine outflow so as to counteract
blood pressure fluctuations.
This report summarises the case of a 19-year-old male, with a history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, who presented to hospital with an acute chest pain. An electrocardiographic and biochemical diagnosis of ST elevation myocardial infarction was made; however, subsequent coronary angiography and echocardiography were both normal. In the week preceding the admission, the patient had consumed large quantities of a popular energy drink and the authors believe this may have implicated the development of his coronary event. This is an association that has been suggested previously and this report briefly summarises the evidence supporting the connection.