The relation between the Y-chromosomal variation and the clan structure: the gene pool of the steppe aristocracy and the steppe clergy of the Kazakhs

Abstract

Aim: to study the possible connection between of Y-chromosomal variability and the genealogical structure of Kazakhs to analyze the relationship between biological and social kinship. In the study, besides the descendants of the steppe aristocracy and steppe clergy (sample size N = 94), other clans of Kazakhs and Mongols (N = 359) were analyzed. All samples were analyzed by 17 Y-chromosomal STR markers, addressing to haplogroups was confirmed by direct analysis of haplogroup-defining SNPs. In the clan of Tore, eight haplogroups were identified, among which there were three major haplogroups: C3 * – M217 (xM48) (35%), R1a * – M198 (xM458) (22%) and R2a – M124 (17%). In the clan of Kozha, there were 14 Y-chromosome haplogroups, only three of which had frequencies higher than 10 percent: R1a1a-M198 (37%), J2-M172 (12%), R2a-M124 (11%). The major haplogroups of Kozha (R1a, J2, R2a) are typical for gene pool of South-West Asia, Iran and Tajikistan, which marks possible homelands of the missionaries which brought Islam into Kazakhstan. In the comparative analysis of the Tore and Kozha, it was revealed that there are similarities in the two major haplogroups – R1a1a-M198 and R2a-M124, which can indicate the genealogical links between the socially privileged groups, which is consistent with historical sources. The clan of Tore (Genghis Khan descendants in Kazakhstan) is similar to the clan of Bordzhigin (Genghis Khan descendants in Mongolia) by frequency of the major haplogroup C3* (35% in Tore and 39% in Bordzhigin); this haplogroup is presumably attributed to Genghis Khan. The phylogenetic analysis of the haplogroup C3* allowed us to reveal three new clusters of haplotypes. One of them includes members of Konirat clan only; the age of the cluster is 1100±400 years. The corrected age of the star-cluster (including the so-called “Genghis Khan haplotype”) was estimated to be 1000 +/- years. We revealed the partial positive relation between social and biological kinship in Kazakh clans, which can serve as source of information, additional to the written records.

Full text

Вестник Московского университета. Серия XXIII АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ № 1/2014: 96–101
СВЯЗЬ ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТИ YХРОМОСОМЫ И РОДОВОЙ
СТРУКТУРЫ: ГЕНОФОНД СТЕПНОЙ АРИСТОКРАТИИ
И ДУХОВЕНСТВА КАЗАХОВ
М.К. Жабагин1,2, Х.Д. Дибирова2,3, С.А. Фролова3, Ж.М. Сабитов4, Ю.М. Юсупов 2,5,
О.М. Утевская 2,6, П.В. Тарлыков3,7, И.М. Тажигулова3,8, О.А. Балаганская3, П. Нимадава9,
И.А. Захаров2, О.П. Балановский2,3
1 Центр наук о жизни, Назарбаев университет, Астана, Казахстан
2 Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова РАН, Москва, Россия
3 Медико#генетический научный центр РАМН, Москва, Россия
4 Евразийский национальный университет им. Л.И. Гумилева, Астана, Казахстан
5 Институт гуманитарных исследований Республики Башкорстан (Уфа, Россия)
6 Харьковский национальный университет им. В.Н. Каразина, Харьков, Украина
7 Национальный центр биотехнологии Республики Казахстан, Астана, Казахстан
8 Центр судебной экспертизы Республики Казахстан, Астана, Казахстан
9 Монгольская академия медицинских наук,Улан#Батор, Монголия
Öåëü ðàáîòû: äàòü õàðàêòåðèñòèêó ãåíîôîíäà êàçàõñêèõ ðîäîâ è èçó÷èòü ñâÿçü èçìåí÷èâîñ-
òè Y-õðîìîñîìû (ìàðêèðóþùåé áèîëîãè÷åñêîå ðîäñòâî) ñ ðîäîâîé ñòðóêòóðîé (ñîöèàëüíîå ðîä-
ñòâî).
Ìàòåðèàëû è ìåòîäû. Êðîìå ïîòîìêîâ ñòåïíîãî äóõîâåíñòâà (ðîä Êîæà, îáúåì âûáîðêè N=71)
è ñòåïíîé àðèñòîêðàòèè (ðîä Òîðå, N=23), áûëè òàê æå èçó÷åíû äðóãèå ðîäà êàçàõîâ è ìîíãîëîâ,
ñóììàðíàÿ âûáîðêà ñîñòàâèëà N=359. Âñå îáðàçöû ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû ïî ïàíåëè èç 17 ìèêðîñàòåë-
ëèòíûõ ìàðêåðîâ Y-õðîìîñîìû, ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü îáðàçöîâ ê ãàïëîãðóïïàì ïîäòâåðæäåíà ìàðêåðà-
ìè îäíîíóêëåîòèäíîãî ïîëèìîðôèçìà.
Ðåçóëüòàòû è îáñóæäåíèå. Ó ðîäà Òîðå âûÿâëåíî 8 ãàïëîãðóïï, èç êîòîðûõ ìàæîðíûìè ÿâëÿ-
þòñÿ òðè – Ñ3* – M217(xM48) (35%), R1a* – M198(xM458) (22%) è R2a – M124 (17%). Ó ðîäà Êîæà
áûëî âûÿâëåíî 14 ãàïëîãðóïï Y-õðîìîñîìû, ëèøü òðè èç êîòîðûõ èìåþò ÷àñòîòó áîëåå 10 ïðî-
öåíòîâ: R1a1a-Ì198 (37%), J2-Ì172 (12%), R2a-M124 (11%). Ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ìàæîðíûõ ãàïëîã-
ðóïï Êîæà (R1a, J2, R2a) ê ãåíîôîíäàì Ïåðåäíåé Àçèè, Èðàíà è Òàäæèêèñòàíà ïîçâîëÿåò ñ÷èòàòü
ýòè ðåãèîíû âîçìîæíûì àðåàëîì ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ ìèññèîíåðîâ, ïðèíåñøèõ ìóñóëüìàíñòâî â Êàçàõ-
ñòàí. Ñðàâíåíèå ðîäîâ Òîðå è Êîæà âûÿâèëî ñõîäñòâî ïî äâóì ìàæîðíûì ãàïëîãðóïïàì – R1a1a-
M198 è R2a-M124, êîòîðîå ìîæåò áûòü âûçâàíî ãåíåàëîãè÷åñêèìè ñâÿçÿìè ìåæäó ñîöèàëüíî ïðè-
âèëåãèðîâàííûìè ðîäàìè, ÷òî ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ èñòîðè÷åñêèìè èñòî÷íèêàìè. Ãåíîôîíä ðîäà Òîðå
(êàçàõñêèå ÷èíãèçèäû) ïî ÷àñòîòå ìàæîðíîé ãàïëîãðóïïû Ñ3* (35%) áëèçîê ê ìîíãîëüñêèì ÷èíãèçè-
äàì (ðîä Áîðäæèãèí, ÷àñòîòà Ñ3* 39%). Íîñèòåëåì ýòîé ãàïëîãðóïïû, êàê ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, áûë èõ ðî-
äîíà÷àëüíèê ×èíãèñõàí. Àíàëèç ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ñåòåé ãàïëîãðóïïû C3* âûÿâèë òðè íîâûõ êëàñ-
òåðà ãàïëîòèïîâ. Îäèí èç ñóáêëàñòåðîâ ñîñòîèò òîëüêî èç ðîäà Êîíûðàò ñ äàòèðîâêîé 1100±400
ëåò. Óòî÷íåííàÿ äàòèðîâêà ñòàð-êëàñòåðà (ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ ïðåäïîëàãàåìûé «ãàïëîòèï
×èíãèñõàíà») ñîñòàâëÿåò 1000 +/- 200 ëåò.
Âûâîäû. Âûÿâëåíà ÷àñòè÷íàÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñâÿçü ìåæäó ñîöèàëüíûì è áèîëîãè÷åñêèì ðîä-
ñòâîì ó êàçàõñêèõ ðîäîâ, äîïîëíÿþùàÿ èñòîðè÷åñêèå ñâåäåíèÿ.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Y-õðîìîñîìà, ãåíîãåîãðàôèÿ, ðîäîâàÿ ñòðóêòóðà êàçàõîâ, ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ãå-
íåòèêà, ÷èíãèçèäû

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Связь изменчивости Y$хромосомы и родовой структуры: генофонд степной аристократии и духовенства казахов
Введение
 ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ ãåíåòè÷åñêî-
ãî ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ íàðîäîâ ìèðà îñîáåííî àêòèâíî
èçó÷àþòñÿ ìàðêåðû Y-õðîìîñîìû, íàñëåäóþùèåñÿ
ïî ìóæñêîé ëèíèè. Ïîêàçàíà èõ èíôîðìàòèâíîñòü
â ðåêîíñòðóêöèè ãåíåòè÷åñêîé èñòîðèè ïîïóëÿöèé –
îò íàñåëåíèÿ öåëûõ êîíòèíåíòîâ äî îòäåëüíûõ
ðîäîâ. Òàê, â ìàñøòàáíîì èññëåäîâàíèè èçìåí-
÷èâîñòè Y-õðîìîñîìû â 50 ïîïóëÿöèÿõ Åâðàçèè
[Zerjal et al., 2003] áûëà âûÿâëåíà ëèíèÿ Y-õðîìî-
ñîìû ñ âîçðàñòîì îêîëî 1000 ëåò, øèðîêîå ðàñ-
ïðîñòðàíåíèå êîòîðîé îáúÿñíÿëîñü ñîöèàëüíûì
îòáîðîì, ñâÿçàííûì ñ ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíûì âîñïðî-
èçâîäñòâîì ïîòîìêîâ ×èíãèñõàíà.
Íåñìîòðÿ íà ñòðåìèòåëüíî ðàñòóùèé îáúåì
èíôîðìàöèè î ãåíîôîíäàõ ìèðà, Êàçàõñòàí îñòà-
åòñÿ áåëûì ïÿòíîì íà êàðòå èçó÷åííîñòè Y-õðî-
ìîñîìû: èññëåäîâàíû ëèøü îòäåëüíûå ðîäà è
ðåãèîíû Êàçàõñòàíà, ïðè÷åì ñóììàðíàÿ âûáîðêà
âêëþ÷àåò ëèøü 186 îáðàçöîâ [Karafet et al., 2001;
Wells et al., 2001; Zerjal et al., 2003; Biro et al., 2009;
Abilev et al., 2012]. Ïîýòîìó èçó÷åíèå ãåíîôîíäà
êàçàõîâ â òåñíîé ñâÿçè ñ èõ ðîäîâîé ñòðóêòóðîé
îñòàåòñÿ ïðèîðèòåòíîé çàäà÷åé. Íàøå èññëåäî-
âàíèå ñòàâèò öåëüþ äàòü õàðàêòåðèñòèêó ãåíîôîí-
äà êàçàõñêèõ ðîäîâ, âåðèôèöèðîâàòü èñòîðè÷å-
ñêèå ãèïîòåçû îá èõ ïðîèñõîæäåíèè è âûÿâèòü ñòå-
ïåíü ñâÿçè ìåæäó èõ áèîëîãè÷åñêèì è ñîöèàëüíûì
ðîäñòâîì.
Материалы и методы
Îáúåêòîì èññëåäîâàíèÿ âûáðàíû äâà îñîáûõ
êàçàõñêèõ ðîäà – Êîæà è Òîðå. Ðîä Êîæà îòíîñèò-
ñÿ ê ñòåïíîìó äóõîâåíñòâó è ïî ãåíåàëîãè÷åñêèì
ëåãåíäàì âåäåò ñâîå ïðîèñõîæäåíèå îò ìèññèî-
íåðîâ – ïîòîìêîâ ïðîðîêà Ìóõàììåäà. Ðîä Òîðå
âåäåò ñâîå ïðîèñõîæäåíèå îò ×èíãèñõàíà, ÿâëÿ-
ÿñü ñòåïíîé àðèñòîêðàòèåé, èç êîòîðîé âûáèðà-
ëèñü êàçàõñêèå õàíû. Ïî ïðè÷èíå èõ âûñîêîãî ñî-
öèàëüíîãî ñòàòóñà â èñòîðè÷åñêîì ïðîøëîì, ýòè
äâà ðîäà íå âõîäÿò â òðè æóçà – ýòíîòåððèòîðè-
àëüíûå îáúåäèíåíèÿ êàçàõîâ.
Êðîìå ïîòîìêîâ ñòåïíîé àðèñòîêðàòèè è ñòåï-
íîãî äóõîâåíñòâà (îáúåì âûáîðêè N=94), èçó÷åíû
äðóãèå ðîäà êàçàõîâ è ìîíãîëîâ (òàáë. 1), ñóììàð-
íàÿ âûáîðêà ñîñòàâèëà N=359. Îáðàçöû ñîáðàíû
ñîàâòîðàìè ñòàòüè – ðîññèéñêèìè, êàçàõñêèìè è
ìîíãîëüñêèìè ãåíåòèêàìè – â ðàìêàõ ìåæäóíàðîä-
íîãî ïðîåêòà «Genographic». Äëÿ êàæäîãî îáñëå-
äîâàííîãî ñîñòàâëåíà ðîäîñëîâíàÿ êàê ìèíèìóì
íà òðè ïîêîëåíèÿ, ïîäòâåðæäàþùàÿ åãî îòíåñå-
íèå ê äàííîìó ðîäó.
Îáðàçöû ãåíîòèïèðîâàíû ïî 17 STR-ìàðêå-
ðàìè è 27 SNP-ìàðêåðàì ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì íà-
áîðà Y-filer è TaqMan çîíäîâ (Applied Biosystems).
 ðåçóëüòàòå îïðåäåëåíû ÷àñòîòû âñòðå÷àåìîñ-
òè ðàçíûõ ãàïëîãðóïï (âàðèàíòîâ) Y-õðîìîñîìû ó
èçó÷åííûõ ðîäîâ; â ïðåäåëàõ êàæäîé ãàïëîãðóï-
ïû âûÿâëåí ñïåêòð êîíêðåòíûõ ìèêðîñàòåëëèòíûõ
(STR) ãàïëîòèïîâ.
Результаты и обсуждение
 ãåíîôîíäå ñòåïíîãî äóõîâåíñòâà (Êîæà)
âûÿâëåíî çíà÷èòåëüíîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå ãàïëîãðóïï
Y-õðîìîñîìû (òàáë. 1). Îáíàðóæåíî14 ãàïëîãðóïï,
èç íèõ òðè ìàæîðíûõ: R1à* (37%), J2 (12%) è R2a
(11%). Ïîñêîëüêó âñå òðè ãàïëîãðóïïû ðàñïðîñò-
ðàíåíû ó íàðîäîâ Èðàíà è Òàäæèêèñòàíà, ìîæíî
ñ÷èòàòü ýòè ðåãèîíû âîçìîæíûì àðåàëîì ïðîèñ-
õîæäåíèÿ ìèññèîíåðîâ, ïðèíåñøèõ ìóñóëüìàí-
ñòâî â Êàçàõñòàí è ñòàâøèõ ïðåäêàìè îñíîâíîé
÷àñòè ðîäà Êîæà.
Ó ðîäà ñòåïíîé àðèñòîêðàòèè (Òîðå) âûÿâëå-
íî ïî÷òè â äâà ðàçà ìåíüøåå ðàçíîîáðàçèå. Èç 8
îáíàðóæåííûõ ãàïëîãðóïï ìàæîðíûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ
òðè – Ñ3* (35%), R1a* (22%) è R2a (17%). Âûÿâ-
ëåííîå ñõîäñòâî ðîäîâ Êîæà è Òîðå ïî äâóì ìà-
æîðíûì ãàïëîãðóïïàì (R1a* è R2a) ìîæåò áûòü
ñâÿçàíî ñî ñìåøåíèåì ãåíîôîíäîâ ðîäîâ ñ âû-
ñîêèì ñîöèàëüíûì ñòàòóñîì.
Ïîëîæåíèå ðîäîâ Êîæà è Òîðå â îáùåé ñòðóê-
òóðå ãåíîôîíäà êàçàõîâ îïðåäåëåíî ñ ïîìîùüþ
ãðàôèêà ìíîãîìåðíîãî øêàëèðîâàíèÿ, ïîñòðîåí-
íîãî ïî ìàòðèöå ãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ðàññòîÿíèé ìåæäó
èçó÷åííûìè ïîïóëÿöèÿìè: â ãåíåòè÷åñêîì ïðî-
ñòðàíñòâå âûÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíûé òðåóãîëüíèê,
â êîòîðîì ñòåïíîå äóõîâåíñòâî (Êîæà) óäàëåíî îò
âñåõ òðåõ æóçîâ êàçàõîâ. Ýòî ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ âåð-
ñèåé ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ Êîæà îò íåðîäñòâåííûõ êà-
çàõàì íàðîäîâ. Ñòåïíàÿ àðèñòîêðàòèÿ (Òîðå) íà
ãðàôèêå ãåíåòè÷åñêè ïðèáëèæåíà ê ãåíîôîíäó
ñòàðøåãî æóçà.
Äëÿ âåðèôèêàöèè ãèïîòåçû ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ
ðîäà Òîðå îò ÷èíãèçèäîâ ìû èçó÷èëè ðîä ÷èíãèçè-
äîâ Ìîíãîëèè (Áîðäæèãèí), â êîòîðîì ñðåäè 13
îáíàðóæåííûõ ãàïëîãðóïï ìàæîðíûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ
äâå – C3* (39%) è C3c (18%). Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ãåíî-
ôîíäû êàçàõñêèõ è ìîíãîëüñêèõ ÷èíãèçèäîâ ïåðåêðû-
âàþòñÿ ïî òîé ñàìîé ãàïëîãðóïïå C3*, íîñèòåëåì
êîòîðîé, êàê ñ÷èòàåòñÿ, áûë èõ ðîäîíà÷àëüíèê
Òåìó÷èí (×èíãèñõàí) [Zerjal et al., 2003]. Ãàïëî-
ãðóïïà C3* ñîñòàâëÿåò è ó êàçàõñêèõ, è ó ìîíãîëü-

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Вестник Московского университета. Серия XXIII АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ № 1/2014: 96–101
Жабагин М.К., Дибирова Х.Д., Фролова С.А., Сабитов Ж.М., Юсупов Ю.М., Утевская О.М., Тарлыков П.В. и др.
Òàáëèöà 1. ×àñòîòû ãàïëîãðóïï Y-õðîìîñîìû ó êàçàõñêèõ è ìîíãîëüñêèõ ðîäîâ
Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Ìàæîðíûå ãàïëîãðóïïû äëÿ êàæäîãî ðîäà âûäåëåíû æèðíûì øðèôòîì íà ñåðîì ôîíå

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Связь изменчивости Y$хромосомы и родовой структуры: генофонд степной аристократии и духовенства казахов
ñêèõ ÷èíãèçèäîâ áîëåå òðåòè Y-õðîìîñîìíîãî ãå-
íîôîíäà.  òî æå âðåìÿ, ãåíîôîíäû ÷èíãèçèäîâ
îáîèõ ðåãèîíîâ ãåòåðîãåííû, îáíàðóæèâàÿ ðàçëè-
÷èÿ ìåæäó ñîöèàëüíûì è áèîëîãè÷åñêèì ðîäñòâîì
â ðÿäå ãåíåàëîãè÷åñêèõ ëèíèé.
Òàêæå âûÿâëåíî, ÷òî ãàïëîãðóïïà Ñ3* ÿâëÿ-
åòñÿ ìàæîðíîé òàêæå ó êàçàõñêèõ ðîäîâ Êåðåé
(65%) è Æàëàéûð (38%), ÷òî ñáëèæàåò èõ ñ ðîäîì
Òîðå, ïîäòâåðæäàÿ èñòîðè÷åñêèå ñâèäåòåëüñòâà
òîãî, ÷òî Êåðåè è Æàëàéûðû âîñõîäÿò ê äðåâíåìîí-
ãîëüñêèì ðîäàì [Òûíûøïàåâ, 1925], êîòîðûå áûëè
â òåñíîé èñòîðè÷åñêîé ñâÿçè ñ ÷èíãèçèäàìè.
Ïîèñê STR ãàïëîòèïîâ â ñîñòàâå êëþ÷åâîé
ãàïëîãðóïïû Ñ3* ó êàçàõîâ, ìîíãîëîâ è äðóãèõ íà-
ðîäîâ Åâðàçèè îáíàðóæèë 783 ãàïëîòèïîâ ïî 17
STR-ìàðêåðàì (èíôîðìàöèÿ íàøåé áàçû äàííûõ
Y-base). Ñåòü, îòîáðàæàþùàÿ ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêèå
âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ýòèõ ãàïëîòèïîâ, ïîñòðîåíà ñ
èñïîëüçîâàíèåì àëãîðèòìà median-joining â ïðî-
ãðàììå Network 4.1.1.2. Ñåòü âûÿâèëà çâåçäîîá-
ðàçíóþ ñòðóêòóðó: ìàæîðíûé ãàïëîòèï (âñòðå÷åí
ó 97 ÷åëîâåê) â öåíòðå è ìåíåå ÷àñòûå ãàïëîòèïû
âîêðóã íåãî (ðèñ. 1). Ýòîò ìàæîðíûé ãàïëîòèï ïîë-
íîñòüþ ñîâïàäàåò ñ áàçîâûì ãàïëîòèïîì ïîäðî-
äà Àøàìàéëû ðîäà Êåðååâ [Abilev et al., 2012]. Äëÿ
òðåõ âûÿâëåííûõ êëàñòåðîâ STR ãàïëîòèïîâ (α,
β, γ, ðèñ. 1), ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ãåíåàëîãè÷åñêîé
[Gusmao et al., 2005] è ýâîëþöèîííîé [Zhivotovsky
et al., 2004] ñêîðîñòåé ìóòèðîâàíèÿ, ðàññ÷èòàíû
äàòèðîâêè èõ âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ (òàáë. 2). Ïðåäñòà-
âèòåëè ðîäà Òîðå îêàçàëèñü â êëàñòåðå α, óêàçû-
âàÿ íà ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòü ó ñòåïíîé àðèñòîêðàòèè
ïðåäïîëàãàåìîãî ãàïëîòèïà ×èíãèñõàíà. Âîçðàñò
êëàñòåðà (ïðè èñïîëüçîâàíèå ãåíåàëîãè÷åñêîé
ñêîðîñòè ìóòèðîâàíèÿ) ñîñòàâëÿåò 1000±300 ëåò,
÷òî ñîâïàäàåò ñ äàííûìè â ëèòåðàòóðå [Zerjal et al.,
2003; Abilev et al., 2012; Malyarchuk et al., 2009].
Êëàñòåð β âêëþ÷àåò òîëüêî ìîíãîëîâ; åãî âîçðàñò –
600±300 ëåò. Êëàñòåð γ ñîñòîèò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî èç
êàçàõîâ ðîäà Êîíûðàò ñ äàòèðîâêîé êëàñòåðà
1100±400 ëåò, ÷òî ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ èñòîðè÷åñêèìè
äàííûìè: ðàííèå óïîìèíàíèÿ îá ýòîì ðîäå îòíî-
ñÿòñÿ ê X âåêó (îêîëî 1100 ëåò íàçàä), à êî âðåìå-
íè ×èíãèñõàíà Êîíûðàòû óæå ïðåäñòàâëÿëè ñîáîé
êðóïíûé ðîä.
Выводы
Ñîçäàíû ãåíåòè÷åñêèå ïîðòðåòû ðîäîâ Òîðå
(êàçàõñêèå ÷èíãèçèäû) è Êîæà (äóõîâíàÿ àðèñòîê-
ðàòèÿ) ïî äàííûì îá Y-õðîìîñîìå. Ìàæîðíûìè
ãàïëîãðóïïàìè Òîðå ÿâëÿþòñÿ Ñ3* (35%), R1a*
(22%) è R2a (17%), ìàæîðíûìè ãàïëîãðóïïàìè
Êîæà ÿâëÿþòñÿ R1à* (37%), J2 (12%) è R2a (11%).
Ðèñ. 1. Ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ ñåòü ãàïëîãðóïïû C3(xC3ñ)-Ì217(õÌ48) â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ Åâðàçèè. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû
òîëüêî ãàïëîòèïû, âñòðå÷åííûå 2 è áîëåå ðàç. Îáíàðóæåííûå êëàñòåðû îáîçíà÷åíû ïóíêòèðíîé ëèíèåé,
ïîäïèñàíû èõ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ, äàòèðîâêè êëàñòåðîâ ïðèâåäåíû â òåêñòå

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Жабагин М.К., Дибирова Х.Д., Фролова С.А., Сабитов Ж.М., Юсупов Ю.М., Утевская О.М., Тарлыков П.В. и др.
Ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ìàæîðíûõ ãàïëîãðóïï Êîæà
(R1a, J2, R2a) ê ãåíîôîíäàì Ïåðåäíåé Àçèè, Èðà-
íà è Òàäæèêèñòàíà ïîçâîëÿåò ñ÷èòàòü ýòè ðåãèî-
íû âîçìîæíûì àðåàëîì ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ ìèññèî-
íåðîâ, ïðèíåñøèõ ìóñóëüìàíñòâî â Êàçàõñòàí.
Âûÿâëåíî ñõîäñòâî ðîäîâ Òîðå è Êîæà ïî äâóì
ìàæîðíûì ãàïëîãðóïïàì – R1a è R2a ìîæåò áûòü
ñâÿçàíî ñ ïåðåìåøèâàíèåì ãåíîôîíäîâ ìåæäó
ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè ðîäîâ ñ âûñîêèì ñîöèàëüíûì ñòà-
òóñîì (ñòåïíàÿ àðèñòîêðàòèÿ, ñòåïíîå äóõîâåíñòâî).
Ãåíîôîíäû ðîäîâ Òîðå (35%) è Áîðäæèãèí
(39%) ïåðåêðûâàþòñÿ ïî ìàæîðíîé ãàïëîãðóïïå
Ñ3* – M217(xM48), íîñèòåëåì êîòîðîé, êàê ñ÷èòà-
åòñÿ, áûë èõ ðîäîíà÷àëüíèê Òåìó÷èí (×èíãèñõàí).
Îäíàêî ñòîèò îòìåòèòü âûÿâëåííóþ ðåçêóþ ãåòå-
ðîãåííîñòü, îáíàðóæèâàþùóþ ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó
ñîöèàëüíûì è áèîëîãè÷åñêèì ðîäñòâîì â ðÿäå
ãåíåàëîãè÷åñêèõ ëèíèé. Ðîä Òîðå òàêæå êëàñòå-
ðèçóåòñÿ ñ êàçàõñêèìè ðîäàìè Êåðåé, Êîíûðàò,
Æàëàèð.
Àíàëèç ôèëîãåíåòè÷åñêèõ ñåòåé ãàïëîãðóïïû
C3 (õÑ3ñ) âûÿâèë òðè íîâûõ êëàñòåðà ãàïëîòèïîâ.
Îäèí èç ñóáêëàñòåðîâ ñîñòîèò òîëüêî èç ðîäà Êî-
íûðàò ñ äàòèðîâêîé 1100±400 ëåò. Óòî÷íåííàÿ äà-
òèðîâêà ñòàð-êëàñòåðà ñîñòàâëÿåò 1000±200 ëåò,
÷òî ñîâïàäàåò ñ ëèòåðàòóðíûìè äàííûìè è íå ïðî-
òèâîðå÷èò ãèïîòåçå, ÷òî ýêñïàíñèÿ ñòàð-êëàñòåðà
áûëà âûçâàíà ñîöèàëüíûì ïîëîæåíèåì ïîòîìêîâ
×èíãèñõàíà.
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, áûëà âûÿâëåíà ÷àñòè÷íàÿ
ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñâÿçü ìåæäó ñîöèàëüíûì è áèî-
ëîãè÷åñêèì ðîäñòâîì ó ðîäîâ Êîæà è Òîðå, äîïîë-
íÿþùàÿ èñòîðè÷åñêèå ñâåäåíèÿ.
Благодарности
Èññëåäîâàíèå ïîääåðæàíî ãðàíòîì â ôîðìå
ñóáñèäèè â ðàìêàõ ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé 1.1-
1.5 ÔÖÏ «Íàó÷íûå è íàó÷íî-ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèå êàä-
ðû èííîâàöèîííîé Ðîññèè» íà 2009–2013 ãîäû
(ñîãëàøåíèå ¹ 8088), Ïðîãðàììàìè Ïðåçèäèóìà
ÐÀÍ «Æèâàÿ ïðèðîäà (Äèíàìèêà ãåíîôîíäîâ)»,
«Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ è êëåòî÷íàÿ áèîëîãèÿ», «Ôóíäà-
ìåíòàëüíûå íàóêè – ìåäèöèíå» è ãðàíòàìè ÐÔÔÈ
10-04-01603-à, 10-07-00515-à, 11-06-00333-à, 12-
06-90819-ìîë_ðô_íð, 12-04-90915-ìîë_ñíã_íð.
Библиография
Òûíûøïàåâ Ì. Ìàòåðèàëû ê èñòîðèè êèðãèç-êàçàêñêî-
ãî íàðîäà (÷èòàíû â Òóðêåñòàíñêîì îòäåëå Ðóññêîãî ãåî-
ãðàôè÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà â 1924 è 1925 ã.). Òàøêåíò, 1925.
62 ñ.
Abilev S., Malyarchuk B., Derenko M. et al. The Y chromo-
some C3* star-cluster attributed to Genghis Khan’s descen-
dants is present at high frequency in the Kerey clan from
Kazakhstan // Hum. Biology, 2012. Vol. 84. N 1.
Biro A., Zalan A., Volgyi A., Pamjav H. Y-chromosomal compa-
rison of the Madjars (Kazakhstan) and the Magyars (Hungary)
// Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 2009. Vol. 139(3). P. 305–310.
Gusmao L., Sánchez-Diz P., Calafell F. et al. Mutation rates
at Y chromosome specific microsatellites. // Hum. Mutat.,
2005. Vol. 26. P. 520–528.
Karafet T., Xu L., Du R. et al. Paternal population history of
East Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes
// Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2001. Vol. 69(3). P. 615–628.
Malyarchuk B., Derenko M., Denisova G. et al. Phylogeo-
graphy of the Y chromosome haplogroup C in northern
Eurasia // An. Hum. Genet., 2010. Vol. 74. P. 539–546.
Wells R., Yuldasheva N., Ruzibakiev R. et al. The Eurasian
heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome
diversity // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001. Vol. 98. P. 10244–
10249.
Zerjal T., Xue Y., Bertorelle G. et al. The genetic legacy of
the Mongols // Am. J. Hum. Genet., 2003. Vol. 72(3). P. 717–
721.
Zhivotovsky L., Underhill P., Cinnioglu C. et al. The effective
mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with
application to human population-divergence time // Am. J.
Hum. Genet., 2004. Vol.74. P. 50–61.
Êîíòàêòíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ:
Æàáàãèí Ìàêñàò Êèçàòîâè÷: e-mail: mzhabagin@gmail.com;
Äèáèðîâà Õàäèæàò Äèáèðîâíà: e-mail: hadizha-dibirova@mail.ru;
Ôðîëîâà Ñâåòëàíà Àëåêñàíäðîâà: e-mail: s_frolova@list.ru;
Òàáëèöà 2. Âîçðàñò êëàñòåðîâ STR-ãàïëîòèïîâ

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Связь изменчивости Y$хромосомы и родовой структуры: генофонд степной аристократии и духовенства казахов
Ñàáèòîâ Æàêñûëûê Ìóðàòîâè÷: e-mail: babasan@yandex.kz;
Þñóïîâ Þëäàø Ìóõàììàòîâè÷: e-mail: Usupov.Uld@yandex.ru;
Óòåâñêàÿ Îëüãà Ìèõàéëîâíà: e-mail: outevsk@yandex.ua;
Òàðëûêîâ Ïàâåë Âèêòîðîâè÷: e-mail: pavel.tarlykov@gmail.com;
Òàæèãóëîâà Èíêàð Ìåøèòáàåâíà:
e-mail: inkar.tazhigulova@gmail.com;
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE YCHROMOSOMAL VARIATION
AND THE CLAN STRUCTURE: THE GENE POOL OF THE STEPPE
ARISTOCRACY AND THE STEPPE CLERGY OF THE KAZAKHS
M.K. Zhabagin1,2, H.D. Dibirova2,3, S.A. Frolova3, Zh.M. Sabitov4, Yu.M. Yusupov2, 5, O.M. Utevska2,6,
P.V. Tarlykov 3,7, I.M. Tazhigulova3,8, O.A. Balaganskaya3, P. Nymadawa9, I.A. Zakharov 2,
O.P. Balanovsky 2,3
1 Center for Life Science, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
2 Vavilov Institute for General Genetics RAS, Moscow, Russia
3 Research Centre for Medical Genetics RAMS, Moscow, Russia
4 Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
5 Institute for Humanities Research of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russia
6 Karazin National University, Kharkov, Ukraine
7 National Center for Biotechnology of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan
8 Forensic science centre of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan
9 Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia
Aim: to study the possible connection between of Y-chromosomal variability and the genealogical structure
of Kazakhs to analyze the relationship between biological and social kinship. In the study, besides the
descendants of the steppe aristocracy and steppe clergy (sample size N = 94), other clans of Kazakhs and
Mongols (N = 359) were analyzed. All samples were analyzed by 17 Y-chromosomal STR markers, addressing
to haplogroups was confirmed by direct analysis of haplogroup-defining SNPs. In the clan of Tore, eight
haplogroups were identified, among which there were three major haplogroups: C3 * – M217 (xM48) (35%),
R1a * – M198 (xM458) (22%) and R2a – M124 (17%). In the clan of Kozha, there were 14 Y-chromosome
haplogroups, only three of which had frequencies higher than 10 percent: R1a1a-M198 (37%), J2-M172
(12%), R2a-M124 (11%). The major haplogroups of Kozha (R1a, J2, R2a) are typical for gene pool of South-
West Asia, Iran and Tajikistan, which marks possible homelands of the missionaries which brought Islam into
Kazakhstan. In the comparative analysis of the Tore and Kozha, it was revealed that there are similarities in
the two major haplogroups – R1a1a-M198 and R2a-M124, which can indicate the genealogical links between
the socially privileged groups, which is consistent with historical sources. The clan of Tore (Genghis Khan
descendants in Kazakhstan) is similar to the clan of Bordzhigin (Genghis Khan descendants in Mongolia) by
frequency of the major haplogroup C3* (35% in Tore and 39% in Bordzhigin); this haplogroup is presumably
attributed to Genghis Khan. The phylogenetic analysis of the haplogroup C3* allowed us to reveal three new
clusters of haplotypes. One of them includes members of Konirat clan only; the age of the cluster is 1100±400
years. The corrected age of the star-cluster (including the so-called “Genghis Khan haplotype”) was estimated
to be 1000 +/- years. We revealed the partial positive relation between social and biological kinship in Kazakh
clans, which can serve as source of information, additional to the written records.
Keywords: Y-chromosome, gene geography, clan structure of the Kazakhs, population genetics
Áàëàãàíñêàÿ Îëüãà Àëåêñååâíà: e-mail: olga.vasinskaja@mail.ru;
Íèìàäàâà Ïàãáàäæàá: e-mail: nymadawa@gmail.com;
Çàõàðîâ-Ãåçåõóñ Èëüÿ Àðòåìüåâè÷: e-mail: iaz34@mail.ru;
Áàëàíîâñêèé Îëåã Ïàâëîâè÷: e-mail: balanovsky@inbox.ru.