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Present Status and Future Trends in Electric Vehicle Propulsion Technologies

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Abstract

In this paper, the current status and the requirements of primary electric propulsion components-the battery, the electric motors, and the power electronics system-are reviewed. The future trends in the electric propulsion systems, battery charging, and the types of power trains are presented. Possible future electric vehicle powertrain systems based on lithium air battery and plug-in fuel cell vehicles are also discussed.

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... In the present The electrical (machines) motors are responsible for producing the necessary torque, and, hence, force, to change the speed of the EV. Four main types of electric motors have been used in the context of EVs [9] including the following: ...
... In this case, the motor output torque is constant with time, which The electrical (machines) motors are responsible for producing the necessary torque, and, hence, force, to change the speed of the EV. Four main types of electric motors have been used in the context of EVs [9] including the following: ...
... Unlike the PMBDC, the induction motor (IM) does not have carbon brushes and, therefore, is preferred for robustness and reliability [10]. Additionally, because of its simple control, several Tesla EV models employ IMs with a conventional voltage source inverter (VSI) as the traction inverter [9]. More complex control techniques, such as field-oriented control (FOC), maximise the motor's torque and reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the VSI's voltages and currents [10]. ...
Article
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Climate change risks have triggered the international community to find efficient solutions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mainly produced by the energy, industrial, and transportation sectors. The problem can be significantly tackled by promoting electric vehicles (EVs) to be the dominant technology in the transportation sector. Accordingly, there is a pressing need to increase the scale of EV penetration, which requires simplifying the manufacturing process, increasing the training level of maintenance personnel, securing the necessary supply chains, and, importantly, developing the charging infrastructure. A new modular trend in EV manufacturing is being explored and tested by several large automotive companies, mainly in the USA, the European Union, and China. This modular manufacturing platform paves the way for standardised manufacturing and assembly of EVs when standard scalable units are used to build EVs at different power scales, ranging from small light-duty vehicles to large electric buses and trucks. In this context, modularising EV electric systems needs to be considered to prepare for the next EV generation. This paper reviews the main modular topologies presented in the literature in the context of EV systems. This paper summarises the most promising topologies in terms of modularised battery connections, propulsion systems focusing on inverters and rectifiers, modular cascaded EV machines, and modular charging systems.
... Affordable electric cars did not hit the market until Tesla was created in 2003 and began making the Roadster, which was the first car to use lithium-ion batteries. Recently a new segment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles has emerged which possess both the characteristics of EV and hybrid vehicles The main PHEVs available in the market are GMs Chevy Volt and Toyota Prius [1]. Electric Vehicle (EV) is a growing segment as the way forward for transportation and India specifically requires immediate focus in that direction due to poor air quality. ...
... Electric vehicle propulsion technologies are analyzed with a focus on such burning issues as key problems and opportunities for the development of new attractive forms of EVs [1]. Electric vehicles promise to intensify its growth as a trend promoted by the government and industries as a worthy replacement to distinct vehicles. ...
Article
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The problem of emissions has become a specifically conclusive one for the transportation sector making the hour about a sustainable transportation system crucial. As the world turn towards environment friendly products and services, the transition from internal combustion engines (ICEs) to electric vehicles (EVs) because of the latter's zero-emission nature. Still, I want to note that the use of EVs is not completely innocent, for example, during charging and decommissioning of automobiles. However, when comparing the carbon emission made by EVs and ICEs, EVs make significantly lower emissions. Additional measures to draw down the ecological effects include further study on EV technology. This research work is also a comprehensive look at the various problems related to EV technologies specifying the economical, technical, and environmental issues. The paper also analyses the contribution of governmental policies in increasing the opportunities and availability of and affordability of EVs and discusses disaster risks, both natural and man-made. It talks about current infrastructural constraints like power infrastructure, charging stations necessary for high usage of EVs. Further, it assesses the total carbon impact and other possibilities in the future for the evolution of EV technology, making it a unique reference material on the present issues and solutions and the future expectations.
... Direct current (DC) motors fulfil some of these criteria but are less efficient, unreliable, and cumbersome. Advances in power electronics and control systems have led to the preferential use of induction and permanent magnet motors (Rajashekara, 2013;Gao et al., 2005). Among these, the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is often the top choice due to its superior torque and power, representing one of the most advanced types of electric motor available (Rajashekara, 2013;Wang et al., 2021). ...
... Advances in power electronics and control systems have led to the preferential use of induction and permanent magnet motors (Rajashekara, 2013;Gao et al., 2005). Among these, the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is often the top choice due to its superior torque and power, representing one of the most advanced types of electric motor available (Rajashekara, 2013;Wang et al., 2021). ...
... Although this dissertation investigates power dense and cost effective electric machines in the context of realizing power dense HECMs to electrify off-highway vehicles, several application scenarios such as electrified transportation [35] benefit from power dense electric machine designs. The outcomes of this investigation are expected to be applicable across different application scenarios and advance the state of the art by pushing the limits of realizable power density for axial flux PM machines. ...
... There are well-known empirical ranges for achievable values of andB δ based on machine topology decisions. For example, highly relevant to this dissertation is how the choice of cooling system determinesÂ; i.e., 35 The electric loading is the peak of an equivalent linear current density modeled as flowing on the stator surface of the airgap. This equivalent linear current density is defined such that it produces the same fields as the physical slot current. ...
Thesis
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Off-highway vehicles represent 2% of total US energy consumption and 18% of carbon-di-oxide emissions due to the use of combustion engines and inefficient hydraulic actuators. The throttle-based flow control used in these vehicles result in low system efficiencies of approximately 20% from the engine shaft to implement. Electrifying or hybridizing these systems has the potential to reduce emissions and yield substantial energy savings through both efficiency improvements and energy recovery over the drive cycle. Several system architectures have been proposed to electrify the implements of off-highway vehicles. These architectures either replace or hybridize the hydraulic powered actuators with electric machines controlled by variable speed drives to improve efficiency, enable energy recovery, and lower emissions. However, the power density of commercial electric machines is approximately 13 times lower than mobile hydraulics. Locating relatively large electric machines inside the implements is infeasible in most vehicles due to their cantilevered structure. Furthermore, these implements must be cost-effective and should have a short response time, which requires electric machines that have low cost and high torque to inertia ratio. These unique requirements make the use of power dense and expensive electric machines developed for other applications infeasible for off-highway vehicles. This necessitates development of a new class of power-dense and low-cost electric machines with high torque to inertia ratio to electrify these vehicles. This dissertation proposes and validates the hypothesis that directly integrating axial flux PM machines (AFPM) with hydraulic pumps to create integrated electro-hydraulic machines (EHM) can enable electrifying off-highway vehicle implements. This integration eliminates redundant components (bearings, seals, and couplings) to reduce the system mass and cost. It also allows using the hydraulic fluid as a coolant to realize power-dense AFPM with high electric loading. In addition to proposing the integrated EHM, this dissertation proposes and investigates techniques to improve its manufacturability and torque density. First, an integrated EHM that integrates a hydraulic pump to the center of an axial flux machine is proposed. The bucket of a 20-ton excavator is considered as the implement to be electrified. To effectively search the design space of this machine, a multi-physics framework to analyze the electromagnetic, hydraulic, and thermal physics is developed. An optimal design is identified using this framework and experimentally characterized. The results show that the power density, efficiency, and cost of this EHM meet the requirements to electrify the 20-ton excavator bucket and validate the hypothesis that integrated EHMs with AFPM can meet the requirements to electrify off-highway vehicle implements. Next, a new AFPM stator for the integrated EHM is fabricated using a metal additive manufacturing (AM) technique and experimentally characterized. The results demonstrate the promising potential of metal AM technology to fabricate soft magnetic components such as AFPM stators that are difficult to manufacture using steel laminations.Finally, a multiphase winding design technique is developed to design electric machine windings for independently controlling multiple airgap field harmonics. A seven phase AFPM is designed using this technique and experimentally characterized to demonstrate torque creation using different harmonics and torque density improvements by simultaneously using multiple harmonics to create torque. This dissertation finds that torque creation using harmonics improves the power density and the torque to inertia ratio of AFPM and EHMs. Ultimately, this dissertation advances the state-of-the-art in AFPM technology, multiphase winding design, and electric machine manufacturing to validate the hypothesis and demonstrate that EHMs realized by integrating AFPM with hydraulic pumps meet the requirements to electrify off-highway vehicle implements and are manufacturable.
... The compared characteristics include nominal cell voltage (V), life-cycle, unit cost in terms of US dollars to watt hour ($US/Wh), efficiency, power density watt per kg (W/kg), and energy density (Wh/kg). The information used for the comparison was collected from [66], [67], [69], [70]. ...
Preprint
Avionics systems of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or drone are the critical electronic components found onboard that regulate, navigate, and control UAV travel while ensuring public safety. Contemporary UAV avionics work together to facilitate success of UAV missions by enabling stable communication, secure identification protocols, novel energy solutions, multi-sensor accurate perception and autonomous navigation, precise path planning, that guarantees collision avoidance, reliable trajectory control, and efficient data transfer within the UAV system. Moreover, special consideration must be given to electronic warfare threats prevention, detection, and mitigation, and the regulatory framework associated with UAV operations. This review presents the role and taxonomy of each UAV avionics system while covering shortcomings and benefits of available alternatives within each system. UAV communication systems, antennas, and location communication tracking are surveyed. Identification systems that respond to air-to-air or air-to-ground interrogating signals are presented. UAV classical and more innovative power sources are discussed. The rapid development of perception systems improves UAV autonomous navigation and control capabilities. The paper reviews common perception systems, navigation techniques, path planning approaches, obstacle avoidance methods, and tracking control. Modern electronic warfare uses advanced techniques and has to be counteracted by equally advanced methods to keep the public safe. Consequently, this work presents a detailed overview of common electronic warfare threats and state-of-the-art countermeasures and defensive aids. UAV safety occurrences are analyzed in the context of national regulatory framework and the certification process. Databus communication and standards for UAVs are reviewed as they enable efficient and fast real-time data transfer.
... The compared characteristics include nominal cell voltage (V), life-cycle, unit cost in terms of US dollars to watt hour ($US/Wh), efficiency, power density watt per kg (W/kg), and energy density (Wh/kg). The information used for the comparison was collected from [73,69,70,74]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Avionics systems of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or drone are the critical electronic components found onboard that regulate, navigate, and control UAV travel while ensuring public safety. Contemporary UAV avionics work together to facilitate success of UAV missions by enabling stable communication, secure identification protocols, novel energy solutions, multi-sensor accurate perception and autonomous navigation, precise path planning, that guarantees collision avoidance, reliable trajectory control, and efficient data transfer within the UAV system. Moreover, special consideration must be given to electronic warfare threats prevention, detection, and mitigation, and the regulatory framework associated with UAV operations. This review presents the role and taxonomy of each UAV avionics system while covering shortcomings and benefits of available alternatives within each system. UAV communication systems, antennas, and location communication tracking are surveyed. Identification systems that respond to air-to-air or air-to-ground interrogating signals are presented. UAV classical and more innovative power sources are discussed. The rapid development of perception systems improves UAV autonomous navigation and control capabilities. The paper reviews common perception systems, navigation techniques, path planning approaches, obstacle avoidance methods, and tracking control. Modern electronic warfare uses advanced techniques and has to be counteracted by equally advanced methods to keep the public safe. Consequently, this work presents a detailed overview of common electronic warfare threats and state-of-the-art countermeasures and defensive aids. Furthermore, UAV safety occurrences are analyzed in the context of national regulatory framework and the certification process. Lastly, databus communication and standards for UAVs are reviewed as they enable efficient and fast real-time data transfer. Index Terms—Avionics systems, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, navigation and control, regulation and certification, communication and energy, electronic warfare and identification.
... For example, many UAVs nowadays utilize a hybrid propulsion system that involves a fuel cell such as the polymer electrolyte membrane and a battery (Lapeña-Rey et al., 2017;Oh, 2018). Such hybrid systems were found to increase the flight duration of small UAVs by a factor of 5 compared to the conventional lithium polymer battery-based UAVs (Rajashekara, 2013). Furthermore, several energy management systems were developed in the literature for reasonably deciding on power distribution among the multiple power sources according to the different characteristics of the multiple components and the power requirements of the different UAV flight phases, thus improving the system efficiency and saving energy for longer missions (Cheng et al., 2021). ...
... Due to high efficiency and no pollution [1], electric vehicles (EVs) are replacing fuel-powered vehicles [2]. However, the limited capacity of batteries results in a short driving range for EVs [3]. ...
Article
This paper proposes a voltage-controllable switched reluctance generator (SRG) system with a ring winding structure driven by a full-bridge power converter, which is the first application of a full-bridge power converter to drive the SRG. The proposed topology inherits the advantage of low copper loss of the ring winding that combines AC and DC currents together. It connects the equivalent DC power provided by a DC-DC half-bridge circuit to the ring winding to provide circulating DC and partial excitation energy. This paper provides a detailed description of the proposed system's feedback loops and operating principle. The proposed topology is compared with the uncontrollable Circulating-Current-Excited Switched Reluctance Generator (CCEG). The comparative study is validated through simulation and experimental platform, and the results highlight the output voltage performance of the proposed topology and control method.
... At the cathode, the protons, electrons, and oxygen combine to form water vapor. Fuel cells offer a promising alternative energy technology for powering vehicles, stationary applications like homes and businesses, and portable electronics, enabling sustainable and clean energy production with reduced environmental impact [105][106][107][108][109][110]. There are several types of fuel cells that vary in their operating principles, materials used, and applications. ...
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Fuel cell technology emerges as a promising green solution, offering mitigation to global warming, air pollution, and energy crises. This eco-friendly approach is witnessing a surge in adoption within the automotive sector, with fuel cell buses, cars, scooters, forklifts, and more, becoming increasingly prevalent. The automobile industry has been rapidly advancing fuel cell technology, inching closer to the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. As various technical hurdles are surmounted and costs are reduced, fuel cell vehicles are poised to become a competitive force in the automobile market, presenting an excellent solution for environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. This review paper delves into the fundamentals of fuel cells, their characteristics, and their applications in the automotive realm, exploring their prospects in comparison to traditional technologies. Furthermore, it sheds light on the existing research and industrial developments in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. Additionally, a comprehensive comparison is provided between various fuel cell cars that have already been commercialized, enabling readers to understand the current market landscape. The review also analyses the advantages and challenges associated with fuel cell technology, offering insights into its future development trajectory. Through this comprehensive exploration, readers can gain a deeper understanding of fuel cell technology and its potential in revolutionizing the automotive industry.
... [10] Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Promoting the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles, which produce less noise compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, can help reduce overall traffic noise levels. [11,12] Public Education and Awareness: ...
Article
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Urban areas are affected by traffic-induced noise pollution, which has detrimental effects on the health and well-being of individuals. The objective of this research is to assess the magnitude of traffic-related noise pollution in Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh, and suggest potential solutions to alleviate its adverse effects. Information was gathered from 28 distinct locations in week and weekend days throughout the city utilizing a UT353 UNIT decibel meter sound level reader. The statistical analysis unveiled notable fluctuations in noise levels ranging from 57 dB to 108.3 dB based on which we have divided the areas in different zones to visually observe the spatial distribution of noise pollution. The results underscore the extensive incidence of noise pollution within Rajshahi City Corporation, which presents significant health hazards to inhabitants, such as disruptions in sleep patterns and cardiovascular ailments. A multifaceted approach is suggested in order to tackle this matter; it includes technological solutions, public awareness campaigns, and traffic management strategies. In addition, it is suggested that public education initiatives be implemented to promote responsible driving practices among motorists and residents and to increase awareness regarding the adverse health effects of noise pollution. By incorporating these proposed measures, Rajshahi City Corporation can strive towards establishing an urban setting that is more tranquil and promotes the health and welfare of its residents.
... Recently, with the increasing severity of environmental issues, there has been an acceleration in the transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles [1,2]. The components of electric vehicles are gradually being made lighter and smaller to improve energy efficiency and provide more space for user convenience. ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper suggests a technique to reduce noise in DC current measurements within an integrated power conversion system, which includes a three-phase inverter and a full-bridge converter both utilizing single shunt resistors as current sensors. Typically, current measurement is conducted after the stabilization of current ringing to minimize the impact of switching noise. However, in the integrated power conversion system with common DC-link, switching ripples of the inverter may cause errors in the current measurement of converter, and vice versa. Therefore, switching transitions are not allowed during the current sensing periods of both the inverter and the converter in the integrated power conversion system. This paper proposes a method to adjust the switching timing of a three-phase inverter by regulating the offset voltage. While the method is explained using space vector pulse width modulation, it reconfigures the pole voltage references through offset voltage and is not dependent on the modulation technique. The paper details the process for determining the offset voltage and verifies the noise reduction effect of the technique through experimental results.
... Previously, DC motor drives were the preferred choice for electric vehicles, but due to inefficiency and unreliability, DC motors are now less preferred [20]. Induction and permanent magnet (PM) types have become more preferred with the development of power electronics systems [21]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Recent developments in electric motors in construction machinery and the automotive sector's trend towards electric traction in recent years are among the factors triggering and influencing the shift towards electric traction in construction machinery. There is no doubt that electric construction machinery will be the first choice for urban operations in the future, but many research and development efforts are still ongoing to dominate the market. Electric motors are the most important components of power transmission systems in electric machines. The trend towards increasing power density and efficiency in power transmission systems contributes to different designs and improvements in basic electric motor topologies. This article provides an insight into the selection of electric motors to be used in power transmission components of electric construction machinery and allows for the comparison of different electric motors.
... However, this adjustment results in increased power dissipation per unit volume, posing challenges in cooling the drivetrain components. This drivetrain typically encompasses the battery, motor, gearbox, and power electronics [3]. The power electronics transform the DC voltage and current from the batteries to an AC waveform to power the electric motor. ...
Article
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The electric drivetrain of an electric vehicle typically has two fluid circuits: an oil circuit for lubrication and a water-glycol circuit for cooling. Eliminating the water-glycol circuit can result in a more compact and lighter drivetrain. However, this requires the drivetrain components to be cooled with oil as coolant, which has inferior heat transfer properties compared to water-glycol mixtures. This is particularly challenging for the power modules in the power electronics unit, which exhibit some of the highest heat fluxes in the drivetrain. This study focusses on the design and optimization of a novel type of heat sink for laminar flows with baffles to guide the flow in four different directions. This has two main advantages: the baffles act as fins and increase the heat transfer area and they introduce a swirling motion in the oil thereby disturbing the boundary layers continuously. Computational fluid dynamics simulations using Ansys Fluent are performed to evaluate the thermohydraulic performance of the heat sink. The influence of design parameters such as the height and thickness of both fins and baffles and the baffle spacing in horizontal, upward and downward direction was evaluated by simulations with several combinations of the design space, considering manufacturing constraints. The optimization of the design showed that the fin thickness, horizontal baffle spacing and baffle length should be as small as possible, while there were optimal values for fin height, upward and downward baffle spacing, streamwise baffle spacing and baffle thickness. The simulations show that the thermal resistance of the baffle heat sink can be 19% lower than that of a benchmark pin fin heat sink at equal pumping power.
... [1], (b) world oil demand by 2050 [9] In this context, EVs stand as a highly promising technology poised to bring about a transformation in the transportation and energy sectors. They offer a range of benefits, including emission-free operation, quiet operation, minimal maintenance, high energy efficiency, and suitable propulsion characteristics [12], [13], [14]. Moreover, several emerging technologies are proposed within the automotive industry that has the potential to bring good opportunities for the rapid development of new EV markets. ...
Article
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The escalating concerns about petroleum resources depletion and ecological issues have accelerated the technological evolution of electric mobility. Electric vehicles (EVs) promise to revolutionize future transportation by reducing fossil fuel dependence, improving air quality, integrating with renewable energies, and enhancing energy efficiency, especially when smart grids have become omnipresent. However, range anxiety and long charging times remain substantial barriers to widespread EV adoption. This review underscores the critical role of fast-charging technology in overcoming these barriers. Fast chargers (FCs) alleviate long charging times by delivering higher charging power in shorter durations, like refueling at gas stations, resulting in promoting consumer interest. Besides, the presence of a fast-charging infrastructure along travel routes is essential to provide quick access to charging points, minimizing range anxiety. The successful FC deployment necessitates careful consideration of appropriate power electronic interfaces to avoid grid issues, including voltage fluctuations, frequency deviations, and power quality disturbances through the implementation of advanced control mechanisms like voltage regulation and power factor correction. Hence, a substantial portion of research efforts has been directed towards the advancement of FCs utilizing silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) technologies. This focus highlights breakthroughs in power electronics, facilitating faster charging rates. Besides, adequate cooling is essential for FCs to prevent semiconductor component damage. The review contributes to the thorough examination of pertinent information regarding FCs, encompassing standards, architectures, power converter topologies, compatible battery chemistries, fast-charging techniques, and cooling systems. It also explores the multifaceted impacts of fast-charging on AC-grid and traction batteries, focusing on advanced solutions for grid stability, battery lifespan, and environmental sustainability, including smart grid technologies, battery management systems, and shifting towards renewable energy resources. Finally, the future research trends towards fast-charging are presented. This review provides a unique perspective on the current state of fast-charging infrastructure by synthesizing information from various sources, serving as a valuable one-stop source for researchers interested in this topic.
... Higher torque, high power, higher efficiency, affordability, higher reliability, variable range of speed, etc., define the requirement for an engine to be used in a pure electric vehicle. Initially, DC motors were used in these cars, but their unreliability and inefficiency made them less unpopular to use in these vehicles [26]. Recently, permanent magnet (PM) and induction types of motors have generally been used in PEV for their developed power electronics system [27] Four to five kinds of motors are used in pure electric vehicles. ...
Article
Full-text available
Electric vehicles use electric motors, which turn electrical energy into mechanical energy. As electric motors are conventionally used in all the industry , it is an established development site. It's a mature technology with ideal power and torque curves for vehicular operation. Conventional vehicles use oil and gas as fuel or energy storage. Although they also have an excellent economic impact, the continuous use of oil and gas threatened the world's reservation of total oil and gas. Also, they emit carbon dioxide and some toxic ingredients through the vehicle's tailpipe, which causes the greenhouse effect and seriously impacts the environment. So, as an alternative, electric car refers to a green technology of decarbonization with zero emission of greenhouse gases through the tailpipe. So, they can remove the problem of greenhouse gas emissions and solve the world's remaining non-renewable energy storage problem. Pure electric vehicles (PEV) can be applied in all spheres, but their special implementation can only be seen in downhole operations. They are used for low noise and less pollution in the downhole process. In this study, the basic structure of the pure electric command vehicle is studied, the main components of the command vehicle power system, namely the selection of the drive motor and the power battery, are analyzed, and the main parameters of the drive motor and the power battery are designed and calculated. The checking calculation results show that the power and transmission system developed in this paper meets the design requirements, and the design scheme is feasible and reasonable.
... However, the level of interest in EV technologies underwent significant changes over the course of the 20 th century. The development of efficient gasoline engines, the availability of affordable gasoline, and the invention of electric starters for internal combustion engines led to a total decline in interest in electric vehicles [186]. In the 1980s, environmental concerns prompted a renewed interest in EVs, which initiated substantial competition among top vehicle manufacturers to create the most efficient, cost-effective, and long-range EVs. ...
... Higher torque, high power, higher efficiency, affordability, higher reliability, variable range of speed, etc., define the requirement for an engine to be used in a pure electric vehicle. Initially, DC motors were used in these cars, but their unreliability and inefficiency made them less unpopular to use in these vehicles [26]. Recently, permanent magnet (PM) and induction types of motors have generally been used in PEV for their developed power electronics system [27] Four to five kinds of motors are used in pure electric vehicles. ...
Article
Full-text available
Electric vehicles use electric motors, which turn electrical energy into mechanical energy. As electric motors are conventionally used in all the industry , it is an established development site. It's a mature technology with ideal power and torque curves for vehicular operation. Conventional vehicles use oil and gas as fuel or energy storage. Although they also have an excellent economic impact, the continuous use of oil and gas threatened the world's reservation of total oil and gas. Also, they emit carbon dioxide and some toxic ingredients through the vehicle's tailpipe, which causes the greenhouse effect and seriously impacts the environment. So, as an alternative, electric car refers to a green technology of decarbonization with zero emission of greenhouse gases through the tailpipe. So, they can remove the problem of greenhouse gas emissions and solve the world's remaining non-renewable energy storage problem. Pure electric vehicles (PEV) can be applied in all spheres, but their special implementation can only be seen in downhole operations. They are used for low noise and less pollution in the downhole process. In this study, the basic structure of the pure electric command vehicle is studied, the main components of the command vehicle power system, namely the selection of the drive motor and the power battery, are analyzed, and the main parameters of the drive motor and the power battery are designed and calculated. The checking calculation results show that the power and transmission system developed in this paper meets the design requirements, and the design scheme is feasible and reasonable.
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This review provides a concise history of road transport vehicles and analyzes the environmental problems caused by them. Many issues have arisen as a result of modern transportation, such as air pollution, global warming, and the depletion of fossil fuels. The article covers the current and future electric vehicle needs of key nations. It explains various types of electric vehicles and discusses several configurations of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), including series, parallel, series-parallel, torque-coupling, and speed-coupling systems, and how they function. The article concludes by discussing potential future prospects for engineers and the electric vehicle industry.
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This paper comprehensively reviews renewable power systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including batteries, fuel cells, solar photovoltaic cells, and hybrid configurations, from historical perspectives to recent advances. The study evaluates these systems regarding energy density, power output, endurance, and integration challenges. A detailed comparison highlights that lithium-ion batteries dominate the market due to their high power density but are limited by low energy density, restricting flight endurance to less than 90 min for small UAVs. Fuel cells, particularly proton exchange membranes, demonstrate high energy density, enabling long flight durations for lightweight UAVs, yet face challenges such as slow response and hydrogen storage limitations. Solar-powered UAVs, while achieving multi-day endurance in optimal sunlight, require extensive wingspans and are constrained by weather and location. Hybrid systems integrating fuel cells, batteries, and solar cells offer the most promising solutions, achieving endurance improvements of over 60% compared to single power sources, as demonstrated in recent studies. By addressing gaps in efficiency, scalability, and environmental resilience, this review identifies pathways for advancing UAV propulsion technologies. This study fills a critical gap by providing a holistic analysis of renewable energy integration in UAVs and proposing innovative approaches to optimize endurance, efficiency, and environmental impacts.
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The second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) is widely applied for current harmonics suppression of interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM). However, SOGI is single-degree of freedom and exists a trade-off issue between the dynamic convergence response and the stable convergence precision. Thus, the final performance of current harmonics suppression is influenced. In order to address this issue, a cross-decoupled current harmonics suppression method based on notch filter and second-order generalized integrator (NF-SOGI) is proposed. Firstly, according to the opposite characteristics of SOGI and NF, SOGI is applied to extract the target current harmonic, while NF is applied to extract all the non-target current harmonics, and thus the target current harmonic is decoupled with the non-target ones. Secondly, through the cross-link between SOGI and NF, NF-SOGI is reconstructed as double-degree of freedom, and there are two coefficients to cope with the trade-off issue, and thus the convergence precision can be improved under the same convergence rate. Therefore, the suppression performance of current harmonics is enhanced. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated on a 17.26-kW IPMSM drive platform.
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A suspension unit is a significant component in a vehicle. It provides a smooth ride, improves traction, maintains ride geometry and facilitates better handling. A typical suspension setup in a two-wheeler consists of a front and rear suspension setup working independently to achieve the desired function. It connects the wheel to the chassis of the vehicle, transferring road load and hence affecting the durability of the structural members. This research work focuses on the durability aspect of the suspension unit with its preload as the control parameter. A rear suspension with seven preload settings was chosen for this study. The provision requirements of preload settings in suspension were experimentally analyzed using static measurements. The vehicle was instrumented with transducers (strain gauges, accelerometers, linear displacement sensors, and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors), and dynamic road load data was acquired at different rear suspension preload settings by changing from the minimum, i.e., the 1st setting, to the maximum, i.e., the 7th setting, while keeping other parameters constant. Statistical analysis and fatigue analysis were utilized to study the dynamic effects. It was observed and quantified that increasing the preload for higher static load conditions or rough road conditions provides a smoother ride and improved life due to lower bump stopper engagement and full bump conditions owing to increased compression stroke availability. Keywords: Suspension, Fatigue Life, Stiffness, Riding, Strain Gauges
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This paper uses the five-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) inverter to feed an electric vehicle's traction motor-interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). The model predictive control method controls the energy conversion process according to the model with two prediction steps. The advantage of this method is its fast response, which increases the ability to operate the converter with good voltage quality. Model predictive control (MPC) control is a closed-loop strategy with much potential when integrating multiple control objectives; the calculation process is compact without complex modulation. Within the scope of this article, the MPC strategy will be implemented with two control goals for NPC, including output load current and capacitor voltage balance with low switching frequency. The simulation results on MATLAB/Simulink software were performed to verify the proposed algorithm's effectiveness in minimizing the grid current's harmonics and ensuring an uninterrupted power supply.
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The uncertain driving and road conditions complicate the design of Energy Management System (EMS) of Electric vehicles (EVs). To improve the performance of Battery/Supercapacitor (SC) based EV, an adaptive EMS based on Pontryagin's Minimum Principle (PMP) considering actual road slope and velocity prediction through Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based method is proposed. An adaptive EMS is designed by considering the solution obtained from PMP based EMS. The solution obtained by PMP is based on a constant costate variable which cannot be applied to uncertain driving conditions. To solve this problem, the costate variable is adjusted in real time using a novel adaptation law which considers the future power demand of the vehicle, actual road slope and battery conditions. The integration of ANN based velocity prediction model with EMS results in an enhanced technique that can adapt automatically to changing road and vehicle conditions and thus improves the efficiency of the EV. The entire system is tested on three actual road slope conditions and different driving cycles. A Rule Based Strategy (RBS) and PMP based technique without velocity prediction are also studied to compare and analyse the performance of the proposed Adaptive EMS based on PMP (APMP). Simulation results show that the proposed Adaptive EMS based on PMP increases the participation of SC in the EMS and thereby improves battery health
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This paper summarizes the results of numerous studies aimed at improving the operating characteristics of electric motors used in light electric vehicles (LEVs). This review focuses on four types of electric motors that can be installed in the drive wheel rims of LEVs. Due to the availability of new magnetic materials and the use of advanced techniques for optimizing the design of electric motors, new motor topologies have emerged. The latest generation motors have been shown to be more efficient, have higher torque density, and generate less torque ripple. This paper indicates and discusses current trends in the topology of electric motors designed for LEV drives. In this context, the effectiveness of the proposed design modifications in terms of selected motor operational characteristics was assessed. The proposed new topologies were compared with commercial solutions, also in terms of the possibility of improving their operational parameters.
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Deadbeat predictive current harmonics suppression method is gifted with fast dynamicity and simple mathematical model for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSM). However, when low-order current harmonics are suppressed and decreased, additional high-order current harmonics are produced and increased, and it deteriorates current harmonics suppression effect. In this paper, a deadbeat predictive current harmonics suppression method based on quasi proportional resonant (QPR) control is proposed to suppress the additional increased current harmonics. Through constructing the dynamic process model, the reasons why additional high-order current harmonics are produced are analyzed. Then, QPR control is applied for the voltage fluctuation problem, which leads to produce additional high-order current harmonics. Whereby, the influence of additional high-order current harmonics can be reduced while the current harmonics suppression effect is improved. Furthermore, the current loop stability is analyzed through the Nyquist curves, and the current harmonics suppression effect is discussed based on the amplitude frequency response. The effectiveness of proposed method is verified on a 17.2-kW IPMSM drive experimental platform.
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The advent of sub-meter resolution topographic surveying has revolutionized active fault mapping. Light detection and ranging (lidar) collected using crewed airborne laser scanning (ALS) can provide ground coverage of entire fault systems but is expensive, while Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry from uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) is popular for mapping smaller sites but cannot image beneath vegetation. Here, we present a new UAV laser scanning (ULS) system which overcomes these limitations to survey fault-related topography cost-effectively, at desirable spatial resolutions, and even beneath dense vegetation. In describing our system, data acquisition and processing workflows, we provide a practical guide for other researchers interested in developing their own ULS capabilities. We showcase ULS data collected over faults from a variety of terrain and vegetation types across the Canadian Cordillera and compare them to conventional ALS and SfM data. Due to the lower, slower UAV flights, ULS offers improved ground return density (~260 points/m2 for the capture of a paleoseismic trenching site and ~10–72 points/m2 for larger, multi-kilometer fault surveys) over conventional ALS (~3–9 points/m2) as well as better vegetation penetration than both ALS and SfM. The resulting ~20–50 cm-resolution ULS terrain models reveal fine-scale tectonic landforms that would otherwise be challenging to image.
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In this research, we present a design study and numerical simulation of three sinusoidally fed synchronous electric machines that can be used as driving machines in hybrid electric vehicles, and they are: Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine (WRSM), Synchronous Reluctance Machine (SynRM) and PM-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance (PMA-SynRM). This study aims to conduct a quantitative and qualitative comparison between the three types of electrical machines in terms of magnetic performance, thermal behavior, and efficiency. In order to know which machine is better in this application; taking the weight of the machine into consideration. This is based on the same main geometric dimensions, the same electromagnetic parameters, and the same operating conditions of the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) used in the PRIUS electric vehicle. The simulation of the three machines was conducted based on the advanced simulation program (Ansys Motor-CAD), which provides a numerical simulation of the machine’s magnetic performance and its thermal behavior under real operating conditions (laboratory performance) as it takes all types of losses into account, which enabled us to obtain two distribution maps. The intensity of magnetic induction and the temperature gradient within the structures of the three machines were studied. The comparison results showed that the PMA-SynRM machine is superior to the WRSM & SynRM machines, in terms of electromagnetic performance, thermal behavior and efficiency over a wide range of power-speed, as it has a promising structure that combines the positive characteristics of various electrical machines in one machine.
Article
This project organizes an application of hybrid electric vehicle systems operated with novel designed bidirectional dc-dc converter (BDC) which interfaces a main energy storage (ES1), an auxiliary energy storage (ES2) and dc bus of different voltage levels. Proposed BDC converter can operate both step up and step-down mode. In which step up mode represents low voltage dual source -powering mode and step-down mode represents high voltage dc link energy –regenerating mode, both the modes are operated under the control of bidirectional power flow. This model can independently control power flow between low voltage dual source buck/boost modes. Here in, the circuit configuration, operation, steady-state analysis, and closed-loop control of the proposed BDC are discussed according to its three modes of power transfer. In this project fuzzy logic controller is used and also system results are validating through MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Index Terms—Bidirectional dc/dc converter (BDC), dual battery storage, hybrid electric vehicle, Fuzzy logic controller.
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The bleeding circuit is important for dropping the dc-bus voltage to safe voltage when electric vehicles (EVs) encounter an emergency. However, the bleeding circuit may be bulky and heavy to ensure that the total discharge operation is completed in the specified time (5 seconds). In order to reduce the volume and weight of the bleeding circuit, this paper proposes a maximum discharge power method that can maintain the discharge power of the bleeding resistor at the maximum discharge power. The mechanism and disadvantage of traditional uncontrolled rectification (UR) method is analyzed for illustrating the necessity of reducing the bleeding resistor at first. Then, the proposed maximum discharge power is developed based on the established power flow model. For the sake of improving the tracking performance and dynamic performance of the discharge power, an adaptive sliding mode power control (ASMPC) is proposed with the adaptive reaching law, which can effectively reduce the chatting effect on inner current loop. Finally, the proposed strategy is validated on a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive used for EVs, and the results show that the proposed discharge method can not only reduce the bleeding resistor size and weight but also improve the dynamic characteristics.
Article
This paper proposes a novel asymmetric multilevel current source converter presented as a five-level converter but can be generalized for other levels. The proposed converter can generate the same current levels with fewer components than conventional symmetric multilevel current source converter, thus reducing the cost and complexity of the system. The paper also analyzes and compares the proposed converter with the conventional five-level topology regarding the number of components, semiconductors losses, harmonic distortion, and cost distribution. A modulation strategy based on space vector modulation is developed for the proposed converter to achieve DC-link balanced currents. Moreover, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based controller is designed and implemented to realize the modulation strategy and control the converter operation with a digital signal processor (DSP). Simulation and experimental results demonstrated the feasibility and performance of the proposed topology.
Chapter
Green technology is a game-changing strategy to solve urgent environmental issues while fostering economic and social well-being. This chapter dives into the vital role green technology plays in addressing the pressing need for sustainability at the national and international levels. The chapter emphasizes how many top businesses support ecological solutions, and how countries are increasingly seeing sustainability as a top concern. Additionally, it emphasizes how green technologies have a beneficial impact on a variety of industries and how they have the potential to lead global sustainability activities. The study showed the positive impact of green technologies in different fields. It will focus on applications, and success stories while emphasizing the beneficial effects of green technology across various industries. This chapter opens the path for a greater comprehension of sustainable technologies' crucial role in building a more sustainable future by focusing on their fundamental necessity.
Chapter
The multifaceted potential of using drones for search and rescue (SAR) is worthy of exploration. There are surely benefits in securing the safety of humans and animals, but there are also needs for careful planning and taking inherent risks and other factors into consideration. There are also ethical discussions that should be raised in ensuring appropriate drone and data use. An evaluation of the current status, with a combination of real-world SAR examples and expert insight into security and privacy concerns, are presented as well as an exploration of concerns about integrating drones into SAR operations.
Conference Paper
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Wireless power transmission (WPT) is popular and gaining technology finding its application in various fields. The power is transferred from a source to an electrical load without the need of interconnections. WPT is useful to power electrical devices where physical wiring is not possible or inconvenient. The technology uses the principle of mutual inductance. One of the future applications finds in automotive sector especially in Electric Vehicles. This paper deals with research and development of wireless charging systems for Electric vehicles using wireless transmission. The main goal is to transmit power using resonance coupling and to build the charging systems. The systems deal with an AC source, transmission coil, reception coil, converter and electric load which are battery.
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The performance of a 600 V gallium nitride Schottky rectifier at high temperatures up to 125 °C and cryogenic operation has been reported. A 600 V, 4 A GaN Schottky rectifier from Velox semiconductors has been used for the characterization. Forward conduction and reverse blocking performance was measured down to 77 K. Two Schottky barrier heights have been noticed at low temperatures and a tunnelling limited reverse leakage current was observed. The SPICE model parameters are also extracted for circuit simulation purposes (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Book
Reluctance synchonous machines (RSMs) and drivers include a multitud of machine topologies in terms of rotor, stator winding, stator current control. Line-start (constant speed) and inverted-fed (variable speed) aplications are easily achieved in a power range from a few hundred watts to megawatts. RSMs offer strong competition to existing variable speed brushless drivers for aplication from computer peripheral through robotics to electronic traction for rail transport. This book explores fully the possible topologies, their characteristics, and applications.
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This paper provides details about the design of the Tesla Roadster's lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack (otherwise known as the ESS, or Energy Storage System) with a particular focus on the multiple safety systems, both passive and active, that are incorporated into the pack. This battery pack has been under development and refinement for over three years and is the cornerstone of the Tesla Roadster. The high level of redundancy and multiple layers of protection in the Tesla Roadster battery pack have culminated in the safest large Li-ion battery that we or many of the experts in the field, with whom we've consulted, have seen. Background The battery pack of the Tesla Roadster electric vehicle is one of the largest and technically most advanced Li-ion battery packs in the world. It is capable of delivering enough power to accelerate the Tesla Roadster from 0 to 60 mph in about 4 seconds. Meanwhile, the battery stores enough energy for the vehicle to travel more than 200 miles (based on EPA city/highway cycle) without recharging, something no production electric vehicle in history can claim. Designed to use commodity, 18650 form-factor, Li-ion cells, the Tesla Roadster battery draws on the progress made in Li-ion batteries over the past 15 years. Under the market pull of consumer electronics products, energy and power densities have increased while cost has dropped making Li-ion the choice for an electric vehicle. In the past, to achieve such tremendous range for an electric vehicle it would need to carry more than a thousand kilograms of nickel metal hydride batteries. Physically large and heavy, such a car could never achieve the acceleration and handling performance that the Tesla Roadster has achieved.
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Environmental pollution is affecting the daily lives of all beings on planet Earth in one way or the other. The prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution is becoming one of the major objectives of governments all over the world. R&D is going on in several laboratories to reduce the emissions from automobiles. The USA, which has the highest number of automobiles in the world, is pushing for lower emissions. As a result of this concern for environmental pollution, major efforts are underway to develop electric vehicles. In this paper, the present trends and requirements of the primary electric propulsion components — the battery, the motor, and the power converter — are presented. The status of electric vehicle technology and future trends are reviewed.
Conference Paper
In this paper, a compact high efficiency wireless power transfer system has been designed and developed. The detailed gate drive design, cooling system design, power stage development, and system assembling are presented. The successful tests verified the feasibility of wireless power transfer system to achieve over-all 90% efficiency.
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As reported by the Web site CBS MoneyWatch [1], electric vehicles are seeing a steady growth in consumer interest, especially within the youngest age group of potential buyers. As is the case with all vehicles, it is very important and even required to continuously monitor its vital equipment. Therefore, today almost all vehicles are equipped with an onboard diagnosis (OBD) system. This system is used for warnings and monitoring critical failures in the vehicle such as ignition, battery, oil and gasoline level, engine, and brakes, among others. If a problem or malfunction is detected, the OBD system sets a malfunction indicator light (MIL) on the dashboard that is readily visible to the vehicle operator and informs the driver of the existing problem. The OBD is a valuable tool that assists in the service and repair of vehicles by providing a simple, quick, and effective way to pinpoint problems by retrieving vital automobile diagnostics. In the case of vehicles with electric motors, the detection of faults expectedly differs from that in vehicles with gasoline engines. This article will describe DSP techniques using Texas Instruments TMS320F2812 signal processor to achieve this.
Article
The performance of a synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) depends on the direct-axis inductance (Ld) and the quadrature-axis inductance (Lq) of the machine. Increasing the saliency ratio Ld/Lq and making the difference between these inductances (Ld−Lq) large are well known methods for achieving high torque density and power factor. Placing the right amount of permanent magnets inside the rotor in the proper position will significantly improve the performance of this permanent magnet-assisted SynRM (PMa-SynRM). The PMa-SynRM offers higher power factor, which will reduce the size of the inverter. This study investigates the effect of Ferrite and NdFeBr permanent magnets on a 1.5kW SynRM, which has the capability of holding block shape magnets inside one of the rotor air barriers. Analytical analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to compare the use of Ferrite against NdFeBr. Finally, the effects that using high or low cost magnets have on machine power factor and output performance have been studied.
Article
Electrification of the automobile provides a means of sustaining personal mobility in the face of petroleum resource limitations and environmental imperatives. Lithium ion (Li ion) batteries and hydrogen fuel cells provide pure-electrification solutions for different mass and usage segments of automotive application. Battery electric vehicles based on current and targeted Li ion battery technology will be limited to small-vehicle low-mileage-per-day applications; this is due to relatively low specific energy (kWh/kg) and long recharge time constraints. We briefly discuss new generations of Li ion positive and negative electrode intercalation compounds that are needed and under development to achieve energy storage density, durability, and cost targets. Lithium−air batteries give promise of extending the range, but scientists and engineers must surmount a plethora of challenges if growing research investments in this area are to prove effective. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have demonstrated the required 300 mile range and the ability to operate in all climates, but the cost of Pt-based catalysts, a low efficiency of utilization of presently cost-effective renewable sources of primary energy (e.g., electricity from wind), and the development of hydrogen infrastructure present significant challenges. Dramatic decreases in the amount of Pt used are required and are being brought to fruition along several lines of development that are described in some detail.
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Powertrain hybridization as well as electrical energy management are imposing new requirements on electrical storage systems in vehicles. This paper characterizes the associated vehicle attributes and, in particular, the various levels of hybrids. New requirements for the electrical storage system are derived, including: shallow-cycle life, high dynamic charge acceptance particularly for regenerative braking and robust service life in sustained partial-state-of-charge usage. Lead/acid, either with liquid or absorptive glass-fibre mat electrolyte, is expected to remain the predominant battery technology for 14 V systems, including micro-hybrids, and with a cost-effective battery monitoring system for demanding applications. Advanced AGM batteries may be considered for mild or even medium hybrids once they have proven robustness under real-world conditions, particularly with respect to cycle life at partial-states-of-charge and dynamic charge acceptance. For the foreseeable future, NiMH and Li-ion are the dominating current and potential battery technologies for higher-functionality HEVs. Li-ion, currently at development and demonstration stages, offers attractive opportunities for improvements in performance and cost. Supercapacitors may be considered for pulse power applications. Aside from cell technologies, attention to the issue of system integration of the battery into the powertrain and vehicle is growing. Opportunities and challenges for potential "battery pack" system suppliers are discussed.
Article
The integrity of electric motors in work and passenger vehicles can best be maintained by frequently monitoring their condition. In this paper, a signal processing-based motor fault-diagnosis scheme in detail is presented. The practicability and reliability of the proposed algorithm are tested on rotor asymmetry detection at zero speed, i.e., at startup and idle modes in the case of a vehicle. Regular rotor asymmetry tests are done when the motor is running at a certain speed under load with stationary current signal assumption. It is quite challenging to obtain these regular test conditions for long-enough periods of time during daily vehicle operations. In addition, automobile vibrations cause nonuniform air-gap motor operation that directly affects the inductances of electric motors and results in a noisy current spectrum. Therefore, it is challenging to apply conventional rotor fault-detection methods while examining the condition of electric motors as part of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain. The proposed method overcomes the aforementioned problems by simply testing the rotor asymmetry at zero speed. This test can be achieved at startup or repeated during idle modes, where the speed of the vehicle is zero. The proposed method can be implemented at no cost using the readily available electric motor inverter sensor and microprocessing unit. Induction motor fault signatures are experimentally tested online by employing the drive-embedded master processor [TMS320F2812 digital signal processor (DSP)] to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Conference Paper
Coexistence of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs) with the emerging smart grids has been recently an attractive and equally challenging research topic. The existing electricity grids are rapidly evolving into smart grids by utilizing the advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Meanwhile, advances in Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) battery technologies have made manufacturing of PHEVs cost-wise effective, and PHEVs are expected to be widely adopted in the following years. PHEVs have several benefits over conventional vehicles such as, less fuel dependency, lower operating costs and lower amount of CO2 emissions. On the other hand, unless PHEVs are powered by off the grid renewable energy resources, they will be drawing electricity from the grid to charge their batteries and they will increase the load on the grid. In the worst case, when the Time Of Charging (TOC) coincides with the critical peak periods, the grid may experience overall or partial failure. For most of the cases, TOC may be during the peak hours when the price of electricity is high. To avoid endangering grid resilience and to avoid high costs, a charging strategy and communication with the smart grid is essential. In this paper, we propose a prediction-based charging scheme which receives dynamic pricing information by wireless communications, predicts the market prices during the charging period and determines an appropriate TOC with low cost. Our prediction-based charging scheme is based-on a simple, light-weight classification technique which is suitable for implementation on a vehicle or a charging station. We show that prediction-based charging provides less operating cost and less CO2 emissions.
Conference Paper
A power switching device is one of the key elements to determine the performance of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs). Recently, the power devices using wide-bandgap semiconductors, such as SiC and GaN, have been intensively developed for the future HEVs and EVs. In this paper, we review a role of the power devices in these automotive systems, the required device characteristics, and the recent status of SiC and GaN power devices.
Article
Switching devices based on wide bandgap materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) offer a significant performance improvement on the switch level (specific on resistance, etc.) compared with Si devices. Well-known examples are SiC diodes employed, for example, in inverter drives with high switching frequencies. In this paper, the impact on the system-level performance, i.e., efficiency, power density, etc., of industrial inverter drives and of dc-dc converter resulting from the new SiC devices is evaluated based on analytical optimization procedures and prototype systems. There, normally on JFETs by SiCED and normally off JFETs by SemiSouth are considered.
Article
In this paper, a new switched reluctance machine with a double-stator configuration (DSSRM) is introduced. The proposed design is based on optimization of the motional forces, which leads to a high-grade electromechanical energy conversion process. A local examination of the force densities within and throughout a conventional switched reluctance machine (SRM) shows that the majority of the force produced is in the radial direction and does not contribute to motion. If the normal forces happen to be in the direction of motion, a larger motional force profile for SRM is yield. Based on these guidelines, a new SRM (DSSRM) is proposed. To compare energy conversion efficiency of DSSRM with that of the conventional SRM, a finite element model is constructed. An experimental prototype of the proposed machine is developed, and the phase inductance is measured. The results of our investigations indicate that the proposed geometry offers superior performance in terms of higher power density and higher percentage of the motional forces.
Article
Recently, permanent magnet assisted (PMa)-synchronous reluctance motors (SynRM) have been considered as a possible alternative motor drive for high performance applications. In order to have an efficient motor drive, performing of three steps in design of the overall drive is not avoidable. These steps are design optimization of the motor, identification of the motor parameter and implementation of an advanced control system to ensure optimum operation. Therefore, this dissertation first deals with the design optimization of the Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor (PMa-SynRM). Various key points in the rotor design of a low cost PMa-SynRM are introduced and their effects are studied. Finite element approach has been utilized to show the effects of these parameters on the developed average electromagnetic torque and the total d-q inductances. As it can be inferred from the name of the motor, there are some permanent magnets mounted in the rotor core. One of the features considered in the design of this motor is the magnetization of the permanent magnets mounted in the rotor core using the stator windings to reduce the manufacturing cost. At the next step, identification of the motor parameters is discussed. Variation of motor parameters due to temperature and airgap flux has been reported in the literatures. Use of off-line models for estimating the motor parameters is known as a computationally intensive method, especially when the models include the effect of cross saturation. Therefore in practical applications, on-line parameter estimation is favored to achieve a high performance control system. In this dissertation, a simple practical method for parameter estimation of the PMa-SynRM is introduced. Last part of the dissertation presents one advanced control strategy which utilized the introduced parameter estimator. A practical Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA) control scheme along with a simple parameter estimator for PMa-SynRM is introduced. This method is capable of maintaining the MTPA condition and stays robust against the variations of motor parameters. Effectiveness of the motor design procedure and the control strategy is validated by presenting simulation and experimental results of a 1.5 kW prototype PMa-SynRM, designed and manufactured through the introduced design method.
Conference Paper
The performance of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle with a small reluctance synchronous machine drive is presented. The machine is current angle controlled for maximum torque per ampere or minimum kVA. This ensures that the machine is operated reasonable close to optimal efficiency for all loads. The calculated and measured performance results of the reluctance synchronous machine drive and the electric vehicle are given. The 28 kW peak reluctance synchronous machine is used to drive the back wheels of a small delivery-vehicle through a differential. The conventional petrol-engine propelled front drive is kept standard. Simulation and measured results show that with the small RSM drive generating a peak torque of 150 Nm, the 1480 kg vehicle accelerates from 0-60 km/h in 19 seconds. The maximum range of the HEV on a single battery charge is measured as 90 km at 60 km/h
Conference Paper
In a world when energy conservation and environmental protection are growing concerns, the development of electric vehicle technology has taken on an accelerated pace. The 1990s are likely to be the decade in which the long-sought practical, economical electric vehicles will begin to be realized. The paper provides an overview of present status and future trends in electric vehicle technology, with emphasis on the impact of rapid development of electric motors, power electronics, micro electronics and new materials. Comparisons are made among various electric drive systems and various battery systems. The market size of electric vehicles in the coming years and the potential electric vehicle impacts are discussed
Conference Paper
The propulsion systems being used by General Motors in different electric vehicle projects are described, and the performances achieved are presented. The past projects discussed are electrovan, an electric truck for military application, STIR-LEC I (a Stirling electric hybrid car), the GM512 series car. The AT&T van, and the Electrovette. Current projects such as IMPACT and the electric shuttle bus are also discussed. The IMPACT was developed because of a concern for air quality. The technology of impact is based on advanced propulsion system technology and is suitable for mass production at affordable costs
Article
This paper introduces the conceptual design and finite-element method analysis of a permanent-magnet-assisted reluctance synchronous motor/generator for mild hybrid vehicles where a large constant power speed range (6:1) is required and machine volume, converter peak kVA, and battery size are the main constraints. Careful flux-barrier and permanent-magnet sizing, high magnetic saturation, and current density are the main requirements for maximum torque production with constraint volume. A specific tangential force density of 4.33 N/cm2 is obtained. Rated (continuous) power-battery limited is 2.5 kW at 42 V dc, from 1000 to 6000 r/min. The peak torque of 140 N·m is obtained at 202 A (rms/phase) and can be secured up to 500 r/min. Peak power is still 7.85 kW at 6000 r/min at 42 V dc with an efficiency of 90%. Preliminary results on a prototype are also available.
Article
The performance of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with a small reluctance synchronous machine drive is presented. The machine is current-angle controlled for maximum torque per ampere or minimum kVA. This ensures that the machine is operated reasonably close to optimal efficiency for all loads. The calculated and measured performance results of the reluctance synchronous machine drive and the electric vehicle are given. The 28 kW peak reluctance synchronous machine is used to drive the rear wheels of a small delivery vehicle through a differential. The conventional petrol-engine-propelled front drive is kept standard. Simulation and measured results show that, with the small reluctance synchronous machine drive generating a peak torque of 150 Nm, the 1480 kg vehicle accelerates from 0 to 60 km/h in 19 s. The maximum range of the HEV on a single battery charge is measured as 90 km at 60 km/h
Nissan's Zero Emissions Future
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N. Mansfield, Nissan's Zero Emissions Future. Smyrna, TN, USA: Nissan North America Inc., Dec. 2010.
The tesla roadster battery system. Tesla Motors Nissan Leaf Overview
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Delphi Working to Make Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging a Reality
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Hybrid synchronous motors and current-energized synchronous motors suitable for vehicle drives
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On-board fault diagnosis of hybrid electric vehicle motors at start-up and idle mode
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B. Akin, S. B. Ozturk, and H. Toliyat, " On-board fault diagnosis of hybrid electric vehicle motors at start-up and idle mode, " IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 2150–2159, Jun. 2009.
Reluctance Synchronous Machines and Drives
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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging infrastructure review
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K. Morrow, D. Karner, and J. Francfort, " Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging infrastructure review, " Dept. Energy Vehicle Technol. Program, Univ. Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity, New York, Ny, USA, Tech. Rep. INL/EXT-08-15058, Nov. 2008.
BMW to Research Lithium-Air Battery
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The tesla roadster battery system. Tesla Motors, Inc. [online]Available
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Francfort Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging infrastructure review
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Proposed control strategy for cageless reluctance motor using terminal voltage and currents
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