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Concurrent growing of green manure with wet-seeded rice for cost-effective weed management

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... Outstandingly, encapsulated metsulfuron methyl 2 g a.i ha -1 produced 689 kg ha -1 (15.08%) more grain yield and 11.56% less weed index than the recommended dose of commercial metsulfuron methyl 4 g a.i ha -1 . These results align with the findings by Anitha et al. (2012) [1] . A substantial decline in grain yield (3230 kg ha -1 ) and enhanced weed index (45.83%) ...
... Outstandingly, encapsulated metsulfuron methyl 2 g a.i ha -1 produced 689 kg ha -1 (15.08%) more grain yield and 11.56% less weed index than the recommended dose of commercial metsulfuron methyl 4 g a.i ha -1 . These results align with the findings by Anitha et al. (2012) [1] . A substantial decline in grain yield (3230 kg ha -1 ) and enhanced weed index (45.83%) ...
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A field study was conducted at the Agricultural Farm, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati, West Bengal, during the monsoon season 2023 (kharif) to explore the effect of metsulfuron methyl on optimized weed management in transplanted rice. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design (RBD) with eleven treatments, which were replicated thrice. The treatments included, four different doses of encapsulated and commercial metsulfuron methyl viz., 2 g a.i ha-1 , 3 g a.i ha-1 , 4 g a.i ha-1 and 5 g a.i ha-1. These treatments were compared with the farmers practice of hand weeding twice at 20 and 40 days after transplanting. The weed free check and unweeded control treatments were maintained for evaluating the weed control efficiency of commercial and encapsulated metsulfuron methyl. Both commercial and encapsulated formulations of metsulfuron methyl were applied as pre emergence on five days after transplanting and the solvent evaporation method was utilized for encapsulating metsulfuron methyl. The findings revealed that, among the herbicidal treatments, pre emergence application of encapsulated metsulfuron methyl at 5 g a.i ha-1 resulted in lower weed density (16.00 m-2), reduced weed dry weight (3.99 g m-2), greater weed control efficiency (97.27%), higher weed control index (97.35%), maximum grain yield (5816 kg ha-1) and a modest weed index (2.44%) compared to others. However, this was closely followed and statistically at par with encapsulated metsulfuron methyl 4 g a.i ha-1. Notably, the application of encapsulated metsulfuron methyl at 2 g a.i ha-1 resulted significantly lower weed density (41.33 m-2), reduced weed dry weight (10.99 g m-2), superior weed control efficiency (92.95%), enhanced weed control index (92.70%), substantial grain yield (5257 kg ha-1) and a reduced weed index (11.81%) than recommended dose of commercial metsulfuron methyl 4 g a.i ha-1. Considering the ecological balance, environmental sustainability and shortage of skilled agriculture labour, this study concludes that, pre emergence application of encapsulated metsulfuron methyl at 2 g a.i ha-1 on five days after transplanting is ideal for effective weed control, enhanced productivity and profitability of transplanted rice.
... Sesbania coculture reduced broadleaf and grass weed density by 76-83% and 20-33% respectively, and total weed biomass by 37-80 % compared with a sole rice crop . Anitha et al., (2012) reported that application of 2, 4-D resulted in maximum reduction of weeds without any adverse effect on rice. Incorporation of dhaincha by spraying 2, 4-D resulted in 78% reduction in total weed count and 59 % in weed dry matter production. ...
... Initially live mulches inhibit germination of weed seeds through their allelopathic effects and after three weeks broad leaved weed killer herbicides control remained dicot weeds alongwith live mulches. Anitha et al., (2012) reported that concurrent growing of dhaincha and its incorporation at 30 DAS resulted in yield enhancement to the tune of 0.84 t/ha and profitability of 12520/ha. Concurrent growing of dhaincha and its incorporation using 2, 4-D is a low-cost weed management alternative for wet seeded rice. ...
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Innovative and Current Advances in Agriculture and Allied Sciences (ICAAAS), a brain child of Astha Foundation to bring scientists, researchers, academicians and all stake holders from throughout the globe for the betterment of humanity with the involvement of all the branches of sciences and related field is organizing the conferences. The five different themes of sessions were planned for the ICAAAS and these themes itself explains the vision of ICAAAS are : 1. Innovation in Crop Improvement, Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Precision Horticulture, Agroforestry and Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Food Security. 2. Advances in Disease and Pest Management, Livelihood and Sustainable Management Practices, Post-Harvest Technology, Food Processing and Value Addition for Augmenting Farmer’s Income. 3. Key Factor for Crop Productivity: Cropping System, Agronomic and Soil Health Management Practices, Farm Mechanization, Indigenous Technical Knowledge and IPR Issues. 4. Recent Advances in Animal Health, Animal Nutrition & Husbandry, Dairy, Poultry and Fisheries Technology. 5. New Frontiers in Physical, Chemical, Mathematical, Biological, Social Sciences, Remote Sensing, Smart Agriculture, Information Technology, Digital Library and Huminities.
... Spraying 2, 4-D with dhaincha reduced total weed count by 78% while reducing weed dry matter generation by 59%. The use of 2, 4-D to suppress dhaincha-controlled broadleaved weeds and sedges effectively (Anitha et al., 2012) [2] . Different herbicides altered weed density in transplanted rice, according to Shahbaz et al., (2018) [40] , and there were substantial differences at three locations during kharif 2015. ...
... Spraying 2, 4-D with dhaincha reduced total weed count by 78% while reducing weed dry matter generation by 59%. The use of 2, 4-D to suppress dhaincha-controlled broadleaved weeds and sedges effectively (Anitha et al., 2012) [2] . Different herbicides altered weed density in transplanted rice, according to Shahbaz et al., (2018) [40] , and there were substantial differences at three locations during kharif 2015. ...
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Rice is a staple food source for people all over the world. Weed growth in paddy fields, on the other hand, is a serious biological threat to increased rice yield and quality. Several cultural, chemical, biological, and physical strategies influence weed production and composition in paddy fields. In most circumstances, herbicides can effectively control weeds, however chemical-based weed management is not a long-term answer. The different weed kinds and their consequences on rice production are discussed in this article, as well as weed management approaches for suppressing weed development in rice fields. The essential arguments are that rice has a wide variety of weeds (grassy, sedges, and broad leaf), weeds cause crop losses, and weed management solutions are restricted. Researchers will be able to learn more about how to boost agricultural productivity and manage weeds in a sustainable manner because of this research.
... In comparison to DSR (sole), Sesbania or Azolla alone caused a considerable reduction in total weeds density and dry weight at 60 DAS. At 60 DAS, Azolla with 100% RDN reduced the total weed density to the extent of 81% ( Table 2), which could be due to the covered surface of rice field, reduces photosynthetic activity of weeds by intercepting light (Anitha et al. 2012). In this study, Azolla proved to be as effective as Sesbania in weed-suppressing ability. ...
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Azolla Direct-seeded rice Grain yield Sesbania Weed smothering efficiency
... This in turn results in higher yield for wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, sugar cane, etc. 4 . The concurrent growing of Sesbania with rice significantly reduces the count of grass, weeds and sedges in the field resulting in higher yield of rice due to increased nutrient uptake from soil in a competition free environment 7 . The other less important applications of Sesbania species in traditional agroforestry include as cover crop, shade plant, windbreak, live support fence, livestock feed, aquafeed, fibre, wood for light construction work and firewood 2,8,9 . ...
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Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers. (Dhaincha) is a member of family Fabaceae spread over several countries in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Sesbania aculeata, Sesbania drummondii, Sesbania grandiflora, Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania sesban, and Sesbania speciosa are other members of this family. The agricultural, nutritional and pharmaceutical applications of Sesbania species are known to farmers, villagers, and the tribes since ages and are well studied by researchers. However, the significance of Sesbania as an industrial crop has not been recognized till now. The objective of this study was extraction and characterization of Sesbania cannabina seed oil (SCSO) for potential engineering applications. The seed oil was extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet extractor. Yield was only 2.32% w/w due to long storage at high temperature in seed house. Sesbania cannabina seed oil methyl ester (SCSOME) was prepared via esterification and transesterification for analysis of fatty acid composition of extracted oil. SCSO has high iodine value (118 g I2/100 g) and high saponification value (185.79 mg KOH/g) making the oil suitable for use as candle stocks or in soap making. However, these applications were ruled out on account of being insignificant for oil available in limited quantity. The oil has high viscosity index (174.19), high onset (382°C) and offset (450°C) decomposition temperatures, endothermic nature, and shear rate thickening behaviour. These properties make SCSO a good candidate for application as specialty lubricant required under severe operating conditions of high temperature and high shear rate or as insulating and cooling transformer oil. graphical abstract Fullsize Image
... Incorporation of dhaincha by spraying 2, 4-D resulted in 78% reduction in total weed count and 59 % in weed dry matter production. Application of 2, 4-D for incorporation of dhaincha controlled broadleaved weeds and sedges substantially (Anitha et al., 2010). Shahbaz et al., (2018) found that the weed density was influenced by different herbicides in transplanted rice and showed significant differences at three locations during kharif 2015. ...
Article
Rice farming is generally practiced in warm/cool humid subtropics where lack of control over the water by both flooding and drought problems and serious weed infestation thus crop badly suffer. Worldwide, weeds are one of the major biological threats to higher rice productivity and its management in rice is challenging, complex, expensive, and regulated mechanism. Therefore, to control the diverse weed infestation in rice fields, planed weed management strategies have to addressed. Now a day, unavailability of labour due to seasonal migration and lack of farm operations in the peak of the rice growing period adds fossil to the burning complications “the profuse weed infestation” and hence, the precise weed removal/control is utmost required to optimize the yield sustainability and efficient resource use. Among all the weed control methods, chemical weed control is commonly used to overcome weeds infestation which is easy, quick, time saving, cost effective and the most reliable method to control weeds in rice. In view of the limitations of herbicidal resistance of old molecules, it is necessary to promote the potential new molecules of herbicides and their combination (a sustainable option in a long run) for effective weed control. Among the existing herbicides, pre emergence herbicides alone are extensively used for controlling the rice weeds which do not provide extended period of weed control. To control weeds during the critical period of crop weed and escape the development of resistance, a combination of different groups of herbicides having different mode of action to be applied. Integrated approaches for weed management, emphasizing on the combination of management practices and scientific knowledge, may also reduce the economic costs and improve weed control owing to the complexity of the weed community.
... Incorporation of dhaincha by spraying 2, 4-D resulted in 78% reduction in total weed count and 59 % in weed dry matter production. Application of 2, 4-D for incorporation of dhaincha controlled broadleaved weeds and sedges substantially (Anitha et al., 2010). Shahbaz et al., (2018) found that the weed density was influenced by different herbicides in transplanted rice and showed significant differences at three locations during kharif 2015. ...
... Incorporation of dhaincha by spraying 2, 4-D resulted in 78% reduction in total weed count and 59 % in weed dry matter production. Application of 2, 4-D for incorporation of dhaincha controlled broadleaved weeds and sedges substantially (Anitha et al., 2010). Shahbaz et al., (2018) found that the weed density was influenced by different herbicides in transplanted rice and showed significant differences at three locations during kharif 2015. ...
... This may be due to effective suppression of weed by live mulching resulting in reduced weed density, dry weight, as observed, and lower nutrient uptake by weeds. Anitha et al. (2012) also reported that dual cropping of cowpea with dry seeded rice resulted in a weed suppression by 69-75 % whereas, Mishra et al. (1995) concluded that cowpea live mulching in maize significantly reduced weed density and dry weight. Increased ground cover due to addition of cover crop under the treatment L 2 may have resulted in reduced weed growth leading to lower NPK uptake by weeds. ...
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Field investigations were conducted during 2015 and 2016 kharif seasons at the experimental farm of ICAR, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema to study weed growth and nutrient uptake in organically managed rice and maize as affected by N management and live mulching with cowpea. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD with two kharif crops viz., rice (C1) and maize (C2), two organic N management viz., vermicompost @ 2 t/ha (N1) and vermicompost @ 2.7 t/ha (N2) and two mulches viz., control (No mulching) (L1) and live mulching with cowpea (L2). The dominant weed species observed were Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria setigera, Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridis, Cyperus iria and Cyperus rotundus. Weed density, dry weight and NPK uptake was found to be significantly lower in maize compared to rice during both years. Weed growth and NPK uptake was also found to be significantly higher with application of vermicompost @ 2.7 t/ha (N2) compared to 2 t/ha (N1) whereas, significantly lower weed growth as well as NPK uptake was also recorded with cowpea live mulch (L2) as compared to no mulching (L1). Cowpea live mulch (L2) with application of vermicompost @ 2 t/ha (N1) was found to record significantly lower NPK uptake by weeds in both crops. Yield and yield attributes of rice and maize were observed to be higher under cowpea live mulch with application of vermicompost @ 2.7 t/ha (N2).
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Green manuring is considered to be a good management practice in all agricultural production systems because of its increasing sustainability cropping system through reducing soil erosion, improving soil physical properties, increasing soil organic matter and fertility level, especially nitrogen. Furthermore, the crop rotation through the green manures use are between the key mechanisms for more effective soil nutrient cycling that are so critical to soil productivity, and so, essential to the sustainability development of low-input and organic farming systems around the world. The cultivation of green manures, notably the legumes, the gives the farmer certain autonomy in relation to the availability of organic matter and has a role in management of soil fertility under the low-input resource management conditions. The legume family of have an advantage due to their symbiotic associations with N2 fixing bacteria, resulting in the contribution of considerable amounts of that nutrient to the soil-plant system, which can be available in subsequent cultivations. In addition, principal issues as soil organic matter management in different cropping areas for improving soil health and residues management concerning recycling and environmental protection need to be addressed in future. Therefore, due to the high soil conservation efficiency provided by the plant covering of green manures, there is the possibility of high biomass contribution to the cultivated areas.
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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) are widely used cover crops. This experiment investigated the potential of white clover (WC), ryegrass (RG), and fallow (FL) to inhibit the growth of weeds and the effect of their residue return to the field on subsequent crops in a cover crop-corn rotation system. Furthermore, we designed pot experiments to guide the scientific application of WC and RG. The results showed that the FL treatment had the highest mean weed biomass in two years (11.99 t ha−1) and the RG treatment recorded the lowest mean weed biomass in two years (2.04 t ha−1) as its early growth rate and aerial root cover. The combination of rotary tillage (RT) and WC recorded the highest total corn yield in two years (20.20 t ha−1) and an increase of 2.84% in the two-year average biomass of weeds compared to RT-FL. Compared to RT-FL, RT-RG treatments inhibited weed invasion by an average of 73%, but corn yield was reduced by 3.25%. Straw and soil ratios above 6:100 for RG resulted in stunted corn growth, including a reduction in fresh weight and chlorophyll content, and impaired photosynthesis, but this effect was not evident in WC treatment. From an ecological point of view, this study recommends RT-RG as a pre-crop for corn to reduce herbicide use.
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