Conference PaperPDF Available

Design of Static Wireless Charging Coils for Integration into Electric Vehicle

Authors:
  • Schneider Electric, Burnaby. Canada

Abstract and Figures

This paper analytically discusses various factors that affects static wireless charging of an electric vehicle and also presents the maximum efficient operating regime of this wireless power transfer. The main goal of this paper is using magnetic resonance to supply power wirelessly via air and to determine the dependency of power supply on coil dimensions and other factors. Different types of source and load coils are analyzed like circular, spiral and helical. Different shapes of the coils are also taken into account like square and circular. From the analysis, it is found that the efficiency of power transfer is derivable by the equivalent circuit point of view and also using coupled mode theory. The analysis shows that the efficiency is dependent on the coil radius, distances between the coils and the Q-factors of the coils. From the analysis, an overview of the optimum design of the coils and distance between the coils has been given.
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 


   


 This paper analytically discusses various factors that
aects static wireless charging of an electric vehicle and also
presents the maximum ecient operating regime of this wireless
power transfer. The main goal of this paper is using magnetic
resonance to supply power wirelessly via air and to determine
the dependency of power supply on coil dimensions and other
factors. Dierent types of source and load coils are analyzed like
circular, spiral and helical. Dierent shapes of the coils are also
taken into account like square and circular. From the analysis, it
is found that the eciency of power transfer is derivable by the
equivalent circuit point of view and also using coupled mode
theory. The analysis shows that the eciency is dependent on
the coil radius, distances between the coils and the Q-factors of
the coils. From the analysis, an overview of the optimum design
of the coils and distance between the coils has been given.
 
          
 
    

       
        
       
        
  
         
           
      
         

         

       
       
        
   
         

 

       
     
       
    


         
        
       
      
        
   


        
        
 
         
     

     
  
         
         
 
         
   
         
          
         

         
         
       

 
       
         
        
         
   
         
   
 
    

       
      
     
         
 
 

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 
 
       
 

    
        
         
       



 
 
 
   
 
   
   
 
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

   
          
      
 
   
        

       
     
         
         

        
 
        
     

      
   
    
         









   
   
       
        
        
       
         
        
        
  

   

        
        
        
      
   
     


       



 
 
 
   
    
   
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
    

  
   
    


  


  


  

     


 
 
 

  
  
   
  
   
       


 

 

  

    
 
     
  
 

 
 











)






 
          
         
          
         
        
 
           
         
        
 
 
      
        
       
      
        
         
      
 

   

       

 
      
       
       
   
   
 
   
          
  
 

         

        

  

  
 
  

         
       
        

      
        

         
        
         
       

        
       
         
      
        
          

        
   
         
 
         
      
      
 
 
           
    
          
        


 

         
         
        
       
  
         
     
          
        
  

        

  
 
 


         
         
          
       

  
        


          

 

   
      
         
         
 
 

 

         

   
 
  


  



   
 
 
       
        
 











         



      
        
   



  
      
 
 
    
  
          

        
       
         
         
       
         

         
        


 
          
        

          




   
     



 


 








        
 


        
 


 

 
       
       
         
       
        
        
   
      
 
 


   
       
  
           
       

            
        
           
 

 
        

      
         
       
       
      


 


         
    
       

   
        
      

   
     
      

       
   
      
 
        
         
      
   
    
 
         
         
 

 
       
       
 
         
 
   
          

         
        
  
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... The different design options provide more possibilities for achieving efficient power transfer. Studies such as [3,4,6,7,[49][50][51][52][53][54] discuss and compare the design and features of various coils for the transmitter and receiver pads to an extensive degree. Structural and design features of the transmitter and receiver pads for near-field WPT methods that use inductive coupling can be loosely translated for those that use electric fields to couple the GA and VA, such as CPT. ...
... The magnetic field lobe would have a spike shape for lower center diameters, which could help increase the coupling coefficient. The magnetic flux distribution zones can be expanded with less amplitude sacrifice by increasing the center diameter, which can help with misalignment issues [53]. It may be important to note that for the circular coil, the receiver power drops to zero when the offset distance between two windings reaches about 40% [52]. ...
Article
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This study compiles, reviews, and discusses the relevant history, present status, and growing trends in wireless electric vehicle charging. Various reported concepts, technologies, and available literature are discussed in this paper. The literature can be divided into two main groups: those that discuss the technical aspects and those that discuss the operations and systems involved in wireless electric vehicle charging systems. There may be an overlap of discussion in some studies. However, there is no single study that combines all the relevant topics into a guide for researchers, policymakers, and government entities. With the growing interest in wireless charging in the electric vehicle industry, this study aims to promote efforts to realize wireless power transfer in electric vehicles.
... Reviving the EV1 to full capacity took up to eight hours, in spite of the fact that it could achieve 80% charge in one to three hours. [13] Sadly for J1773, in 2001 the California Air Resources Board (CARB) settled on J1772, a conductive (wired) charging interface, as the norm for California EVs, causing its downfall. From that point onward, progress in remote charging has been glacial, despite the fact that electric vehicles have been a piece of the standard car scene since the presentation of the Toyota Prius in 1997. ...
... A Battery Management System (BMS) module is crucial for managing and protecting battery packs, especially in applications using lithium-ion batteries. While most BMS modules are designed for specific battery pack configurations (e.g., 3.7V Li-ion cells), ensuring the overall system operates safely and efficiently, a 5V BMS module would be used to manage battery packs with a nominal voltage of 5V. ...
Article
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a new and developing technology in the power and transportation sectors. Regarding the state of the economy and ecology, there are more advantages. The most crucial component of electric vehicles is the charging station, which lowers environmental pollution and the influence of greenhouse gases. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment is another name for this electric charging station (EVSE). It is made up of both low power and high power. It would be very helpful to build an on-road charging system with a solar panel so that we can charge at any time. We can also drive off-road with connected batteries because the high power is terminated at a fraction of the second charging that can be implemented in an electric vehicle rather than the low power. The photovoltaic (PV) cell's force from sunlight is transferred to the electric vehicle's battery via the application of remote force move technology. Sunoriented boards are thought to build an autonomous force station, so reducing its need on common energy resources. By using the light energy the sun produces, the sunoriented boards generate electrical energy. The energy obtained from the board is transferred to a battery by means of a solarpowered charge regulator, therefore increasing the photovoltaic cell's force output. Due to the wireless connection between the transmitting and receiving coils, DC current is injected into the battery. The battery is automatically switched off from solar power once it is full. As a consequence, electric battery utilization and sustainable mobility are achieved. There is an overview of the charging stations and a discussion of the implications of electric vehicles.
... PPs are gaining attention as they can effectively reduce problems such as transmission power drop due to coil misalignment during vehicle driving. According to the literature [60][61][62][63], the advantages and disadvantages of various shapes of NPPs and PPs are summarized in Table 1. Schematic diagrams of the shapes of the coil are drawn in Fig. 5 ...
Article
The electrified road (eRoad) technology, which allows for delivering electrical power to electric vehicles (EVs) in motion, has been under active development as a novel charging solution, with a great potential to eliminate EV’s range anxiety and to reduce the battery dependency. Three promising eRoad technologies, including pantograph, conductive rail, and the inductive power transfer (IPT), have gained momentum. In this review, the following studies are performed: (1) a comparative analysis of the three eRoad technologies is made by focusing on the working principles, performances as well as technology readiness levels (TRLs). (2) From the perspective of road infrastructure, the potential structural compatibility issues are extensively discussed; the recommendations and emerging research needs, which could improve the eRoads’ service lifetime, are further presented. (3) Life cycle sustainability potential for the three eRoad solutions are comparably analyzed, emphasizing as well the importance of integrating eRoad infrastructure into the full life cycle assessment on the use of EVs for clean transport. (4) In the context of the drastic development of smart road systems, potential synergistic development of eRoad with other novel technologies is envisioned.
... and high coupling coefficient [8][9][10]. In a study [11,12], the authors proposed a new WPT coil design that utilized a high-permeability magnetic material and a nonuniform winding pattern to achieve high Q-factor and coupling coefficient [13][14][15][16]. The results showed that the proposed design outperformed conventional WPT coils regarding power transfer efficiency. ...
Article
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Wireless power transfer (WPT) has become an increasingly popular technology for charging electronic devices wirelessly. One of the key challenges in WPT is increasing efficiency and reducing different losses in coils caused by the higher air gap and coil coupling between the primary and secondary coils. Ferrite shielding is a common technique used to reduce losses and increase the coupling in WPT systems. In this paper, we present an analysis and comparison study of the effect of ferrite shielding thickness ( FTF_T F T ) on the electromagnetic parameters of WPT systems. We investigate the impact of varying the ferrite shielding thickness on parameters such as power transfer efficiency, coupling coefficient (k), and magnetic field strength (B). Our results show that increasing the ferrite shielding thickness can significantly reduce losses and improve the performance of WPT systems. Also, analyze the trade-off between ferrite shielding thickness and power transfer efficiency and provide guidelines for selecting an optimal thickness for a given application. This study provides valuable insights into the design and optimization with weight vs. coupling comparison for WPT systems using ferrite shielding. It can help inform the development of future WPT technologies. The result obtained through simulation, i.e., coil-to-coil efficiency, is 98.88 to 99.7360% at 6.78MHz frequency for a 5-mm- to 50-mm-thick ferrite rectangular coupler using ANSYS Maxwell and ANSYS simplorer software.
... In order to have a good and stable wireless power transfer, the inductors need to have a good quality factor. Before finding the quality factor, the resonant frequency must be determined as shown in equation (1). f=1/2π√(LC) (1) Once the resonant frequency is calculated, the quality factor of the inductor coils can be determined to see if the selected values of inductance, capacitance, and the resonant frequency are feasible for the circuit. ...
Article
Electric-powered vehicles will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase fuel prices. The main purpose of wireless transmission in electric vehicles is to transfer power over a small distance. The wireless power transmission system consists of a transmitter and receiver part that is separated by a small distance. Wireless transmission technology uses a flexible electromagnetic field. This electric field is created in a free environment that carries a fixed amount of money that creates a magnetic field around it and this field contains energy in it and the EMF is generated between the coils and transmitted to the receiver. BMS is a battery management system. In EV vehicles we use two batteries such as master and slave. The first preference is given to the master battery in BMS. If the master battery charge comes down automatically the relay will switch from battery
Article
Inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) technology is widely used in wireless charging systems because of its safety, convenience, and reliability. However, the loosely coupled transformer, the most significant part of an ICPT system, has misalignment conditions in practical applications, which have a negative effect on the efficiency of the ICPT system. This paper proposes a new loosely coupled transformer structure, where the primary side is composed of two hybrid winding D coils and a solenoid coil, and the secondary side consists of a D coil and a solenoid coil, which is referred to as a “double-D solenoid coil–D solenoid coil” (DDS–DS). The hybrid winding D coils, which are composed of multiple layers of windings, can construct a uniform magnetic field at the operational air gap. The S coil is added to the primary and secondary sides of the transformer to build a mutually perpendicular energy channel with the D coils, which compensates the coupling valley without introducing cross-coupling. Therefore, the DDS–DS structure can construct a wide uniform magnetic field and effectively improve the anti-offset capability of the system. Finally, an experimental prototype is established, and the effective charging width reaches 78% of the transmitting coil's width with a 50 mm operational air gap, which verifies that the structure has good anti-offset capability.
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Nowadays, the establishment of the technologies of contactless power transfer (CPT) for electric vehicles (EVs) are needed. The system can provide people with a convenient charging system which can powers their EVs wirelessly and automatically when they park. Traditional CPT solutions have the problem of distance between transmitting antennas and receiving antennas (air gap), as well as from the misalignment of the antennas. Those systems cannot power at a great distance and the efficiency is very low. In this paper, CPT by magnetic resonance couplings and small antennas are proposed. These techniques more easily span air gaps and are more forgiving to antennas misalignments than traditional solutions. The Efficiencies are still high when the air gaps are longer than the diameter of the antennas. As well, the efficiencies are over 90% when the antennas are half a diameter out of alignment. For example, when the air gap and the displacement is 150mm, the efficiency is about 96%. The magnetic resonant couplings can power wirelessly even if there is a weak connection. Thus, a large air gaps with high efficiency are possible. The relation between two resonant frequencies and the coupling coefficient are described using the method of equivalent circuits. As well, the relation between resonant frequencies and the efficiencies, especially the moment of decreasing, are described.
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Wireless power technology offers the promise of cutting the last cord, allowing users to seamlessly recharge mobile devices as easily as data are transmitted through the air. Initial work on the use of magnetically coupled resonators for this purpose has shown promising results. We present new analysis that yields critical insight into the design of practical systems, including the introduction of key figures of merit that can be used to compare systems with vastly different geometries and operating conditions. A circuit model is presented along with a derivation of key system concepts, such as frequency splitting, the maximum operating distance (critical coupling), and the behavior of the system as it becomes undercoupled. This theoretical model is validated against measured data and shows an excellent average coefficient of determination of 0.9875. An adaptive frequency tuning technique is demonstrated, which compensates for efficiency variations encountered when the transmitter-to-receiver distance and/or orientation are varied. The method demonstrated in this paper allows a fixed-load receiver to be moved to nearly any position and/or orientation within the range of the transmitter and still achieve a near-constant efficiency of over 70% for a range of 0-70 cm.
Conference Paper
Wireless energy transfer by coupled magnetic resonances is a popular technology in which energy can be transferred via coupled magnetic resonances in the non-radiative near-field. In this paper, we use coupled inductance model in circuit theory to analyze the power transfer efficiency of this technology, instead of using coupled mode theory (CMT). The analysis result is verified by some simulations and experiments.
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We numerically studied the affect of power loss factors in a wireless power transfer system using resonant magnetic coupling. Resonant magnetic coupling is regarded as one of the most promising methods for mid-range wireless charging systems. To make this method practical, it is important to accurately estimate power transfer efficiency and effect of each loss factor in the device-designing stage. We conducted a numerical simulation using an equivalent circuit model and electromagnetic analysis for a mobile-device model. Resonance at 7 MHz between the transmitting and receiving coils was achieved using lumped capacitors attached at the coil ends. In addition to the skin effect, we consider various loss factors such as proximity effect, loss tangent of lumped capacitors, and so on. The results show that the proximity effect significantly decreases the power transfer efficiency of the system, and the loss tangent of lamped capacitor also decreases it by a few percentage points.
Conference Paper
Wireless power transfer is required for the diffusion of Electric Vehicles (EVs) because it makes possible the process of automatically charging EVs. The technology of wireless power transfer requires three main elements: large air gaps, high efficiency and a large amount of power. Though, there has been no such technology, recently, the technology of electromagnetic resonant couplings was proposed and named WiTricity. With this technology there are large air gaps, high efficiency and large amounts of power. In this paper, the feasibility of wireless power transfer for EVs by electromagnetic resonance coupling is studied. We studied small sized antennas that can be equipped on the bottom of a vehicle and we studied the electrical characteristics of the antenna with equivalent circuits, electromagnetic analysis and experimentation. The length of the air gaps between a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna affect resonance frequencies. The resonance frequency changes from two to one depending on the length of the air gap. Until a certain distance, maximum efficiencies are not changed. Large air gaps are weak couplings. In a weak coupling at resonance, magnetic resonance couplings can transfer energy with high efficiency. The specification results at high power are proposed. In this paper, the feasibility of wireless power transfer with large air gaps and high efficiency by small sized antennas that can be equipped on the bottom of EVs is proposed.
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Although the use of inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) systems for electric vehicle battery charge presents numerous advantages, a detailed design method cannot be found in the literature. This paper shows the steps to follow in the optimized design of an ICPT system and the results obtained in their application to the four most common compensation topologies, pointing out the best one in terms of minimum copper mass and proper stability conditions. A new design factor K D is proposed to select the optimum configuration for each topology. Finally, the theoretical results are validated on a 2-kW prototype with a 15-cm air gap between coils.