SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES STRUCTURE

Abstract

Scientists and researchers communicate their research results one to another through scientific articles. These articles are generally published in scientific journals or presented in conferences. To make the communication efficient and effective, the articles must be presented coherently and logically. This can be realized through the use of the format commonly used in scientific articles. This paper describes the structure of scientific articles that are commonly used to communicate the results of research, known as AIMReDCaR (Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Result, Conclusion, and References). Discussions are focused on the scientific article features and guidelines for writing each section.

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SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES STRUCTURE1
Parlindungan Pardede
Universitas Kristen Indonesia Jakarta
e-mail: parlpard2010@gmail.com
Abstract
Scientists and researchers communicate their research results one to
another through scientific articles. These articles are generally published in
scientific journals or presented in conferences. To make the
communication efficient and effective, the articles must be presented
coherently and logically. This can be realized through the use of the format
commonly used in scientific articles. This paper describes the structure of
scientific articles that are commonly used to communicate the results of
research, known as AIMReDCaR (Abstract, Introduction, Methodology,
Result, Conclusion, and References). Discussions are focused on the
scientific article features and guidelines for writing each section.
Keywords:AIMReDCaR, scientific article, journals
Introduction
Scientific articles are the ‘storehouses’ of scientific researches
results plus the procedures used to make those researches. They are
written to provide a means for scientists to communicate each other about
the results of their researches. To make the communication effective, the
media (manuscripts) must have a standardized framework so that the
authors could present their findings and ideas in an orderly, logical
manner. This paper introduces the generic structure of scientific articles
written based on actual and relevant studies. Discussions are focused on
the stereotyped sections of the articles and their features as well. By being
more familiar with those things, readers are expected to have clearer idea
for writing journal articles. In this paper, the term scientific article is used
1 Presented on the Scientific Writing Workshop held by The English Teaching Study Program of
the Christian University of Indonesia (UKI) in cooperation with Journal of English Teaching (JET)
on April 29—May 27, 2012 in the Computer Room of UKI Jakarta.

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interchangeably with manuscript, scientific paper, journal article, research
paper, or research article.
Before exploring the scientific article structure in detail, it is
important to note that based on their contents, scientific articles are
differentiated into two types: full research papers, which are written based
on actual and relevant studies; and conceptual papers, which do not
present new data from fresh research but rather selectively discuss and
compare the findings of other scientists (through library study) in order to
advance thinking in the area of interest. The focus of this paper is on full
research articles, especially those in English teaching field.
Discussion
Generic Structure of Scientific Articles
All scientific articles have general parts which follow a set of
conventions that have developed over the years from 1665, when the first
issue of Philosophical Transactions appeared in England (Cargill and
O’Connor, 2009, p. 9). The inclusion of general parts in scientific articles
makes scientific papers have a uniform or rigid format. Katz (2009, p. 3)
explains that scientific papers have a stereotyped format, i.e. (1) Abstract;
(2) Introduction; (3) Materials and Methods; (4) Results; (5) Discussion; (6)
Conclusion; and (7) References (AIMReDCaR).
The use of AIMReDCaR format makes scientific articles’ structure
rigid, and there are two reasons for this. First, scientific articles are
intended to facilitate a communication of scientific findings in the
community of scientists. To assure the communication occurs efficiently,
the media (manuscripts) must be standardized. Second, this format allows
the paper to be read at several different levels. For those who merely want
to find out what information is available on a subject, they may just skim
the Titles and Abstracts. Those who need to go deeper may look at the
Tables and Figures in the Results, and so on. In short, the scientific format

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helps to insure that a reader knows what to expect and where to find
specific types of information.
Since the AIMReDCaR, is basically a generic format, the exact
section headings of scientific articles may vary due to two reasons. First,
the research paradigms used in a field may different from those in other
fields. Second, different journals (even of the same field) have different
limitations in page, figure, and article divisions that authors must adhere.
To show the variety of scientific article formats, Cargill and O’Connor
(2009, pp. 10-11) present three diagrams which represent the basic
structure of an experimental article (Figure 1) and its two variations (Figure
(a) The whole structure is governed by the Results
box; everything in the article must relate to and be
connected with the data and analysis presented in
the Results section.
(b)(1) The Introduction begins with a broad focus. The
starting point you select for your Introduction
should be one that attracts the lively interest of the
audience you are aiming to address: the
international readers of your target journal.
(3) The Introduction ends with a focus exactly parallel
to that of the Results; often this is a statement of
the aim or purpose of the work presented in the
paper, or its principal findings or activity.
(2) Between these two points, background information
and previous work are woven together to logically
connect the relevant problem with the approach
taken in the work to be presented to address the
problem.
(c) The Methods section, or its equivalent, establishes
credibility for the Results by showing how they were
obtained.
(d) The Discussion begins with the same breadth of
focus as the Results – but it ends at the same
breadth as the starting point of the Introduction. By
the end, the paper is addressing the broader issues
that you raised at the start, to show how your work
is important in the ‘bigger picture.’
Figure 1: AIMRaD: the hourglass ‘‘shape’’ of a generic scientific research
[from Cargill and O’Connor (2009, p. 10)]

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2 and 3). The basic structure diagram, called the hourglass ‘‘shape’’
exposes important features of experimental scientific articles through the
width and shape of its segments.
The AIRDaM (Abstract, Introduction, Results, Discussion, Methods
and materials) structure (Figure 2) is the format of the highly cited journal
Nature (UK). It is a structure variation of articles focusing on molecular
biology. It reflects the fact that the journal’s aim is to present highly
significant new advances in science in ways that are very accessible to
scientists who are not necessarily specialists in the areas covered by the
articles. Articles written in this format typically begin with a carefully
structured initial section introducing the background and rationale of the
work to the wide range of expected readers, followed by a concise report
(a) The Methods section, often renamed
Procedure or Experimental, is presented
after the Discussion, sometimes in a
smaller type face than the rest of the paper.
(b) This change means that more details may
need to be given in the Results section to
explain how the results were obtained.
Figure 2: AIRDaM (Abstract, Introduction, Results, Discussion, Methods and materials)
[Cited from Cargill and O’Connor (2009, p. 11)]

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of the findings and a short discussion. Methods are often only summarized
in the main article, with full details appearing on a linked website. Full
details on the structures required by these journals can be found on the
journals’ websites.
The AIM(RaD)C structure (Figure 3) is a variation that is permitted
in some journals, usually for shorter articles. This format, usually written as
brief notes (also called research notes or notes), and letters, is used
mainly for reporting research findings. Such article may not include any
section headings at all, but if you read them with an analytical eye you will
be able to find the same types of information as are contained under the
conventional AIMRaD headings in a full article.
Whether AIMReDCaR is truly the stereotyped format of journal
articles could be easily checked by surveying credible journals. Asian EFL
Journal, a highly cited journal in English teaching as a foreign language
(a)
The Results and
Discussion are
presented together in a single
combined section; each result is
presented, followed immediately by
the relevant discussion.
(b) This change means that a separate
section is needed at the end to
bring the different pieces of
discussion together; it is often
headed Conclusions.
Figure 3: The AIM(RaD)C (Abstract, Introduction, Materials and methods, repeated
Results and Discussion, Conclusions) [Cited from Cargill and O’Connor (2009, p. 11)]

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(EFL), for instance, uses AIMReDCaR structure, although in some articles
such in Brandt’s (2010) “Competition and Collaboration in Initial Teacher
Education in TESOL: A Case of a Classic Double Bind” the Results
section is called Outcomes, while in some others, like Shang’s (2010)
“Reading Strategy Use, Self-Efficacy and EFL Reading Comprehension”,
the Discussions and Conclusions are combined into one section.
Language Learning & Technology, a journal in English teaching as a
second language (ESL) and EFL strictly applies the AIMReDCaR format
for articles based on quantitative research. Journal of English Teaching,
another journal specialized in ESL and EFL also uses AIMReDCaR
format, although the Results and Discussion sections are combined into
one section, as in Nazara’s (2011) “Students’ Perception on EFL Speaking
Skill Development”.
In the following segments, the seven sections of the AIMReDCaR
format and their major features are discussed one by one.
Abstract Section
Most regular articles begin with an informative abstract which is
limited by most journals to 150 to 250 words or even less. An abstract is
the summary of the major aspects of a paper. It is usually one paragraph
long, and should succinctly summarize why the research reported was
conducted, how it was conducted and what results were obtained and
what conclusions were drawn. In other words, an abstract provides
maximum information with minimum words, covering (1) the Objective; (2)
Materials and Methods; (3) Results; and (4) Conclusions. Unlike an
indicative summary, which describes what will be covered in the paper
(much like a table of contents), the abstract gives actual data. It is a
minipaper that is understood on its own without reference to the paper
proper (Yang, 1999, p. 53).
In addition, many journals also ask the author to put a list of three to
five key words or short phrases for indexing. The key words are typed right

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after the abstract. Several journals further specify that words already in the
title should not be included.
Introduction Section
Every scientific report needs an introduction which presents
background information a reader needs to understand the rest of the
author’s paper. The length of an introduction depends on the journal and
the paper; however, the structure and content should be similar. In some
journals the Introduction is written like a continuous essay, but in some
others it is sometimes broken down into different components.
While writing the Introduction, an author should keep in mind that
the reader of a scientific paper is assumed to have a basic familiarity with
subject. Thus the introduction must exclude elementary facts and presents
information relevant to the paper that only a specialist would be expected
to know. An Introduction is usually 300 to 500 words, but may be more,
depending on the journal and the topic. It usually follows this general
format: (1) Problem and its background in a broad scope written in a single
paragraph; (2) Specific problem to be studied, reasons why it was
important to study, and how it applied to the larger field of research written
in two to three paragraphs; (3) Clear statement of hypothesis (for
experimental study) and objectives of the paper; (4) a brief summary of
previous relevant studies by other researchers in the field to bring the
reader up to date on the topic written in some paragraphs; and (5)
explanation of concepts or definitions of operational terms used in a single
paragraph.
Methodology (Methods & Materials) Section
Different journals may have various sections in the middle structure.
Some journals entitle this section with the single “Methodology” while
others, especially those that publish reports on experimental research,

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entitle it Methods & Materials. This section, which describes the research
procedures employed, is highly necessary for interested readers for it
enables them to repeat the author’s study and reproduce his/her results.
Realizing this, the author must describe, in painful detail, exactly what
he/she did: what experiments were carried out and how they were
conducted, what equipment and materials were used and how they were
used, how much, how often, what, where, when, and why.
According to Journal of Young Investigators (2005, p. 25), the
information the Methodology section usually includes is: (1) Subjects used
(humans, animals, plants) and their pre-experiment handling and care
(anything that might affect the results must be included); (2) Sample
preparation techniques; (3) Origins of samples and materials (e.g., “Thirty
two 21-year-old students attending Literature II class at the English
Teaching Program of the Christian University of Indonesia Jakarta”); (4)
Description of the field site (if applicable) including physical and biological
features, and exact location (include a map, if applicable); (5) Procedures
for collecting data; (6) Statistical analysis techniques used. If used (for
example, in ANOVA tests), the author must report the threshold used to
determine statistical significance; (7) Information on computer programs
used or written (for some computer science or physics articles, the author
should include the relevant codes in the appendix); and (8) Descriptions of
equipment set-up and function.
Results Section
The Results section is the meat of a paper, the most important part
of a study. All other sections serve subordinate roles, either preparing the
reader for the Results, or providing supplemental information to augment
the findings (Yang, 1999, p. 63). Sometimes the Results and Discussion
are combined into one section. This is particularly useful when preliminary
data must be discussed to show why subsequent data were taken. In the
following discussion, Results and Discussions are treated separately.

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Results are general statements that present the key results (data)
of the research without interpreting their meaning. The author should not
include the raw data, but should present them as text, illustrations, and
tables. All these three forms may be used, but the same data should not
be repeated in more than one form. The results of statistical analyses
should also be stated in this section, but every detail of the analysis should
be excluded for the readers are assumed to have known what a null
hypothesis is, a rejection rule, t-test, chi-square test, etc.
The text describing data may be any length. However, a brief
statement such as, “The distribution of the respondents’ interest in short
stories are shown in Table 1,” is sufficient. For clarity, long passages of
text are often organized by topic into subsections, with a subheading for
each topic. The subheadings assist the reader to trace paragraphs
interesting to them.
The followings are important guidelines to consider in writing the
Results section:
1. It is not necessary to include all the collected data during the research.
This isn't a diary. Select and emphasize only important and relevant
data that will answer the question or solve the problem raised in the
Introduction section.
2. Do not include information properly belonging to other sections of the
paper such as Materials and Methods, or Discussions (if Results and
Discussions are separated).
3. Prevent repeating the legends for figures or the titles of tables in the
text.
4. Explain in the text only those illustrations and tables whose
significance is not obvious to the reader. Important features that are
readily apparent from the illustrations and tables should be pointed out
in the text. Therefore, do not repeat the data presented in the
illustrations and tables.

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5. Be sure that the text, illustrations, and tables are consistent with one
another. Make sure that all numerical values in all every table agree
with the figures or data presented in it.
6. Analyze your data by statistical methods, if appropriate.
7. Be honest. Do not omit data that do not support your hypothesis and
conclusion or do not answer the research question.
8. A sentence should not begin with a numeral or symbol. A numeral or
symbol beginning a sentence should be spelled out, or the sentence
rewritten.
9. Use the past tense of verbs in the Results section, but use the present
tense when referring to figures and tables. For instances,
Seventy per cent respondents said that they got appropriate
opportunity for improving speaking in speaking classes, whereas the
other 30% denied in this connection.
Table 2 reveals the students’ perception collected during the second
cycle of the action research.
But,
The data in Table 2 were collected during the second cycle of the
action research.
10. Do not begin numbers in a sentence with a decimal point. Decimal
fractions less than 1 should be written with the numeral 0 before the
decimal point. For instance, instead of writing, “The result of statistical
analysis was (r) = .619,” you should write, “The result of statistical
analysis was (r) = 0.619.”
Discussion Section
The Discussion section of a scientific article reiterates the main
findings but in the context of furthering knowledge or impacting on
teaching practice, or future research. In other words, the Discussion takes
and interprets the findings reported in the Results section, evaluates their
significance, and examines the implications. Among the whole sections of

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an article, this is probably the most challenging to write and will
demonstrate how well the author understands the results. But it does not
mean that the discussion should made long, especially if there is little to
discuss. Some journals limit discussion section beyond five double-spaced
typed pages or 1,500 words.
Peat (2002, p. 87) presents a template for writing an effective
Discussion section (see Figure 4). Paragraph 1 briefly summarizes of what
was really found and why it was important. The aim could be restated in
more general terms, but the results should not be restated exactly as in
the results section. Some suitable phrases to begin with are, “The results
from this study showed that …”; “The findings indicate that …”; “This study
was aimed to … and it was found that …” etc. This paragraph focuses on
the big picture of what the results are really all about. Explain the findings
precisely and show how it will add to current knowledge or teaching
practice.
The second paragraph should deal with the strengths and
limitations of the study design and methods. Honesty is a must here. Just
Paragraph 1
What did this study show? Address the aims stated in the Introduction
Paragraph 2
Strengths and weaknesses of methods
Paragraphs 3 to n–1
Discuss how the results support the current literature or refute current
knowledge
Final paragraph
Future directions
“So what?” and “where next?” Impact on current thinking or practice
Figure 4: Template for the Discussion

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remember that no research is ever perfect and every author should not be
unnecessarily negative about what he/she done. Although putting the
strengths and limitations of the study in the second paragraph is common,
it can also be placed in later paragraph.
The middle paragraphs should compare the results and
interpretations with related published work and theories. There is no need
to discuss all the journal articles in every remotely related field. Readers
will only want to know how the findings relate to results from other
scientifically valid studies. Therefore, it is tactful to confine the discussion
on the work in the field that is highly relevant and reputable. Give due
credit to others whose work has been confirmed, but be fair with those
whose results differs from the present findings and try to explain why the
disagreement happened.
The last paragraph should be used to present a stimulating
summary of the implications of the findings. This paragraph is also the
place to end the Discussion with a conclusion (if possible) and suggestions
for further research.
Conclusion Section
Some journals use a format that includes a section labeled
“Conclusion” or “Summary.” For other journals, the Conclusion, as what
Peat suggests above, is the untitled last paragraph of the Discussion. If
the Conclusion section is separated from the Discussion section, it should
present (1) a succinct summary of implications of the findings, (2) general
implications of the study, and (3) suggestions for further research. Lebrun
(2007, p. 201) emphasizes that a Conclusion section is the place where
the author restates the contribution of the research, with a particular
emphasis on what it allows others to do; and proposes new research
directions to prevent duplication of effort or to encourage collaboration.
References Section

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Every research project usually relies in part upon the work of other
scientific works. Any time an author cites from external materials, he/she is
required to identify his/her sources in the form of systematic references.
The importance of References section of a paper is not only for giving
credit to the ideas and work of other scientists but also to provide the
readers with access to these sources.
The two basic components of a referencing system are the “text
citation” and the “reference list.” The former is a brief identification of the
information source, and appears in the text somewhere within the
paragraph where the information is used. A full bibliographic version of the
citation appears with similar listings in a separate reference list, usually
placed at the end of the text. The precise format for each reference section
varies considerably. Some journals use the American Psychological
Association (APA) style; others, (Modern Language Association (MLA)
style; and some others created their own style. In addition, some journals
ask that citations be listed by the order of appearance in the text, whereas
others oblige that they be listed alphabetically. Therefore, it is a must for
an author to check the journal’s referencing style and use it before
submitting his/her paper.
This section should never be named “Bibliography”, because a
bibliography contains references that an author may have read but were
not specifically cited in the text. Bibliography sections are found in books
and other literary writing, but not in scientific journal-style manuscripts.
Conclusion
Scientists communicate the results of their research one to another
by means of scientific articles published in journals. To assure that the
communication is effective and efficient, the contents of the media
(manuscripts) must be presented in an orderly, logical manner. To attain
this, scientific articles are written in the stereotyped format well-known as
AIMReDCaR. This generic format divides a scientific manuscript into

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Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Result, Conclusion, and References
sections, each with a specific purpose.
Although each section of a scientific article has its specific purpose,
all of the sections are interrelated. The Abstract section succinctly
summarizes the major aspects of the whole article in a single paragraph.
The Introduction section shows the current need for studying a specific
problem. The Methodology section describes the procedures and the
materials used to conduct the study. The Result section organizes the
findings, the Discussion section attaches the findings to other existing
scientific papers to form new ideas, and finally the Conclusion summarizes
the ideas in one succinct paragraph. The manuscript is ended with a
reference list in which the author files the sources of external information
he/she uses in the article.
References
Brandt, Caroline. (2010). Competition and collaboration in initial teacher
education in TESOL: A Case of a Classic Double Bind. Asian EFL
Journal. 12(3),8-39.
Cargill, M. and O’Connor, P. (2009). Writing scientific research articles:
Strategy and steps. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons
Ltd.
Journal of Young Investigators. (2005). Writing scientific manuscripts: A
guide for undergraduates. Retrieved on October 21, 2010 from:
www.jyi.org
Katz, M. J. (2009). From research to manuscript: A guide to scientific
writing. Cleveland: Springer.
Language Learning & Technology. (2010). LLT research guidelines for
quantitative and qualitative research. Retrieved on April 24, 2010
from: http://llt.msu.edu/resguide.html
Lebrun, Jean-Luc. (2007). Scientific writing: A reader and writer’s guide.
Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Nazara, Situjuh. (2011). Students’ perception on EFL speaking skill
development. Journal of English Teaching. 1(1), 29-44.

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Peat, Jennifer. (2002). Scientific writing: Easy when you know how.
London: BMJ Books.
Shang, Hui-Fang. (2010). Reading strategy use, self-efficacy and EFL
reading comprehension. Asian EFL Journal. 12(2),18-42.
Yang, Jen Tsi. (1999). An outline of scientific writing: for researchers with
English as a foreign language. Singapore: World Scientific
Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.