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The Prevalence Of Urinary Schistosomiasis In Ogbadibo Local Government Area Of Benue State, Nigeria.

Authors:
Theodore Mbata at Federal Polytechnic Nekede
Theodore Mbata
Mu Orji at Nnamdi Azikiwe University
Mu Orji
Victor Oguoma at University of the Sunshine Coast
Victor Oguoma
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The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Ogbadibo local government area, Benue State, Nigeria was investigated. Out of 657 urine samples examined, 300 (46.6%) showed the presence of Schistosoma haematobium. Of the 300 positive samples, 152 (23.13%) were from males and 148 (22.52%) were from females Owukpa and Eha zones showed higher prevalence 10.8% and 10.35% respectively) than the other three zones. Statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of the disease in the study are is neither sex, nor age dependent. There was a close relationship between haematuria and positive urine samples. The presence of many snail species especially the Bulinus species, and increased contact time with the Schistosoma haematobium infested freshwater habitat were thought to be responsible for the prevalence of the disease in the area.
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Original Article
The Prevalence Of Urinary Schistosomiasis In
Ogbadibo Local Government Area Of Benue State,
Nigeria
T Mbata, M Orji, V Oguoma
Keywords
prevalence, urinary schis tos omiasis
Citation
T Mbata, M Orji, V Oguoma. The Prevalence Of Urinary Schistosom iasis In
Ogbadib o Local Governm ent Area Of Benue State, Nigeria. The Internet
Journal of Infectious Diseas es. 2008 Volum e 7 Number 1.
Abstract
The prevalence of urinary schis tos omiasis in Ogbadibo local governm ent
area, Benue State, Nigeria was investigated. Out of 657 urine samples
examined, 300 (46.6%) showed the pres ence of Schis tos oma
haematobium . Of the 300 pos itive samples, 152 (23.13%) were from males
and 148 (22.52%) were from females Owukpa and Eha zones showed
higher prevalence 10.8% and 10.35% res pectively) than the other three
zones . Statistical analysis s howed that the prevalence of the dis eas e in the
study are is neither sex, nor age dependent. There was a close relations hip
between haematuria and pos itive urine samples. The presence of many
snail species es pecially the Bulinus species , and increas ed contact tim e
The Inter net Jour nal of Infe ctious
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with the Schistosom a haem atobium infested freshwater habitat were thought
to be responsible for the prevalence of the disease in the area.
Introduction
Schis tos omias is als o known as Bilharziasis remains one of the most
prevalent parasitic worm infections and has significant econom ic and public
health cons equences . It affects many countries and appears to be endem ic
in many West African countries . It is m os tly comm on in the tropical areas of
the globe es pecially the rural areas where only the surface water bodies are
the sources of water supply.
The knowledge of how intestinal parasites pas s from person to pers on is
known and variously documented 1,2 . and modern drugs are available,
providing powerful weapons agains t them . Nevertheles s , these infections
continued to be a widespread problem and although their impact on an
individual may seem s light, the global burden of the parasitic worm
infections is a major health care challenge 3 . The capacity of man to combat
intes tinal paras ite does not seem to fall down in diagnosis and treatment,
rather, it is in the low priority accorded to the control of the parasitic dis eas es
by government of where they are endemic.
The control of schistosom iasis and indeed other intes tinal paras itic
infections require a combined approach involving health knowledge and
awareness of risk factors for transmis s ion.
Incidence of schis tos omias is in Nigeria and surveys reporting the
prevalence in som e towns and communities has been docum ented
4,5,6,8,9,10 . The prevalence reported in s om e of these earlier studies varies
from 32% to 98%. Some of the reports indicated that the dis eas e is found
mostly among school children and trans m ission is us ually focal 10 . Many
studies als o point out that a lot of work will still be done to dis cover new
endemic areas and to harnes s the predictive potential of schis tos omias is
indicators to arrive at a cheaper community diagnos is and preventive
protocols.
The objective of this s tudy was to determine the prevalence and endem icity of
urinary s chistosom iasis in Ogbadibo local government area of Benue State,
Nigeria.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in Ogbadibo Local Governemnt Area, Benue State.
The local government was divided into five zones for effective coverage. The
zones include Aiona, Owukpa, Eha, Ijadoga and Otukpa. Winners hospital
Aiona, St, Theresa hos pital Owukpa, F.S.P. Clinic, Eha Com prehens ive
health centre Ijadoya and the General Hos pital Otukpa were the health
ins titution used to collect urine sam ples from patients. The information on
age, sex and source of water supplies was obtained from the patients.
A total of 657 urine sam ples com pris ing 329 sam ples from males and 328
samples from females were collected and examined. The urine samples
were collected in 250ml universal sam ple bottles and taken to the laboratory
where they were analyzed. The pres ence of vis ible haem aturia in any sam ple
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where they were analyzed. The pres ence of vis ible haem aturia in any sam ple
was noted and recorded. The centrifugations and sedimentation techniques
(WHO, 1991) was employed to analyze the samples. 10ml urine was taken
from the deposit of each specimen bottle after allowing to sedim ent for about
I hour and centrifuged for 2mins at 2000rpm . The depos it was thereafter
examined micros copically using X10 and X40 objectives for the
characteristics schis tos oma egg or ova.
The freshwater habitats in all the zones were vis ited and s nail search was
conducted in each of them. Snails found were picked and put in wide mouth
plastic buckets and taken to the laboratory where they were screened for
Cercariae after expos ure to sunlight for about 3hours (Em ejulu et al 1994).
Results
The prevalence of urinary schis tos omiasis in different zones in Ogbadibo
local government of Benue State is presented in Table 1. The result shows
that of a total of 657 urine sam ples examined, 300 (45.6%) showed the
pres ence of Schis tos oma haematobium eggs. Owukpa and Eha zones
showed higher prevalence (10.8% and 10.35% respectively) than other
zones . The prevalence of the infection in relation to sex is als o shown in
Table 1. The result shows that of 329 male urine samples examined, 152
(23.13%) showed the presence of S. haematobium eggs while 148 out of
328 (22.53%) female urine samples examined contained the eggs.
The prevalence rate of the disease with res pect to age is shown in Table 2.
The result shows that the infection rate uniquely cut acros s all the age
brackets studied although the prevalence appears s lightly higher among the
age bracket 11-20 years. The survey of freshwater habitat res ulted in
collection of many snails and many of them yielded Schis tos oma cercariae.
Many of the snail species were identified as Bulinus species known to be
interm ediate hos ts for Schistosom a haem atobium. The analysis of the
haematuria samples showed that majority of the urine samples with blood
stains contained Schis tos oma haematobium eggs .
Figure 1
Table 1: Prevalence of Urinary Schistos omias is in different zones in
Ogbadibo L.G.A. Benue State.
Figure 2
Table 2: Age Dis tribution of Schistosom iasis in Ogbadibo L.G.A. of Benue
State
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Discussion
The global problem of tropical dis eases has continued to grow over the
years agains t wide spread optim ism that prevailed in the 1950s among
those working in the field of public health that tropical diseas es including
schis tos omias is would soon be things of the pas t. The result of this s tudy
showed a relatively high prevalence of urinary schistosom iasis (45.68%) in
Ogbadibo local government area of Benue State. This prevalence is however
lower than 66.4% and 76.2% reported by Adewumi [[[l2]]] in three contiguous
communities in South West Nigeria. Adeyeba and Ojeaga, 10 reported a
clos e infection rate of 57.5% among school children in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Edungbola et al, 9 recorded s imilar infection rate among school children in
Babana district, Kwara State, Nigeria.
The result of this s tudy unlike the result of some earlier studies s hows that
the prevalence of the disease is not age dependent even though there was a
slight increase in the prevalence rate am ong the age bracket of 11-20 yrs
(Table 2). The statis tical analysis (log linear model) showed that neither sex
nor age had significant influence in the prevalence of the dis ease in the area.
There was no sharp difference between the rate of the infection between the
males 923.13%) and the females (22.53%) (Table 1). This is pres umably
due to equal exposure to the ris k factor as there were no res trictions on
movement and contact with the freshwater habitat in term s of culture,
religion, sex or age. The people were seen engaged in activities that
necessitate more contact times with the streams and snail interm ediate
vectors . Every segment of the inhabitants of the com m unities were observed
to be making use of the stream s , either for was hing, fetching water,
swim m ing, fishing, bathing or hunting for snails by the edges and fringes of
the streams. The villagers eat and s ell the caught snails at the village
markets to even people from other parts of the country, es pecially those from
the eas tern part. The availability of various species of snails es pecially the
Bulimus species highlights the endem icity of the dis ease in the area. The
fact that increas ed contact time with Schistosom a haem atobium infes ted
habitat increases the rate and endemicity of schistosom iasis has various ly
been reported, 13,14,2,8,15 . The slightly higher prevalence rate (9.56%)
obs erved among the age bracket 11-20 years is expected as that is the age
that appears to be more adventurous in term s of hunting for snails, and
fishing.
The sub-urban settlement of Otukpa and Ijadoga within the local government
headquarters have little advantage over other zones because they have
government water works that supply them pipe borne water even though the
supply is gros s ly inadequate. They still depend on s treams, hand dug wells
and springs for supplemental supply. This may explain why the two zones
have lesser prevalence (7.3% and 7.6% respectively) than the rest of the
zones (Table 1). The comm unities within the Owukpa and Eha zones are
more rem ote with stream s and hand dug wells as their sole source of water
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more rem ote with stream s and hand dug wells as their sole source of water
supply. The inhabitants have higher contact times with the schistosom a
infes ted habitats. This can explain the higher prevalence rate (10.8% and
10.35% respectively) recorded in the two zones (Table 1).
The obs ervation in this s tudy that many of the urine s amples with blood
stains contained Schis tos oma haematobium eggs is in line with
obs ervations of Emejulu et al 8,10. Emejulu 8 however noted that the result of
analysis of vis ible haem aturia shows that it is highly sens itive as a
diagnostic tool but has a very low positive predictive value becaus e of its low
specificity in m any of the studied areas.
Corresponding Author
Mbata, Theodore Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing Nnam di
Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka Anambra State, Nigeria Em ail:
theoiyke@yahoo.com
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2. Udonsi, J.K. (1990). Hum an Com m unity Ecology of Urinary
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of Nigeria. Tropem edizinunal Parasitologic
41: 131-135.
3. WHO (1987). Prevention and Control of Intestinal Parasitic Infections .
Report of a WHO expert comm ittee, Geneva, WHO Technical Report series .
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(1990). Endem icity and Seas onality of Transmis s ion of Hum an
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7. Bello, A. B. and Edungbola, L.D. (1992). Com m on Paras itic Disease in
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8. Emejulu, A. C. Alabaronye, F. F.; Ezenwaje, H.M.G and Okafor, F. C. (1994).
Inves tigation into the Prevalence of Urinary Schistosom iasis in the Agulu
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9. Edungbola, L.D. Asolu, S. O. Omonis i, M.K. and Ayedun, R.A. (1998).
Schis tos oma haematobium Infection am ong school children in the Babana
dis trict Kwara State. African J. Medicine
, 17: 187-193.
10. Adeyeba, O.A. and Ojeaga, S.G. (2002). Urinary Schistosom iasis and
Concomitant urinary tract pathogens among school children in Ibadan,
Nigeria. African Journal of Biom edical Res earch
5:103-107.
11. WHO (1991). Sedimentation Method. IN Basic Laboratory Methods in
Medical Paras itology, World Health Organization Geneva. Pp. 33-35.
12. Adewum i, C. O.; Furu,P. Chris tens en, N.O. and Olorunmola, F. (1991).
Endemicity, Seas onality and Focality of Transm ission of Human
Schis tos omias is in Three Communities in South-Wes tern Nigeria. Tropical
Medical Paras itology, 42, (4):332-334.
13. Ilyde, C. (1984). Epidemeology and Control of Schis tos om ias is. Journal
of Prevention Diagnos is and Treatment 6: 75-82.
14. Chandiwana, S. K. (1987). Community Water Contact Patterns and the
Transmis s ion of Schis tos oma haematobium in the highyield region of
Zimbabwe. Social Science and Medicine, 25: 495-505
15. Nagi, M.A.N.; Kumar, A.; Mubara, J.S and Mas hmoos , S.A. (1999).
Epidemology, Clinical and Haem atological Profile of Schistosomiasis in
Vem en. Journal of the American Medical Ass ociation 5: 177-181.
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Author Information
Theodore Mbata, M.Sc, M.HPM
Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnam di Azikiwe University
Michael Orji, Ph.D.
Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnam di Azikiwe University
V.M. Oguoma, B.Sc.
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University
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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Primary School Pupils in the Jidawa and Zobiya Communities of Jigawa State, Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2022
Background: Urogenital schistosomiasis (UgS) is a parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma haematobium and can lead to chronic ill-health. Nigeria is endemic for schistosomiasis, but epidemiology of UgS has not been studied in most states. This study was conceived with the aim to contribute towards an accurate national picture of UgS in Nigeria. The prevalence of UgS and the associated risk factors were for the first time investigated among primary school pupils in Jidawa and Zobiya communities of the Dutse Local Government Area (LGAs) of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Method: Focus group discussions with teachers and parents were conducted. After obtaining written consent from parents, questionnaires were administered to pupils to obtain socio-demographic data and information on water contact activities. Urine samples (279) were collected and processed by the urine filtration technique to evaluate haematuria and the presence of S. haematobium eggs. Results: Prevalences of 65.7% (90/137) and 69.0% (98/142) were recorded in the Jidawa and Zobiya communities, respectively. In both communities, there was a significant association between gender and UgS: 63.3% of the infected pupils were males as compared to 36.7% females (χ2 = 5.42, p = 0.020). Grade 5 students had a significantly higher prevalence (χ2 = 17.919, p = 0.001) (80.0%) compared to those in grades 2, 3, 4, and 6 (63.8%, 66.7%, 61.5%, and 64.6%, respectively). Water contact activities showed that pupils involved in fishing, irrigation, and swimming were at greater risk of becoming infected in Jidawa and Zobiya, with odds ratios (risk factors) of 5.4 (0.994-28.862) and 4.1 (1.709-9.862), respectively (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Both the Jidawa and Zobiya communities of the Dutse LGAs of Jigawa State are hyperendemic for UgS. In collaboration with the State Ministry of Health, mass administration of praziquantel was carried out in the Jidawa and Zobiya communities after this study.
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... High prevalence of 97 (58.1%) of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Abeokuta has been reported [6]. High prevalence of 46.6% was also reported in Ogbadibo, Benue State, Nigeria [7]. Lower urinary schistosomiasis prevalence of 20.6% in males and 13.3% in females was reported among Hausa communities in Kano, Nigeria [8]. ...
Prevalence and Distribution of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Trichomoniasis in Oju LGA, Benue State, Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2019
Schistosomiasis is a disease of medical importance. Schistosomiasis is prevalent in Nigeria where it is responsible for grave economic losses. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July, 2017-December, 2018 among school children from six (6) schools in Oju local government area of Benue State Nigeria, in order to determine the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis with respect to sex, age and location. A total of 300 samples were collected and examined with the aid of a compound microscope (X10) and (X40) for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. The mean age of children that participated in the study was 15.32 years. Of the 300 children tested, 60 (20%) were infected. Urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence in males 38 (63%) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in females 22 (36.7%). Of the six (6) schools visited, Government Secondary School Amenka-owo had the highest prevalence rates of 18 (30%), p>0.05. Among the different age groups, 11-15 years had the highest prevalence of 32 (53.3%), while significantly lower prevalence p<0.05 was Original Research Article Chikwendu et al.; SAJP, 2(4): 1-5, 2019; Article no.SAJP.49831 2 recorded in those 21 years and above 6 (10%). In addition to Schistosoma parasite, Trichomonasvaginalis was also recorded in children 16years of age and above. Urinary schistosomiasis is a major public health problem affecting both males and females of different age groups andin different localities in Oju Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria.
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... It is a tropical parasitic disease caused by schistosome (blood fluke) [1][2][3][4]. The disease is known to be endemic in many countries especially in West Africa [5]. Reports by the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 243 million people in 52 countries require treatment against the disease [6]. ...
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... The drop in prevalence rates observed among age group 12-15 years could be attributed to maturity, with children at that age mostly not swimming in water bodies like rivers or dams. The non-significant association in the prevalence rate of S. haematobium with age of pupils as recorded in this study is in contrast with previous works by (Ejima and Odaibo, 2007;Mbata et al., 2008;Ekwunife, 2004;Sam-wobo et al., 2009), but in agreement to (Igumbor et al., 2010). In relation to source of water for domestic use and consumption, those who use rivers/stream as their source of water had highest rate of 38.7%, while those who use tap/borehole as source had lowest prevalence of 18.2%. ...
Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School Aged Children in Bakura Local Government Area of Zamfara State Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2018
Urinary schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) is a parasitic disease caused by digenic trematode called Schistosoma haematobium, it is a water based parasitic disease transmitted by water snails of the genus Bulinus that mainly affect children. A study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among School aged children of three selected communities in Bakura LGA of Zamfara State to determine the prevalence of S. haematobium from urine samples of the pupils and to relate the prevalence of infection with socio- demographic factors such as age, sex and water contact activities of the sampled subject. A total of 360 urine samples comprising of 120 each from the Yargeda, Kwanar Kalgo and Tungar Maiburtu Primary Schools were collected and examined by sedimentation technique for the presence of S. haematobium eggs. The overall percentage of infection recorded was 30.0% while percentages of infection obtained among the selected Primary Schools were 33.3%, 16.7% and 40.0% in Yargeda, Kwanar Kalgo and Tungar Maiburtu respectively. Male pupils recorded the highest rate of infection (44.9%) than female pupils (23.6%). Age group 8-11 years old had highest infection rate (35.7%), while the age group 12-15 years had the least prevalence rate (23.5%). In relation to sources of drinking water, pupils with rivers/streams as their main sources of drinking water recorded the highest rate of infection (38.7%), whereas those using tap/bore-hole water had the least prevalence of infection (18.2%). Based on water contact activity, pupils whose water contact activity was mostly fishing had the highest rate (41.4%), while lowest rate of infection of 18.0% was observed among pupils swimming in rivers. In all the cases, chi-square analysis showed no significant association between the rate of infection and water contact activities (P<0.01). Since infection with S. haematobium had been established in the study area, there is therefore a need for public health campaign among pupils to adapt preventive measures with control programs for snails’ intermediate host.
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... The drop in prevalence rates observed among age group 12-15 years could be attributed to maturity, with children at that age mostly not swimming in water bodies like rivers or dams. The non-significant association in the prevalence rate of S. haematobium with age of pupils as recorded in this study is in contrast with previous works by (Ejima and Odaibo, 2007;Mbata et al., 2008;Ekwunife, 2004;Sam-wobo et al., 2009), but in agreement to (Igumbor et al., 2010). In relation to source of water for domestic use and consumption, those who use rivers/stream as their source of water had highest rate of 38.7%, while those who use tap/borehole as source had lowest prevalence of 18.2%. ...
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Cyclospora cayetanensis and Intestinal Parasitic Profile in Stool Samples in Lagos, Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2001
Diarrhoea remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world and accounting for over 50 million deaths globally. The involvement of Cyclospora cayetanensis in diarrhoea cases globally has been documented, though with little from the Africa continent. This study was thus carried out to investigate the possible existence of this emerging pathogen and the parasitic profile in stool samples in the city of Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 1109 stool samples (216 of which came from diarrhoeal patients) were screened microscopically for intestinal parasites. Parasites were detected in just 16% (177). Cyclospora cayetanensis was detected from 11 stool samples: 10 diarrhoeal stools and one non-diarrhoeric stool. All stool samples positive for this emerging pathogen, were from patients aged 22 to 45½ years, seven of which were seropositive for HIV (p > 0.05). Result thus revealed for the first time in this state and country, the existence of Cyclospora cayetanensis and its possible involvement in diarrhoea cases. It also identified Cryptosporidium parvum as the most prevalent intestinal parasite in the state, a strong departure from previous reports. There is the need however for a more detailed study, in order to determine the exact extent of C. cayetanensis involvement in diarrhoea cases and the effect of seasons and cultural feeding practices on its epidemiology for effective management of diarrhoeal cases.
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Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Etulo, Benue State, Nigeria
Article
  • Jun 2007
Indigenous Etulo people of Benue State were screened for the prevalence of intestinal parasites. Overall, 703, subjects from the twelve villages were screened using a simple and rapid concentration technique (Nigrosin methylene blue). Nine different species of parasites were found among the people thus: Entamoeba coli – 65 (9%), Entamoeba histolytica – 53 (7%), Ascaris lumbricoides – 89 (12%), Enterobius vermicularis – 16 (2%), hookworm – 32 4(46%), Hymenolepsis nana – 9 (1%) Trichuris trichuria – 25 (3%), Taenia saginata – 4 (0%) and Schistosoma mansoni – 4 (0%). Although, the results were based on a relatively small cross section of volunteers who provided stool samples for examination, the findings can be said to have provided information which was seldom available among those people that lack toilet facility, potable water, good hygiene and sanitation.
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Urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant urinary tract pathogens among school children in metropoitan Ibadan, Nigeria
Article
  • Apr 2010
This study on the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant urinary tract pathogens was carried out between August and December, 1998, among school children in Ibadan North Local Government Area. Terminal urine sample collected from only pupils in classes 3 to 6 for the study were analyzed accordingly using the methods as described. Of the 1600 pupils examined, 920 (57.5%) whohad the ova of Schistosoma haematobium also had pyuria; 75.4% of which had concomitant bacteriuria. There was no significant difference in the distribution of schistosomasis among sexes as against age influence. Symptoms of haematuria are not pathognomonic of the infection. Result shows that there is a linear relationship between scream water contact/ usage and infection rate. The bacteriuria isolated included Klebsiella sp.; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcusaureus with Esch. Coli occurring more frequently than the rest. The antibiogram of the isolates revealed that Tarivid and perfloxacin were the most effective drugs in case management of concomitant bacteriuria among the school children. The components of control of urinary schistosomisasis are highlighter. The integrationof complementary strategies would lead to a great success in control effort.
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Intestinal parasites and nutritional status of Nigerian children
Article
  • Apr 2010
The nutritional status of children with heavy intestinal parasites was studied as compared to children of similar socio-economic background and characteristics with non parasitic infections. The result revealed the fact that the children with heavy intestinal parasites were shorter in heights and lower in weights than non infected children. They also exhibited more skin infections, angular scars and dental caries than their non infected counter parts.
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URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND CONCOMITANT URINARY TRACT PATHOGENS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN METROPOLITAN IBADAN, NIGERIA
Article
This study on the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and concomitant urinary tract pathogens was carried out between August and December, 1998, among school children in Ibadan North Local Government Area. Terminal urine sample collected from only pupils in classes 3 to 6 for the study were analyzed accordingly using the methods as described. Of the 1600 pupils examined, 920 (57.5%) who had the ova of Schistosoma haematobium also had pyuria; 75.4% of which had concomitant bacteriuria. There was no significant difference in the distribution of schistosomasis among sexes as against age influence. Symptoms of haematuria are not pathognomonic of the infection. Result shows that there is a linear relationship between scream water contact/ usage and infection rate. The bacteriuria isolated included Klebsiella sp.; Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus with Esch. Coli occurring more frequently than the rest. The antibiogram of the isolates revealed that Tarivid and perfloxacin were the most effective drugs in case management of concomitant bacteriuria among the school children. The components of control of urinary schistosomisasis are highlighter. The integration of complementary strategies would lead to a great success in control effort.
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Schistosoma haematobium: A neglected common parasitic disease of childhood in Nigeria. Incidence and intensity of infection
Article
  • Sep 1992
A prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out in various communities in Kwara State, Nigeria, to access the status and implications of urinary schistosomiasis among schoolchildren. Of 425 pupils examined in nine communities, 193 (45.4%) were infected. Infection rates for boys (44.7%) and girls (47.9%) were not significantly different (p greater than 0.5). Children between 11 and 13 years of age had the highest incidence rates (33.6%). However, the percentage of children (25.9%) excreting at least 1000 eggs per 10 ml of urine sample during their first decade of life was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than for older pupils. The health implications of schistosomiasis acquired early in life, as in this study, are highlighted in the discussion.
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Endemicity, seasonality and focality of transmission of human schistosomiasis in 3 communities in Southwestern Nigeria
Article
  • Jan 1992
  • Trop Med Parasitol
The pattern of transmission of human schistosomiasis was studied in 3 communities in southwestern Nigeria. The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in school children aged 5-16 years in the 3 communities was 76.2, 70.3 and 66.4%, respectively. The percentage of infected children harbouring heavy infections (greater than 50 eggs/10 ml urine) in the 3 communities was 75.5, 69.2 and 48.1% with a prevalence of visible haematuria among the heavily infected children of 29.5, 19.4 and 24.3%, respectively. Bulinus globosus, the snail host for S. haematobium, was found in all 7 sites sampled. The population density and the seasonal fluctuations in density and in prevalence of infection with S. haematobium differed markedly among the different sites. B. pfeifferi, the snail host of S. mansoni, was encountered in 2 of the 7 sites. The pattern of occurrence of infection with S. mansoni differed markedly between the 2 sites. The lack of consistency in the transmission pattern as regards both the seasonality and focality makes a thorough knowledge on the transmission pattern essential for the incorporation of community-based focal mollusciciding into the integrated approach to control of schistosomiasis morbidity in this ecological complex and highly endemic area.
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Are International Anthropometric Standards Appropriate for Developing Countries?
Article
  • Mar 1991
To test the validity of using international standards as references for the assessment of nutritional status, investigations have been carried out on pre-school aged children selected from three distinct ecological environments in Papua New Guinea. Field work included anthropometric measurements (weight, height, triceps skin-fold, mid-upper-arm circumference, mid-upper-arm muscle circumference), together with pathological and clinical assessments (intestinal helminths, diarrhoea, splenomegaly, PEM signs). The findings indicate that any deviation below standard weight, height, and arm circumference is associated with greater prevalence of disease. International standards are therefore appropriate for preschool aged children in Papua New Guinea and by inference in other developing countries.
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Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status of Nigerian children
Article
  • Nov 1990
Anthropometric evaluations of mid-arm circumference, mid-arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold, upper arm muscle and fat areas were carried out in 348 healthy Nigerian primary school boys and girls aged 7 to 13 years. Measurements were related to centiles derived from the United States Health and Nutrition examination survey of 1971 to 1974. For all measurements, a large proportion of the subjects fell below the 5th centile. Anthropometric reference standards used to indicate nutritional depletion in developed countries may not be appropriate to assess nutritional status of Nigerian children.
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