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Mobility-Aware Pheromone Termite (PT) Analytical Model to Support Robust Routing over Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
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In this paper, we describe about the performance of different mobility models on MMS Routing. MMS routing is the technique used for large wireless sensor networks where MMS indicates multiple mobile sinks. The mobility of sink is considered in random manner in the basic MMS routing. Here we show the effect of different mobility models in the sink"s mobility. From the observations what we got from simulations we decide that wind mobility will be more energy efficient and it is good to be selected for wireless sensor network.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) often serve mission-critical applications in inhospitable environments such as battlefield and territorial borders. Inter-node communication is essential for WSNs to effectively fulfill their tasks. In hostile setups, the WSN may be subject to damage that breaks the network connectivity and disrupts the application. The network must be able to recover from the failure and restore connectivity so that the designated tasks can be carried out. Given the unattended operation of the network, the recovery should be performed autonomously. In this paper we present a distributed algorithm for Autonomous Repair (AuR) of damaged WSN topologies in the event of multiple node failures. AuR models connectivity between neighboring nodes as electrostatic interaction between charges based on Coulomb's law. The recovery process is initiated locally at the neighbors of failed nodes by moving in the direction of loss to reconnect with other nodes. The performance of AuR is validated through simulation.
In this paper, a scalable mobility-aware pheromone termite (PT) analytical model is proposed to provide robust and faster routing for improved throughput and minimum latency in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). PT also provides support for the network scalability and mobility of the nodes. The monitoring process of PT analytical model is based on two different parameters: packet generation rate and pheromone sensitivity for single and multiple links.
The PT routing model is integrated with Boarder node medium access control (BN-MAC) protocol. Furthermore, we deploy two other known routing protocols with BN-MAC; Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) and Energy Aware routing Protocol (EAP). To demonstrate the strength of the PT model, we have used ns-2.35-RC7 to compare its Quality of Service (QoS) features with competing routing protocols. The simulation results demonstrate that the PT model is scalable and mobility-aware protocol that saves energy resources and achieves high throughput.
Source localization is an important application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many types of sensors can be used for source localization, e.g., range sensors, bearing sensors and time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) based sensors, etc. It is well known that relative sensor-source geometry can significantly affect the performance of any particular localization algorithm. Existing works in the literature mainly deal with geometry analysis for homogeneous sensors. However, in real applications, different types of sensors may be utilized for source localization. Hence, in this paper, we consider the optimal sensor placement problem in heterogeneous sensor networks (HSNs), where two types of sensors are deployed for source localization. Relative optimal sensor-source configurations with the minimum number of sensors for source localization are identified under the Doptimality criterion with potential extensions to the general case. Explicit characterizations of optimal sensor-source geometries are given for hybrid range and bearing sensors, hybrid bearing and TDOA based sensors as well as co-located hybrid range and bearing sensors, respectively. The results of this work can be applied to the sensor path planning problem for optimal source localization.
Efficient MAC protocol has been paramount importance for improving the performance of WSN. In this paper, Boarder Node Medium Access Control (BN-MAC) mobility aware hybrid protocol is introduced for WSN. BN-MAC controls overhearing, idle listening and congestion problem to save energy. BN-MAC mechanism is based on novel semi synchronous low duty cycle that takes less time for accessing channel and faster delivery of data. The objective of introducing BN-MAC protocol is to support four application areas: monitoring and behavioral areas, controlling natural disasters, tracking and handling home automation devices and human-centric application areas. These application areas need contention free mobility support features with high delivery of data. BN-MAC also provides mobility support for these applications. Evaluation of BN-MAC is conducted using network simulator-2 (ns2) then compared with known low power listening (LPL) and X-MAC low duty cycles MAC protocols. Additionally, we have also compared BN-MAC with MAC hybrid protocols: Zebra medium access control) (Z-MAC), advertisement-based MAC (A-MAC), Speck-MAC, Adaptive Duty Cycle SMAC (ADC-SMAC), low power real time medium access control (LPR-MAC) protocol. On basis of initial Simulation results, we demonstrates that BN-MAC protocol saves extra 18% to 45% energy resources as compared with other MAC protocols.
Lowering the energy consumption may result in increase of time delay from end to end in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). To address the tradeoff between energy consumption and time delay, this paper proposes a Media Access Control (MAC) protocol based on dynamic duty cycle. It adjusts duty cycle dynamically through computing node utilization rate, average sleeping delay, and the upper and lower bound of duty cycle, to adapt the network real-time communication flow. Experimental results show that MAC protocol saves energy about 52 % and reduces latency time 35 % than S-MAC in linear topology. In the reticular topology, it achieves 68 % energy saving and 46 % latency reduction than S-MAC.
Energy efficiency is one of the most important criteria in the design of a wireless sensor network. Sensor nodes are usually battery-powered and thus have very limited lifetime. In this paper, we introduce a novel passive wake-up radio device named WISP-Mote that uses a passive RFID tag as a wake-up receiver for a traditional sensor node. We characterize the WISP-Mote with field tests in different operating environments and present the wake-up probabilities based on the distance between the wake-up transmitter and receiver. We then perform simulations to compare the performance of a network with WISP-Motes and with duty-cycling of the sensor nodes, using the wake-up probabilities measured in our field tests. Additionally, potential applications that can benefit from WISP-Motes are discussed, and the advantages of using WISP-Motes are identified by simulation results based on these application scenarios. Results show that the wake-up radio sensor networks have great potential over duty-cycling approaches for energy efficiency, while providing similar latency and packet delivery performances.
Effective techniques for extending lifetime in multihop wireless sensor networks (WSNs) include duty cycling and more recently introduced cooperative transmission range extension. However a scalable MAC protocol has not been presented that combines both. In this study, we present a new scheduling cooperative MAC protocol (SCT-MAC) for the multi-hop wireless sensor network, which introduces distributed duty-cycle scheduling and enables nodes to wake up on demand in the data period. The protocol provides a wake-up rendezvous for cooperators to reach a CT agreement and reduces contention over adjacent flows, and the on-demand wake-up further reduces idle listening in the data period. We compare SCT-MAC with DW-MAC using NS-2 simulation, and show that SCT-MAC improves the network lifetime by approximately 100%.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become a leading solution in many important applications such as intrusion detection, target tracking, industrial automation, smart building and so on. Typically, a WSN consists of a large number of small, low-cost sensor nodes that are distributed in the target area for collecting data of interest. For a WSN to provide high throughput in an energy-efficient way, designing an efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is of paramount importance because the MAC layer coordinates nodes' access to the shared wireless medium. To show the evolution of WSN MAC protocols, this article surveys the latest progresses in WSN MAC protocol designs over the period 2002-2011. In the early development stages, designers were mostly concerned with energy efficiency because sensor nodes are usually limited in power supply. Recently, new protocols are being developed to provide multi-task support and efficient delivery of bursty traffic. Therefore, research attention has turned back to throughput and delay. This article details the evolution of WSN MAC protocols in four categories: asynchronous, synchronous, frame-slotted, and multichannel. These designs are evaluated in terms of energy efficiency, data delivery performance, and overhead needed to maintain a protocol's mechanisms. With extensive analysis of the protocols many future directions are stated at the end of this survey. The performance of different classes of protocols could be substantially improved in future designs by taking into consideration the recent advances in technologies and application demands.
Many recent advances in MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks have been proposed to reduce idle listening, an energy wasteful state of the radio. Low-Power-Listening (LPL) protocols transmit packets for U s (the "interlistening interval"), thereby, allowing nodes to sleep for long periods of time between channel probes. The interlistening interval as well as the particular type of LPL protocol should be well matched to the network conditions. In this paper, we propose network-aware adaptation of the specific succession of repeated packets over the U interval (the "MAC schedule"), which yields significant energy savings. Moreover, some LPL protocols interrupt communication between the sender and the receiver after the data packet has been successfully received. We propose a new and simple adaptation of the "transmit/receive schedule" to synchronize nodes on a slowly changing path so that energy consumption and delay are further reduced, at no cost of overhead in most cases. Our results show that using network-aware adaptation of the MAC schedule provides up to 30 percent increase in lifetime for different traffic scenarios. Additional adaptation of the transmit/receive schedule to automatically synchronize the nodes can reduce packet delivery delays by up to 50 percent, providing an additional decrease in energy consumption of 18 percent.