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Bilimsel Açıdan Marmara Denizi (Scientific Aspects of the Sea of Marmara)
Abstract
http://tbbyayinlari.barobirlik.org.tr/TBBBooks/bilimsel-acidan-marmara.pdf
... Raw materials used in manufacture are limestone, clay, and marl. Because of the presence of textile, glass, food (vegetable oil, milk, and dry salted fish, in particular), and cement industries in the gulf and surrounding areas (Mater and Gürpınar, 1992; Okay et al., 2007), organic and inorganic contaminations are inevitable as anthropogenic waste material from these industries as well as from other inputs and human activities flows into the stream network and the Meric River. Although the area is not densely populated, domestic waste disposal from these activities, significantly contributes to the organic and inorganic contamination. ...
The study area consists of wetlands and semi-wetlands (saltpan and salt lakes) that are separated from the Gulf of Saros in the northeastern Aegean Sea by a littoral cordon. Twenty-four samples were collected from the Enez Salt Lake; Dalyan, Enez Gala, Kuvalak, Isik, and Tasalti Lakes; Vakif and Erikli Saltpans; and Karagol Lagoon. The overall distribution of the sediment sizes reveals that they consist predominantly of mud and sand and a mixture of mud, sand, and gravel. The average proportion of gravel size particles is 8.36%. Feldspar and mica are abundant in sand and gravel-sized materials. Ecological conditions of these coastal areas were assessed on the basis of ostracod assemblages that can be considered as useful bioindicators and depend on water depth, temperature, and salinity. In this context, the effects of physical and chemical properties of the environment, geochemistry of the sediment, and anthropogenic impact on the meiofauna, in particular ostracoda, was here evaluated. Cyprideis torosa Jones, a cosmopolitan species of ostracoda, was found in salt lakes. Other species of ostracoda were shown to be affected by environmental conditions. The toxicity of some heavy metals in the saltpans, salt lakes, and hypersaline lagoons was evaluated. Lake Dalyan and Erikli Saltpan display high toxicity for Cu and Cd levels. The distribution of hydrocarbon pollution of terrestrial origin was determined.
... Raw materials used in manufacture are limestone, clay, and marl. Because of the presence of textile, glass, food (vegetable oil, milk, and dry salted fish, in particular), and cement industries in the gulf and surrounding areas (Mater and Gürpınar, 1992; Okay et al., 2007), organic and inorganic contaminations are inevitable as anthropogenic waste material from these industries as well as from other inputs and human activities flows into the stream network and the Meric River. Although the area is not densely populated, domestic waste disposal from these activities, significantly contributes to the organic and inorganic contamination. ...
Selected heavy metal-trace element (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, and V) levels were determined by the ICP-MS method in whole-blood samples of fishermen and control group who accommodate in four provinces of the Marmara Sea. Mercury (1.267 ± 1.061 µg/L to 0.796 ± 0.853 µg/L) and lead (17.8 ± 9.0 µg/L to 12.0 ± 6.83 µg/L) levels were higher in the fishermen group than that of control group (p < 0.001 for both). There was no difference between the fishermen group and the control group in terms of whole-blood levels of other elements. Total monthly fish consumption was 9340.4 gr in the fishermen group and 326.4 gr in the control group, and the difference between the groups was significant (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the groups in terms of having amalgam dental filling (p > 0.05). The results suggest that consuming high amounts of sea products caught from the Marmara Sea is a source for some heavy metals such as mercury and lead, which poses a public health risk. Unlike the control group, the positive correlation between arsenic, copper, and strontium levels and age in fishermen can also be evaluated as an indicator of chronic exposure.
Sualtı Arkeolojisi 20. yüzyılın başlarında keşfedilen sanat eserleri taşıyan batıkların keşfiyle dikkat çekmeye başlamıştır. 1960 yılında gerçekleştirilen Gelidonya Batığı kazısı ile ise bilimsel kimlik kazanmıştır. Zaman içinde popülaritesini arttıran arkeolojik sualtı çalışmaları Anadolu kıyılarında gün geçtikçe artmış ve keşfedilen Uluburun Batığı ve Antalya Batığı gibi batıklar ile Anadolu kıyılarındaki denizcilik tarihini değiştirmiştir. Uzun yıllar Akdeniz ve Ege kıyılarında yoğunlaşan arkeolojik sualtı çalışmalarının Marmara Denizi’ne ulaşması ancak 1980’lerde olmuştur. Marmara Denizi, Neolitik Dönem’de çevresinde kurulan yerleşimler için besin kaynağı olarak oldukça önemli bir konumdadır. Birinci bin içindeki kolonizasyon hareketleri esnasında kıyılarına birçok yeni koloni kenti kurulduğu bilinmektedir. Fakat, Marmara Denizi’nin denizcilik tarihi büyük oranda gizemini korumaktadır. Geç Roma Dönemi ve Bizans Dönemi’ne tarihlenen batıkların çokluğu başkente ev sahipliği yapan Marmara Denizi’nde artan denizcilik faaliyetlerine işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Marmara Denizi’ne dikkatleri çekmektir. Yenikapı Kazıları buluntu grubu bakımından Sualtı Arkeolojisi konusuna girse de kullanılan teknik farklılığı nedeniyle çalışma kapsamına dâhil edilmemiştir.
Une femelle de Picarel guetteur, Centracanthus cirrus Rafinesque, 1810 (poids = 26,2 g; Ls = 11,6 cm), a été capturée à l’aide d’un chalut à perche le long des côtes d’Uçmakdere, au nord-ouest de la mer Marmara, à 1000 m de profondeur. Cette occurrence est considérée comme le premier enregistrement fiable de Centracanthus cirrus en mer de Marmara et démontre son adaptation aux habitats profonds.
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The presence of the Centracanthus cirrus Rafinesque, 1810 in the West part of the Sea of Marmara, on 1000 m depth, was reported on the base of the capture of 1 female specimen of 116 mm standard length (26.2 g). The fish was caught using a beam-trawl deployed in the coast of Uçmakdere in the Sea of Marmara. This is considered the first reliable record and new depth extension of C. cirrus in the Sea of Marmara.
http://tbbyayinlari.barobirlik.org.tr/TBBBooks/515.pdf
A book that compiles the 2014 working data of the MAREM (Marmara Environment Monitoring) Project [in Turkish]. MAREM monitoring survey data are published annually.
The present record of the shrimp scad, Alepes djedaba (Forsskål, 1775), in the NW part of the Sea of Marmara, is based on the capture of one female specimen of 116 mm total length. The specimen was caught off Uçmakdere with a paternoster rig endowed with 20 treble hooks of different sizes. This is considered the first reliable record of A. djedaba in the Sea of Marmara.(http://sfi.mnhn.fr/cybium/numeros/2014/384/contents384.html)
http://www.marem.org/HidroGrafi/web/trk/index.asp?
http://tbbyayinlari.barobirlik.org.tr/TBBBooks/479.pdf
This project related with "the chronological review of the oceanographic investigations of the Turkish straits" aimed to present the chronology of the studies as a document, starting the first day it first started up to now. This project is consisted of the studies and their brief explanations that took place up to now.
Using average sections along the Bosphorus taken in September 1994 with a loosely tethered profiler and an acoustic Doppler current profiler, Gregg et al. [1999] found the exchange flow between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea to be quasi-steady but far from satisfying the hydraulic control conditions for two-layered flows. Here we examine synoptic sections and use images from an acoustic backscatter system to provide the first detailed look at the flow and water mass changes in the Bosphorus and to assess how well the flow satisfies the hydraulic assumptions. Thirty kilometers long, 28-100 m deep, and 0.75-3 km wide, the Bosphorus has bathymetry for more complex than that used in analytic or numerical models of exchange flows. The particulars affect dynamics in important ways. For instance, owing to changes in channel shape, the narrowest section, known as the contraction, is not also the minimum in cross-sectional area. Rather, it is a transition between the wider northern half and the narrower southern half of the strait, and some places south of the contraction have slightly smaller areas. Sharp bends occur throughout the strait and often produce flow separations as well as directing upper and lower flows to opposite sides of the channel. Never <28% of the water column, the interface thickens to 75% in the southern half of the strait as a result of intense mixing downstream of the contraction. As a consequence of the strong mixing and numerous flow separations, we conclude that the exchange flow may be at least partly controlled by friction instead of being a simple hydraulic flow.
Subtidal sea level fluctuations in the Sea of Marmara, their interactions with neighbouring seas (Black Sea and Aegean) and relations to wind forcing were examined over a three-year (199-1994) period. Although the dominant sea level fluctuations occurred at time scales greater than 10 days, there are shorter period fluctuations occurring between 3-8 days. Subtidal sea levels for Sea of Marmara are highly coherent for all subtidal frequencies. There is no cross coherency for periods greater than 2.5 days between Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, while there are some coherent fluctuations in subtidal band between Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea. Local wind forcing is important for the Sea of Marmara and most of the sea level change is driven by NE-SW wind for Erdek and Fenerbahce. However, at longer time scales, nonlocal contribution is important.