1. In our own century, epistemic/doxastic logic was rediscovered and systematically investigated by Jaakko Hintikka in his Knowledge and Belief (Ithaca & London: Cornell Univ. Press, 1962). Within the framework of this logic, an especially influential article was that by Edmund L. Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" Analysis, 23 (1963): 121-23.
2. Cf. Wolfgang Lenzen, Recent Work in
... [Show full abstract] Epistemic Logic, Acta Philosophica Fennica, vol. 30, issue 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1978). In this comprehensive study Professor Lenzen examines many arguments the structure and components of which amply illustrate the reliance of the proponents on our natural language uses. For medievals, the Latin language was of course not natural in exactly the same sense, but even though it was a learnt "scientific" language, it was not an artificial language in the sense in which our schematic and axiomatic languages are artificial.
3. For background, about authors and their works, and also for specialized information on the English/Italian logic in the later middle ages see English Logic and Semantics, eds. H. A. G. Braakhuis, C. H. Kneepkens, L. M. DeRijk, Aristarium Supplementa I (Nijmegen, 1981); and English Logic in Italy in the 14th and 15th Centuries A. Maierù, ed.,(Napoli: Bibliopolis, 1982). An indispensable companion to the study of medieval logic is Alfonso Maierù, Terminologia Logica della Tarda Scolastica, Lessico intelletuale europeo, 8 (Roma: Edizioni dell' Ateneo, 1972).
4. Cf. Philotheus Boehner, Medieval Logic: An Outline of Its Development from 1250-c. 1400, Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 1952). Cf., also, Ivan Boh, "Consequences" in the Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, eds. N. Kretzmann, et.al., (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982): 300-14.
5. Two doctoral dissertations, as yet unpublished, should be mentioned here: Calvin Normore (University of Toronto, 1976) and Elisabeth Karger (U.C.L.A., 1976).
6. "Walter Burley's De Consequentiis. An Edition," ed. N. J. Green-Pedersen, Franciscan Studies, 40 (1980): 102-66; Romuald Green, The Logical Treatise "De Obligationibus": An Introduction , with Critical Texts of William of Sherwood and Walter Burley (St. Bonaventure, N.Y.: forthcoming); Insolubilia, ed. M.-L. Roure, Archives d'histoire doctrinale et litteraire du moyen âge 37 (1970): 205-326; De Puritate Artis Logicae. Tractatus Longior, with a revised edition of the Tractatus Brevior, ed. P. Boehner, Franciscan Institute Publications, Text Series, No. 9 (St. Bonaventure, N.Y., 1955); Super Artem Veterem Porphyrii et Aristotelis Expositio (Venice, 1497; Minerva Reprint, 1967). A most comprehensive study on Burley's life and work is that of Agustín Uña Juárez, La Filosofía del Siglo XIV: Contexto Cultural de Walter Burley (El Escorial, Madrid, 1978).
7. Cf. Ivan Boh, "A Study in Burleigh: Tractatus de Regulis Generalibus Consequentiarum," Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, 2 (1962): 83-101; also I. Boh, "An Examination of Some Proofs in Burleigh's Propositional Logic," The New Scholasticism, 38 (1964): 44-66. Cf. also, A. N. Prior, "On Some Consequentiae in Walter Burleigh," The New Scholasticism, 27 (1953): 433-46.
8. Cf. Consequentiae Strodi cum commento Alexandri Sermonetae, Declarationes Gaetani in easdem Consequentias, Dubia Magistri Pauli Pergulensis, Obligationes eiusdem Strodi, Consequentiae Ricardi de Ferabrich, Expositio Gaetani super easdem, Consequentiae subtiles Hentisberi, Quaestiones in Consequentias Strodi perutiles eximi artis doctoris domini Antonii Frachantiani Vicentini (Venice 1517). There are numerous other editions of commentaries on Strode.
9. For sources and analyses of medieval epistemic/doxastic concepts and controversies, cf. I. Boh, "Srednjeveški Poskusi v Epistemični Logiki," Anthropos (Ljubljana), Letnik 1983, st. 5/6: 331-54, and Letnik 1984, st. 1/2: 227-40; "Elements of Epistemic Logic," forthcoming in Philosophes Médiévaux, 24/25 (1984/85); "Problems of Alethic and Epistemic Iteration in Later Medieval Logic," Philosophia Naturalis, 21, 2/4 (1984): 492-506; and "Belief, Justification, and Knowledge—Some Late-Medieval Epistemic Concerns," Journal of the Rocky Mountain Medieval and Renaissance Association, 6 (1985): 87-103.
10.
The translation of this and the next passage from Obligationes is that of Professor Eleonore Stump; I am very grateful to her for providing me with a typescript of her translation. The Latin text of Father R.Green's as yet unpublished edition reads: "Omne positum, sub forma positi propositum, in tempore...